Academic literature on the topic 'Water-soluble polymers Fluid dynamics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water-soluble polymers Fluid dynamics"
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Zaim, Soumia, Omar Cherkaoui, Halima Rchid, Rachid Nmila, and Reddad El Moznine. "Rheological investigations of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from Moroccan seaweed Cystoseira myriophylloides algae." Polymers from Renewable Resources 11, no. 3-4 (August 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041247920960956.
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The rheological properties and spectrum infrared of polysaccharides extracted from Cystoseira myriophylloides algae were investigated in the concentrations range from 3 to 9% (w/v) and at different temperatures. Results of rheological characteristics in a steady shear rate showed pseudoplastic properties and the dynamic rheological properties showed a fluid-like viscoelastic behavior. The flow and viscoelastic characteristics of polysaccharides were described using the power-law (the Ostwald model). The values of flow behavior index of the sample were close to unity (0.91) for 3% and it decreased up to 0.71 for 9% revealing the shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) nature of these polysaccharides. Moreover, the consistency coefficient increased non-linearly with concentration and it was described by a power law. The flow behavior as a function of temperature was satisfactorily described using the Arrhenius law and the activation energy values were extracted. It decreased from 15.68 and 17.21 kJ/mol when the concentration increased from 5 to 9% (w/v). Additionally, in dynamic rheological measurements, tan δ > 1 and G″ > G′ reveling a shear-thinning behavior. Finally, the analysis of the FTIR spectra of these polysaccharides showed the presence of uronic acid groups. This behavior would suggest that polysaccharides extracted from Cystoseira myriophylloides could be an interesting additive as thickeners.
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Stella, Giovanna, Matteo Barcellona, Lorena Saitta, Claudio Tosto, Gianluca Cicala, Antonino Gulino, Maide Bucolo, and Maria Elena Fragalà. "3D Printing Manufacturing of Polydimethyl-Siloxane/Zinc Oxide Micro-Optofluidic Device for Two-Phase Flows Control." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 22, 2022): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102113.
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Tailored ZnO surface functionalization was performed inside a polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) microchannel of a micro-optofluidic device (mofd) to modulate its surface hydrophobicity to develop a method for fine tuning the fluid dynamics inside a microchannel. The wetting behavior of the surface is of particular importance if two different phases are used for system operations. Therefore, the fluid dynamic behavior of two immiscible fluids, (i) air–water and (ii) air–glycerol/water in PDMS mofds and ZnO-PDMS mofds was investigated by using different experimental conditions. The results showed that air–glycerol/water fluid was always faster than air–water flow, despite the microchannel treatment: however, in the presence of ZnO microstructures, the velocity of the air–glycerol/water fluid decreased compared with that observed for the air–water fluid. This behavior was associated with the strong ability of glycerol to create an H-bond network with the exposed surface of the zinc oxide microparticles. The results presented in this paper allow an understanding of the role of ZnO functionalization, which allows control of the microfluidic two-phase flow using different liquids that undergo different chemical interactions with the surface chemical terminations of the microchannel. This chemical approach is proposed as a control strategy that is easily adaptable for any embedded micro-device.
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Brattekås, Bergit, Martine Folgerø Sandnes, Marianne Steinsbø, and Jacquelin E. Cobos. "A Systematic Investigation of Polymer Influence on Core Scale Wettability Aided by Positron Emission Tomography Imaging." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 5050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225050.
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Polymers have been used as viscosifying agents in enhanced oil recovery applications for decades, but their influence on rock surface wettability is rarely discussed relative to its importance: wettability largely controls fluid flow in porous media and changes in wettability may significantly influence subsequent system performance. This paper presents a two-part systematic investigation of wettability alteration during polymer injection into oil-wet limestone. The first part of the paper determines wettability and wetting stability on the core scale. The well-established Amott–Harvey method is used, and five full cycles performed with repeated spontaneous imbibition and forced displacements. Wettability alterations are measured in a polymer/oil system, to determine polymer influence on wettability, and evaluated towards simpler brine/oil and glycerol/oil systems, to determine reproducibility and uncertainty related to the method and fluid/rock system. Polymer injection into oil-wet limestone core plugs is shown to repeatedly and reproducibly reverse the core wettability towards water-wet. Wettability changed both quicker and towards stronger water-wet conditions with polymer solution as the aqueous phase compared to brine and glycerol. The second part of the paper attempts to explain the observed behavior; by utilizing in situ imaging by Positron Emission Tomography, an emerging imaging technology within the geosciences. High resolution imaging provides insight into fluid flow dynamics during water and polymer injections, identifying uneven displacement fronts and significant polymer adsorption.
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Ortiz, Andrea C., Osvaldo Yañez, Edison Salas-Huenuleo, and Javier O. Morales. "Development of a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) by a Low-Energy Method, Comparison of Release Kinetics and Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040531.
