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Academic literature on the topic 'Water Sensitive Urban Design'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Water Sensitive Urban Design"

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Brockbank, Troy, and Emily Afoa. "Indigenous water sensitive urban design." Water e-Journal 5, no. 3 (2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2020.016.

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Mohamed, Nouran, Hesham El-Barmelgy, Noha Abd El-Aziz, and Marwah Hamed. "Water Sensitive Urban Design Tool." Journal of Urban Research 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jur.2019.88571.

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Meng, X., and S. Kenway. "ANALYSING WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN OPTIONS." Water e-Journal 3, no. 4 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2018.037.

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HEDGCOCK, DAVID, and MIKE MOURITZ. "WATER SENSITIVE RESIDENTIAL DESIGN." Australian Planner 31, no. 2 (January 1993): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.1993.9657618.

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Buck, David, Benjamin Taylor, Larelle Fabbro, and Susan Rockloff. "Baseflow Contribution from Water Sensitive Urban Design." Water e-Journal 4, no. 3 (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2019.018.

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Dolman, Nanco, Amy Savage, and Fola Ogunyoye. "Water-sensitive urban design: learning from experience." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 166, no. 2 (June 2013): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.12.00033.

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Vernon, Byron, and Reena Tiwari. "Place-Making through Water Sensitive Urban Design." Sustainability 1, no. 4 (September 30, 2009): 789–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su1040789.

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Ulfiana, Desyta, Yudi Eko Windarto, Nurhadi Bashit, and Novia Sari Ristianti. "Analysis of Flood Vulnerability as a Support to Water Sensitive Urban Design Planning in Klaten Regency." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 26, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v26i2.31929.

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Klaten Regency is one of the regions that has a high level of flood vulnerability. The area of Klaten Regency which is huge and has diverse characteristics makes it difficult to determine an appropriate flood management model. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a model that focuses on handling water management problems with environmentally friendly infrastructure. Therefore, an analysis is carried out to determine the level of flood vulnerability and factors causing flooding to plan a WSUD design that is suitable for each sub-districts of Klaten Regency. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods are used to help the analysis. Aspects used as criteria are rainfall, slope, soil type, geological conditions, and land use. Based on the analysis, it could be concluded that Klaten Regency has two sub-districts with high flood hazard category, 21 sub-districts with medium category, and three sub-districts with low category. Bayat and Cawas are sub-districts that have a high level of flood vulnerability category. Meanwhile, Kemalang, Karangnongko and Polanharjo are districts with a low level of flood vulnerability category. The main factors causing flooding in Klaten Regency are slope and land use.
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Kandasamy, J., S. Beecham, and A. Dunphy. "Stormwater sand filters in water-sensitive urban design." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 161, no. 2 (April 2008): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.2008.161.2.55.

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Ashley, Richard, Lian Lundy, Sarah Ward, Paul Shaffer, Louise Walker, Celeste Morgan, Adrian Saul, Tony Wong, and Sarah Moore. "Water-sensitive urban design: opportunities for the UK." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 166, no. 2 (June 2013): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.12.00046.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water Sensitive Urban Design"

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Rasheed, Ashiq Mohamed. "Adaptation of water sensitive urban design to climate change." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122960/1/Ashiq%20Mohamed_Rasheed_Thesis.pdf.

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This research developed mathematical models to generate reliable future rainfall data in small spatial and temporal scales, and used them to estimate future floods and water quality scenarios. Outcomes of the study suggested a substantial increase in the occurrences and the extent of future floods and the amount of pollutant that they carry. Outcomes will be highly valued in future-proofing urban flood mitigation measures and water sensitive urban design infrastructure.
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Fumero, Andrea. "Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) as a climate adaptation strategy." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278524.

