Journal articles: 'Water soluble carbohydrate'

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Smith, K. F., R. J. Simpson, R. N. Oram, K. F. Lowe, K. B. Kelly, P. M. Evans, and M. O. Humphreys. "Seasonal variation in the herbage yield and nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars with high or normal herbage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations grown in three contrasting Australian dairy environments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 8 (1998): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98064.

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Summary. Two lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cv. Aurora and breeding line Ba 11351, from the United Kingdom with elevated concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates in the shoot were compared with the standard cultivars, Ellett, Vedette and Kangaroo Valley, in pure grass swards under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria, and Gatton, Queensland, and under natural rainfall at Condah, Victoria, during 1995–97. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict the water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fibre, and Klason lignin concentrations of the perennial ryegrass herbage. Herbage yield and water-soluble carbohydrate differed between cultivars at each site at most harvests, with the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines usually yielding less and having higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than the 3 standard cultivars. However, the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines also had higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations at harvests where their yield was equal to the standard cultivars. The other nutritive value traits differed significantly at more than half of the 32 harvests: the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines had higher crude protein and dry matter digestibility, and lower neutral detergent fibre, the neutral detergent fibre containing less acid detergent fibre and lignin than did the standard cultivars. The high water-soluble carbohydrate lines were more susceptible to crown rust during spring and summer than the standard cultivars at Kyabram and Gatton: heavy infections reduced yield, water-soluble carbohydrate, dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Higher water-soluble carbohydrate may depend on only a few genes, as does rust resistance and it seems likely that high yielding, high water-soluble carbohydrate cultivars can be developed by recombination and selection.

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Gergely, Szilveszter, and András Salgó. "Changes in Carbohydrate Content during Wheat Maturation—What is Measured by near Infrared Spectroscopy?" Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.452.

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The role of bread, pasta and related products produced from milled wheat seeds is important to the human diet, so monitoring changes of starch content in developing grain is essential. Immature wheat grains are also used as a functional food, particularly as a source of water-soluble carbohydrates. The amount and variation in content of different carbohydrates changes considerably during maturation and these changes were non-destructively monitored in developing grain using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Characteristic changes in three carbohydrate absorption bands [1585–1595 nm (Carbohydrate I), 2270–2280 nm (Carbohydrate II) and 2325–2335 nm (Carbohydrate III)] were identified and it was concluded that the different dynamics of carbohydrates (starch accumulation as well as synthesis/decomposition of water-soluble carbohydrates) could be followed sensitively by monitoring these three different regions of NIR spectra. Carbohydrate I represents the effect of starch accumulation during maturation based on the vibrations of intermolecular hydrogen bonded O–H groups in polysaccharides. Carbohydrate II is the manifestation of O–H stretching and C–C stretching vibrations existing unengaged in water-soluble carbohydrates while Carbohydrate III describes the changes in C–H stretching and deformation band of poly- and mono-oligosaccharides. NIR spectroscopic techniques are shown to be effective in monitoring plant physiological processes and the spectra have hidden information for predicting the stage of growth in wheat seed.

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Fulkerson, W. J., and D. J. Donaghy. "Plant-soluble carbohydrate reserves and senescence - key criteria for developing an effective grazing management system for ryegrass-based pastures: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (2001): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00062.

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This review examines the use of changes in soluble carbohydrate reserves, and the onset of senescence in ryegrass (Lolium spp.), as key criteria for successfully managing an intermittent grazing system for dairy cattle. Ryegrass is a ‘3-leaf ’ plant; that is, only about 3 green leaves/tiller exist at any one time with the initiation of a new leaf coinciding with senescence of the oldest fourth leaf. Thus, grazing pasture older than 3 leaves/tiller will not only lead to wastage of pasture but also the senescent material will reduce overall quality of herbage. Based on this, the time taken for 3 new leaves/tiller to regrow sets the maximum grazing interval. On the other hand, in a well-utilised dairy pasture, most ryegrass leaf has been removed and the plant relies on stored water-soluble carbohydrate reserves to grow new shoots and hence regain photosynthetic capacity. If the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates is inadequate, because there has been insufficient time to replenish in the previous inter-grazing period, regrowth will be suppressed and this may also affect persistence in the longer term. Immediately after grazing, water-soluble carbohydrate reserves decline as they are used to regrow new shoots, and root growth stops. It is not until about 3/4 of a new leaf/tiller has regrown that the plant has adequate photosynthetic capacity for growth and maintenance and only then does water-soluble carbohydrate replenishment and root growth commence. Studies have shown that subsequent regrowth is suppressed if plants are redefoliated before the 2 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. Also, the levels of potassium and nitrogen (as nitrates and other non-protein nitrogen products) may be very high and cause metabolic problems in stock grazing such pasture. Thus, replenishment of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves sets the minimum grazing interval at 2 leaves/tiller. The rate of accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates in the plant is a function of input through photosynthesis (source) and output to growth and respiration (sinks). Thus, apart from grazing interval (which sets the time to replenish water-soluble carbohydrate plant reserves), water-soluble carbohydrate storage will be influenced by incoming solar radiation (cloud cover, day length, pasture canopy density) and energy needs of the plant through respiration (temperature, canopy mass) and growth. Relating grazing interval to leaf number places the emphasis on the readiness of plants to be grazed rather than on the animals’ requirements, with leaf appearance interval depending primarily on ambient temperature. This allows grazing interval to be expressed in a similar morphological stage of growth, irrespective of season or location. Setting grazing interval on these 2 criteria has been shown to maximise growth and persistence of ryegrass and optimise the levels of most nutrients in pasture required by dairy cattle including protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, calcium, potassium and magnesium. Metabolisable energy and fibre do not change appreciably up to the 3 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. On the other hand, grazing pasture before 2 leaves/tiller not only retards regrowth and reduces persistence, it provides forage too high in potassium and protein (nitrates) and too low in water-soluble carbohydrates for dairy cattle.

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Archbold, Douglas D. "REGULATION OF APPLE FRUIT GROWTH RATE BY TURGOR PRESSURE?" HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 625e—625. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.625e.

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Maintenance of positive cell turgor is an essential factor in cell, and fruit, expansion. Since apple fruit partition carbohydrates between the starch and soluble pools to maintain turgor, variation among cultivars in this osmoregulatory aspect may play an important role in defining cultivar-specific fruit growth rates. Cultivar-specific apple fruit growth rates were determined over a 6 week period following June drop during 2 seasons. Fruit water relations parameters and carbohydrate levels were also measured. Although cultivar differences were evident, generally, fruit absolute growth rate increased, relative growth rate (RGR) declined, water potential and osmotic potential declined, and turgor potential increased as the season progressed. Soluble carbohydrate levels increased over 6 weeks, while starch levels fluctuated. Soluble carbohydrates contributed 50 to 90% of the osmotic potential. RGR was not correlated to either turgor potential or the relative allocation of carbohydrates between the soluble and starch pools. Thus, although positive turgor was maintained, factors other than turgor per se determine fruit growth rate.