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Lipid nanocarriers have a great potential for improving the physicochemical characteristics and behavior of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as aqueous dispersibility and oral bioavailability. This investigation presents a novel nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) based on a mixture of solid lipid glycerides, fatty acid esters of PEG 1500 (Gelucire® 44/14), and an oil mix composed of capric and caprylic triglycerides (Miglyol® 812). These NLCs were developed by a simple low-energy method based on melt emulsification to yield highly encapsulating and narrowly distributed nanoparticles (~100 nm, PdI = 0.1, and zeta potential = ~−10 mV). Rhodamine 123 was selected as a poorly water-soluble drug model and owing to its spectroscopic properties. The novel NLCs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and colloidal stability. The drug release was determined through a dialysis bag and vertical Franzs’ cells to provide insights about the methods’ suitability, revealing similar performance regardless of their different fluid dynamics. Rhodamine 123 followed a characteristic biphasic release profile owing to the swelling of the hydrophilic polymer coating and diffusion process from the lipid core as revealed by the Korsmeyers–Peppas kinetic modeling. Moreover, to elucidate the formation and incorporation of Rhodamine 123 into the NLC core, several molecular dynamics simulations were conducted. The temperature was shown to be an important condition to improve the formation of the nanoparticles. In addition, the liquid lipid incorporation to the formulation forms nanoparticles with imperfect centers, in contrast to nanoparticles without it. Moreover, Miglyol® 812 improves hydrophobic molecule solubility. These results suggest the potential of novel NLC as a drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Chen, Zhang, Shomali, Coasne, Carmeliet, and Derome. "Wood–Moisture Relationships Studied with Molecular Simulations: Methodological Guidelines." Forests 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080628.
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This paper aims at providing a methodological framework for investigating wood polymers using atomistic modeling, namely, molecular dynamics (MD) and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. Atomistic simulations are used to mimic water adsorption and desorption in amorphous polymers, make observations on swelling, mechanical softening, and on hysteresis. This hygromechanical behavior, as observed in particular from the breaking and reforming of hydrogen bonds, is related to the behavior of more complex polymeric composites. Wood is a hierarchical material, where the origin of wood-moisture relationships lies at the nanoporous material scale. As water molecules are adsorbed into the hydrophilic matrix in the cell walls, the induced fluid–solid interaction forces result in swelling of these cell walls. The interaction of the composite polymeric material, that is the layer S2 of the wood cell wall, with water is known to rearrange its internal material structure, which makes it moisture sensitive, influencing its physical properties. In-depth studies of the coupled effects of water sorption on hygric and mechanical properties of different polymeric components can be performed with atomistic modeling. The paper covers the main components of knowledge and good practice for such simulations.
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Correa, Andrea, Antonio De Nicola, Giuseppe Scherillo, Valerio Loianno, Domenico Mallamace, Francesco Mallamace, Hiroshi Ito, Pellegrino Musto, and Giuseppe Mensitieri. "A Molecular Interpretation of the Dynamics of Diffusive Mass Transport of Water within a Glassy Polyetherimide." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062908.
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The diffusion process of water molecules within a polyetherimide (PEI) glassy matrix has been analyzed by combining the experimental analysis of water sorption kinetics performed by FTIR spectroscopy with theoretical information gathered from Molecular Dynamics simulations and with the expression of water chemical potential provided by a non-equilibrium lattice fluid model able to describe the thermodynamics of glassy polymers. This approach allowed us to construct a convincing description of the diffusion mechanism of water in PEI providing molecular details of the process related to the effects of the cross- and self-hydrogen bonding established in the system on the dynamics of water mass transport.
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Zhang, Yongjian, Chenlong Liu, Xiuxing Tang, Xin Dong, Tan He, Heyi Wang, and Duyang Zang. "Dynamics of Rising Bubbles and Their Impact with Viscoelastic Fluid Interfaces." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 2948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142948.
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Bubble dynamics plays a significant role in a wide range of industrial fields, such as food, pharmacy and chemical engineering. The physicochemical properties of complex fluids can greatly affect the speed with which bubbles rise, and the lifetime of bubbles, which in turn can affect the efficiency of food and drug manufacturing and also sewage purification. Therefore, it is of great scientific and practical significance to study the influence mechanism of nanoparticles and surfactants on bubble rising and impact in a complex fluid interface. This paper selects a mixed dispersion liquid of nanoparticles (SiO2) and a surfactant (SDS) as the objects of the study, observes in real-time the entire processes of bubbles rising, impact at the gas-liquid interface, and rupture, and analyzes the dynamic mechanism of bubble impact in a complex fluid interface. By analyzing the morphological changes of the rising bubbles, the rising velocity and the lifetime of the bubbles, it is found that the surfactant molecules are distributed in the ultrapure water liquid pool and the liquid film surrounding the bubbles. Such distribution can reduce the viscoelasticity between bubbles and the liquid surface, and lower the surface tension of the liquid, which can reduce the rising velocity of bubbles, delay the drainage process of bubbles on a liquid surface, and enhance the lifetime of bubbles. If the liquid surface is covered with nanoparticles, a reticulate structure will be formed on the bubble liquid film, which can inhibit bubble discharge and prolong bubble lifetime. In addition, the influence of such a reticulate structure on liquid surface tension is limited and its function is far smaller than a surfactant.
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Pooneeth, Vishwanath, Xu He, Hai Hang Wang, and Mlela Masoud Kamoleka. "Anti-Cavitation Approach in a Bio-Inspired Throttle Valve: A Study of Using Rubber-Like Materials." Materials Science Forum 976 (January 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.976.55.