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“Global floods and extreme rainfall events have surged by more than 50% in the past decade and recent studies show that they are occurring four times higher than in 1980” (Neslen, 2018). At the same time, the urban population is rising. Today, 55% of the world’s population lives in urban areas and it is estimated to increase to 70% by 2050 (United Nations, 2018). This expansion of urbanized areas is correlated with the increase of impermeable surfaces that, in case of extreme weather events, are not able to drain the water efficiently. The rainfall-runoff is channelled from roads, parking lots, buildings, and other impervious surfaces to storm drains and sewers that cannot handle the volume. The high ratio of impermeable surfaces and the increased extreme rainfall events cause severe environmental, social, economical problems in urban areas. Merely technical and engineering solutions are no sufficient, therefore a new approach that can maintain and adapt the natural water cycle inside the urban areas is needed. Ecosystem services and resilience thinking have become key principles in adaptation strategies at different levels, from international policies (e.g. Sustainable Development Goals) to local actions (e.g. Copenhagen adaptation plan 2015) and design (e.g. climate resilient San Kjeld in Copenhagen). In this scenario, the design approach of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) aims to promote resilience at the local level by managing stormwater, encouraging the defence of the aesthetic value of green and blue areas. WSUD is a multidisciplinary approach that involves water management, urban planning, architecture, and landscape design. The main idea of WSUD is that sustainable stormwater systems should be beautiful, meaningful, and educational (Echols, 2007). This master thesis explores the concept of Water Sensitive Urban Design and its application in the cities of Copenhagen, Malmö and Rotterdam. The case study of PHVision in Heidelberg, Germany, is analysed from the concept of WSUD. Design improvements are suggested stemming from the analysed European examples and the theoretical background.
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Lottering, Naomey Olive. "The extent of water sensitive urban design in the George municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17848.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the extent of Water Sensitive Urban Design activities in the George municipality in the Western Cape Province, in South Africa. Water resource management in urban areas worldwide had become unsustainable with the widespread implementation of outsized infrastructure, environmental degradation and overuse of natural resources. The result was a concept called Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). IUWM encapsulates the entire water cycle from rainwater to surface water, groundwater and wastewater, as part of urban water management, and not as separate entities. There was worldwide response to IUWM, with the USA formulating Low-Impact Development (LID), the UK designing their Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS), and New Zealand articulating Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD), all to improve urban water resource management. Australia responded with Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). WSUD explores the design and planning of water infrastructural development in an urban setting, vital in Australian cities which experience continuous severe water shortage conditions. The WSUD approach aims to influence design and planning from the moment rainwater is captured in dams, treated, and reticulated to consumers, to the point of wastewater re-use, as well as stormwater use. Various techniques are specified as part of the WSUD approach namely: the installation of greenroofs, demand reduction techniques, stormwater management and the re-use of treated wastewater for irrigation and fire-fighting. These WSUD activities can be implemented from large-scale efforts with whole suburbs working together to manage stormwater by construction of wetlands, as well as small-scale change in design and planning, e.g., with household rainwater tank installation for irrigation and toilet flushing. With South Africa’s progressive legislation at a national, provincial and local municipal level, various WSUD activities can be implemented to aid and guide municipalities. The study aimed to investigate what type of WSUD activities the George municipality has implemented, and to what extent the activities had an impact on water consumption, since the drought in 2009. The reasons behind any lack of implementation were also explored. Proof of only eight WSUD activities implementation could be found. Water debtors’ data and bulk water data was sourced in order to determine the effect of the eight WSUD activities on water consumption. Bulk meter data could however not be used to correlate with the debtors’ data since readings from many bulk meters had not been recorded. Debtors’ data did prove however that the WSUD activities had a short-term impact on water consumption in the suburbs where it was implemented. The reasons given for non-implementation were not satisfactory. Recommendations are that the municipality should focus on better planning and implementation of diverse activities and that keeping records and data should be made a priority to determine any progress made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die omvang van die Water Sensitiewe Stedelike Ontwerp (WSUD) aktiwiteite in die George munisipaliteit in die Wes-Kaap, in Suid-Afrika. Waterhulpbronbestuur in stedelike gebiede in die wêreld het nie-volhoubaar geword met die grootskaalse implementering van buitenmaatse infrastruktuur, agteruitgang van die omgewing en die oorbenutting van natuurlike waterhulpbronne. Die gevolg was 'n konsep wat Geïntegreerde Stedelike Water Bestuur (IUWM) genoem is. IUWM omvat die hele watersiklus vanaf reënval, tot oppervlakwater, grondwater en afvalwater, as deel van die stedelike waterbestuur, en nie as aparte entiteite nie. Daar was 'n wêreldwye reaksie te IUWM, met die VSA se Lae-impak-Ontwikkeling (LID), die Verenigde Koninkryk se ontwerp van hul volhoubare stedelike dreineringstelsel (SUDS), en Nieu-Seeland se formulering van Lae-impak Stedelike Ontwerp en Ontwikkeling (LIUDD), om stedelike water hulpbronne beter te bestuur. Australië het reageer met Water Sensitiewe Stedelike Ontwerp (WSUD). WSUD verken die ontwerp en beplanning van waterbestuur infrastruktuur ontwikkeling, in 'n stedelike omgewing, waar dit noodsaaklik was in die Australiese stede wat deurlopende tekort aan water ervaar. Die WSUD benadering het ten doel om die ontwerp en beplanning te beïnvloed vanaf die oomblik reënwater in damme opgevang is, behandel, en aan verbruikers versprei word, tot by die punt van afvalwater hergebruik, sowel as stormwater gebruik. Verskeie tegnieke word verskaf as deel van die WSUD benadering, naamlik: die installering van “greenroofs”, wateraanvraagbestuur tegnieke, en stormwater gebruik en hergebruik van behandelde afvalwater vir besproeiing en brandbestryding. Hierdie WSUD aktiwiteite kan implementeer word vanaf grootskaalse pogings met die samewerking van hele voorstede met stormwater bestuur deur die konstruksie van die vleilande, sowel as kleinskaalse verandering in die ontwerp en beplanning by huishoudings, byvoorbeeld met reënwatertenk installasie vir besproeiing en toilet spoel. Met Suid-Afrika se progressiewe wetgewing op 'n nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike munisipale vlak wat munisipaliteite steun en lei, kan die verskeie WSUD aktiwiteite ïmplementeer word. Die studie is gemik om ondersoek in te stel na watter tipe WSUD aktiwiteite deur die George-munisipaliteit implementeer word, en tot watter mate die aktiwiteite 'n impak gehad het op die water verbruik sedert die droogte in 2009. Die redes agter 'n gebrek aan implementering is ook ondersoek. Bewyse van implementering van net agt WSUD aktiwiteite kon gevind word. Data van die water debiteure en grootmaat water meters is verkry ten einde die effek van die agt WSUD aktiwiteite op die water verbruik te bepaal. Grootmaat water meter data kan egter nie gebruik word om te korreleer met die data van die debiteure aangesien die lesings van baie grootmaat water meters nie aangeteken is nie. Debiteure se data het egter bewys dat die WSUD aktiwiteite 'n korttermyn-impak op die waterverbruik in die voorstede waar dit geïmplementeer is gemaak het. Die redes gegee vir nieuitvoering is nie bevredigend nie. Aanbevelings is dat die munisipaliteit moet fokus op beter beplanning en implementering van diverse aktiwiteite en dat die hou van rekords en data prioriteit gemaak moet word om vas te stel of enige vordering gemaak is.
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Parker, Nathaniel Ryan. "Assessing the effectiveness of water sensitive urban design in Southeast Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/34119/1/Nathaniel_Parker_Thesis.pdf.

