Academic literature on the topic 'Water source mixing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water source mixing"
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Zdon, Andy, Keith Rainville, Nicholas Buckmaster, Steve Parmenter, and Adam Love. "Identification of Source Water Mixing in the Fish Slough Spring Complex, Mono County, California, USA." Hydrology 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010026.
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While the desert ecosystem is highly dependent on the water resources that sustain it, the Fish Slough spring complex is an arid, spring-dependent wetland undergoing a multidecadal decline in spring outflow. This evaluation updates the source water forensics of the Fish Slough Spring complex, a substantial spring complex in the northern Owens Valley of the Basin and Range geomorphic provinces, in order to better understand the nature of the spring flow decline. The source of spring flow at Fish Slough was evaluated through an integration of the established geologic setting with measured groundwater elevations, and water quality and isotope chemistry compiled from both previously published sources and collection of new samples. While previous efforts to source the Fish Slough springs only considered potential source areas within the local geography, this evaluation considered a larger geographic extent for potential source areas to the spring water. The results infer that Fish Slough springs are sourced from multiple source water areas in hydraulic communication: a basin fill aquifer and warm, sodic spring systems with distinctive chemical signatures. Mixing from these sources occurs along two hypothesized flow paths, one from the northeast through the Tri-Valley area and one from the north and northwest through the Volcanic Tablelands. Northeast Spring has the strongest signature for Tri-Valley area waters, whereas the remaining Fish Slough Springs are comprised of a mixture of both flow paths. These conclusions have important implications for water management activities that have the potential to impact the desert ecosystem supported by these springs.
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Pierrehumbert, R. T. "Lateral mixing as a source of subtropical water vapor." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97gl03563.
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Sun, Xin, Li Li Ye, and Ting Lin Huang. "Theoretical Analysis of the Energy Required for Destratification of a Stratified Source Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1066–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1066.
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The minimum energy required for destratification of a source water reservoir is important to determine the design capacity of mixing system used to improve the source water quality. Taking Jinpen Reservoir in Xi’an, as a study case, the water volumes under different water levels of the reservoir were numerically calculated using the geometry data obtained with a RTK system. The total potential energy (PE) was determined by integrating the PE in each thin sub-layer over the water depth with density dependent on the water temperature. The average water temperature after complete mixing was calculated based on the heat exchange theory, and was consistent with the numerical result of temperature simulation. The difference of total potential energy before and after mixing was calculated for each month with the data of water temperature, water density and water volume. The minimum energy required for destratification increasing with the temperature gradient, was relatively high during the period from June to October, and reached a peak of 2412.92 kW·h in July.
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Viennet, David, Guillaume Lorette, David Labat, Matthieu Fournier, Mathieu Sebilo, Olivier Araspin, and Pierre Crançon. "Mobile Sources Mixing Model Implementation for a Better Quantification of Hydrochemical Origins in Allogenic Karst Outlets: Application on the Ouysse Karst System." Water 15, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030397.
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On the edge of sedimentary basins, karst aquifers can be fed by several water sources from both autogenic and allogenic recharge. In some cases, assessing water origins can be hard and cause some difficulties for water resource management. The main goal of this study is to show the implementation of the mobile sources mixing model approach. More precisely, this research develops how a monitoring method using a multi-proxy approach can be used to quantify waters sources contributions from several origins at the outlets of a karst system. The study site is the Ouysse karst system, located in western France. The site offers the opportunity to understand the mixing processes between allogenic and autogenic water recharges. The karst system covers a 650 km² watershed, and is fed by three different chemical facies: (i) Autogenic water from the direct infiltration on the karstified limestones with high HCO3− values (median: 436 mg.L−1); (ii) Water coming from sinking rivers fed by spring coming from igneous rocks with low mineralization but relatively higher K+ values (median: 4.2 mg.L−1); (iii) Highly mineralized water coming from deep evaporitic layers and feeding another sinking river with very high sulfate concentrations (median: 400 mg.L−1). Sliding window cross-correlation analyses and hydrochemical analyses during a flood event are performed to implement a mobile source mixing model approach. This approach shows significant differences with a simple fixed source mixing model and appears more reliable but requires more time and money to carry out. The results and conclusion of this study will be used for forecasting and managing operational actions for resource management.
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Zhou, Zizhen, Tinglin Huang, Weijin Gong, Yang Li, Yue Liu, Shilei Zhou, and Meiying Cao. "Water Quality Responses during the Continuous Mixing Process and Informed Management of a Stratified Drinking Water Reservoir." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 7106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247106.
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Aeration and mixing have been proven as effective in situ water quality improvement methods, particularly for deep drinking water reservoirs. While there is some research on the mechanism of water quality improvement during artificial mixing, the changes to water quality and the microbial community during the subsequent continuous mixing process is little understood. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of water quality improvement during the continuous mixing process in a drinking water reservoir. During this period, we found a reduction in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and total organic carbon (TOC) of 12.5%–30.8%. We also measured reductions of 8.6% and 6.2% in TN and organic carbon (OC), respectively, in surface sediment. Microbial metabolic activity, abundance, and carbon source utilization were also improved. Redundancy analysis indicated that temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) were key factors affecting changes in the microbial community. With intervention, the water temperature during continuous mixing was 15 °C, and the mixing temperature in the reservoir increased by 5 °C compared with natural mixing. Our research shows that integrating and optimizing the artificial and continuous mixing processes influences energy savings. This research provides a theoretical basis for further advancing treatment optimizations for a drinking water supply.
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Ali, Geneviève A., André G. Roy, Marie-Claude Turmel, and François Courchesne. "Source-to-stream connectivity assessment through end-member mixing analysis." Journal of Hydrology 392, no. 3-4 (October 2010): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.049.
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Zhu, Hai, Shengjie Lu, Lingling Wang, Jieru Xu, and Saiyu Yuan. "Numerical Study of Mixing Process by Point Source Pollution with Different Release Positions in a Sinuous Open Channel." Water 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121903.
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The process of pollutant mixing is significantly influenced by secondary flow and turbulence in meandering rivers. To investigate the influence of different point source release positions on the pollutant mixing process in sinuous open channel flows, a 3D large-eddy simulation (LES) model based on OpenFOAM was established to simulate the process of passive scalar transport in a sinuous channel with a rectangular cross-section. After verification by a flume experiment, two sets of cases in which the point sources were arranged at identical intervals in spanwise and streamwise directions were configured to evaluate the mixing efficiency. The effect of flow structure, secondary motion, and the turbulent viscosity on the scalar transport and mixing was discussed. The distribution of scalar as well as the scalar flux was analyzed in detail, and the fluctuation characteristics were also described. The results demonstrate that due to the existence of secondary flow in the sinuous channel, different transverse and streamwise release positions of the point source have significant influence on mixing efficiency and spatial distribution of the pollutant. The point source placed near the center of the cross-section in transverse or near the apex of the bend in streamwise result in higher mixing efficiency. Mixing efficiency calculated by different indices can be different, which requires comprehensive assessment.
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Zhang, Jing, and Xing Li Sun. "Calculation Methods and Application of a Hydrodynamic-Based Marine Pollution Mixing Zone." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1546.
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In water environment management, a mixing zone is an area within which the concentration of pollutants are allowed to be higher than the water quality standards and beside which the water quality should satisfy the standards. A reasonable range of a mixing zone is important for the water function and environment manage. At present, there is no agreed method for mixing zone calculation. In this paper, a new calculation method of a hydrodynamic-based marine pollution mixing zone was proposed; it comprehensively considered both the source intensity and the specific hydrodynamic conditions. The example results showed that the method could really reflect the mixed state after sewage entering into the sea water and could be used in a mixing zone calculation.
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Rothfuss, Youri, and Mathieu Javaux. "Reviews and syntheses: Isotopic approaches to quantify root water uptake: a review and comparison of methods." Biogeosciences 14, no. 8 (May 2, 2017): 2199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2199-2017.