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This multiscale molecular study emphasizes on reducing cavitation in a squid - inspired throttle valve. Molecular simulations on 10 different polymers bonded layer-wise to Iron (III) Oxide were done and the 5 ones having the strongest binding energies were further relaxed using xenon crystals (0.2ns). Changes in the radius of gyration were observed and post relaxation, the interaction energy, the cohesive energy density, and the Hildebrand solubility parameter of the polymer-water layer were determined. Consequently, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) chosen from the results was further equilibrated for 1.05 ns. To verify its wettability, a contact angle (water nanodroplet) of 115° was estimated. Next, the lined (3mm thick PTFE) valve seat of the chosen throttle valve was numerically analyzed. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, ANSYS Fluent 17.0 was used to test the 3D model with assigned boundary conditions to determine the vapor fraction and the static pressure. Finally, thickness optimization of the lining was done to improve the valve’s performance within the fluid power system and minimize cost involvement.
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Nguyen, Thao X. D., Tuan V. Vu, Sepideh Razavi, and Dimitrios V. Papavassiliou. "Coarse Grained Modeling of Multiphase Flows with Surfactants." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030543.
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Coarse-grained modeling methods allow simulations at larger scales than molecular dynamics, making it feasible to simulate multifluid systems. It is, however, critical to use model parameters that represent the fluid properties with fidelity under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions. In this work, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) methods were used to simulate the flow of oil and water in a narrow slit under Poiseuille and Couette flow conditions. Large surfactant molecules were also included in the computations. A systematic methodology is presented to determine the DPD parameters necessary for ensuring that the boundary conditions were obeyed, that the oil and water viscosities were represented correctly, and that the velocity profile for the multifluid system agreed with the theoretical expectations. Surfactant molecules were introduced at the oil–water interface (sodium dodecylsulfate and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether) to determine the effects of surface-active molecules on the two-phase flow. A critical shear rate was found for Poiseuille flow, beyond which the surfactants desorbed to form the interface forming micelles and destabilize the interface, and the surfactant-covered interface remained stable under Couette flow even at high shear rates.
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Ciaramitaro, Veronica, Alberto Spinella, Francesco Armetta, Roberto Scaffaro, Emmanuel Fortunato Gulino, George Kourousias, Alessandra Gianoncelli, Eugenio Caponetti, and Maria Luisa Saladino. "A New Methodological Approach to Correlate Protective and Microscopic Properties by Soft X-ray Microscopy and Solid State NMR Spectroscopy: The Case of Cusa’s Stone." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 5767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135767.
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Hydrophobic treatment is one of the most important interventions usually carried out for the conservation of stone artefacts and monuments. The study here reported aims to answer a general question about how two polymers confer different protective performance. Two fluorinated-based polymer formulates applied on samples of Cusa’s stone confer a different level of water repellence and water vapour permeability. The observed protection action is here explained on the basis of chemico-physical interactions. The distribution of the polymer in the pore network was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microscopy. The interactions between the stone substrate and the protective agents were investigated by means of solid state NMR spectroscopy. The ss-NMR findings reveal no significant changes in the chemical neighbourhood of the observed nuclei of each protective agent when applied onto the stone surface and provide information on the changes in the organization and dynamics of the studied systems, as well as on the mobility of polymer chains. This allowed us to explain the different macroscopic behaviours provided by each protective agent to the stone substrate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water-soluble polymers Fluid dynamics"
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Gurbuz, Berkay. "Experimental Characterization Of Some Water Soluble Polymers Used In Drilling And Completion Fluids." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614146/index.pdf.
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Properly preparing the drilling fluid is an essential part of any successful drilling operation, especially in complex operations like deviated and horizontal drilling. Understanding the flow behavior of the polymers used in the drilling fluids under different conditions takes a key part in this preparation. In this study, shear rheology of some traditionally used water soluble polymers in drilling and completion fluidsnamely PAC (polyanionic cellulose) and xanthan gum, were investigated experimentally. Instead of an oilfield standard Fann Model 35 Viscometer, an Ofite Model 900 Viscometer was used because of its capability to measure at ultra-low shear rates. Effects of the concentration of the polymer, time of shear applied, test temperature and effects of aging were examined. Rheological measurements were conducted between the shear rate ranges of 0.01 to 1000s-1 with concentrations changing from 0.25 to 1.5 grams of polymer per 350 milliliters of water (equivalent to 0.25 to 1.5 lb/bbl). Rheograms were constructed to identify the effect the polymers in question have on the flow characteristics of the drilling fluid. An appropriate constitutive model was used to define the flow behavior of the polymer in question mathematically. It was observed from the constructed rheograms that increase in polymer concentration results in consistent increase of apparent viscosity. Amount of time of shear does not affect the selected polymers if they are dynamically aged at least for two hours. Also as expected increasing temperature of the sample lowers the apparent viscosity considerably.
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Lumber, Darren. "Fluorescence studies of the dynamics of water soluble polymers in aqueous solutions and dispersions." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340644.
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Goel, Gaurav. "From polymer collapse to confined fluids : investigating the implications of nterfacial structuring." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/24022.