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Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) systems have the potential mitigate the hydrologic disturbance and water quality concerns associated with stormwater runoff from urban development. In the last few years WSUD has been strongly promoted in South East Queensland (SEQ) and new developments are now required to use WSUD systems to manage stormwater runoff. However, there has been limited field evaluation of WSUD systems in SEQ and consequently knowledge of their effectiveness in the field, under storm events, is limited. The objective of this research project was to assess the effectiveness of WSUD systems installed in a residential development, under real storm events. To achieve this objective, a constructed wetland, bioretention swale and a bioretention basin were evaluated for their ability to improve the hydrologic and water quality characteristics of stormwater runoff from urban development. The monitoring focused on storm events, with sophisticated event monitoring stations measuring the inflow and outflow from WSUD systems. Data analysis undertaken confirmed that the constructed wetland, bioretention basin and bioretention swale improved the hydrologic characteristics by reducing peak flow. The bioretention systems, particularly the bioretention basin also reduced the runoff volume and frequency of flow, meeting key objectives of current urban stormwater management. The pollutant loads were reduced by the WSUD systems to above or just below the regional guidelines, showing significant reductions to TSS (70-85%), TN (40-50%) and TP (50%). The load reduction of NOx and PO4 3- by the bioretention basin was poor (<20%), whilst the constructed wetland effectively reduced the load of these pollutants in the outflow by approximately 90%. The primary reason for the load reduction in the wetland was due to a reduction in concentration in the outflow, showing efficient treatment of stormwater by the system. In contrast, the concentration of key pollutants exiting the bioretention basin were higher than the inflow. However, as the volume of stormwater exiting the bioretention basin was significantly lower than the inflow, a load reduction was still achieved. Calibrated MUSIC modelling showed that the bioretention basin, and in particular, the constructed wetland were undersized, with 34% and 62% of stormwater bypassing the treatment zones in the devices. Over the long term, a large proportion of runoff would not receive treatment, considerably reducing the effectiveness of the WSUD systems.
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Nambinga, Linekela Elias. "Review and gap analysis of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) in Windhoek, Namibia." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30914.