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Abstract. Plant root water uptake (RWU) has been documented for the past five decades from water stable isotopic analysis. By comparing the (hydrogen or oxygen) stable isotopic compositions of plant xylem water to those of potential contributive water sources (e.g., water from different soil layers, groundwater, water from recent precipitation or from a nearby stream), studies were able to determine the relative contributions of these water sources to RWU. In this paper, the different methods used for locating/quantifying relative contributions of water sources to RWU (i.e., graphical inference, statistical (e.g., Bayesian) multi-source linear mixing models) are reviewed with emphasis on their respective advantages and drawbacks. The graphical and statistical methods are tested against a physically based analytical RWU model during a series of virtual experiments differing in the depth of the groundwater table, the soil surface water status, and the plant transpiration rate value. The benchmarking of these methods illustrates the limitations of the graphical and statistical methods while it underlines the performance of one Bayesian mixing model. The simplest two-end-member mixing model is also successfully tested when all possible sources in the soil can be identified to define the two end-members and compute their isotopic compositions. Finally, the authors call for a development of approaches coupling physically based RWU models with controlled condition experimental setups.
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Somaratne, N., K. Smettem, J. Lawson, K. Nguyen, and J. Frizenschaf. "Hydrological functions of sinkholes and characteristics of point recharge in groundwater basins." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2013): 11423–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11423-2013.
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Abstract. Karstic limestone aquifers are hydrologically and hydrochemically extremely heterogeneous and point source recharge via sinkholes and fissures is a common feature. We studied three groundwater systems in karstic settings dominated by point source recharge in order to assess the relative contributions to total recharge from point sources using chloride and δ18O relations. Preferential groundwater flows were observed through an inter-connected network of highly conductive zones with groundwater mixing along flow paths. Measurements of salinity and chloride indicated that fresh water pockets exist at point recharge locations. A measurable fresh water plume develops only when a large quantity of surface water enters the aquifer as a point recharge source. The difference in chloride concentrations in diffuse and point recharge zones decreases as aquifer saturated thickness increases and the plumes become diluted through mixing. The chloride concentration in point recharge fluxes crossing the watertable plane can remain at or near surface runoff chloride concentrations, rather than in equilibrium with groundwater chloride. In such circumstances the conventional chloride mass balance method that assumes equilibrium of recharge water chloride with groundwater requires modification to include both point and diffuse recharge mechanisms.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water source mixing"
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Moragues, Quiroga Cristina. "Water mixing processes in the critical zone : evidence from trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH002.
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Les fonctions hydrologiques de captage, stockage et rejet d’eau ont des signatures géochimiques dans les cours d'eau reflétant énormément celles trouvées dans les compartiments de la zone critique. Ces signatures sont fortement contrôlées par des processus bio-géophysico-chimiques produits dans l'interface régolite-plante. Jusqu'à présent, les recherches sur régolithes et processus hydrologiques sont restées largement découplées - conduisant à une utilisation généralisée de traceurs non conservateurs d'origines multiples, bloquant ainsi notre capacité à identifier les sources et les voies d'écoulement d’eau. Nous étudions ici le mélange d'eau dans la subsurface à travers un portefeuille unique de traceurs (éléments traces et isotopes O-H-Sr-Nd-Pb-U) permettant d'étudier les processus d'évolution du régolithe et le transport des solutés dans la zone critique. Nous signalons l'intérêt de cette approche pour renforcer la caractérisation des sources et voies d'écoulement d’eauCatchment hydrological functions of water collection, storage and release have geochemical signatures in stream water largely mirroring those found in critical zone compartments. These signatures are strongly controlled by the different bio-geo-physico-chemical processes that occur within the regolith-plant interface. Until now, investigations into the critical zone’s regolith and hydrological processes research have largely remained uncoupled –leading to a widespread use of non-conservative tracers with multiple origins and thereby stymieing our capability for identifying water pools and flow paths. Here we study the mixing of water in the subsurface through a unique portfolio of complementary groups of tracers (trace elements O-Hand Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes) which enables investigating regolith evolution processes and solutes transport within the critical zone. We report the interest of this approach to strengthen water flowpaths and end-members characterization
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Haley, Stephen Mark. "The application of sediment source fingerprinting techniques to river floodplain cores, to examine recent changes in sediment sources in selected UK river basins." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3137.
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In recent years there has been an increasing awareness of the detrimental influence of diffuse sources of pollution on aquatic systems and of the integral role played by sediment in the mobilisation and transport of pollutants. The recognition of the environmental, societal and economic importance of the ecological health of aquatic environments has led to a change in emphasis regarding agricultural and environmental policy. To implement successful delivery of emerging policy requirements, there is a current need to have an enhanced understanding of the relationship between different forms of land use and sources of diffuse pollution, particularly sources of fine sediment. To understand the potential impacts of future land use changes, including environmental conservation measures on sources of sediment, it is useful to consider them within a longer-term context. This study has successfully applied the sediment source fingerprinting technique to floodplain overbank sediment cores in a retrospective study of six diverse UK river catchments with identified sediment problems. The varying estimates of relative sediment contributions from differing sources have been compared to known land use change in the study catchments over concurrent time periods, to explore any associations which might be apparent. Over the last 40 years, the increased cultivation of high erosion risk crops, such as those which are harvested late in the season (e.g. maize) and those which are sown in the autumn (e.g. winter wheat), has contributed disproportionately to the total sediment load relative to the area of land occupied by such cultivation. Increased stocking densities have resulted in increased relative sediment contributions from grassland sources, particularly intensively managed temporary grassland, but can have an even greater impact on sediment contributions derived from channel bank sources. The installation and maintenance of drainage for agriculture or for flood risk management has resulted in increased relative sediment loads from channel bank and associated sub-surface sources. Through the further development of such research, the efficacy of mitigation measures can be tested against evidence-based historic trends and those management approaches which provide identifiable improvements can be developed as best practice options for future land management targeted at reducing the negative impacts of excessive sediment ingress to river systems. The design of the source fingerprinting methodology used in this work was based on an established successful approach and this was developed further through the incorporation of a number of refinements designed to improve the robustness of the technique and expedite its implementation.
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Miller, Benjamin Verlinden. "The Hydrology of the Carroll Cave-Toronto Springs System: Identifying and Examining Source Mixing through Dye Tracing, Geochemical Monitoring, Seepage Runs, and Statistical Methods." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/216.
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In karst areas relationships between activities occurring on the surface and the overall health of the subsurface environment are often highly interconnected. However, the complex nature of karst flow systems can often make identification of these connections difficult. Carroll Cave, a large stream cave system located in the central Missouri Ozarks, is known for its biological and speleological significance. A dye tracing project to delineate a Carroll Cave recharge area through dye tracing has identified an area of 18.5 km2 which contributes water to the cave. The water from Thunder River within Carroll Cave was positively traced to eight springs of the thirteen springs at a distributary spring system known as Toronto Springs. Through examination of the geochemistry of the individual springs, differences in water chemistry between the various outlets has become evident. Additional work with YSI Sonde dataloggers and consideration of carbonate chemistry relationships has sought to further define the variations in hydrochemical behavior, thus aiding in the discrimination potential spring sources. Primary sources thought to contribute water to the spring system include Carroll Cave and Wet Glaize Creek, with some minor influence from other losing streams in the vicinity. Seepage runs along Wet Glaize Creek have also identified major losing reaches, in close proximity to structural features, which may contribute water to Toronto Springs. Examination of the measured parameters and derived have identified that Carroll Cave and Wet Glaize Creek are the primary end members for Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, specific conductance, and temperature. Using these parameters a two end member mixing model has been developed which describes the mixing zone setting at Toronto Springs and calculates the average proportions of flow contributions by the end members. By using a multi-proxy approach of dye tracing, seepage runs, and geochemistry for the individual springs, the source waters and pathways for the springs at Toronto Springs have been identified.