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In the first part of this thesis, we present results from extensive molecular dynamics simulations of the collapse transitions of hydrophobic polymers in explicit water. The focus is to understand the roles that curvature and interactions associated with the polymer-water “interface” have on collapse thermodynamics. We show that model hydrophobic polymers can have parabolic, protein-like, temperature-dependent free energies of unfolding. Analysis of the water structure shows that the polymer-water interface can be characterized as soft and weakly dewetted. We also show that an appropriately defined surface tension for the polymer-water interface is independent of the attractive polymer-water interactions. This helped us to develop a perturbation model for predicting the effect of attractions on polymer collapse thermodynamics. In the second part, we explore connections between structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics of inhomogeneous fluids. First, we use molecular dynamics simulations and classical density functional theory (DFT) to study the hard-sphere fluid at approximately 103 equilibrium state points, spanning different confining geometries and particle-boundary interactions. We provide strong empirical evidence that both excess entropy and a new generalized measure of available volume for inhomogeneous fluids correlate excellently with self-diffusivity, approximately independent of the degree of confinement. Next, we study via simulations how tuning particle-wall interactions to flatten or enhance the particle layering of a model confined fluid impacts its self-diffusivity, viscosity, and entropy. Interestingly, interactions that eliminate particle layering can significantly reduce confined fluid mobility, whereas those that enhance layering can have the opposite effect. Excess entropy helps to understand and predict these trends. Finally, we explore the relationships between the effective interparticle interactions, static structure, and tracer diffusivity of a solute in a mixture. We show that knowledge of these relationships can allow one to “tune” the effective interparticle interactions of the solute in a way that increases its tracer diffusivity. One interesting consequence is that the mobility of a hard-sphere solute can be increased by adding a soft-repulsion to its interaction, effectively making it bigger.text
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Kodali, Prakash. "Large Area Electronics with Fluids : Field Effect on 2-D Fluid Ribbons for Desalination And Energy Harvesting." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2725.
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This work studies the influence of field effect on large area 2 dimensional ribbons of fluids. A fluid of choice is confined in the channel of a metal-insulator-channel-insulator-metal architecture and is subjected to constant (d.c) or alternating (a.c) fields (de-pending on the application) along with a pressure drive flow. A general fluid would be composed of molecules having certain polarizability and be a dispersion of non-ionic and ionic particulates. The field effect response under pressure driven flow for this fluid would result in electrophoresis, electro osmosis, dielectrophoresis, dipole-dipole interaction and inverse electro osmosis phenomena. Using some of these phenomena we study applications related to desalination and energy harvesting with saline water as the ex-ample fluid for the former case, and solution processed poly vinyldene fluoride (PVDF) for the latter case. The geometrical features of \large area" and the \ribbon shape" can be taken advantage of to influence the design and performance for both applications.
With regards to desalination, it is shown via experiments and theoretical models that the presence of alternating electric fields aid in ion separation along the flow when the saline water is subjected to laminar flow. Moreover, the power consumption is low due to the presence of the insulator. An average of 30% ion removal efficiency and 15% throughput is observed in the systems fabricated. Both performance parameters are discussion can be improved upon with larger channel lengths. The \2-D ribbon" and alternating field effect aid in achieving this by patterning the randomly distributed ions in the bulk into a smooth sheet charge and then repelling this sheet charge back into the bulk. The electric field exhibited by this sheet charge helps trap more ion sheets near the interface, thereby converting a surface ion trapping phenomena (when d.c is used) to a bulk phenomena and thereby improving efficiency.
With regards to energy harvesting, a solution of PVDF in methyl ethyl ketone and 1-methyl-2-pyrollidone is confined to the \2-D ribbon" geometry and subject to high d.c fields. This aids in combining the fabrication, patterning and poling process for PVDF into one setup. Since the shape of the ribbon is defined by the shape of the channel, the ribbons (straight or serrated) can be used to sense forces of various magnitudes. More importantly experiments and theoretical models are studied for energy harvesting. Since the ribbon geometry defines the resonant frequency, large PVDF ribbon can be used to harvest energy from low frequency vibrations. Experiments show that up to 60 microwatt power can be harvested at 200 Hz and is sufficient to supplement the power for ICs.
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Saraireh, Mohammad. "Heat transfer and condensation of water vapour from humid air in compact heat exchangers." Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21316/.
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In this thesis, an experimental and simulation study of heat transfer in water-to-air
compact-plate heat exchanger is presented. A compact-plate heat exchanger made of
polypropylene, in which flow pattern is maintained as counter-current, was
constructed to conduct the experiments. Experiments were conducted for different
operation conditions of hot and cold fluids, in which hot water is considered hot
streams and air is considered cold streams. The thermal performance of the plate heat
exchanger was analysed using the experimental data. Computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) package FLUENT® was used to predict the fluid flow and heat transfer in the
plate heat exchanger and to study the transient response of the system to changes of
inlet temperature for both fluids. The results of the heat rejection rate are presented
for the heat exchanger, which is simulated according to the configuration of the plate
heat exchanger used in the experiments. The model was also simulated at different
operation conditions and compared with experimental data. The simulated results are
in good agreement with experimental results.
Books on the topic "Water-soluble polymers Fluid dynamics"
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Cowan, Martin E. Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight water-soluble polymers to study the role of extensional viscosity in polymeric drag reduction. 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water-soluble polymers Fluid dynamics"
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Chen, Robert Gow-Sheng, and Arvind D. Patel. "Water-Soluble Polymers for Aqueous Drilling Fluid Additives." In Advances in Chemistry, 197–207. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ba-1986-0213.ch012.
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Numin, Mohd Sofi, Khairulazhar Jumbri, Anita Ramli, and Noorazlenawati Borhan. "Mechanism of Alkaline Surfactant Polymer in Oil-Water Interface: Physicochemical of Fluid Rheology, Interfacial Tension and Molecular Dynamics Simulation." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 147–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4513-6_13.