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Gomez, Ana M., and Jose Cristobal Lopez. "Carbohydrates and BODIPYs: access to bioconjugatable and water-soluble BODIPYs." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 7 (July 26, 2019): 1073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0204.

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Abstract Fluorescent difluoroboron dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs), have been accessed in a one-pot synthetic operation from phthalides and pyrroles, a process that involves O-ethylation of phthalides with Meerwein’s reagent (Et3OBF4) and reaction of the ensuing tetrafluoroborate salts with pyrrole, followed by treatment with BF3 · OEt2. These derivatives are endowed with a ortho-hydroxymethyl 8-C-aryl group for further derivatization and/or conjugation to, among others, carbohydrates. The new conjugate derivatives benefit from the optimal characteristics of BODIPYs as fluorescent dyes, including in some instances water-solubility (in the case of conjugation to unprotected carbohydrates). The different kinds of BODIPY-carbohydrate derivatives are compounds of potential interest for biological studies.

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Zhu, Lin, Shu Hua Li, Zong Suo Liang, Zhan Feng Zhang, and Xing Xu. "Relationship between yield, carbon isotope discrimination and stem carbohydrate concentration in spring wheat grown in Ningxia Irrigation Region (North-west China)." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 9 (2010): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10002.

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Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in flag leaf, grain and basal stem, grain yield (GY), and harvest index (HI), were determined in a collection of 20 bread wheat cultivars (landraces, released cultivars and advanced lines) in Yinchuan, located in the central region of the Ningxia region (North-west of China), in 2007 and 2008. In 2008, specific stem DW (SSDW) and carbohydrates, including water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), non-water-soluble carbohydrates (NWSC) and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNSC) in stem were also measured. Relationships between GY, HI, SSDW, accumulation and mobilisation of stem carbohydrates and Δ were analysed. There were positive and significant correlations between grain Δ, basal stem Δ and GY in 2007 and 2008. A significant and positive correlation between Δ and HI was found. In 2008, positive correlations were recorded between stem WSC concentration, SSDW sampled 7 days after anthesis and Δ. Carbon isotope discrimination was associated positively with remobilisation efficiency of stem WSC and TNSC. While negative relationships were noted between Δ and SSDW at maturity, stronger association was noted between Δ, carbohydrate concentration, accumulation and mobilisation efficiencies on stem length basis than on stem DW basis. In conclusion, there is a good relationship between Δ and carbohydrate in stem of wheat when irrigation does not meet the crop’s water requirement and wheat experiences a slight water stress after anthesis.

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Wang, Z., B. Quebedeaux, and GW Stutte. "Osmotic Adjustment: Effect of Water Stress on Carbohydrates in Leaves, Stems and Roots of Apple." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 5 (1995): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950747.

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Potted apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Jonathan) trees were subjected to water stress in a greenhouse. Midday leaf water potential (ΨW), osmotic potential (ΨS), soluble carbohydrates, and starch content of expanding and mature leaves, stems, and roots were measured to determine whether active osmotic adjustment occurred and if water stress affected carbohydrate metabolism. Mature leaves had the highest total soluble carbohydrate level (357 mM) and lowest Ψ (-1.85 MPa), followed by young leaves (278 mM, -1.58 MPa), stems (115 mM, -1.02 MPa), and roots (114 mM, -0.87 MPa). Sorbitol was the major component in all organs ranging from 53% of total soluble carbohydrate in young leaves to 73% in mature leaves. When ΨW decreased from -1.0 to -3.2 MPa, active osmotic adjustments of 0.3-0.4 MPa were observed in mature leaves, stems, and roots while a significantly higher adjustment of 1.0 MPa was detected in young leaves 5 days after the initiation of water stress. Sorbitol levels in leaves and stems gradually increased as ΨW decreased from -1.0 to -2.5 MPa, and then remained relatively stable or decreased slightly as ΨW decreased from -2.5 to -3.2 MPa. However, the percentage of soluble carbohydrate as sorbitol in roots decreased in response to water stress. Sucrose concentration decreased in mature leaves and stems, but increased in young leaves and roots as ΨW decreased. Starch concentrations in stems and roots also decreased as water stress developed. The sorbitol to sucrose ratios increased in mature leaves, but decreased in roots in response to water stress.

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Modi, Albert T., Miller B. McDonald, and John G. Streeter. "Water status influences common events of soluble carbohydrate accumulation during soybean seed development and germination." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-012.

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Seed development and germination are two distinct physiological stages that are normally separated by a metabolically quiescent period in orthodox seeds. Comparison of seed water status during these two processes and how it influences the biochemical activities remains unclear. The objective of this study was to compare soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Ohio FG1) seed development and germination, including the first 6 h after radicle protrusion, with respect to soluble carbohydrate occurrence at different stages characterized by water content and osmolality. Cyclitols and sugars were monitored at nine stages of development and during the first 30 h of germination. Three phases of water loss and osmolality increase found during seed development were correlated with three phases of water absorption and osmolality decrease during seed germination. This study provided evidence that soybean seed cotyledons and axes have similar patterns of water content and osmolality during seed development and germination and that three major events of soluble carbohydrate occurrence are shared by soybean seed parts during development and germination.Key words: seed development, seed germination, soluble carbohydrates, soybean, water status.

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Ruuska, Sari A., Greg J. Rebetzke, Anthony F. van Herwaarden, Richard A. Richards, Neil A. Fettell, Linda Tabe, and Colin L. D. Jenkins. "Genotypic variation in water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in wheat." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 9 (2006): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06062.

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The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) that accumulates in the stems of wheat during growth can be an important contributor to grain filling, particularly under conditions when assimilation is limited, such as during end-of-season drought. WSC concentration was measured at anthesis across a diverse set of wheat genotypes over multiple environments. Environmental differences in WSC concentration were large (means for the set ranging between 108 and 203 mg g–1 dry weight), and there were significant and repeatable differences in WSC accumulation among genotypes (means ranging from 112 to 213 mg g–1 dry weight averaged across environments), associated with large broad-sense heritability (H = 0.90 ± 0.12). These results suggest that breeding for high WSC should be possible in wheat. The composition of the WSC, examined in selected genotypes, indicated that the variation in total WSC was attributed mainly to variation in the fructan component, with the other major soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and hexose, varying less. The degree of polymerisation (DP) of fructo-oligosaccharides was up to ~13 in samples where higher levels of WSC were accumulated, owing either to genotype or environment, but the higher DP components (DP > 6) were decreased in samples of lower total WSC. The results are consistent with fructan biosynthesis occurring via a sequential mechanism that is dependent on the availability of sucrose, and differences in WSC contents of genotypes are unlikely to be due to major mechanistic differences.

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Hassan, Md Juiceball, Md Masudul Karim, Md Amirul Islam, Md Habibur Rahman Pramanik, and Md Alamgir Hossain. "Changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under submergence stress." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i4.44623.