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Ung, Hervé. "Quasi real-time model for security of water distribution network." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0015/document.
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Le but de cette thèse est de modéliser la propagation d’un contaminant au sein d’un réseau d’eau potable muni de capteurs temps réel. Elle comporte les trois axes de développement suivant: la résolution des équations de transport, celle du problème d’identification des sources de contamination et le placement des capteurs.Le transport d’un produit chimique est modélisé dans un réseau d’eau potable par l’équation de transport réaction 1-D avec l’hypothèse de mélange parfait aux noeuds. Il est proposé d’améliorer sa prédiction par l’ajout d’un modèle de mélange imparfait aux jonctions double T et d’un modèle de dispersion prenant en compte un profil de vitesse 3-D et la diffusion radiale. Le premier modèle est créé à l’aide d’un plan d’expériences avec triangulation de Delaunay, de simulations CFD, et de la méthode d’interpolation krigeage. Le second utilise les équations adjointes du problème de transport avec l’ajout de particules évoluant à l’aide d’une marche aléatoire, cette dernière modélisant la diffusion radiale dans la surface droite du tuyau.Le problème d’identification des sources consiste, à l’aide de réponses positives ou négatives à la contamination des noeuds capteurs, à trouver l’origine, le temps d’injection et la durée de la contamination. La résolution de ce problème inverse est faite par la résolution des équations de transport adjointes par formulation backtracking. La méthode donne la liste des sources potentielles ainsi que le classement de celles-ci selon leur probabilité d’être la vraie source de contamination. Elle s’exprime en fonction de combien, en pourcentage, cette source potentielle peut expliquer les réponses positives aux capteurs.Le placement des capteurs est optimisé pour l’identification des sources. L’objectif est la maximisation du potentiel de détection de la véritable source de contamination. Deux résolutions sont testées. La première utilise un algorithme glouton combiné à une méthode de Monte Carlo.La seconde utilise une méthode de recherche locale sur graphe.Finalement les méthodes sont appliquées à un cas test réel avec dans l’ordre : le placement des capteurs, l’identification de la source de contamination et l’estimation de sa propagationThe aim of this thesis is to model the propagation of a contaminant inside a water distribution network equipped with real time sensors. There are three research directions: the solving of the transport equations, the source identification and the sensor placement. Classical model for transport of a chemical product in a water distribution network isusing 1D-advection-reaction equations with the hypothesis of perfect mixing at junctions. It isproposed to improve the predictions by adding a model of imperfect mixing at double T-junctions and by considering dispersion effect in pipes which takes into account a 3-D velocity profile. The first enhancement is created with the help of a design of experiment based on the Delaunay triangulation, CFD simulations and the interpolation method Kriging. The second one uses the adjoint formulation of the transport equations applied with an algorithm of particle backtracking and a random walk, which models the radial diffusion in the cross-section of a pipe.The source identification problem consists in finding the contamination origin, itsinjection time and its duration from positive and negative responses given by the sensors. The solution to this inverse problem is computed by solving the adjoint transport equations with a backtracking formulation. The method gives a list of potential sources and the ranking of thosemore likely to be the real sources of contamination. It is function of how much, in percentage, they can explain the positive responses of the sensors.The sensor placement is chosen in order to maximize the ranking of the real source of contamination among the potential sources. Two solutions are proposed. The first one uses agreedy algorithm combined with a Monte Carlo method. The second one uses a local search method on graphs. Finally the methods are applied to a real test case in the following order: the sensor placement, the source identification and the estimation of the contamination propagation
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Innocenti, Claudia. "Mélange turbulent à partir d'une source isolée : géométrie, cinétique et role de la diffusion." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10082.
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Cette etude experimentale a ete realisee afin de caracteriser l'evolution temporelle du melange d'un scalaire passif dans un fluide turbulent. Un scalaire est injecte dans le champ lointain d'un jet turbulent d'eau (re = 6000) a l'aide d'un tube dont le diametre est beaucoup plus petit que l'echelle integrale locale du jet principal. On peut etudier les differentes etapes du melange en observant le champ de concentration a differentes distances de la sortie du tube d'injection (de zero a une echelle integrale). En utilisant la fluoresceine (sc = 2000), on peut visualiser le scalaire sur un plan par fluorescence induite par laser et mesurer l'evolution du volume occupe et la geometrie de l'interface scalaire-eau claire. En particulier on trouve que la geometrie de la distribution du scalaire depend fortement du niveau du seuil de concentration choisi. De techniques de mesure de la concentration locale, nous on permis de calculer les pdfs et les spectres de puissance pour deux types de scalaire : fluoresceine et temperature (sc = 7). Dans le deux cas, le pdfs sont bien decrites par une loi exponentielle, dont l'argument decroit lineairement avec le temps (d'autant plus rapidement que la diffusivite est forte). L'evolution des spectres de puissance montre par contre une difference entre les deux cas : dans un domaine d'echelles contenu dans la plage inertielle, on observe une pente (-1) tres nette dans le cas de la fluoresceine pour tous les temps consideres, tandis que, pour la temperature, la pente spectrale passe, de facon continue, de (-1) a (-5/3) en augmentant le temps. Pour interpreter nos resultats experimentaux (et en particulier la forme exponentielle des pdfs), nous proposons un modele base sur la representation du champ de concentration comme un ensemble de paquets, soumis au champ des etirements induit par la turbulence sous-jacente.
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Buchman, Jason Adam, and Jason Adam Buchman. "Application of boron isotopic ratios for identifying source waters and mixing fractions at Apache Leap, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626904.
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Martinez, Jorge L. "Revealing groundwater-surface water exchanges and recharge processes with multiple tracers and hydrochemistry." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/110526/1/Jorge_Martinez_Thesis.pdf.
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For effective resource management and to establish groundwater and surface water interactions, an innovative range of hydrological tracers and hydrochemical techniques have been applied to a total catchment in southeast Queensland. Stable and radioisotopes, carbon-14, radon-222, noble gases and SF6 were analyzed to characterize and quantify recharge sources. Statistical methods were also combined with inverse geochemical and three-dimensional geological modelling techniques, to develop regional conceptual models of groundwater movement and interaction with rivers.
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Zlatos, Caitlan McEwen. "Using Geochemical Tracers to Determine Aquifer Connectivity, Flow Paths, and Base-Flow Sources: Middle Verde River Watershed, Central Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193443.
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Combining geochemical data with physical data produces a powerful method for understanding sources and fluxes of waters to river systems. This study highlights this for river systems in regions of complex hydrogeology, shown here through the identification and quantification of base-flow sources to the Verde River and its tributaries within the middle Verde River watershed. Specifically, geochemical tracers (major solutes, stable and radioactive isotopes) characterize the principal aquifers (C, Redwall-Muav, and Verde Formation) and provide a conceptual understanding of the hydrologic connection between them. For the surface-water system, PCA is utilized to identify potential base-flow sources to the Verde River on a several-kilometer scale. Solute mixing diagrams then provide relative inputs of these sources, and when combined with stream discharge, allow for quantification of water sources. The results of this study provide an improved conceptual model that reveals the complexity of groundwater-surface water exchanges in this river basin.
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Kelso, Julia E. "Organic Matter Sources, Composition, and Quality in Rivers and Experimental Streams." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7354.