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With an ever-increasing population and global warming, fresh water resources are nearing depletion resulting in a global water crisis. As a consequence, cases of drought have been reported worldwide especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to climate change, urbanisation adds strain to infrastructure as well as water supply and the management of water resources. As a result, most developing countries are faced with a water management challenge. There is thus a need for a paradigm shift towards an Integrated Water Management (IWM) approach. Worldwide, countries have responded to the Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) concept through the implementation of various management strategies; with Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) emerging from Australia. Some closely allied management strategies in response to IUWM emerged in the USA as Low-Impact Development (LID), in the UK as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), and in New Zealand as Low-Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD). Namibia is situated along the south-west coast of Africa and is considered the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa. It is characterised by a semi-arid environment, with more than 80% covered by desert or semi-desert. The country is regularly afflicted by drought and has fluctuating and unreliable rainfall patterns, often accompanied by high evaporation rates. The City of Windhoek, as the capital city, the biggest municipality and also the largest densely populated town in Namibia, is faced with an ever-increasing shortage of water for its inhabitants. For close to 50 years, the water scarcity situation has led to direct waste water reclamation for potable re-use in Windhoek. Other measures implemented by the City of Windhoek (CoW) towards IUWM include Water Demand Management (WDM), Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and Water Conservation (WC). In order for Windhoek to transform into a Water Sensitive City, the implementation of WSUD is imperative. Although the CoW has implemented measures towards IUWM, more options still need to be explored in order to contribute to IUWM processes and to ultimately become a Water Sensitive City. This research was aimed at conducting a comprehensive review of existing WSUD practices within the CoW and identifying gaps pertaining to WSUD implementation. The research confirmed, via a review of relevant literature, that the implementation of WSUD mainly flourishes when documented policies and regulations drive implementation. To review WSUD implementation in the CoW, this study followed a qualitative research approach by gathering data via online questionnaires using the SurveyMonkey platform. To validate the survey outcomes, structured interviews were conducted with selected survey participants to gain more insight into the outcomes. For the data collection, the study targeted a sample of managers and specialists from the three departments within the CoW that deal with urban infrastructure design and planning. A 72% response rate was achieved. The study revealed that there was a general understanding and knowledge of WSUD concepts among all the CoW stakeholders involved in water management, planning and design. This was mostly due to their academic knowledge and sometimes via exposure to existing WSUD practices within the city. Water Demand Management, Water Recycling, and Voluntary Green Roofs and Rainwater Harvesting were identified as existing WSUD options currently practised within the CoW. The study identified lack of capacity, lack of knowledge, lack of management support, a fragmented approach, the absence of policies and legislation, and no perceived financial benefits as barriers to WSUD implementation within the CoW. Based on the above findings, the study recommended that the City of Windhoek address existing barriers to WSUD implementation, increase awareness of WSUD within the city, secure government funding and apply for carbon credits to upscale the implementation of WSUD.
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Mallett, Gregory David. "An investigation into how value is created through water sensitive urban design." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27277.

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A key challenge facing developing countries is the rapid increases in urbanisation and the effect this has on their water systems. Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a process that considers the entire water system with the aim of achieving a water sensitive city (WSC). However, little is known about how value can be created through WSUD in terms of the sustainability of urban precincts in South Africa. The researcher therefore considered the well-established literature highlighting the relationship between WSUD and sustainable urban development. To understand the value derived from these concepts, two case studies were assessed, namely the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront (V&A Waterfront) and Century City. However, it should be highlighted that due to the uniqueness of these cases, no generalisations from the findings can be generated. The methodology implemented for the case studies was social constructivist in nature and to satisfy the research objectives, semi-structured interviews were conducted, documentary material was gathered, and photographic evidence was collected. Moreover, a diverse collection of data was assessed, which was extracted through various methods of data collection, thereby resulting in an in-depth understanding of the case studies. This research concludes there is a relationship between WSUD, sustainable urban development and value. It further argues that the underlying principles of facilities management (FM) and more specifically urban FM provide a managerial framework that can connect these concepts to achieve sustainability for urban precincts. Furthermore, the study uncovered the need for value capture mechanisms as a form of infrastructure financing and value creation for urban precincts. However, it was established that neither case study make use of such mechanisms, so future research is required in this regard.
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Kabir, Md Imran. "Dynamics of heavy metals in urban green water infrastructures." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14510.

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In urban environments, the breakdown of chemicals and pollutants, especially ions and metal compounds, can be favoured by Green Water Infrastructures (GWIs). If a better picture of chemicals and pollutants input and an improved understanding of hydrological and biogeochemical processes affecting these pollutants were known, GWIs could be designed to efficiently retain these pollutants for site-specific meteorological patterns and pollutant load. To fill in these gaps, the existing literature was surveyed to retrieve a comprehensive dataset of anions and heavy metal pollutants incoming to urban environments. The existing literature was then surveyed to review the metal retention efficiency, and hydrological- and metal biogeochemical- models of GWIs. Next, biogeochemical processes related to inorganic metal compounds were proposed to be integrated in biogeochemical models of GWIs. A deterministic model has been developed to describe the bulk breakdown rate, accumulation and leaching of Cu, Pb, and Zn in GWIs. The model describes aqueous complexation, mineral adsorption and kinetic methylation of those metals, and has been tested against experimental hydrographs and pollutographs of a GWI (a stormwater biofilter in Monash University) over a period of 100 days. Parameter calibration resulted in R2  98% and in NRMSE < 12% against cumulative effluent water and metal mass. The concentration of Cu and Pb was linearly correlated to the hydraulic conductivity, and equilibrium and kinetic rate constants, whereas Zn concentration was exponentially correlated to them; it was found that ± 20% change in these parameter values returned changes in Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations within about ± 52%, ± 45% and ± 96%, respectively. The maximum annual metal load in the outflow from the biofilter was observed for the rainfall combination with lowest frequency and highest intensity. This model can be effectively used to assist in designing biofilters and assessing their long-term performance.
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Gluckman, Lloyd. "Water sensitive urban design as a transformative approach to urban water management in Cape Town: A case study of the proposed River Club development." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27528.