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Submergence stress at early vegetative stage is one of the most important constraints in the productivity of rice in Bangladesh. Submergence causes yield loss of rice at Aman season in Bangladesh and therefore, it is necessary to develop submergence tolerant rice cultivars. A pot experiment was conducted at the net house of Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, during Aman season from July to December, 2017 to evaluate the changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) associated with submergence tolerance in rice. The experiment consisted of two factors—(i) Rice cultivars (Binadhan-11, Binadhan-12, BRRI dhan51 and BRRI dhan52 as tolerant and BRRI dhan49 as susceptible) and(ii) Submergence stress: Submergence for 14 days at vegetative stage and control. Submergence stress was imposed by dipping of pots into a water tank with about 90 cm depth of water while the control plants are maintained in the pot house of the field laboratory. The plants were sampled at seven days interval during submergence to determine the changes in root porosity and to examine the contribution of shoot reserves for their survival. The root porosity was measured by pycnometer method and water soluble carbohydrate was measured by the anthrone method. Tolerant cultivars showed greater root porosity development in both control and stress condition but the susceptible cultivar showed significantly lower root development in stress condition. Higher root porosity might help tolerant cultivars to survive in submergence stress more efficiently. Tolerant rice cultivars had high initial soluble carbohydrate than the susceptible one. Under submergedcondition, the tolerant cultivars showed slow depletion of water soluble carbohydrate compared to susceptible cultivar. Higher carbohydrate contents in tolerant cultivars might act as buffer stock during submergence for their better survival and growth. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 539–544, 2019

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Litvinova, L. S., A. V. Gribanov, M. V. Mokeev, and V. N. Zgonnik. "Physicochemical properties of Water-Soluble Fullerene C60-Carbohydrate Composites." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 77, no. 3 (March 2004): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:rjac.0000031286.77351.5e.

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Latifa, Brahimi, Petit Daniel, and Djazouli Zahr-Eddine. "Effect of variations in phytochemicals of Populus nigra and Populus deltoids on life history attributes of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) in the littoral (ZÃ©ralda) and the sublittoral (SoumÃ¢a) of Algeria." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(2).p154-163.

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The aphid Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) is one of the most im-portant pests of poplar (Populus spp.) in Algeria. In the present study, water content in leaves and phytochemical analysis of two poplar species (P. nigra and P. deltoids) were carried out to assess their trophic impact on life-history traits of C. leucomelas. The study was conducted in two areas located north of Algeria during the period printano-summer. The results showed that each metabolite fluctuated at the expense of physiological variations in the plant depending on its reaction to the study area. Soluble carbohydrates gradually decreased over the two study seasons. The concentration of proline was higher for P. deltoids in Zeralda comparing to Soumâa. However, the flavo-noids showed close values. Interestingly, Relative water content and soluble carbohydrates had a positive effect on both aphid weight and lipidic ener-getic reserves on P. nigra, but on P. deltoids only carbohydrate content was marginally related to soluble carbohydrates.

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Joyce, PA, D. Aspinall, and LG Paley. "Photosynthesis and the Accumulation of Proline in Response to Water Deficit." Functional Plant Biology 19, no. 3 (1992): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9920249.

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Light increases proline accumulation in water-stressed excised leaves of barley, and the response is linked to photosynthesis. The manner in which current photosynthesis contributes to proline accumulation and the role of soluble tissue carbohydrates has been examined. Increasing the CO2 content of the air surrounding stressed tissue had no effect on proline accumulation and reducing it to zero reduced proline accumulation only in leaves previously kept in darkness. The direct contribution of assimilated carbon to proline synthesis, assessed with labelled CO2, was small (< 10% of accumulated proline). The potential energy supply from photosynthesis during water stress was more than adequate for proline synthesis, but the potential energy supply from carbohydrate oxidation for segments stressed in darkness became limiting in leaves incubated in darkness for 48 h before stress. Energy provision from current photosynthesis may thus contribute to light stimulation of proline accumulation. Illumination modified the soluble carbohydrate content of the leaf segments and these variations were related to the rates of proline synthesis and oxidation. However, these effects were over-ridden by stress, and the mechanism of the response to light is not fully explained.

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Holmes, Malcolm Glennie. "COLD WATER EXTRACT OF MALTS: SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE AND MALTING BEHAVIOUR." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 97, no. 6 (November 12, 1991): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1991.tb01084.x.

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Kouakoua, E., M. C. Larré-Larrouy, B. Barthès, P. L. de Freitas, C. Neves, G. H. Sala, and C. Feller. "Relations entre stabilité de l'agrégation et matière organique totale et soluble à l'eau chaude dans des sols ferrallitiques argileux (Congo, Brésil)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-056.

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Organic matter (OM) generally plays an important role in soil aggregate stability. The objective of this work was to characterize the hot water-extractable OM and its role in the aggregate stability of clayey ferrallitic soils under different land use management. The macroaggregate (>200 µm) stability of these soils was determined before (AS) and after hot-water extraction (ASe). The contents in total organic carbon and in carbon present as carbohydrates, as well as the sugar composition, were determined on the bulk soils and their hot-water extracts.The carbon and macroaggregate contents decreased upon land-clearing and cultivation, but to a lesser extent when some cultural practices were used. Whatever the situation considered, the hot-water extract always presented a higher carbohydrate content than the bulk soil. The high values of ratios r = (galactose + mannose)/(arabinose + xylose) suggested that a large proportion of carbohydrates was of microbial origin. There were significant correlations between AS and the carbon content of bulk soils or hot-water extracts, and between AS and the soil carbohydrate content. On the opposite, whatever the soil sample studied, no significant difference could be found between AS and ASe, showing that hot-water extractable OM had thus no clear aggregating role in these soils. Key words: Organic matter, macroaggregate stability, hot-water extraction, carbohydrates, ferrallitic soils

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Heuvel*, Justine E. Vanden. "Source-Sink Relationships in Cranberry: Effects on Carbohydrate Production and Partitioning." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 761A—761. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.761a.

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Fruiting and vegetative greenhouse-grown cranberry uprights (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were subjected to four defoliation levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) on one of three dates during the growing season. Seven days following defoliation, vines were destructively harvested and carbohydrate concentration was quantified using HPLC. Prior to new growth, defoliation did not affect the concentration of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNSC) in the uprights, or the partitioning of water-soluble (i.e., sucrose, glucose, fructose) to ethanol-insoluble (i.e., starch) carbohydrates, even though uprights with lower leaf areas had higher net CO2 assimilation rates (A). At 2 weeks post-bloom, TNSC concentration was reduced in defoliated vines, although A was not affected by defoliation. Prior to harvest, TNSC concentration was reduced in vines subjected to defoliation while A was unaffected, although the positive relationship between soluble carbohydrate concentration and leaf area per upright reached an asymptote, while the direct relationship between starch concentration and leaf area remained linear. Carbohydrate production and partitioning of an upright was unaffected by the presence of a single fruit throughout the experiment. These results suggest that carbohydrate production in cranberry uprights may be sink-limited prior to fruiting, and then becomes source-limited as the growing season progresses.

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Piotrowicz-Cieślak, Agnieszka I., Dariusz J. Michalczyk, Barbara Adomas, and Ryszard J. Górecki. "Different effects of soil drought on soluble carbohydrates of developing Lupinus pilosus and Lupinus luteus embryos." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 76, no. 2 (2011): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2007.015.