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Organic matter (OM) is often considered the “currency” for ecosystem processes, such as respiration and primary production. OM in aquatic ecosystems is derived from multiple sources, and is a complex mixture of thousands of different chemical constituents. Therefore, it is difficult to identify all the sources of OM that enter and exit aquatic ecosystems. As humans develop undisturbed land, the rate at which terrestrial OM (e.g.soil and plants) and associated nutrients (e.g.nitrogen) enters rivers has increased. Increased nutrients may lead to increased primary production from aquatic plants and algae, potentially causing eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. In this study, I identified and characterized different sources of OM in four watersheds of Northeastern Utah with multiple land covers such as cities, forests, and crops. I expected OM in watersheds with human-altered land cover would have more OM produced instream by algae and other primary producers, than OM in less disturbed watersheds, which typically have OM from terrestrial sources. I found that OM at river sites with high human impact had high amounts of OM from instream primary production, but there was also OM produced in-steam at sites with low human impact. The greatest differences in OM across watersheds was due to wastewater treatment effluent. I also measured microbial consumption rates of algal derived and terrestrially derived DOM in experimental streams to quantify how much faster algal derived OM was consumed than terrestrial OM. I found algal derived OM was consumed extremely fast, so fast that realistic measurements of its consumption in some river ecosystems may not be possible. It is important to identify and characterize sources of OM to rivers, so watershed manager scan devise effective OM reduction plans appropriate for the constituent of concern unique to that watershed or region. Constituents of concern associated with OM include pathogens affiliated with manure, toxins in harmful algal blooms, metals, and pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment effluent. Each pollutant requires a unique mitigation strategy and therefore the first step to pollution mitigation is source identification.
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Stringer, Christina Elaine. "Hydrologic Controls on Salinity in Mangroves and Lagoons." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3583.
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This dissertation explores the hydrologic controls on salinity within mangroves and lagoons at sites in Florida and Mexico. The main objective of this research is to better understand hydrologic controls on mangrove ecosystem structure and develop ideas that will be useful to land managers attempting to regulate and conserve these critical habitats. This study was conducted at sites in Ft. Pierce, FL and Costalegre on the central Pacific coast of Mexico.
We examined controls on water levels and salinity in a mangrove on a carbonate barrier island along the Indian River Lagoon, east-central Florida. Spectral analysis of water levels showed that mangrove groundwater levels are not tidally influenced. Salinities vary spatially, with values of ~10 in upland environments to ~75 psu in irregularly-flushed mangroves. Water chemistry indicates that water salinities are largely controlled by enrichment due to evapotranspiration. An electrical resistivity survey showed that the freshwater lens is restricted to uplands and that hypersaline waters extend deeply below the mangrove. These results indicate that evapotranspiration lowers water levels in the mangrove, which causes Indian River Lagoon water to flow into the mangrove where it evapoconcentrates and descends, forming a thick layer of high-salinity water below the mangrove.
Spatial variability of terrain conductivity in the Ft. Pierce mangrove varied under two hydrologic management regimes, breached rotational impoundment management and rotational impoundment management. The difference in coefficient of variation (CV) between the breached RIM and RIM data was calculated to examine spatial variability in both the shallow and deep layers. A null-hypothesis model was employed to examine the statistical significance of the CV results. The average water levels were -0.06 m amsl and 0.49 m amsl during the breached-RIM and RIM regimes, respectively. The average shallow (EM31) layer terrain conductivity shifted slightly from 1868 mS m -1 to 1825 mS m-1 after the alteration in management regime, yet the standard deviation of these averages decrease from 656 mS m-1 to 216 mS m-1. The average deep (EM34) layer terrain conductivities were 328 mS m-1 and 255 mS m-1 during the breached-RIM and RIM regimes, respectively. The temporal CVs were 0.23 and -0.04 for the shallow and deep layers, respectively. The null-hypothesis model for the shallow layer illustrates that the difference in spatial structure is statistically significant. The deep layer CV was not statistically significant. These results indicate that the transition from breached RIM to RIM resulted in changes to both the physical and chemical hydrologic character of the impoundment, especially in the shallow layer.
The second study sites were three mangrove communities along the central Pacific Mexican coast. Salinities varied by water type, with values of ~9 in La Manzanilla, ~17 in La Vena, ~33 in Barra de Navidad, ~0.4 in the fresh waters, and ~34 in the seawater. Sodium and Chloride concentrations and isotopic signatures, as well as salinity, were used as tracers in mass-balance mixing models to quantify estimates of relative fresh-water and seawater contributions to each site. La Manzanilla, a basin mangrove, had mean fresh-water contribution estimates of 63-84%. La Vena, a riverine mangrove, had fresh-water estimates of 39-51%. Barra de Navidad, a fringe mangrove, had low fresh-water contributions of 0-5%. These results illustrates that the role groundwater plays in mangrove hydrodynamics is dependent on the site hydrogeomorphology.
Books on the topic "Water source mixing"
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Kelly, Brian P. Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field. Rolla, Mo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Kelly, Brian P. Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field. Rolla, Mo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Kelly, Brian P. Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field. Rolla, Mo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Kelly, Brian P. Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field. Rolla, Mo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Kelly, Brian P. Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field. Rolla, Mo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Bauch, Dorothea. The distribution of [delta]¹⁸O in the Arctic Ocean: Implications for the freshwater balance of the halocline and the sources of deep and bottom waters = Die Verteilung von [delta]¹⁸O im Arktischen Ozean : Implikationen für die Süsswasserbilanz der Halokline und die Quellen des Tiefen- und Bodenwassers. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1995.
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Bauch, Dorothea. The distribution of [delta]¹⁸O in the Arctic Ocean: Implications for the freshwater balance of the halocline and the sources of deep and bottom waters = Die Verteilung von [Delta]¹⁸O im Arktischen Ozean : Implikationen für die Süsswasserbilanz der Halokline und die Quellen des Tiefen- und Bodenwassers. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water source mixing"
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Liljestrand, H. M., and Y. D. Lee. "Importance of Sorption Kinetics in the Partitioning of Organic Pollutants from a Point Source onto Suspended Sediments in the Transverse Mixing Zone." In Water Pollution: Modelling, Measuring and Prediction, 383–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3694-5_27.
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A. Adelodun, Adedeji, Temitope M. Olajire, and Ochuko Mary Ojo. "Biogas Generation from Co-Digestion Waste Systems: The Role of Water Hyacinth." In Sustainable Rural Development [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101568.
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Using biomass as a renewable energy source has earned tremendous interest from researchers in recent decades, especially because the technology is environmentally benign. This article reviews the recent methods for generating biogas from water hyacinth (WH, Eichornia crassipes), arguably the world’s most evasive aquatic macrophyte. Therefore, various economic, environmentally benign, and renewable procedures that enhance biogas production from WH biomass are reviewed. WH has been co-digested with numerous waste types, including poultry droppings, municipal wastes, animal tissue wastes, pig wastes, cow dungs, etc., recording varying success degrees. Other studies focused on optimizing the operation parameters, such as mixing ratio, contact time, pH, temperature, organic loading rate, etc. We observed that most attempts to generate biogas from WH alone were not promising. However, when co-digested with other biomasses or wastes, WH either increases the process rate or improves the methane yield content. Also, the potential of WH as a phytoremdiator-cum-biogas source was investigated. This chapter provides mathematical models, scale-up installation models, and specific experimental results from various studies to guide future study plans toward optimizing CH4 generation from WH co-digestion.
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Bianchi, Thomas S. "Characterization of Organic Matter." In Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160826.003.0018.
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In chapter 8, a general overview was provided on the dominant sources of organic matter in estuarine systems. In general, estuarine organic matter is derived from a multitude of natural and anthropogenic allochthonous and autochthonous sources that originate across a freshwater to seawater continuum. Knowledge of sources, reactivity, and fate of organic matter are critical in understanding the role of estuarine and coastal systems in global biogeochemical cycles (Simoneit, 1978; Hedges and Keil, 1995; Bianchi and Canuel, 2001). Due to a wide diversity of organic matter sources and the dynamic mixing that occurs in estuarine systems, it remains a significant challenge in determining the relative importance of these source inputs to biogeochemical cycling in the water column of sediments. Temporal and spatial variability in organic matter inputs adds further to the complexity in understanding these environments. In recent years there have been significant improvements in our ability to distinguish between organic matter sources in estuaries using tools such as elemental, isotopic (bulk and compound/class specific), and chemical biomarker methods. This chapter will provide a general overview of the biochemistry of dominant organic compounds in organic matter and the techniques used to distinguish them in estuarine systems. The abundance and ratios of important elements in biological cycles (e.g., C, H, N, O, S, and P) provide the basic foundation of information on organic matter cycling. For example, concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) provide the most important indicator of organic matter since approximately 50% of most organic matter consists of C. As discussed in chapter 8, TOC in estuaries is derived from a broad spectrum of sources with very different structural properties and decay rates. Consequently, while TOC provides essential information on spatial and temporal dynamics of organic matter it lacks any specificity to source or age of the material. When bulk C information is combined with additional elemental information, as in the case of the C-to-N ratio, basic source information can be inferred about algal and terrestrial source materials (see review, Meyers, 1997). The broad range of C:N ratios across divergent sources of organic matter in the biosphere demonstrate how such a ratio can provide an initial proxy for determining source information.