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The author examines effective urban water management as a means to promote sustainable development and achieve water sensitive cities. A qualitative method is utilised in the collection of data through document studies, desktop analysis and a literature review. A review of the current national and local water policies and approaches within South Africa, and more specifically Cape Town, indicated the need for a coordinated, systems based and holistic approach to urban water management. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is considered as an alternative approach to urban water management in Cape Town to build resilience among local communities against the threat of drought and flood events, and promote sustainable development in moving toward a water sensitive city. A model for implementing WSUD in the context of limited resources and capacity within local municipal departments is considered. Incorporating the principles of WSUD within spatial planning initiatives to implement this approach and catalyse a systemic transition in urban water management is considered and assessed in a case study of the proposed development of the River Club. The case study considers a bottom-up approach to transforming urban water management and the capacity of WSUD, when implemented through spatial planning, to simultaneously address multiple objectives including those of sustainable development and those contained within national and local policies. The benefits of a WSUD approach for all are considered. Many if these benefits are as a result of reduced pressures on municipal infrastructure and increased water resources accrued as a product of the proposed implementation model. The implementation model proposed creates conditions in which municipal resources and investment can be redirected to promote equitable water resource and service provision distribution throughout the city. The model is proposed to effect a transformation in water policy, institutional structures and water resource management to reflect the principles of WSUD in a manner which is cognisant of the various limitations inherent to the City.
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au, mike mouritz@dpi wa gov, and Mike Mouritz. "Sustainable urban water systems : policy and professional praxis." Murdoch University, 1996. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051109.95558.

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The provision of water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure is an essential ingredient of cities. However, questions are being raised about the type and form of urban infrastructure, for economic and environmental reasons. Traditionally these techologies have offered linear solutions, drawing increasing volumes of water into cities and discharging waste at ever increasing levels, causing escalating stress on the environment. In addition the costs of water infrastructure provision and replacement, both in the developing and developed world, is becoming prohibitive. In response, a new paradigm has been called for and new solutions are emerging that have been labelled as Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). This concept can be considered to consist of both technical and philosophical dimensions, and represents a new form of professional praxis. However, the adoption of these techniques and concepts is constrained by the inertia of the existing urban water systems. It is therefore argued that the introduction of any change must occur across a number of dimensions of the technoeconomic system of the city. These dimensions-artefacts and technical systems (i.e. the technology and knowledge systems), professional praxis and socio-political context (i.e. institutions, culture and politics) and biophysical realities and world views (i.e. the environment and underlying values) - provide a framework for analysis of the change process - both how it is occurring and how it needs to occur. This framework is used to illustrate the link between environment values and the process of technological innovation, and points to the need for the emerging values and innovations to be institutionalised into the professional praxis and socio-political context of society. Specifically, it is argued that a new form of transdisciplinary professional praxis is emerging and needs to be cultivated. A broad review of the literature, an evaluation of selected emerging technologies and three case studies are used to illustrate and argue this position. These examples show the potential economic, social and environmental benefits of IUWM and provide some insight into the potential which this approach has to influence the form and structure of the city and at the same time highlighting the institutional arrangements required to manage urban water systems.
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Gxokwe, Siyamthanda. "Conceptualization of urban hydrogeology within the context of water sensitive urban design: case study of Cape Flats Aquifer." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5912.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Environ & Water Science)
Urban hydrogeology can be used to facilitate a decision-making process regarding the implementation of water sensitive urban design (WSUD) to manage water systems of periurban cities. This thesis was aimed at providing explanation of how that approach can be applied in Cape Town using Cape Flats Aquifer as a case study. To achieve this main objective, three specific objectives were set, namely, objective 1 which focused on estimating aquifer parameters using Theis analytical flow solution, in order to identify areas for implementation of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) suggested by WSUD principles; Objective 2 focused on conceptualizing groundwater flow system of Cape Flats Aquifer using the Finite Difference Method (FDM), in order to predict aquifer behaviour under stresses caused by the implementation of WSUD; Objective 3 focused on assessing gw-sw interaction using Principal Aquifer Setting, environmental isotope, and hydrochemical analysis, in-order to identify where and when groundwater surface water interaction is occurring, and thus informing the prevention strategies of the negative effluence of such exchanges on WSUD. The analysis of data collected through pumping test approach which were conducted in March, October 2015 and June 2016, showed that average transmissivity ranged from 15.08m2/d to 2525.59m2/d, with Phillipi Borehole (BG00153) having the highest and Westridge borehole 1 (G32961) having the lowest transmissivity values based on Theis solution by Aqua test analysis. Theis solution by excel spreadsheet analysis showed that average transmissivity ranged from 11.30m2/d to 387.10m2/d with Phill (BG00153) having the highest transmissivity and Bellville 2 (BG46052) having the lowest transmissivity. Storativity values ranged from 10-3 to 10-1 with Phillipi borehole (BG00153) having the highest storativity and Lenteguer borehole 1(BG00139) having the lowest values from both analysis. Average transmissivity visual maps showed that highest transmissivity values within the Cape Flats Aquifer can be obtained around the Phillipi area towards the southern part of the aquifer. Storativity maps also showed that the greatest storativity values can be obtained around Phillipi and Lenteguer area. These findings reveal that MAR would be feasible to implement around the Phillipi and Lenteguer area, where aquifer storage and discharge rates are higher.
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Books on the topic "Water Sensitive Urban Design"