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Nasr-El-Din, H. A., and K. C. Taylor. "Rheology of water-soluble polymers used for improved oil recovery." In Advances in Engineering Fluid Mechanics: Multiphase Reactor and Polymerization System Hydrodynamics, 615–68. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-088415497-6/50026-7.
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Benham, Robert, and Fayyaz Rehman. "An Investigation into the Exploratory Use of Additive Manufacturing in Weir Design and Open Channel Flow." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210017.
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Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers a range of possibilities in fluid flow research. An existing 2.5 m open channel fluid flow experiment contains a set of standard weirs which are limited in design. This research will compare experimental AM weirs (e.g. labyrinth, piano, catenary), that would not be possible on some laser-cut polymer or machined aluminium weirs. Due to the bespoke complex nature of weirs’ design other manufacturing methods would be too expensive and impossible to use. AM technology allows a cost-effective solution for progressive design modifications to be implemented throughout investigations. This paper will highlight comparisons made between a range of AM produced weirs in terms of flow rate, fluid velocity profile, water level height and discharge coefficient. Computation fluid dynamic modelling (CFD) will also be used to verify, analyse, and compare results. Based on the experimental results and verification, the paper will also discuss the suitability of application of AM techniques in fluid flow analysis.
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Warrick, Arthur W. "Solute and Contaminant Transport." In Soil Water Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126051.003.0012.
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We now look at the transport of materials in soil systems. Not only do water and liquids move, but so also do a variety of chemical and biological constituents. In this chapter, the emphasis will be on flow processes involving water that is carrying different types of solute. The solutes of interest can be harmful or they can be beneficial. The same chemical species could be desirable when contained within one region and undesirable if it escapes to another—such as from the root zone to the ground water. Both conservative and reactive tracers will be discussed. A conservative tracer is assumed to move freely with the soil water and is non-reactive, non-volatile, and non-absorbing. Of course, this is only an ideal case, and all materials carried with water will react in some way with the solid phase. The degree of interaction depends on the solute, the soil, and the flow regime. However, if there is little interaction, the solute can often be treated as a conservative tracer. Examples are tritium and, to a lesser degree, bromide. Other materials are only slightly soluble, readily react with the solid phase, or perhaps can change into alternative phases that are clearly non-conservative. In some cases, whether a solute can logically be considered as a conservative or non-conservative tracer depends on the time scale and where the process is occurring—for example, perhaps the reaction rates are low, and for a short time scale the process is conservative; alternatively, perhaps the reaction rate is driven by whether oxygen is available or whether a specific microbe or catalyst is present at a particular time and place. Most of the discussion is directed toward “miscible displacement” processes. For a miscible displacement process, the invading fluid mixes freely with the fluid that is being driven out. An example is the displacement of water of a concentration differing from that of the antecedent water. Miscible displacement of a low molecular weight alcohol with water is another example. Many problems of environmental concern are included, such as leaching of nitrates from the soil surface to the groundwater.
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Johnston, Keith P., and C. T. Lee. "Interfacial Phenomena with Carbon Dioxide Soluble Surfactants." In Green Chemistry Using Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154832.003.0013.
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A fundamental understanding of colloid and interface science for surfactant design in CO2-based systems is emerging on the basis of studies of interfacial tension and surfactant adsorption (da Rocha et al., 1999) along with complementary studies of colloid structure (Chillura-Martino et al., 1996; Meredith and Johnston, 1999; Wignall, 1999) and stability (Meredith and Johnston, 1999; O’Neill, 1997; Yates et al., 1997). The interfacial tension, γ, between a supercritical fluid (SCF) phase and a hydrophilic or lipophilic liquid or solid, along with surfactant adsorption, play a key role in a variety of processes including nucleation, coalescense and growth of dispersed phases, formation of microemulsions and emulsions (Johnston et al., 1999), particle and fiber formation, atomization, foaming (Goel and Beckman, 1995), wetting, adhesion, lubrication, and the morphology of blends and composites (Watkins et al., 1999). The first generation of research involving surfactants in SCFs addressed water/oil (w/o) microemulsions (Fulton and Smith, 1988; Johnston et al., 1989) and polymer latexes (Everett and Stageman, 1978) in ethane and propane (Bartscherer et al., 1995; Fulton, 1999; McFann and Johnston, 1999). This work provided a foundation for studies in CO2, which has modestly weaker van der Waals forces (polarizability per volume) than ethane. Consequently, polymers with low cohesive energy densities and thus low surface tensions are the most soluble in CO2: for example, fluoroacrylates (DeSimone et al., 1992), fluorocarbons, fluoroethers (Singley et al., 1997), siloxanes, and to a lesser extent propylene oxide. Since CO2 is nonpolar (unlike water) and has weak van der Waals forces (unlike lipophilic phases), it may be considered to be a third type of condensed phase. Surfactants with the above types of “CO2-philic” segments and a “CO2-phobic” segment have been used to form microemulsions (Harrison et al., 1994; Johnston et al., 1996), emulsions (da Rocha et al., 1999; Jacobson et al., 1999a; Lee et al., 1999b), and organic polymer latexes (DeSimone et al., 1994) in CO2. Microemulsion droplets are typically 2–10 nm in diameter, making them optically transparent and thermodynamically stable, whereas kinetically stable emulsion droplets and latexes in the range of 200 nm to 10 mm are opaque and thermodynamically unstable.