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Wang, Rui, Chen-Hao Luo, Wen-jie Xia, Wen-yan He, Biao Liu, Ming-Liang Huang, Zeng-qian Hou, and Di-cheng Zhu. "Role of Alkaline Magmatism in Formation of Porphyry Deposits in Nonarc Settings: Gangdese and Sanjiang Metallogenic Belts." In Tectonomagmatic Influences on Metallogeny and Hydrothermal Ore Deposits: A Tribute to Jeremy P. Richards (Volume II), 205–29. Society of Economic Geologists, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.24.12.
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Abstract The recent discovery of large Cenozoic porphyry copper deposits in the Tibetan Plateau has revealed atypical features. Their formation all postdate the India-Asia collision at 55 ± 10 Ma, and therefore they are not affiliated with normal arc magmatism. Three major nonarc porphyry copper belts or provinces in Tibet comprise the Gangdese porphyry Cu-Mo belt (>45 Mt Cu, 1.79 Mt Mo), the Yulong porphyry Cu-Mo belt (8.75 Mt Cu,1.04 Mt Mo), and the western Yunnan porphyry Cu-Mo-Au polymetallic province (~1 Mt Cu, ~1 Mt Mo, and 310 t Au). Alkaline volcanic rocks (lamprophyres, shoshonites, and potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks) are common in these metallogenic belts and provinces, but the temporal, spatial, and genetic relationship between this magmatism and deposit formation remains enigmatic. There are two episodes of porphyry mineralization in the Tibetan Plateau, 45 to 35 and 22 to 11 Ma, and alkaline volcanic rocks are both contemporaneous with and spatially close to porphyry mineralization. Evolved Nd-Hf isotope compositions, and high Mg#, Cr, and Ni contents of Tibetan alkaline volcanic rocks suggest that they are derived from phlogopite-bearing lithospheric mantle, whereas the adakitic property and hybrid geochemical and isotopic features of the high Sr/Y granitoids suggest they are derived from partial melting of lower crust by mantle-derived alkaline mafic melt, with subsequent mixing. The mantle-derived alkaline magmas: (1) triggered water-flux melting of the thickened lower crust and generation of fertile high Sr/Y magmas with high water contents; (2) that dominate the source of ore-related magmas are more Au rich; (3) have variable oxidation states and some can oxidize residual sulfide in the lower crust to release Cu and Au for porphyry deposit formation; other lower crustal melts became oxidized via amphibole and/or garnet fractionation; and (4) provide higher S and Cl contents that are essential volatiles for deposit formation. We conclude that mantle-derived alkaline melts are vital to form porphyry deposits in nonarc settings, thus explaining the close spatial and temporal association of alkaline volcanic rocks and porphyry deposits in Cenozoic Tibet.
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"Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment." In Challenges for Diadromous Fishes in a Dynamic Global Environment, edited by Heidi K. Swanson and Karen A. Kidd. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874080.ch29.
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<em>Abstract</em>.-While there has been much recent research conducted on the effects of semelparous anadromous (sea-run) fishes on nutrient cycling and productivity in freshwater lakes, we know very little about how iteroparous anadromous fishes may affect these processes and ecosystems. Although iteroparous sea-run fishes do not contribute mass postspawning carcass additions to freshwater systems, nutrients may still be transported from marine to freshwater environments through deposition of eggs, metabolic losses, and postspawning/overwintering mortality. As well, some iteroparous sea-run species spend significant time growing to juvenile and smolt stages in freshwater where they may affect top-down or bottom-up changes in food web structure. The goals of this study were to (1) conduct a preliminary investigation into the effect of sea-run Arctic char <em>Salvelinus alpinus </em>on food web structure in coastal lakes in the central Canadian Arctic, and (2) semiquantitatively assess the direction of net nutrient transport achieved by anadromous Arctic char during annual migrations to the sea. In 2006, fishes and macroinvertebrates were collected from four lakes near Hope Bay, Nunavut, and analyzed for stable C, N, and S isotopes to examine food web structure and anadromy. Preliminary results indicate that the presence of sea-run Arctic char may impact the ?<sup>15</sup>N-determined trophic position and condition of sympatric populations of lake trout <em>S. namaycush</em>. When stable S isotope results were applied to a two-source mixing model, marine food items accounted for 84-100% of the diet of mature, anadromous Arctic char. A semiquantitative assessment of char-mediated nutrient transport between marine and freshwater environments at Nauyuk Lake, Nunavut, indicated that masses of nutrients imported by char to freshwater systems are likely negligible in relation to ambient water chemistry. There was significant among-year variability in the magnitude and direction of nutrient transport, and the complex life history of anadromous Arctic char requires more research before detailed nutrient budgets can be calculated.
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Maroa, Semakula, and Freddie Inambao. "Effects of Biodiesel Blends Varied by Cetane Numbers and Oxygen Contents on Stationary Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions." In Numerical and Experimental Studies on Combustion Engines and Vehicles. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92569.
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This work investigated waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO), 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN), and ethanol as sources of renewable energy, blending conventional diesel (CD), WPPO, and ethanol with EHN was to improve the combustion and performance characteristics of the WPPO blends. EHN has the potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX, and PM. Ethanol improves viscosity, miscibility, and the oxygen content of WPPO. Mixing ratios were 50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10, and 90/WPPO5/E5 for CD, waste plastic pyrolysis oil, and ethanol, respectively. The mixing ratio of EHN (0.01%) was based on the total quantity of blended fuel. Performance and emission characteristics of a stationary 4-cylinder water-cooled diesel Iveco power generator were evaluated with ASTM standards. At 1000 rpm, the BSFC was 0.043 kg/kWh compared to CD at 0.04 kg/kWh. Blend 90/WPPO5/E5 had the highest value of 14% for BTE, while the NOX emissions for 90/WPPO5/E5, 80/WPPO10/E10, and 70/WPPO15/E15 were 384, 395, and 414 ppm, respectively, compared to CD fuel at 424 ppm. This is due to their densities of 792 kg/m3, 825 kg/m3 which are close to CD fuel at 845 kg/m3 and the additive EHN. These results show blends of WPPO, ethanol and EHN reduce emissions, and improve engine performance, mimicking CD fuel.
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P. Fuentes, Olga, Mabel J. Noguera, Paula A. Peñaranda, Sergio L. Flores, Juan C. Cruz, and Johann F. Osma. "Micromixers for Wastewater Treatment and Their Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)." In Advances in Microfluidics and Nanofluids. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96822.
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The use of micromixers and catalytically active nanocomposites can be an attractive alternative for the treatment of wastewaters from the textile industry, due to their high activity, low consumption of such nanocomposites, short reaction times and the possibility to work under continuous operation. In this study, 6 different designs of micromixers were modeled and evaluated for the treatment of wastewaters. Velocity profiles, pressure drops, and flows were analyzed and compared for the different devices under the same mixing conditions. In addition, Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to determine their performance in terms of environmental impact. Considering the high environmental impact of water sources contaminated by dyes from the textile industry, it becomes critically important to determine when the proposed micromixers are a suitable alternative for their remediation. The LCA and operational efficiency studies results shown here provide a route for the design of novel wastewater treatment systems by coupling low-cost and high-performance micromixers.