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The aim of this study was to compare the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in embryos of two lupin species: cultivated Lupinus luteus (cv. Juno) and wild L. pilosus, developing on plants grown under normal soil humidity and soil drought. All analysed seeds accumulated soluble carbohydrates, including: monosaccharides, sucrose, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Soil drought caused a nearly two-fold increase of soluble carbohydrate contents in both species. L. pilosus embryos however, responded to water deficiency by increasing the accumulation of cyclitols and galactosyl cyclitols, whereas L. luteus embryos enhanced accumulation of cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides.

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Callstrom, Matthew R., and Mark D. Bednarski. "New Carbohydrate-Based Polymeric Materials." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 10 (October 1992): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400046492.

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The total world production of water-soluble polymers is estimated to be greater than five million tons per year. Water-soluble polymers are most conveniently described according to their origin in three classes (see Structures 1-6):∎ Natural polymers, including starch (1) and cellulose (2);∎ chemically modified natural polymers, including, for example, hydroxyethyl starch (3) and cellulose acetate (4); and∎ synthetic polymers, the most important of which are polyacrylamide (5) and polyvinyl alcohol (6), (commonly composed of both alcohol and acetate groups as shown). The widespread use of these materials is due to both their availability and the range of useful physical properties found in the various natural and chemically modified natural polymers.Of the commercial water-soluble polymers, approximately 50–80% are based on natural polysaccharide materials. One of the primary reasons that these materials find such widespread use is the dramatic response of their properties to changes in their functionality and stereochemistry: chemical modification or the combination of polysaccharides with other polymeric materials has yielded materials whose applications range from explosives to food additives. Although efforts directed at controlling the properties of polysaccharides has resulted in a wide variety of useful materials, we felt control of the composition of carbohydrate-based polymers at the molecular level would provide materials with properties superior to those derived from natural and chemically modified polysaccharide materials.Our approach for the preparation of new carbohydrate-based materials is to use the carbohydrate as a template for the introduction of desired functionality with complete regiochemical and stereochemical control by both chemical and enzymatic methods (Scheme I).

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Saris, W. H., B. H. Goodpaster, A. E. Jeukendrup, F. Brouns, D. Halliday, and A. J. Wagenmakers. "Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from different carbohydrate sources during exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 2168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2168.

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The exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation of naturally enriched [13C]CHO sources with different solubilities was studied during cycling exercise (150 min, 60% maximum work output). Moreover, the effect of adding a 13C tracer with different physical properties than the tracee on exogenous CHO oxidation was investigated. Test solutions (28.5 ml/kg body wt) were water for control of 13C background, 15% soluble partially hydrolyzed corn starch (SOL), 15% insoluble corn starch (In-SOL), and 15% InSOL with [13C6]glucose as tracer. Both the mean and peak exogenous oxidation rates were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the SOL trial than in the InSOL trial (mean oxidation rate, 0.84 +/- 0.21 and 0.50 +/- 0.15 g/min, respectively; peak oxidation rate, 1.10 +/- 0.18 and 0.81 +/- 0.25 g/min, respectively). The amount of the ingested CHO that was oxidized was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the SOL trial (126 +/- 31 g) than in the InSOL trial (75 +/- 25 g). When we added an extrinsic tracer ([13C]glucose), the apparent mean and peak oxidation rates of the trial with InSOL and [13C6]glucose were significantly (P < 0.05) higher (0.91 +/- 0.30 and 1.23 +/- 0.41, respectively) than the InSOL values. These results 1) indicate that the addition of the soluble [13C]glucose tracer to an insoluble starch tracee leads to overestimation of the exogenous CHO oxidation rates and 2) suggest that soluble CHO is oxidized at a higher rate during exercise than isocaloric insoluble CHO.

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Prodolleet, Jacques, Emmanuel Bugner, and Max Feevberg. "Determination of Carbohydrates in Soluble Coffee by Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection: Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 3 (May 1, 1995): 768–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.3.768.

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Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to validate a liquid chromatographic (LC) method to determine the free and total (after acid hydrolysis) carbohydrate profile of soluble coffee. Carbohydrates were separated on a pellicular anion-exchange column using pure water as mobile phase, and were detected by pulsed amperometry. Eleven collaborators were sent 6 test samples of commercial soluble coffee for duplicate analysis. They were also sent a practice sample with known levels of free and total carbohydrates and material for preparation of all standard solutions. The reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) were 9.9–59.5% for mannitol, 35.6–72.6% for fucose, 4.9–21.1% for arabinose, 4.1–13.0% for galactose, 6.1–24.3% for glucose, 10.0–41.6% for sucrose, 20.2–37.7% for xylose, 10.6–40.0% for mannose, 15.5–71.7% for fructose, and 17.8–97.9% for ribose. Precision in the determination of free and total carbohydrates was very similar. The average repeatability RSDr and RSDR values were 4.5 and 14.3%, respectively, for carbohydrate levels above 0.3%. The precision of the technique was considered good, regardless of the usual peak integration problems always encountered in LC, the low levels of free carbohydrates, the hydrolysis step, and the relative lack of experience of most participating laboratories. The method allows good and reproducible separation of all major carbohydrates found in soluble coffee and is, therefore, suitable for routine analysis.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Evaluation of bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. callus genotypes for water stress tolerance using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2012): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.3.391-396.

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A fixed callus weight of 150 mg was induced from immature embryos of three bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. genotypes (Tamos 2, El-izz and Mutant 1) cultured on nutrient medium {MS) containing Polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) supplemented with concentrations (0.0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 or 12.0%) to evaluate their tolerance to water stress. Cultures were incubated in darkness at temperature of 25?1 ?C. Callus fresh and dry weights were recorded and soluble Carbohydrate and the amino acid Proline concentrations were determined. Results showed that there were significant differences in studied parameters among bread wheat genotypes of which Tamos 2 was higher in callus average fresh and dry weights which gave 353.33 and 38.46 mg/cultured tube respectively. Tamos 2 was also higher in soluble Carbohydrate and Proline concentrations which gave 189.84 and 12.30 mg/g respectively. Results also showed that there was significant reduction in callus average fresh and dry weights and soluble Carbohydrates concentration as concentrations of PEG increased in cultured medium, whereas average Proline concentration increased as PEG concentrations increased. The results also revealed significant interactions among the genotypes and PEG concentrations in all studied parameters. It can be concluded thatTamos 2 genotype showed better tolerance to drought than the other two genotypes

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Knudsen, K. E. Bach, H. N. Lærke, M. S. Hedemann, B. B. Jensen, and C. F. Hansen. "Dietary carbohydrates and management of the gut environment of pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013879.