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Urban storm water design. Highlands Ranch, Colo: Water Resources Publications, 2003.

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Handbook of Water Sensitive Planning and Design. London: Taylor and Francis, 2002.

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Fransje, Hooimeijer, and Toorn Vrijthoff, W. van der., eds. More urban water: Design and management of Dutch water cities. London: Taylor & Francis, 2008.

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Engineers, Institute of Transportation. Designing walkable urban thoroughfares: A context sensitive approach. Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2010.

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Emmanuel, M. Rohinton. An urban approach to climate-sensitive design: Strategies for the tropics. London: Spon Press, 2005.

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An urban approach to climate sensitive design: Strategies for the tropics. New York: Spon Press, 2004.

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Coucouvinis, Jim. Urban water supply and sanitation components: Water and sanitation initiative, Indonesia : program design document. [Jakarta]: Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative, 2010.

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Massman, Joel W. Infiltration characteristics, performance, and design of storm water facilities. [Olympia]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 2001.

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Western Australian Water Resources Council., ed. Water sensitive residential design: An investigation into its purpose and potential in the Perth Metropolitan region. Leederville, WA: Western Australian Water Resources Council, 1990.

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(Jan), Feyen J., Shannon Kelly, and Neville Matthew, eds. Water and urban development paradigms: Towards an integration of engineering, design and management approaches : proceedings of the International Urban Water Conference, Heverlee, Belgium, 15-19 September, 2008. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water Sensitive Urban Design"

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Šuvalija, Suvada, Biljana Buhavac, Amra Serdarević, and Alma Džubur. "Water Sensitive Urban Design Principles." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 890–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05230-9_105.

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Zaman, K. M. Ulil Amor Bin, and Imon Chowdhooree. "Water Sensitive Urban Design for Enhancing Flood Resilience." In Handbook of Waterfront Cities and Urbanism, 145–62. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204565-11.

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Hussey, Karen, and Esther Kay. "The Opportunities and Challenges of Implementing ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design’: Lessons from Stormwater Management in Victoria, Australia." In Understanding and Managing Urban Water in Transition, 593–614. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9801-3_27.

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Mah, Darrien Yau Seng, Afdal Haziq bin Mohamad Salehe, and Frederik Josep Putuhena. "Water Sensitive Urban Design in Existing Urban Settings: Case Study of Dry Detention Pond in Kuching City." In InCIEC 2013, 315–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-02-6_27.

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Newton, Peter W., Peter W. G. Newman, Stephen Glackin, and Giles Thomson. "Climate Resilience and Regeneration: How Precincts Can Adapt to and Mitigate Climate Change." In Greening the Greyfields, 105–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6238-6_5.

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AbstractHealthy urban ecosystems are increasingly recognised as important for resilient cities and need to be considered as part of GPR. Urban nature-based solutions (NBS) comprising green (vegetation) and blue (water) infrastructure need to be considered at multiple scales from the bioregions, through to catchments, neighbourhoods/precincts, blocks, streets, and buildings, including linkages through and in GPR areas. This chapter describes how climate change—particularly extreme urban heat—is expected to affect Australian cities, and how green and blue infrastructure can help GPR to be incorporated into urban adaptation and mitigation solutions. Topics covered include water-sensitive urban design, nature-based solutions, and urban cooling. The chapter outlines how nature-based solutions can be incorporated into higher-density regenerative urban redevelopment through new technologies and supported by planning models, many of which can be best designed and managed at precinct scale. The ‘additionality’ of green and blue nature-based solutions can offer residents of GPR areas increased liveability and enhanced resilience in both normal and extreme weather.
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Rabêlo, Vitor Gantuss, Issa Ibrahim Berchin, Marleny De León, José Humberto Dias de Toledo, Liane Ramos da Silva, and José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra. "University Campuses as Town-Like Institutions: Promoting Sustainable Development in Cities Using the Water-Sensitive Urban Design Approach." In Sustainability on University Campuses: Learning, Skills Building and Best Practices, 497–511. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15864-4_29.