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"Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium." In Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium, edited by KURT T. SMITH and GREGORY W. WHITLEDGE. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874257.ch55.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Natural chemical markers in otoliths and fin rays have proven useful for retrospectively describing environmental history of fishes in a variety of environments. However, no studies have applied this technique to catfishes or evaluated catfish pectoral spine chemistry as a nonlethal alternative to otolith chemistry. We characterized relationships between water, otolith, and pectoral spine (articulating process) chemistry for channel catfish <em>Ictalurus punctatus</em>, flathead catfish <em>Pylodictis olivaris</em>, and blue catfish <em>I. furcatus</em> and determined the accuracy with which fish could be classified to their environment of capture using otolith and pectoral spine chemical signatures. Fish and water samples were collected from nine sites during 2009. Otolith, spine, and water samples were analyzed for Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca; otolith δ<sup>18</sup>O and δ<sup>13</sup>C and water δ<sup>18</sup>O were also measured. Water, otolith, and spine Sr:Ca were highly correlated, as were water and otolith δ<sup>18</sup>O. Relationships between water, otolith, and spine chemistry did not differ among species. Otolith Sr:Ca, δ<sup>18</sup>O, and δ<sup>13</sup>C and spine Sr:Ca differed among sites, reflecting geographic differences in water chemistry. Neither otolith nor spine Ba:Ca differed among sites despite intersite differences in water Ba:Ca. Both otolith Sr:Ca, δ<sup>18</sup>O, and δ<sup>13</sup>C and fin spine Sr:Ca classified fish to their environment of capture with a high degree of accuracy, except in the middle and lower Mississippi River where many recent immigrants appeared to be present. Natural chemical signatures in otoliths or pectoral spines will likely be effective for reconstructing environmental history of catfishes when spatial differences in water chemistry are present, enabling investigations of stock mixing and recruitment sources for these species.
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Kralj, Polona. "Submarine Stratovolcano Peperite Syn-Formational Alteration - A Case Study of the Oligocene Smrekovec Volcanic Complex, Slovenia." In Updates in Volcanology - Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95480.
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The Oligocene Smrekovec Volcanic Complex is a remnant of a submarine composite stratovolcano with a complex succession of lavas, autoclastic, pyroclastic, syn-eruptive resedimented volcaniclastic and siliciclastic deposits was a favourable environment for the development of peperites. Despite very complex alteration related to the stratovolcano-hosted hydrothermal system with a deep igneous source, locally elevated geothermal gradients and superimposed hydrothermal/geothermal regimes controlled by the emplacement of a shallow intrusive body, authigenic minerals in peperites - particularly pumpellyite and actinolite - show higher temperature stability ranges than those in the underlying and overlying volcanic deposits irrespectively of their lithofacies, porosity and permeability. The formation of authigenic minerals in peperites, such as laumontite, pumpellyite, epidote, prehnite or actinolite, was apparently controlled by ephemeral and localised high-temperature regimes originating from the parent lava flow. Heated pore waters in the host sediment that could have undergone local mixing with deuteric fluids circulated in peperites until thermal gradients persisted, and were the cause of alteration of juvenile clasts and the mingling sediment. The development of pumpellyite required a suitable precursor - fine-grained volcanic ash.
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"Advances in Fish Tagging and Marking Technology." In Advances in Fish Tagging and Marking Technology, edited by Julian M. Hughes, John Stewart, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, and Iain M. Suthers. American Fisheries Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874271.ch28.
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<i>Abstract</i>.—The population structure of the eastern Australian salmon <i>Arripis trutta </i>stock in the waters of southeastern (SE) Australia was examined using information provided by historical as well as current data sources. An extensive tag-recapture program and aging study undertaken during the 1960s demonstrated widespread mixing of the <i>A. trutta </i>population in SE Australian waters and established a robust model of general movement of fish from Tasmania north to Victoria and NSW with the approach of sexual maturity at ~four years of age. However, this work also hypothesized that the portion of the stock at Flinders Island in Tasmanian waters was resident and did not undergo this northward migration. Otolith chemistry analyses were therefore used as a tool in a ‘weight of evidence’ approach to further examine the population structure of the <i>A. trutta </i>stock in SE Australia. Samples of five year old <i>A. trutta </i>for analysis of otolith chemistry were collected over seven weeks from two sites (10 per site) within each of four locations: northern NSW, southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania. The cores and edges of otoliths were analyzed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Univariate analyses did not find spatial differences for any of the elements Li, Na, Mg, Mn, Ba or Sr between locations. Multivariate analyses however, did find differences between the multi-element ‘fingerprints’ of fish from Tasmania compared to each of the other locations (which were similar). This difference was driven by a group of fish collected from Flinders Island in north-eastern Tasmanian waters. The fish collected at this site were also significantly smaller at five years of age than fish from all other sites, indicating reduced growth rates. The lack of consequential and definitive differences in otolith chemistry data combined with the highly migratory nature of <i>A. trutta </i>in this region demonstrated by tagging studies confirm that the most likely stock structure model for <i>A. trutta </i>in SE Australia is of a single well mixed biological stock spanning Tasmania, Victoria and NSW with fish moving north from Tasmania to mainland Australia with the approach of sexual maturity. However, the reduced growth rates and distinct elemental signature for <i>A. trutta </i>from Flinders Island highlights the need for further work to examine the preexisting hypothesis of a potential resident sub-population there.
Conference papers on the topic "Water source mixing"
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Harrison, Michael B., and Barry Hibbs. "Hydrochemical Analysis of Source Mixing and Stream-Aquifer Interactions in Urban Stream." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480595.007.
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Wagner, D. E., and R. M. Neupauer. "Probabilistic Contaminant Source Identification in Water Distribution Systems with Incomplete Mixing at Pipe Junctions." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.089.
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Pankaj Boindala, Sriman, G. Jaykrishnan, and Avi Ostfeld. "Source Treatment Level Optimization in Water Distribution Networks Considering Mixing Uncertainty at Cross Junctions: A Robust Counterpart Approach." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484258.101.
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Yi, Peng, Huan luo, Li Chen, Zhongbo Yu, Huijun Jin, Xiaobing Chen, Chengwei Wan, Ala Aldahan, and Minjie Zheng. "Estimating water sources mixing using 222Rn isotope in the Source Area of the Yellow River, Tibet Plateau." In International Conference on Engineering Geophysics, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 9-12 October 2017. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/iceg2017-090.
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Sangras, R., and G. M. Faeth. "Structure and Mixing Properties of Unsteady Round Nonbuoyant Turbulent Jets and Puffs in Still Gases." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1558.
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Abstract A theoretical and experimental study of the temporal development of unsteady round nonbuoyant turbulent jets (starting jets) and puffs (interrupted jets) is described, limited to sources in still and unstratified environments. The experiments involved dye-containing fresh water sources injected vertically downward into fresh water within a large windowed tank with injector passage length/diameter ratios of 50. Time-resolved video images of the flows were obtained using a CCD camera. Test conditions were as follows: jet exit diameters of 3.2–12.7 mm, jet exit Reynolds numbers of 1450–11700, volume of injected fluid for puffs up to 80 passage diameters long, and penetration lengths up to 100 source diameters. Near-source behavior varied significantly with source properties but the flows generally became turbulent near the jet exit with self-preserving behavior observed at distances greater than 20–30 source diameters from the source. Within the self-preserving region, both the normalized streamwise penetration distance and the normalized maximum flow radius varied as functions of time to the following powers, in agreement with estimates for self-preserving turbulent flows: 1/2 for starting nonbuoyant jets and 1/4 for nonbuoyant puffs.
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Diez, F. J., L. P. Bernal, and G. M. Faeth. "Self-Preserving Mixing Properties of Steady Round Buoyant Turbulent Plumes in Uniform Crossflows." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77054.