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Dietary carbohydrates constitute a major fraction of the diets for pigs. The carbohydrate fraction consists of mono-, di- and oligosaccharides and two broad classes of polysaccharides – starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The carbohydrate fraction has a diverse composition in terms of constituent sugars (pentoses, hexoses, deoxysugars, etc.), glycosidic linkages (alfa or beta), size (degree of polymerisation from one to several thousand), and physical form (soluble in water, insoluble, cation and adsorbing properties). It is now evidential clear that the composition of the carbohydrate fraction influences the digestion and absorption processes of carbohydrates and other nutrients in the various parts of the gastrointestinal tract, it has a profound influence on the secretory response of the gut to feed intake, the volume flow, the mucosal architecture, the composition of the gut flora and the development of the gastrointestinal tract.

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Turner, L. R., D. J. Donaghy, P. A. Lane, and R. P. Rawnsley. "Effect of defoliation interval on water-soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen energy reserves, regrowth of leaves and roots, and tiller number of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) plants." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 2 (2006): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05130.

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This study investigated the influence of leaf stage-based defoliation interval on water-soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen energy reserve status, regrowth of leaves and roots, and tiller number of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cv. Kara plants up to 24 days (3.5-leaf stage) following defoliation. Treatments were based on defoliation intervals of 1-, 2-, and 4-leaf stages of regrowth, with treatments terminated when the 1-leaf defoliation interval had been completed 4 times, the 2-leaf interval 2 times, and the 4-leaf interval once. Selected plants were destructively harvested prior to commencement of treatments (H0), immediately following cessation of treatments (H1), and at 5 days (H2), 10 days (H3), and 24 days (H4) following H1. Leaf, root, and tiller dry matter yield were determined at each harvest event, as well as tiller number/plant. Levels of water-soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen reserves in plant stubble and roots were determined at each destructive harvest. Initiation and death of daughter tillers were monitored from H0 to the completion of the study. More frequent defoliation of cocksfoot plants resulted in reduced water-soluble carbohydrate assimilation and therefore leaf, root, and tiller dry matter accumulation during the subsequent recovery period. Defoliation at the 1-leaf stage severely limited the regrowth potential of cocksfoot plants, whereas defoliation at the 2-leaf stage was adequate for plant recovery, but did not maximise regrowth. The results of this study showed that a defoliation interval based on the 4-leaf stage maximises water-soluble carbohydrate reserves, tillering, and leaf and root dry matter yields. The priority sequence for allocation of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves followed the order of leaf growth, root growth, and tillering during the regrowth period. Nitrogen energy reserves were found to play a minor role in the regrowth of cocksfoot plants following defoliation.

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Sadeghifar, Hasan, Richard A. Venditti, Joel J. Pawlak, and Jesse Jur. "Bi-component carbohydrate and lignin nanoparticle production from bio-refinery lignin: A rapid and green method." BioResources 14, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 6179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6179-6185.

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A rapid and green preparation of lignin nanoparticles was demonstrated starting from bio-refinery lignin containing grafted carbohydrates. The particles were prepared by recovering a fraction of the lignin, which contained 24% carbohydrate (by weight) as the insoluble fraction in 0.5 M NaOH. The carbohydrate content of this fraction was verified with a wet chemistry analytical technique, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction. This fraction was then dissolved in a NaOH/urea/water system and added dropwise to water under a high shear, which rapidly formed precipitated particles in a size range of approximately 100 nm. This carbohydrate-containing fraction of the lignin was soluble in a green solvent system that was not suited for lignin alone. The generated particles were stable in different organic solvents and water. Overall, the dissolution of the bio-refinery lignin in the NaOH/urea/water system, followed by precipitation in water can be regarded as a green and rapid method to produce stable nanoparticles. The generated nanoparticles, containing both carbohydrates and lignin, are expected to have unique applications because of their bi-component nature. Furthermore, this is the first publication to show how materials with high levels of lignin can be solubilized in solvents that are conventionally used for cellulose.

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Qin, Qian, Zhaojun Yin, Philip Bentley, and Xuefei Huang. "Carbohydrate antigen delivery by water soluble copolymers as potential anti-cancer vaccines." MedChemComm 5, no. 8 (2014): 1126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4md00103f.

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Prodolliet, Jacques, Emmanuel Bugner, and Max Feevberg. "Determination of Carbohydrates in Soluble (Instant) Coffee by Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection: Summary of Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 6 (November 1, 1996): 1400–1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.6.1400.

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Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to validate a liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining free and total (after acid hydrolysis) carbohydrate profile of soluble (instant) coffee. Carbohydrates were separated on a pellicular anion-exchange column with pure water as mobile phase and detected by pulsed amperometry. Precisions in determining free and total carbohydrates were very similar. Average RSDr and RSDR values were 4.5 and 14.3%, respectively, for carbohydrate levels >0.3%, with individual values ranging, respectively, from 2.2 to 4.6% and 9.9 to 24.2% for mannitol, 1.6 to 7.3% and 4.9 to 21.1 % for arabinose, 1.7 to 8.1 % and 4.1 to 12.9% for galactose, 2.4 to 8.7% and 6.1 to 24.3% for glucose, 1.8 to 6.8% and 10.0 to 11.6% for sucrose, 3.7 to 7.4% and 22.5 to 27.8% for xylose, 2.0 to 7.0% and 10.6 to 24.4% for mannose, and 2.9 to 5.2% and 15.5 to 18.4% for fructose (free form only). The technique's precision was considered good, taking into account the usual peak integration problems always encountered in LC procedures, the low levels of free carbohydrates, the hydrolysis step, and the relative lack of experience of most participating laboratories. Except for the pair rhamnose/arabinose, the method allows good and reproducible separation of carbohydrates found in soluble coffee and, therefore, is suitable for routine analysis. The anion-exchange chromatographic method with pulsed amperometry for determining carbohydrates in soluble (instant) coffee has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

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Ashton, Peter R., Simon R. L. Everitt, Marcos Gómez-López, Narayanaswamy Jayaraman, and J. Fraser Stoddart. "Self-assembly of a water-soluble [2]rotaxane with carbohydrate stoppers." Tetrahedron Letters 38, no. 32 (August 1997): 5691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01247-1.

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de la Fuente, Jesús M., Africa G. Barrientos, Teresa C. Rojas, Javier Rojo, Javier Cañada, Asunción Fernández, and Soledad Penadés. "Gold Glyconanoparticles as Water-Soluble Polyvalent Models To Study Carbohydrate Interactions." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40, no. 12 (June 18, 2001): 2257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3773(20010618)40:12<2257::aid-anie2257>3.0.co;2-s.

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Knaus, S., and H. F. Gruber. "Photoinitiators with functional groups. III. Water-soluble photoinitiators containing carbohydrate residues." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33, no. 6 (April 30, 1995): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080330606.

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de la Fuente, Jesús M., Africa G. Barrientos, Teresa C. Rojas, Javier Rojo, Javier Cañada, Asunción Fernández, and Soledad Penadés. "Gold Glyconanoparticles as Water-Soluble Polyvalent Models To Study Carbohydrate Interactions." Angewandte Chemie 113, no. 12 (June 18, 2001): 2317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3757(20010618)113:12<2317::aid-ange2317>3.0.co;2-u.