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Beris, Antony N., and Brian J. Edwards. "Symplectic Geometry in Optics." In Thermodynamics of Flowing Systems: with Internal Microstructure. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195076943.003.0006.
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The scope of this book is to address the fundamental problem of modeling transport processes within complex systems, i.e., systems with internal microstructure. The classical engineering approach involves the modeling of the systems as structured continua and the subsequent use of the models in order to derive (if possible) analytical results, exact or approximate. The advent of powerful computers and the promise through parallel processing of even more substantial computational gains in the near future have introduced yet another paragon to the established engineering practice: that of the numerical simulation. Numerical simulation has emerged as a viable alternative to experiments (contrast Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations versus wind tunnel experiments); however, the key limitation to a wider application of numerical simulations in engineering practice lies in the reliability of the models (as well as in their simplicity). CFD applications are successful since the Navier/Stokes equations which they employ are quite capable of describing accurately enough the hydrodynamics of air and water. However, as we move our emphasis to materials of such internal complexity as polymer melts, liquid crystals, suspensions, etc., the development of reliable continuum models becomes an increasingly arduous task. The main objective of this treatise is to investigate a more systematic approach through which continuum models may be developed and analyzed. The key issue that the modeler has to cope with is how to construct models which describe more of the underlying physics without, at the same time, becoming excessively complex so that they either require a prohibitively large, experimentally determined number of adjustable parameters (such as current phenomenological theories) or a prohibitively large computational time (such as required for a detailed “brute force” description of the molecular dynamics). It is the thesis of the present work that a lot of effort can be saved if the appropriate formulation is used in deriving model equations, a formulation which is capable of exploiting to a maximum degree the inherent symmetry and consistency of the collective phenomena exhibited by a large number of internal degrees of freedom.
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Murugan, Kandhasamy Durai, Pandi Muthirulan, and Vijayanand Chandrasekaran. "Recent Developments in the Dynamics of Fluorescently Labelled Macromolecules." In Photophysics of Supramolecular Architectures, 181–213. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049190122010010.
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<div>There is considerable interest in the photophysics and photochemistry of</div><div>water-soluble macromolecules functionalized as pendant or copolymerized on the</div><div>macromolecular backbone itself. A promising feature of functionalized</div><div>macromolecules is that a large variety of chemical modifications based on molecular</div><div>design is possible as compared to conventional organized assemblies such as micelles</div><div>and vesicles. Photoactive macromolecules have important applications in photoresists,</div><div>xerography, photocuring of paints and resins, and solar energy conversion systems.</div><div>These macromolecular systems are broadly classified into two categories: (1) in which</div><div>chromophores are directly attached to the backbone of the macromolecule as a pendant</div><div>and (2) in which the macromolecule acts as a host to the photosensitizing molecules.</div><div>Various aspects of photochemical and photophysical processes in polymers are</div><div>discussed earlier in detail. Time resolved fluorescence techniques have been</div><div>extensively used to study the dynamics of natural and synthetic macromolecules. This</div><div>book chapter covers the investigations on the dynamics polymers in solution using a</div><div>variety of time resolved techniques ranging from a few femtoseconds to several seconds.</div>
Conference papers on the topic "Water-soluble polymers Fluid dynamics"
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Amaratunga, Maduranga, Roar Nybø, and Rune W. Time. "PIV Analysis of Dynamic Velocity Profiles in Non-Newtonian Drilling Fluids Exposed to Oscillatory Motion." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77614.
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Drilling fluids experience a wide range of shear rates and oscillatory motion while circulating through the well and also during the operations for solids control. Therefore, it is important to investigate the influence of oscillatory fields on the velocity profiles, shear rate and resulting rheological condition of non-Newtonian polymers, which are additives in drilling fluids. In this paper, we present the dynamic velocity profiles within both Newtonian (deionized water) and non-Newtonian liquids (Polyanionic Cellulose – PAC) exposed to oscillatory motion. A 15 cm × 15 cm square cross-sectional liquid column was oscillated horizontally with very low frequencies (0.75–1.75 Hz) using a laboratory made oscillating table. The dynamic velocity profiles at the bulk of the oscillating liquid column were visualized by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method, where the motion of fluid is optically visualized using light scattering “seeding” particles. Increased frequency of oscillations lead to different dynamic patterns and ranges of velocity-shear magnitudes. The experiments are part of a comprehensive study aimed at investigating the influence of low frequency oscillations on particle settling in non-Newtonian drilling fluids. It is discussed, how such motion imposed on polymeric liquids influences both flow dynamics as well as local settling velocities of cuttings particles.
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Hincapie, Rafael E., Ante Borovina, Elisabeth Neubauer, Samhar Saleh, Vladislav Arekhov, Magdalena Biernat, Torsten Clemens, and Muhammad Tahir. "Dynamics of Wettability Alteration from Alkali/Nanoparticles/Polymer Flooding - Integrating Data of Imbibition, Contact Angle and Interfacial-Tension to Screen Injection Agents." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206242-ms.