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The self-preserving mixing properties of steady round buoyant turbulent plumes in uniform crossflows were investigated experimentally. The experiments involved salt water sources injected into fresh water crossflows within the windowed test section of a water channel. Mean and fluctuating concentrations of source fluid were measured over cross sections of the flow using Planar-Laser-Induced-Fluorescence (PLIF) which involved seeding the source fluid with Rhodamine 6G dye and adding small concentrations of ethanol to the crossflowing fluid in order to match the refractive indices of the source flow and the crossflow. The self-preserving penetration properties of the flow were correlated successfully based on the scaling analysis of Diez et al. (2003) whereas the self-preserving structure properties of the flow were correlated successfully based on the scaling analysis of Fischer et al. (1979); both approaches involved assumptions of no-slip convection in the cross stream (horizontal) direction (parallel to the crossflow) and a self-preserving line thermal having a conserved source specific buoyancy flux per unit length that moves in the streamwise (vertical) direction (parallel to the direction of both the initial source flow and the gravity vector). The resulting self-preserving structure consisted of two counter-rotating vortices having their axes nearly aligned with the crossflow direction that move away from the source in the streamwise (vertical) direction due to the action of buoyancy. Present measurements extended up to 202 and 620 source diameters from the source in the streamwise and cross stream directions, respectively. The onset of self-preserving behavior required that the axes of the counter-rotating vortex system be nearly aligned with the crossflow direction. This alignment, in turn, was a strong function of the source/crossflow velocity ratio, uo/v∞. The net result was that the onset of self-preserving behavior was observed at streamwise distances of 10–20 source diameters from the source for uo/v∞ = 4 (the smallest value of uo/v∞ considered), increasing to streamwise distances of 160–170 source diameters from the source for uo/v∞ = 100 (the largest value of uo/v∞ considered). Finally, the counter-rotating vortex system was responsible for substantial increases in the rate of mixing of the source fluid with the ambient fluid compared to axisymmetric round buoyant turbulent plumes in still environments, e.g., transverse dimensions in the presence of the self-preserving counter-rotating vortex system were 2–3 times larger than the transverse dimensions of self-preserving axisymmetric plumes at similar streamwise distances from the source.
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Lillberg, Eric. "Predicting Thermal Mixing and Fatigue Inside Control Rod Guide Tubes." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16632.
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The cracked control rods shafts found in two Swedish NPPs were subjected to thermal fatigue due to mixing of cold purge flow with hot bypass water in the upper part of the top tube on which the control rod guide tubes rests. The interaction between the jets formed at the bypass water inlets is the main source of oscillation resulting in low frequency downward motion of hot bypass water into the cold purge flow. This ultimately causes thermal fatigue in the control rod shaft in the region below the four lower bypass water inlets. The transient analyses shown in this report were done to further investigate this oscillating phenomenon and compare to experimental measurements of water temperatures inside the control rod guide tube. The simulated results show good agreement with experimental data regarding all important variables for the estimation of thermal fatigue such as peak-to-peak temperature range, frequency of oscillation and duration of the temperature peaks. The results presented in this report show that CFD using LES methodology and the open source toolbox OpenFOAM is a viable tool for predicting complex turbulent mixing flows and thermal loads.
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Birkle, Dr Peter, and Hamdi A. AlRamadan. "Geochemical Techniques to Detect Sources of Fluids in Highly Pressured Casing-Casing Annuli CCA." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208146-ms.
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Abstract The buildup of high casing-casing annulus (CCA) pressure compromises the well integrity and can lead to serious incidents if left untreated. Potential sources of water causing the elevated CCA pressure are either trapped water in the cement column or water from a constant feeding source. This study utilizes inorganic geochemical techniques to determine the provenance of CCA produced water as trigger for high pressure in newly drilled wells. Affinities in the hydrochemical (major, minor and trace elements) and stable isotopic (δ2H, δ18O) composition are monitored to identify single fluid types, multi-component mixing and secondary fluid alteration processes. As a proof-of-concept, geochemical fingerprints of CCA produced water from three wells were correlated with potential source candidates, i.e., utilized drilling fluids (mud filtrate, supply water) from the target well site, Early - Late Cretaceous aquifers and Late Jurassic - Late Triassic formation waters from adjacent wells and fields. Geochemical affinities of CCA water with groundwater from an Early Cretaceous aquifer postulate the presence one single horizon for active water inflow. Non-reactive elements (Na, Cl) and environmental isotopes (δ2H, δ18O) were found to be most suited tools for fluid identification. 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratios of supply water and mud filtrate are close to global meteoric water composition, whereas formation waters are enriched in 18O. Elevated SO4 and K concentrations and extreme alkaline conditions for CCA water indicates the occurrence of minor secondary alteration processes, such the contact of inflowing groundwater with cement or fluid mixing with minor portions of KCl additives. The presented technology in this study enables the detection of high CCA pressure and fluid leakages sources, thereby allowing workover engineers to plan for potential remedial actions prior to moving the rig to the affected well; hence significantly reducing operational costs. Appropriate remedial solutions can be prompted for safe well abandonment as well as to resume operation at the earliest time.
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Burheim, O., B. B. Sales, O. Schaetzle, F. Liu, and H. V. M. Hamelers. "Auto Generative Capacitive Mixing for Power Conversion of Sea and River Water by the Use of Membranes." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63459.
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The chemical potential of mixing two aqueous solutions can be extracted via an Auto Generative Capacitive Mixing, AGCM, cell using anionic and cationic selective membranes together with porous carbon electrodes. Alternately feeding sea and river water through the unit allows for the system to spontaneously deliver charge and discharge the capacitive electrodes so that DC electric work is supplied. Having a stack of eight cells coupled in parallel demonstrated the viability of this technology. An average power density of 0.055 W m−2 was obtained during the peak of the different cycles, though reasonable optimisation suggests an expectation of 0.26 W m−2 at 6.2 A m−2. It was found that 86 ± 8 percent of the theoretical driving potential was obtained during the operating process. By studying the polarisation curves during charging and discharging cycles, it was found that optimising the feed fluid flow is among the routes to make AGCM with ionic selective membranes a viable salinity difference power source by mixing river and sea water. Another parallel route for increasing the exergy efficiency is lowering the internal ohmic resistances of the cell by design modifications.
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Fay, Mathew, Augusto Correnti, Marisol Najera, Gabriel Formento, and Nicole Storni. "Geochemical Characterization of Vaca Muerta Produced Water and Shallow Aquifers in the Neuquén Basin." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210094-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to better understand the baseline aqueous chemistry and provenance of all groundwaters from the near surface shallow aquifers to the deeper Vaca Muerta shale ~ 2000 m depth subsea in the Neuquén Basin for water disposal monitoring. The regions included in this study are Cruz de Lorena, Coiron Amargo Sur Oeste and Sierras Blancas blocks that are operated by Shell Argentina. This integrated project utilized previous work on the detailed hydrogeologic characterization of aquifers from seismic, downhole petrophysical logs and pressures measurements, and adds further water sample geochemistry data and interpretations focused on water disposal monitoring. The baseline measured water ionic and isotopic compositions from 70 downhole and produced water samples from 8 vertical wells and 3 comingled processing facilities suggests that natural geochemical compositions can be used to distinguish potential mixtures of 1) shallow fresh potable water aquifers, 2) irrigation or industrial water sources, 3) industrial water disposal zones and 4) produced Vaca Muerta Formation water. 5% to 10% mixtures of injected Vaca Muerta produced water and the Centenario Formation (disposal zone) were reliably detected, plus Vaca Muerta produced water and the Rayoso Formation (monitor zone) with confidence. Some variability in formation water baseline compositions occur geographically within each formation, especially the Rayoso Formation that is mainly low salinity water less than 5000 mg/l but may naturally mix with Centenario brines in some areas. Overall, this baseline natural geochemical variability is interpreted to result from topographic driven meteoric water influx with subsequent groundwater mixing of potentially very old brines, mineral dissolution and rock water interactions. Interestingly, the Centenario water disposal zone is very saline many times that of sea water, and more saline than Vaca Muerta produced water. This high salinity in the Centenario Formation is interpreted to result from mixtures of meteoric water, paleo sea water and evaporitic brines. Salt and evaporite mineral dissolution are possible but no known formation has been identified as the source of the salinity. The Vaca Muerta shale produced water has a unique fingerprint similar to other shale flowback waters such as from the Duvernay Formation in Canada, both interpreted as mineral and clay bound water interactions that occur quickly with the frac make up water. A Python based algorithm called Pymix was utilized to test the end member mixing model sensitivity to assess potential cross formation groundwater mixing scenarios that could notionally occur due to water injection wells. Actual samples of Vaca Muerta and Rayoso water tested with a Pymix model came within 0% to 6.9% of their actual water composition end members (i.e. percent difference Pymix versus actual). In a second Pymix model, the actual samples of Vaca Muerta and Centenario water came within 0% to 10.2% of their actual water composition end members, with a larger uncertainty due to the more similar water ion and isotopic fingerprints of these more saline, deeper sourced groundwaters. This workflow is a good example of baseline aquifer data collection and interpretation for unconventional plays. This hydrogeologic and geochemical information can be used to perform water surveillance on water disposal and monitor wells, key for the development of the Vaca Muerta shale in Argentina.