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Kagan, Isabelle A., Brett H. Kirch, Craig D. Thatcher, Chris D. Teutsch, and R. Scott Pleasant. "Chromatographic profiles of nonstructural carbohydrates contributing to the colorimetrically determined fructan, ethanol-soluble, and water-soluble carbohydrate contents of five grasses." Animal Feed Science and Technology 188 (February 2014): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.10.017.

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Nishimura, Tomoki, Naoki Sumi, Yuta Koda, Yoshihiro Sasaki, and Kazunari Akiyoshi. "Intrinsically permeable polymer vesicles based on carbohydrate-conjugated poly(2-oxazoline)s synthesized using a carbohydrate-based initiator system." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 6 (2019): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01502c.

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A thermo-responsive poly(n-propyl oxazoline) block was employed as the hydrophobic segment in an amphiphilic glyco polymer. This approach affords intrinsically permeable polymer vesicles for water-soluble compounds.

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Silva, O. N., A. K. S. Lobato, F. W. Ávila, R. C. L. Costa, C. F. Oliveira Neto, B. G. Santos Filho, A. P. Martins Filho, et al. "Silicon-induced increase in chlorophyll is modulated by the leaf water potential in two water-deficient tomato cultivars." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 11 (October 31, 2012): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/213/2012-pse.

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This study aims to explain the effects of silicon on chlorophyll and to measure gas exchange and carbohydrate levels in two Lycopersicon esculentum cultivars that are exposed to drought. The experimental design used in this study was a randomised combination of five different water and silicon conditions (control, water deficit + 0.00 μmol Si, water deficit + 0.25 μmol Si, water deficit + 1.00 μmol Si, and water deficit + 1.75 μmol Si) applied to the two cultivars (Super Marmante and Santa Cruz). Parameters measured were gas exchanges, chlorophylls, and total soluble carbohydrates. Silicon at concentrations of 0.25, 1.00, and 1.75 μmol induced a gradual increase in the total chlorophyll levels. A correlation analysis revealed a linear, positive interaction between the leaf water potential and the total chlorophyll (r = 0.71; P < 0.05). This study confirmed the hypothesis that silicon has a beneficial effect with regard to chlorophyll. Under water-deficient conditions, both cultivars showed an increase in chlorophyll a when treated with silicon in addition to changes in the total chlorophyll levels. These results were supported by the change in leaf water potential. In addition, a reduction of the effects of water restriction was also observed in the transpiration rate, the stomatal conductance and in the levels of total carbohydrates.

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Prodolliet, Jacques, Milene Bruelhart, Fabienne Lador, Cristtna Martinez, Ladislav Obert, Maurice B. Blanc, and Jean-Michel Parchet. "Determination of Free and Total Carbohydrate Profile in Soluble Coffee." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 3 (May 1, 1995): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.3.749.

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Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was evaluated for the determination of free and total carbohydrates in soluble coffee. Samples are solubilized in water for free carbohydrates or hydrolyzed with LOON hydrochloric acid for total carbohydrates. An aliquot of the sample solution is analyzed on a pellicular anion-exchange polystyrene–divinylbenzene column using pure water as the mobile phase. Carbohydrates are quantitated by a pulsed amperometric detector. All major carbohydrates found in soluble coffee are determined in a single run. The technique allowed the detection of fraudulent addition of coffee husks or parchments as well as cereals or caramelized sugar for the 63 commercial products analyzed. High levels of free mannitol, free fructose, free glucose, sucrose, total glucose, and total xylose are a good indication of adulteration. Data were compared with those obtained from separate enzymatic determinations and from a different LC procedure. A close agreement among the methods was observed. However, the original method was superior in precision and was the only procedure that enabled the quantitation of all major carbohydrates. The technique is, therefore, a very powerful tool for routine analysis and for purity assessment of soluble coffee.

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Radojevic, I., RJ Simpson, JA StJohn, and MO Humphreys. "Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of lines of Lolium perenne selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 4 (1994): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940901.

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Differences in the water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of herbage of northern European perennial ryegrass cultivars (Aurora, Melle, Cariad) grown under southern Australian conditions, and a New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivar (Ellett) which yields well in southern Australia, were investigated in relation to their nutritive value. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), total nitrogen, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and digestibility of NDF (NDFD) were measured in all cultivars. Aurora and Cariad exhibited higher WSC concentrations than the other cultivars, particularly during summer. This buffered the decline in IVDMD that was due to declining NDFD at that time of the year and resulted in an improvement in IVDMD of between 2 and 6%. Although WSC and nitrogen concentrations of the herbage were negatively correlated, this was due mainly to divergent seasonal variation in these components of the herbage.

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Havey, Michael J., Claudio R. Galmarini, Ali Fuat Gökçe, and Cynthia Henson. "QTL affecting soluble carbohydrate concentrations in stored onion bulbs and their association with flavor and health-enhancing attributes." Genome 47, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-005.

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Onion bulbs accumulate fructans, a type of soluble carbohydrate associated with lower rates of colorectal cancers. Higher fructan concentrations in bulbs are correlated with higher pungency, longer dormancy, and greater onion-induced antiplatelet activity (OIAA). We analyzed replicated field trials of a segregating family for types and concentrations of soluble carbohydrates in onion bulbs 90 days after harvest. Means were adjusted using dry weight as the covariant to reveal highly significant (P < 0.001) differences among parents and families for glucose, fructose, sucrose, and the fructans 1-kestose, neokestose, and (6G,1)-nystose. Fructan concentrations showed significant (P < 0.05) phenotypic correlations with each other and with sucrose, pungency, and OIAA. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that onion bulbs accumulating fructans take up or retain less water, concentrating both soluble carbohydrates and thiosulfinates responsible for pungency and OIAA. Interval mapping of family means from the covariant analyses revealed regions on linkage groups A and D significantly (LOD > 2.68) affecting soluble carbohydrate concentrations. The enzyme catalyzing the first step of fructan polymerization, 1-sucrose-sucrose fructosyltransferase (1-SST), mapped independently of these genomic regions. One region on linkage group D near an acid-invertase gene was significantly (LOD = 3.45) associated with sucrose concentrations. This study reveals that the accumulation of sucrose in stored onion bulbs may allow for the combination of sweeter flavor with significant OIAA.Key words: quantitative trait locus, fructans, thiosulfinates, reducing sugars.

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Guo, Zhonglu, Lichao Zhang, Wei Yang, Li Hua, and Chongfa Cai. "Aggregate Stability under Long-Term Fertilization Practices: The Case of Eroded Ultisols of South-Central China." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041169.