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Soussa, Hoda. "Water Sensitive Planning and Design." In Water and Wastewater Management, 83–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95288-4_8.

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Karamouz, Mohammad. "Urban Water Hydrology." In Water Systems Analysis, Design, and Planning, 93–165. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003241744-3.

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Karamouz, Mohammad. "Urban Water Hydraulics." In Water Systems Analysis, Design, and Planning, 167–216. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003241744-4.

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Sanya, Tom, and Donna Shefer. "Water-Sensitive Design for Climate Resilience." In The Palgrave Handbook of Climate Resilient Societies, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32811-5_63-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water Sensitive Urban Design"

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Lu, Wei, Xiaosheng Qin, and Jun Changhyun. "Urban Flood Damage Assessment for Water Sensitive Urban Design." In Annual International Conference on Urban Planning and Property Development (UPPD 2016). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/0000-0000_uppd.32.

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Lu, Wei, Xiaosheng Qin, and Changhyun Jun. "Urban Flood Damage Assessment for Water Sensitive Urban Design." In 2nd Annual International Conference on Urban Planning and Property Development (UPPD 2016). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2425-0112_uppd16.32.

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Rodríguez, M. I., M. M. Cuevas, G. Martínez, and B. Moreno. "Planning criteria for Water Sensitive Urban Design." In SUSTAINABLE CITY 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sc141342.

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Wong, Tony H. F. "Urban Stormwater Management and Water Sensitive Urban Design in Australia." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)22.

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Shrestha, S., A. Samuel, P. Ronaldson, and S. J. Riley. "Investigation into potential impacts of implementation of water sensitive urban design components." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm090261.

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Rozis, Nicholas, and Ataur Rahman. "A Simple Method for Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Water Sensitive Urban Design." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)148.

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da Cunha Oliveira Santos, Mariana. "Water sensitive urban design: Addressing flooding resilience in Ho Chi Minh City." In IFoU 2018: Reframing Urban Resilience Implementation: Aligning Sustainability and Resilience. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ifou2018-05929.

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Nielsen, O. F., and S. W. Nielsen. "Near Surface Geophysical Method Applicable for Water Sensitive Urban Design Projects." In 23rd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201701993.

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Kuhn, Yvana. "Water-Sensitive Urban Design: An Integral Piece of Ecological Sustainable Development." In Watershed Management Conference 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41143(394)76.

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Kim, Seunghyun. "Green Infrastructure as Water Sensitive Urban Design Strategy in the Era of Climate Change." In 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ifou-e011.

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Reports on the topic "Water Sensitive Urban Design"

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Haysom, Gareth, Jane Battersby, Jane Weru, Luke Metelerkamp, and Nomonde Buthelezi. Integrating food sensitive planning and urban design into urban governance actions. TMG Research gGmbH, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35435/2.2022.9.

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TMG’s Urban Food Futures programme closes its scoping phase with a series of reports summarising the main insights lying the foundation for the next phase of action research. This working paper, written in collaboration with partners African Centre for Cities (ACC), FACT and Muungano AMT, argues that for the progressive realization of the right to food in urban settings, food sensitive planning and urban design must be integrated into urban governance actions. Findings from Ouagadougou, Nairobi, and Cape Town indicate the necessary steps that need to be taken toward more food-sensitive planning: clearly defining the mandate to govern urban food systems by national and local governments; drawing from community knowledge and experience for strategic thinking around food systems, and politicising urban food system issues to create the momentum needed in holding relevant authorities accountable.
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Fan, Mingyuan. Green Urban Planning: Lessons from Mongolia on Climate Proofing Cities in Cold Regions. Asian Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220613-2.

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This paper identifies lessons for urban planning in cold climates from an Asian Development Bank pilot project in Mongolia. In cold climates, urban design needs to take into account local topography, standards of living, and microclimatic conditions of the built environment. This paper highlights ways of integrating climate-sensitive design into urban centers to promote resilience, infrastructure efficiency, and livability.
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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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Vonk, Jaynie. Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Zambia: Impact evaluation of the 'Urban WASH' project. Oxfam GB, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7284.

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The ‘Urban WASH' project was implemented in George and Chawama compounds in Lusaka between July 2013 and June 2017 by Oxfam and Village Water Zambia. The project aimed to improve provision and sustainable management of WASH services by engaging citizens to hold duty bearers and service providers to account. Oxfam collaborated with local institutions on an array of activities, engaging stakeholders to create a conducive environment for service provision and improving capacities and practices. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. Using a quasi-experimental evaluation design, we assessed impact among households in the intervention communities and in a comparison community. We combined the household-level quantitative assessment with analysis of community-level qualitative Key Informant Interviews, carried out with relevant institutional representatives. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Vonk, Jaynie. Sustainable Water and Sanitation in DRC: Impact evaluation of the ‘Sustainable WASH in Fragile Contexts (SWIFT 1)’ project. Oxfam GB, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8717.