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Abstract Even though the influence of wettability alteration on imbibition is well-documented, its synergy with Interfacial-Tension (IFT) for Alkali/Nanoparticles/Polymer flooding requires additional investigation. Particularly, when the oil Total Acid Number (TAN) may determine the wetting-state of the reservoir and influences IFT. Therefore, a laboratory evaluation workflow is presented that combines complementary assessments such as spontaneous imbibition tests, IFT and contact angles measurements. This workflow aims at evaluating wettability alteration and IFT changes when injecting Alkali, Nanoparticles and Polymers or a combination of them. Dynamics and mechanism of imbibition was tracked by analyzing the recovery change with the inverse Bond number. Three sandstone types (outcrops) were used that mainly differ in clay content and permeability. Oils with low and high-TAN were used, the latter from the potential field pilot 16TH reservoir in the Matzen field (Austria). We have identified the conditions leading to an increase of recovery rates as well as ultimate recovery by imbibition of Alkali/Nanoparticles/Polymer aqueous phases. Data obtained demonstrate how oil TAN number (low and high), chemical agent and reservoir mineralogy influence fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions. Application of alkali with high-TAN oil resulted in a low-equilibrium IFT. Alkali-alone fall short to mobilize trapped low-TAN oil. Alkali-polymer is efficient in wettability alteration of oil-wet core plugs towards water-wet state for high-TAN oil. The investigated nanofluids manage to restore a water-wet state in cores with high clay content along with improving gravity driven flow. IFT reduction between oil and surface-modified nanoparticles is unaffected by the acidity of the oil. Furthermore, contact angle in high-TAN oil remained similar even after 1000 min of observation for 2.5% clay cores in synthetic brine, but increases significantly when in contact with alkali/polymer. Comparing porosity and permeability before and after imbibition, a slight reduction was observed after imbibition with brine and nanofluids. We preliminary conclude that permeability reduction is not associated to the tested nanoparticles present in solution. We observed evidence of change in the imbibition mechanism from counter-current (capillary driven/high inverse Bond number) to co-current (gravity driven/low inverse Bond number) for nanoparticles/alkali. The calculated inverse Bond number correlates with the ultimate recovery, larger inverse Bond number leading to lower ultimate recovery. This work presents novel data on the synergy of IFT, contact angles and Amott imbibition for the chemical processes studied. We leverage from complementary laboratory techniques to define a comprehensive workflow that allows understanding wettability-alteration when injecting Alkali, Nanoparticles and Polymers or a combination of them. Obtained results show that the workflow can be used as an efficient screening tool to determine the effectiveness of various substances to increase oil recovery rate and ultimate recovery.
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Ahmad, Hafiz Mudaser, Muhammad Shahzad Kamal, Mobeen Murtaza, and Mamdouh A. Al-Harthi. "Improving the Drilling Fluid Properties using Nanoparticles and Water-Soluble Polymers." In SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/188140-ms.
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Gibson, Phillip W., and Majid Charmchi. "Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Protective Clothing System Evaluation." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1570.
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Abstract Convection, diffusion, and phase change processes influence heat and mass transfer through textile materials used in clothing systems. For example, water in a hygroscopic porous textile may exist in vapor or liquid form in the pore spaces or in bound form when it has been absorbed by the solid phase, which is typically some kind of hydrophilic polymer. Phase changes associated with water include liquid evaporation/condensation in the pore spaces and sorption/desorption from hydrophilic polymer fibers. Certain materials such as encapsulated paraffins may also be added to textiles; these materials are designed to undergo a solid-liquid phase change over temperature ranges near human body temperature, which influences the perceived comfort of clothing. Additional factors such as the swelling of the solid polymer due to water imbibition, and the heat of sorption evolved when the water is absorbed by the polymeric matrix, can all be incorporated into the appropriate conservation and transport equations describing heat and mass transfer through clothing layers. These physical factors, nonlinear material properties, and complex multiphase flows make the task of modeling and predicting levels of protection and comfort of various clothing designs difficult and elusive. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has proven to be useful at several levels of material and system modeling to evaluate and design protective clothing systems and material components. This paper summarizes current and past work aimed at utilizing CFD techniques for protective clothing applications.
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Verma, Atul, and Ranga Pitchumani. "Effect of Membrane Properties on Dynamic Behavior of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2013-18209.
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Understanding the performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells is critical to the water management in the fuel cell system. Low-humidity operating conditions present a complex interaction between dynamic behavior and water transport owing to different time scales of water transport mechanisms in the transient process. Toward understanding the effects of membrane properties on the dynamic behavior, this paper presents numerical simulations for a single channel PEM fuel cell undergoing changes in load, by subjecting the unit cell to step change in current. The objective is to elucidate the complex interaction between cell voltage response and water transport dynamics for various membrane properties, where the performance is critically related water content of the membrane. Detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to show that step increase in current density leads to anode dryout due to electro-osmotic drag, and investigate its dependence on variations in membrane properties.
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Cadix, Arnaud, Steven Meeker, Swati Kaushik, Elodie Haumesser, and Guillaume Ovarlez. "Associative Microgels, New Self Adaptive Systems to Control Fluid Loss in Well Cementing." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207472-ms.