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Soil aggregate stability is an important aspect of soil function and health. Fertilization could potentially alter soil properties and thereby affect aggregate stability. To determine which fertilizer is useful for improving soil fertility and stabilizing soil aggregates and thereby reducing soil erodibility, we examined three types of fertilizer, and measured how soil organic carbon, carbohydrates, and related soil properties influenced aggregate stability in eroded Ultisols. Treatments included control (CK), mineral fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) (NPK), fertilizer NPK plus straw (NPKS), and farmyard manure (FYM). Aggregate stability was tested according to Le Bissonnais method, involving three disruptive tests: fast wetting (FW), slow wetting (SW), and mechanical breakdown (WS). Total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, mineral-associated carbon, and cold-water-soluble carbohydrate, hot-water-soluble carbohydrate, and dilute acid hydrolysable carbohydrate were measured, as well as soil intrinsic properties (including pH, bulk density, iron and aluminum oxides). The 12-year fertilization had a larger effect on aggregate stability and related soil properties in a 0–15 cm soil layer, whereas no effect was evident at a soil depth of 15–40 cm. MWD (mean weight diameter) under the three tests decreased with increasing soil depth. Fertilization, especially farmyard manure evidently improved MWDFW and MWDWS at a depth of 0–15 cm. Slaking was the main mechanism of aggregate breakdown in Ultisols studied, followed by mechanical breakdown. Correlation analysis showed that MWDFW and MWDWS at a depth of 0–15 cm increased with the increase of particulate organic carbon, total organic carbon, hot-water-soluble carbohydrate and pH. Furthermore, their interaction with amorphous iron oxides enhanced aggregate stability against slaking or, with amorphous aluminum oxides, modified aggregate stability against mechanical breakdown. Consequently, particulate organic carbon was the dominant cementing agent for aggregation in Ultisols studied, and its combination with pH, amorphous aluminum oxides, amorphous iron oxides, and free aluminum oxides play a synergetic role in stabilizing soil aggregate. Accordingly, farmyard manure or fertilizer NPK plus straw improved soil fertility and the ability to resist slaking.

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Volkova, Tatiana G., and Irina O. Talanova. "SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF WATER-SOLUBLE FORMS OF ANAESTHESIN." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 6 (June 6, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186106.5661.

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The problem of obtaining highly soluble and biologically active drugs is actual. One of the methods for solving this problem is the inclusion of carbohydrate residues into the structure of biologically active compounds. Ethyl ester of p-(N-α-D-glucopyranoside)aminobenzoic acid has been synthesized by condensation of benzocaine with glucose. The obtained product has been studied by means of NMR spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography and elemental analysis. Comparative analysis of the lipophilic properties of benzocaine and its glycosylated analogue and a profile of the potential target-specific activity of the latter has also been carried out. According to high-performance liquid chromatography data the obtained product was a mixture of the initial benzocaine and its glycosylated analogue with a content of components of 30% and 68.5%, respectively. It was shown that the inclusion of glucose fragment into the structure of benzocaine led to the decrease in the value of the lipophilicity coefficient and the increase in its solubility in water. A significant difference in the solubility of benzocaine and its glycosylated analogue was proved by NMR data. It was used for their separation, i.e. benzocaine was removed from the mixture by dissolving in chloroform. Virtual screening was carried out and a profile of the potential bioactivity of glycosylated benzocaine was obtained. It has been noted that ethyl ester of p-(N-α-D-glucopyranoside)aminobenzoic acid would participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids.Forcitation:Volkova T.G., Talanova I.O. Synthesis and study of water soluble forms of anaesthesin. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 6. P. 35-40

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Sakiroh, Sakiroh, Taryono Taryono, and Setyastuti Purwanti. "Dynamics of Storage Materials in Cotyledon During Cocoa Seed Germination." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 3, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.34594.

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Degradation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid food reserves occurs in the seed germination process to produce energy for germination and further growing. This study aimed to determine dynamics the content of protein, carbohydrates, and lipid in cotyledon of seed clon i.e. Sca 6, RCC 70, RCC 71 and KKM 22 during germination. The experiment used completely randomized design consisted of four replications with 4 treatments. In each cocoa germination phases i.e. before germination, phase II (bend/curved phase), cotyledon emergence, leaves emergence and fall of cotyledon from the sprouts. This observation were water content, ash content, lipid, soluble protein, total protein and carbohydrate content. The results of the experiment showed that during germination, there was an increase of water content in cotyledon from the bend phase to the leaf emergence and decrease in the phase of fall of cotyledon The highest water content was observed in the leaf emergence phase as high as 69.42%. The content of ash content, dissolved protein, total protein and carbohydrates in cotyledon fluctuated during the bend phase until the leaf emergence and increased in the phase of fal of cotyledon. ipid content has decreased from the bend phase until the fall of cotyledons. Carbohydrate levels have increased from the bend phase to the fall of cotyledons. The speed of degradation procces of seed stored material (water, lipid, protein and carbohydrate content) during germination is affected by differences in seed clones. The Scavina 6 and KKM 22 clones entered the bend phase and the realease of cotyledon.

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SUZUKI, MICHIO, and J. A. CUTCLIFFE. "FRUCTANS IN ONION BULBS IN RELATION TO STORAGE LIFE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-160.

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A 3-yr study with eight different onion cultivars, Allium cepa, was conducted to determine the association of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) with the storability of the bulbs. Onion bulbs were harvested in the fall of 1983, 1984 and 1985, and sample bulbs were analyzed for WSC. Water-soluble carbohydrates of onion bulbs consisted of a series of oligofructans, the maximum degree of polymerization (DP) being between 10 and 15, in addition to fructose, glucose and sucrose. Fructan concentration of onion bulbs harvested in 1985 decreased during storage. Onion cultivars with a short storage life, such as Buffalo, contained a relatively high moisture content, a high concentration of monosaccharides and a low concentration of fructans at harvest. These criteria may be used as an indicator for identifying onion cultivars with a very short storage life but not for the prediction of storability of onions with medium to long storage life.Key words: Onion, Allium cepa, storage, carbohydrate, fructan, HPLC, molecular size

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VERDE, CONCEPCIÓN VIDAL-VAL, JUANA FRÍAS, and SERAFÍN VAL VERDE. "Effect of Processing on the Soluble Carbohydrate Content of Lentils." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.4.301.

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Lentils (Lens culinaris), like other legumes, are important both nutritionally and agriculturally. Soaking of lentil drastically reduce the quantities of α-galactosides present in the raw material (45–100% reduction). Analysis of the soaking medium (distilled water, 0.1% citric acid solution, 0.07% sodium bicarbonate solution) showed that these losses could not be explained by leaching alone, since the α-galactosides in the soaking medium amounted to only 1–10% of the recorded losses. Other monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) underwent a conspicuous increase (120 and 280% respectively) after soaking. The results indicate that during the 9 h soaking period the sugars in the lentils underwent a metabolic mobilization reminiscent of the changes taking place during germination. Cooking of the soaked lentils modified the α-galactoside content only slightly. On the other hand fructose, glucose, and sucrose decreased significantly during cooking. Soaking and cooking in water led to removal of a substantial proportion of the flatulence-causing oligosaccharides.

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Baffoin, Romain, Guillaume Charrier, Anne-Emilie Bouchardon, Marc Bonhomme, Thierry Améglio, and André Lacointe. "Seasonal changes in carbohydrates and water content predict dynamics of frost hardiness in various temperate tree species." Tree Physiology 41, no. 9 (February 22, 2021): 1583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab033.