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Between April 2014 and March 2018, the SWIFT Consortium, led by Oxfam with Tearfund and ODI as members, carried out the 'SWIFT 1' project in DRC and Kenya to provide access to water and sanitation and to promote basic hygiene practices. In DRC, the consortium worked with implementing partners HYFRO, CEPROSSAN, and PPSSP in rural and semi-urban areas in three eastern provinces – North Kivu, South Kivu and Maniema. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. It focuses on measuring benefits attributable to additional activities the project carried out in rural areas, above and beyond the national ‘Villages et Ecoles Assainis’ (VEA) approach. Using a quasi-experimental evaluation design, impact is assessed among individuals and their households in intervention and comparison communities in Kirotshe and Mweso Health Zones in North Kivu. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Vonk, Jaynie. Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Sierra Leone: Impact evaluation of the ‘Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts’ project. Oxfam GB, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8401.

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Between October 2016 and March 2019, the Freetown WASH Consortium, led by Oxfam with Against Hunger, Concern Worldwide and Save the Children as members, carried out the 'Improved WASH Services in Western Area Urban (WAU) and Western Area Rural (WAR) Districts' project. Broadly, the project aimed to improve the availability, accessibility, affordability and sustainability of integrated water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, in alignment with the Government of Sierra Leone's national agenda on Ebola recovery and increased preparedness against possible future outbreaks. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. Using a quasi-experimental, mixed method evaluation design, impact is assessed among individuals, households and communities in intervention and comparison areas. Community-level factors contributing to better individual- and household-level outcomes are explored. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Bowles, David, Michael Williams, Hope Dodd, Lloyd Morrison, Janice Hinsey, Tyler Cribbs, Gareth Rowell, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, and Jeffrey Williams. Protocol for monitoring aquatic invertebrates of small streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network: Version 2.1. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284622.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks. Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropo-genic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol.
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Birch, Izzy. Thinking and Working Politically on Transboundary Issues. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.010.

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There is growing consensus that political factors are a key determinant of development impact. The practice of Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) is built around three interconnected principles: (i) strong political analysis, insight, and understanding; (ii) detailed appreciation of, and response to, the local context; and (iii) flexibility and adaptability in program design and implementation. The literature notes that while TWP emphasises the centrality of politics and power, technical knowledge is still important and can reinforce the political agenda, for example by increasing the confidence of smaller states or by strengthening collective understanding. Furthermore, improving the quality of domestic cooperation can be a step towards regional cooperation, and flexible engagement with the diverse range of actors that populate transboundary settings has been shown to be an effective strategy. The literature also highlights lessons learned including Transboundary cooperation can be built from the bottom up and for development partners, pre-existing bilateral partnerships may facilitate their engagement at a transboundary level, particularly on sensitive issues. Given the relatively isolated experience of TWP in transboundary settings, the evidence base for this report is also limited. The two areas where most examples were found concern regional integration and transboundary water management.
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Yao, Yixin, Mingyuan Fan, Arnaud Heckmann, and Corazon Posadas. Transformative Solutions and Green Finance in the People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Asian Development Bank Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/xfvh2542.

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Asia has experienced widespread transformation and growth, accompanied by increased demographic pressure, greater intensification of agricultural production, industrialization, and urbanization. This economic growth has been very resource- and carbon-intensive, while climate change has triggered or exacerbated behaviors and defense mechanisms that have come at the expense of the natural environment. Therefore, we examine and compare three Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects in two member countries of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation: one in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and two in Mongolia that relate to sustainable green development and use innovative financial mechanisms, and behavior-changing nudges. We provide comparative analyses and aim to demonstrate effective, innovative, and sustainable green finance and green transformation approaches in these two countries to address these pressures. The ADB–PRC loan for the Anhui Huangshan Xin’an River Ecological Protection and Green Development project aims to help Huangshan municipality reduce water pollution in the Xin’an River Basin, which is part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The project is piloting innovative green financing mechanisms to reduce rural pollution and complement the ongoing interprovincial eco-compensation scheme while supporting green agroecological businesses through two interventions: the Green Investment Fund and the Green Incentive Mechanism. In Mongolia, ADB and the Government of Mongolia have developed two large-scale transformative projects using integrated design and innovative green financing mechanisms to leverage private sector investment: (i) Aimags and Soums Green Regional Development Investment Program, which aims to promote green urban–rural linkages, green agribusiness development, natural capital, rangeland regeneration, and soil carbon sequestration through the (ii) Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project, which aims to transform Ulaanbaatar’s vulnerable and substandard peri-urban areas into low-carbon, resilient eco-districts that provide access to green affordable housing.
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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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