Reports on the topic "Water source mixing"
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Long, Wendy, Jesse Doyle, Edith Martinez-Guerra, and Christopher Griggs. Effects of impure water sources on early-age properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cements for rapid airfield damage recovery. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44780.
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In austere environments with limited access to clean water, it is advantageous to use nonpotable water for construction (i.e., mixing water for concrete.) In rapid-response situations such as rapid airfield damage recovery (RADR), the use of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements is beneficial for expedient pavement repairs because of their rapid strength gain characteristics. However, the hydration products formed by CSA cements are substantially different from those formed by ordinary portland cement and might react differently to impurities that water sources may contain. A laboratory study component investigated the application of various salts and impure sources of mixing water with commercially available CSA cement-based products. A field component studied the application of naturally occurring impure water sources for RADR. Recommendations are made for implementation of impure mixing water for RADR using commercially available flowable fill and concrete products made with CSA cement.
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Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.
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Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
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Burroughs, Jedadiah, Jason Weiss, and John Haddock. Influence of high volumes of silica fume on the rheological behavior of oil well cement pastes. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41288.
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Specialized classes of concrete, such as ultra-high-performance concrete, use volumes of silica fume in concrete that are higher than those in conventional concrete, resulting in increased water demand and mixing difficulty. This study considered the effects of eight different silica fumes in three dosages (10%, 20%, 30%) with three w/b (0.20, 0.30, 0.45) on rheological behavior as characterized by the Herschel-Bulkley model. Results indicated that the specific source of silica fume used, in addition to dosage and w/b, had a significant effect on the rheological behavior. As such, all silica fumes cannot be treated as equivalent or be directly substituted one for another without modification of the mixture proportion. The rheology of cement pastes is significantly affected by the physical properties of silica fume more so than any chemical effects.
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Lacerda Silva, P., G. R. Chalmers, A. M. M. Bustin, and R. M. Bustin. Gas geochemistry and the origins of H2S in the Montney Formation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329794.
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The geology of the Montney Formation and the geochemistry of its produced fluids, including nonhydrocarbon gases such as hydrogen sulfide were investigated for both Alberta and BC play areas. Key parameters for understanding a complex petroleum system like the Montney play include changes in thickness, depth of burial, mass balance calculations, timing and magnitudes of paleotemperature exposure, as well as kerogen concentration and types to determine the distribution of hydrocarbon composition, H2S concentrations and CO2 concentrations. Results show that there is first-, second- and third- order variations in the maturation patterns that impact the hydrocarbon composition. Isomer ratio calculations for butane and propane, in combination with excess methane estimation from produced fluids, are powerful tools to highlight effects of migration in the hydrocarbon distribution. The present-day distribution of hydrocarbons is a result of fluid mixing between hydrocarbons generated in-situ with shorter-chained hydrocarbons (i.e., methane) migrated from deeper, more mature areas proximal to the deformation front, along structural elements like the Fort St. John Graben, as well as through areas of lithology with higher permeability. The BC Montney play appears to have hydrocarbon composition that reflects a larger contribution from in-situ generation, while the Montney play in Alberta has a higher proportion of its hydrocarbon volumes from migrated hydrocarbons. Hydrogen sulphide is observed to be laterally discontinuous and found in discrete zones or pockets. The locations of higher concentrations of hydrogen sulphide do not align with the sulphate-rich facies of the Charlie Lake Formation but can be seen to underlie areas of higher sulphate ion concentrations in the formation water. There is some alignment between CO2 and H2S, particularly south of Dawson Creek; however, the cross-plot of CO2 and H2S illustrates some deviation away from any correlation and there must be other processes at play (i.e., decomposition of kerogen or carbonate dissolution). The sources of sulphur in the produced H2S were investigated through isotopic analyses coupled with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and mineralogy by X-ray diffraction. The Montney Formation in BC can contain small discrete amounts of sulphur in the form of anhydrite as shown by XRD and SEM-EDX results. Sulphur isotopic analyses indicate that the most likely source of sulphur is from Triassic rocks, in particular, the Charlie Lake Formation, due to its close proximity, its high concentration of anhydrite (18-42%), and the evidence that dissolved sulphate ions migrated within the groundwater in fractures and transported anhydrite into the Halfway Formation and into the Montney Formation. The isotopic signature shows the sulphur isotopic ratio of the anhydrite in the Montney Formation is in the same range as the sulphur within the H2S gas and is a lighter ratio than what is found in Devonian anhydrite and H2S gas. This integrated study contributes to a better understanding of the hydrocarbon system for enhancing the efficiency of and optimizing the planning of drilling and production operations. Operators in BC should include mapping of the Charlie Lake evaporites and structural elements, three-dimensional seismic and sulphate ion concentrations in the connate water, when planning wells, in order to reduce the risk of encountering unexpected souring.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Qingqing Cao, Lama Abufares, Siqi Wang, Uthman Mohamed Ali, and Greg Renshaw. Moisture Content and In-place Density of Cold-Recycling Treatments. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-007.
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Cold-recycling treatments are gaining popularity in the United States because of their economic and environmental benefits. Curing is the most critical phase for these treatments. Curing is the process where emulsion breaks and water evaporates, leaving residual binder in the treated material. In this process, the cold-recycled mix gains strength. Sufficient strength is required before opening the cold-treated layer to traffic or placing an overlay. Otherwise, premature failure, related to insufficient strength and trapped moisture, would be expected. However, some challenges arise from the lack of relevant information and specifications to monitor treatment curing. This report presents the outcomes of a research project funded by the Illinois Department for Transportation to investigate the feasibility of using the nondestructive ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for density and moisture content estimation of cold-recycled treatments. Monitoring moisture content is an indicator of curing level; treated layers must meet a threshold of maximum allowable moisture content (2% in Illinois) to be considered sufficiently cured. The methodology followed in this report included GPR numerical simulations and GPR indoor and field tests for data sources. The data were used to correlate moisture content to dielectric properties calculated from GPR measurements. Two models were developed for moisture content estimation: the first is based on numerical simulations and the second is based on electromagnetic mixing theory and called the Al-Qadi-Cao-Abufares (ACA) model. The simulation model had an average error of 0.33% for moisture prediction for five different field projects. The ACA model had an average error of 2% for density prediction and an average root-mean-square error of less than 0.5% for moisture content prediction for both indoor and field tests. The ACA model is presented as part of a developed user-friendly tool that could be used in the future to continuously monitor curing of cold-recycled treatments.
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Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri024208.
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