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Abstract Fluid loss control additives are critical constituents in a cement slurry formulation to ensure even cement placement and ultimately satisfactory zonal isolation. Many technological options have been developed over the past decades to design fluid loss control additives for cementing. The most popular technologies as of today are either based on water soluble polymers or colloidal particles like latexes. As an alternative approach, in this paper we introduce a new technology based on associative or "sticky" microgels. These microgels are able to associate with one another at elevated concentration but, more surprisingly, are also able to associate under shear in the dilute regime during a filtration process. As a consequence these additives demonstrate outstanding performance as fluid loss control agents. This study focuses first on standard API filtration tests using sticky microgels, and on how their behavior in application differs from traditional systems, in particular water-based soluble polymers such as cellulosic derivatives or synthetic polymers. Our investigations then focus on the working mechanism of the microgel system by analyzing adsorption on the cement surface, rheology, and filter cake structure using Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). Finally the behavior of sticky microgels in model filtration tests is explored with either filtration against porous ceramic discs or using microfluidic chips allowing a direct visualization of microgels during filtration. This study demonstrates that associative microgels are not controlling fluid loss through a simple size match between particles and pores within the filter cake but rather through shear-induced aggregation. Microfluidic observations reveal that aggregation occurs irreversibly as microgels are forced through the pores as the filtration process occurs. The shear-induced associated gels are particularly effective at reducing dramatically the filter cake permeability and allowing gas migration control. Interestingly the shear-induced aggregation of associative μgels seems to confer self-adaptive properties of the fluid loss additives with respect to the pore network to be clogged. Indeed, formation of shear aggregated gels larger than the individual microgels can be used to limit fluid loss even if the pore sizes are much larger than the individual microgels.
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Tokumasu, Takashi, and Taiki Yoshida. "A Molecular Dynamics Study for the Characteristics of Proton Transfer in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36021.
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These days Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) is the most developed fuel cell. A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is used in PEFC. Its efficiency is proportional to the proton transferring efficiency, which depends on the nanoscale structure of water. In this study, the property of proton transfer was analyzed by Molecular Dynamics (MD) method including Grotthus mechanism by Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) method. Nafion membrane was adopted as PEM. The potential energy barrier of proton hopping obtained by EVB method was adjusted to reproduce the energy barrier obtained by Density Functional Theory (DFT). In MD simulation, the distribution of water in Nafion was firstly analyzed. The results showed that liquid molecules gather around sulfo groups. Next, the property of proton transfer was analyzed by Mean Square Displacement (MSD).
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Hirpa, Mehmet Meric, and Ergun Kuru. "Effect of Polymer Fluid Viscoelastic Properties on the Initiation of Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow Regime and the Drag Reduction in the Flow Through Horizontal Pipe." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18098.
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Abstract This study investigated the flow of viscoelastic fluids through horizontal pipeline mainly focusing on the effect of fluid elasticity on drag reduction and onset of transition to turbulent flow regime. In order to be able to see the sole effect of fluid elasticity (independent from shear viscosity), three non-Newtonian fluids having the same shear viscosity but different viscoelastic properties were tested in the horizontal flow loop. Those fluids were the dilute solutions of partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and they were prepared by using three polymer grades of HPAM (i.e. 5 × 105, 8 × 106, 20 × 106 g/gmol) in different compositions. Experiments have shown that increasing fluid elasticity resulted in higher drag reduction in pipe flow. Moreover, fluid elasticity affected the onset of turbulent flow and an earlier transition to turbulent flow regime (as compared to water flow) was only observed for the flow of fluid having the highest elastic properties. So, understanding effects of fluid elasticity on flow dynamics might improve the performance of fluids engineered for hole cleaning/cuttings transport in oil and gas well drilling or proppant transport in hydraulic fracturing operations. Also, field efforts to find solutions to problems caused by excessive dynamic pressure losses encountered in drilling horizontal or extended reach wells or in transporting hydrocarbons through pipeline might benefit from the findings of this or further extended research on this subject.
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Sakai, Kiminori, and Takashi Tokumasu. "Molecular Dynamics Study of Oxygen Permeation Through the Ionomer of PEFC Catalyst Layer." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36020.
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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEFC) is focused worldwide as the energy conversion device of next generation. In the PEFC cathode catalyst layer, an ionomer with which the catalyst is covered is very important on the point of transferring protons to the catalytic surface on the cathode side. On the other hand, it is said that an ionomer interferes with oxygen permeation to the catalytic surface. The mechanism of oxygen permeation through an ionomer was not analyzed in detail because it is too small to research by experiment. Moreover molecular dynamics simulation of the catalyst layer and oxygen permeability has not yet studied. In this research, we constructed the system including nafion, water, oxonium ion, platinum layers by using molecular dynamics study, and studied about the effect of the water content of the ionomer on the structure of the ionomer and permeability of the oxygen molecule. As the results, a lot of oxygen molecules permeated through a dried ionomer and reached to the catalytic surface but there were few oxygen molecules that permeated through a hydrated ionomer and reached there. In addition, it is found that the shape of the ionomer in the case of water content rate γ = 3, 7, 11 changed.
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Fu, Richard S., and Ugur Pasaogullari. "An Internal Water Management Scheme for Portable Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97070.
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Performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is highly dependent on water content of the membrane and a humidification scheme becomes a necessity to operate PEFCs at a high efficiency. However, conventional humidification schemes require external humidifiers, which are usually bulky and impractical for portable PEFCs. In this paper we propose an innovative approach for humidification of the polymer electrolyte membrane, using an internally built-in mass (water) exchanger (MX) embedded in the bipolar plates. We present the validation of the concept using a multi-dimensional, isothermal computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution of the water transport in the proposed MX. An optimal range of operation of the MX is investigated and effects on PEFC performance are studied.