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Abstract Predicting tree frost tolerance is critical to select adapted species according to both the current and predicted future climate. The relative change in water to carbohydrate ratio is a relevant trait to predict frost acclimation in branches from many tree species. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the interspecific genericity of this approach across nine tree species. In the studied angiosperm species, frost hardiness dynamics were best correlated to a decrease in water content at the early stage of acclimation (summer and early autumn). Subsequently, frost hardiness dynamics were more tightly correlated to soluble carbohydrate contents until spring growth resumption. Based on different model formalisms, we predicted frost hardiness at different clade levels (angiosperms, family, genus and species) with high to moderate accuracy (1.5–6.0 °C root mean squared error (RMSE)) and robustness (2.8–6.1 °C prediction RMSE). The TOT model, taking all soluble carbohydrate and polyols into account, was more effective and adapted for large scale studies aiming to explore frost hardiness across a wide range of species. The ISC model taking the individual contribution of each soluble carbohydrate molecule into account was more efficient at finer scale such as family or species. The ISC model performance also suggests that the role of solutes cannot be reduced to a ‘bulk’ osmotic effect as could be computed if all of them were located in a single, common, compartment. This study provides sets of parameters to predict frost hardiness in a wide range of species, and clues for targeting specific carbohydrate molecules to improve frost hardiness.

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Jurczyk, Barbara, Ewa Pociecha, Janusz Košcielniak, and Marcin Rapacz. "Different photosynthetic acclimation mechanisms are activated under waterlogging in two contrasting Lolium perenne genotypes." Functional Plant Biology 43, no. 10 (2016): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15339.

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Increased precipitation and snowmelt during warmer winters may lead to low-temperature waterlogging of plants. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is one of the most important cool-season grasses in agriculture. It is well adapted to cold climates, and may be considered as a model system for studying the mechanisms involved in cold acclimation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of waterlogging on photosynthetic acclimation to cold in perennial ryegrass. Two L. perenne genotypes that differ in their responses to waterlogging in terms of freezing tolerance were compared. We evaluated the effects of waterlogging during cold acclimation on the water-soluble carbohydrate concentration, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, photochemical efficiency of PSII, and transcript levels of the Rubisco activase (RcaA) and sucrose-sucrose fructosyltransferase (1-SST) genes. The genotype that did not accumulate water-soluble carbohydrates in the leaf under waterlogging showed a lower degree of feedback inhibition of photosynthesis under low temperature, and activated a photochemical mechanism of photosynthetic acclimation to cold. The other genotype accumulated water-soluble carbohydrates in the leaf during waterlogging, and activated a non-photochemical mechanism under cold conditions. Different photosynthetic acclimation systems to cold under waterlogging may be activated in these two contrasting L. perenne genotypes.

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Xue, Gang-Ping, C. Lynne McIntyre, Colin L. D. Jenkins, Donna Glassop, Anthony F. van Herwaarden, and Ray Shorter. "Molecular Dissection of Variation in Carbohydrate Metabolism Related to Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Accumulation in Stems of Wheat." Plant Physiology 146, no. 2 (December 14, 2007): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.107.113076.

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Yang, Hong Yan, Xiao Fen Wang, Jian Bin Liu, Li Juan Gao, Masaharu Ishii, Yasuo Igarashi, and Zong Jun Cui. "Effects of water-soluble carbohydrate content on silage fermentation of wheat straw." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 101, no. 3 (March 2006): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.232.

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Dane, Eric L., Stacy L. Chin, and Mark W. Grinstaff. "Synthetic Enantiopure Carbohydrate Polymers That Are Highly Soluble in Water and Noncytotoxic." ACS Macro Letters 2, no. 10 (September 19, 2013): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mz400394r.

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Bouaziz, Mohamed Ali, Abir Mokni, Manel Masmoudi, Brahim Bchir, Hamadi Attia, and Souhail Besbes. "Gelling qualities of water soluble carbohydrate from Agave americana L. leaf extracts." Food Bioscience 35 (June 2020): 100543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100543.

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Kruse, Sandra, Antje Herrmann, Alois Kornher, and Friedhelm Taube. "Genotypic and environmental variation in water soluble carbohydrate content of silage maize." Field Crops Research 106, no. 3 (March 2008): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.11.009.

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SMITH, K. F., R. J. SIMPSON, R. A. CULVENOR, M. O. HUMPHREYS, M. P. PRUD'HOMME, and R. N. ORAM. "The effects of ploidy and a phenotype conferring a high water-soluble carbohydrate concentration on carbohydrate accumulation, nutritive value and morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 1 (February 2001): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008480.

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Tetraploidy or the use of diploid genotypes with genes conferring high water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations are two mechanisms to increase the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. This experiment compared the morphology, nutritive value and diurnal variation in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of 56-day-old plants from six perennial ryegrass cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. Three of these cultivars were diploid (Melle, Aurora and Cariad) and three were tetraploids (Meltra, Prospero and AberOnyx) which had been derived from the respective diploid cultivars. Two of the diploid cultivars (Cariad and Aurora) had previously been selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates. The tetraploid cultivars had fewer (mean 59), larger tillers than the diploids (mean 83). However, with the exception of Melle and Meltra the dry matter yield of the diploid cultivars was not significantly different from their tetraploid derivatives. The effect of tetraploidy on WSC concentrations was dependent on the genetic background of the cultivars. Melle, which had not been previously selected for increased WSC, had a significantly lower WSC concentration than its tetraploid derivative, Meltra. However, tetraploidy did not further increase the WSC concentration in those cultivars previously selected for high WSC concentrations. WSC concentrations in the leaf of both Aurora and Melle rose by 65–70 g/kg throughout the photoperiod, suggesting that differences in the total WSC concentration of these cultivars were not due to any increase in the amount of carbon fixed by Aurora but rather due to differences in the allocation of carbon during growth and development. This experiment demonstrated that tetraploidy was not beneficial in improving the WSC concentration of perennial ryegrass when imposed on two diploid cultivars which had the genetic potential for increased WSC accumulation. However, tetraploidy significantly increased the WSC concentration and by implication the nutritive value of a cultivar derived from a perennial ryegrass cultivar with standard WSC concentrations.

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Wang, Yingfang, and Janusz J. Zwiazek. "Spring changes in water relations, gas exchange, and carbohydrates of white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-209.

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Shoot water relations, gas exchange, and carbohydrate content and composition were studied from March 30 to May 11, 1995, in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings growing in nursery beds. The seedlings exhibited reduced shoot osmotic potentials at turgor loss point and at full hydration from March 30 to April 27 followed by an increase until May 11. Shoot relative water contents also showed a marked increase after April 27. Bulk modulus of elasticity of shoots gradually increased from early to late April indicating a decrease in cell wall elasticity. Net photosynthesis of seedlings recovered rapidly in mid-April. Both net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance showed a significant linear relationship with minimum air and soil temperatures, and there was a significant linear relationship between net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Needle starch content increased, but total sugar content was relatively constant. The composition of soluble carbohydrates changed in early spring with an increase in sucrose accompanied by a decrease in raffinose and other soluble carbohydrates. The results suggest that white spruce seedlings develop characteristics associated with the optimum drought stress resistance in early spring.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water soluble carbohydrate'

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