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1
Gilmont, Michael. "Decoupling dependence on natural water: reflexivity in the regulation and allocation of water in Israel." Water Policy 16, no. 1 (September 17, 2013): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.171.
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Since 1999, Israel has secured a decoupling between the total water supplied and water derived from the natural environment through surface and groundwater. Between 2007 and 2010, this decoupling enabled a cut of over 20% in natural water use, while maintaining overall supply volumes despite drought. By 2009–2010, natural water supply had been reduced to the levels of the early 1960s. As seawater desalination contributed less than 10% to the total supply up to 2009, decoupling was achieved primarily through cross-sector efficiency and the recycling of urban effluent. This study uses the case of Israel to exemplify the challenges faced by semi-arid economies in achieving a gap between the upward trend in total national water use and local water withdrawn from natural resources. Decoupling will be shown to comprise two types. One type occurs when an economy ceases to be water self-sufficient. Another type is encountered when an economy has the capacity to remedy its over-exploitation of natural water. It will be shown that the first decoupling is non-contentious and non-politicised. The investments and reforms needed to bring about the second decoupling appear very demanding economically and very politically stressful.
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Helm, Dieter. "Thirty years after water privatization—is the English model the envy of the world?" Oxford Review of Economic Policy 36, no. 1 (2020): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grz031.
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Abstract The paper considers whether water privatization 30 years ago has delivered the promised superior performance to nationalization, which remains the dominant model in Europe. The paper sets out the arguments at privatization, in particular in relation to efficiency, the managerial incentives, the role of private-sector balance sheets in facilitating investment, and the impacts on the cost of capital. Alternative explanations of relative performance, notably the regulation model adopted, are highlighted, and the paper concludes by outlining an alternative model of water regulation which better marries up public responsibilities and private incentives.
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KOGDENKO, Vera G. "A methodology for sectoral analysis of the economy." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 200–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.2.200.
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Subject. The article analyzes sectors of the Russian economy, based on the Harvard Paradigm. Objectives. The purpose is to develop a sectoral analysis technique and test it on the Russian enterprises data. Methods. I employ general scientific principles and research methods, like abstraction, generalization of approaches of domestic and foreign authors on identification, development and analysis of sectors, and the industry analysis. Results. The presented technique for analyzing economic sectors includes three stages. At the first stage, I investigate basic conditions, namely factors (forces) of competition in the sector under study, profitability and risk, and special aspects of State regulation. At the second stage, I analyze the behavior of companies in the sector and assess the operational efficiency, investment and financial activity of enterprises. At the third stage, the indicators of value creation and dynamics of sector development are analyzed. The methodology was tested on data from enterprises in four sectors of the economy: primary (extraction of coal, oil, natural gas, etc.), secondary (production of chemicals, iron and steel production, etc.), tertiary (water, air, and space transport, etc.), and quaternary (development of computer software, activities in the field of information technology, R&D). Conclusions. I tested the hypothesis about the dynamics of economic sectors’ development based on calculations, and identified positive trends in the Russian economy, i.e. the faster growth of tertiary and quaternary sectors and their relatively high efficiency. As for negative trends, they include low investment activity of enterprises, posing a threat to economic growth.
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Vicente, Thales Tati Gonçalves, Elaise Gabriel, Ursula Maira Maciel Rigon, and Marlon Leão. "Energy labeling and the economic viability in residences of the project my house my life." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 24 (January 8, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117033949.
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The significant increase in the electricity consumption over the past decades by the residential sector has stimulated the creation of initiatives which are aiming the energy efficiency (EE). In addition to laws that were enacted in order to increase EE, it was launched in 2012 the Quality Technical Regulation for Energy Efficiency Level of Residential Buildings (RTQ-R), which it sets parameters to be followed in the labeling of an Autonomous Housing Unit (UH). This research had as objective proposes alternatives to increase the energy efficiency level of a residential complex named My House My Life (Minha Casa Minha Vida - MCMV). Moreover, it was calculated the construction costs and evaluated the economic viability of the investment. Thus, it was evaluated the envelope and the water heating system through prescriptive method. The obtained results classified the current housing as D level and showed that a few changes are needed to reach the level A. Through thermal energy simulation it was determined by the new classification a reduction of 2/3 in electricity consumption. The increase in the construction costs to achieve the level A is lower than the cost savings over the building's lifetime. Currently, the Selic rate of 14.25% unfeasible the investment due to the opportunity cost, becoming feasible with the kWh cost higher than R$ 0.97 or with basic interest rates lower than 9.5%.
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Natalia Olijnyk and Iryna Krylova. "SELECTION OF THE OPTIMUM MODEL OF MANAGEMENT IN WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SPHERE OF UKRAINE." Science Review, no. 5(22) (June 30, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_sr/30062019/6543.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of European models of water supply and wastewater management and their implementation in Ukraine. The authors review the classical models of EU water supply and water dsposal management: English, French and German, their historical and political roots, the theoretical basis. In parallel, the authors analyze the state policy in the sphere of water supply and wastewater of Ukraine, the principles of its formation and features, the current state of the sphere of water supply and wastewater, organizational and legal forms of water supply and wastewater enterprises. The article analyzes the current state of realization of public- private partnership in the field of water supply and wastewater with indication of existing contracts and contracts that have become invalid. It is proved that the difference between the water supply and wastewater companies of different management models in Ukraine is not marked, as the general state of the water supply and wastewater sector shows the existence of common problems characteristic of all enterprises. In particular, the ineffectiveness of tariff policies, depreciation of fixed assets, low quality of services, difficult financial condition, inadequate investment, etc. The authors discuss the possibilities of adaptation of classical management models in Ukraine and possible consequences. The article defines the institutional problems of the state policy of Ukraine in the sphere of water supply and wastewater, which influence the efficiency of the implementation and functioning of any model of management and regulation.
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Cova, Sónia, Carlos Andrade, Orlando Soares, and Jorge Lopes. "EVALUATION OF COST-OPTIMAL RETROFIT INVESTMENT IN BUILDINGS: THE CASE OF BRAGANÇA FIRE STATION, PORTUGAL." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 25, no. 5 (July 8, 2021): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.15082.
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Office buildings built before the entry into force of the first thermal regulation in 1991 constitute a relevant group for analysing the energy performance of the Portuguese building sector. A dynamic energy simulation was used to assess the energy performance of an existing office building located in the town of Bragança, Portugal. Four energy efficiency measures were selected and a financial evaluation through the internal rate of return (IRR) method was undertaken to choose the best retrofit option for improving the building’s energy performance. An investment package consisting of the roof insulation and a new equipment for the domestic hot water system presented an IRR higher than the discount rate used in the analysis, and, thus, a positive financial return. The results of the study also suggest that the EU’s comparative methodology framework is not particularly suitable for assessing building retrofit investment at the private investor’s perspective and further refinement in the cost-effective approach to renovations is needed to help stimulate building’s energy renovation market. Suggestions for further studies conducted for office buildings in the different climate zones in Portugal are also proposed.
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Ismatilloevich, Dustmurodov O. Ismatilloevich. "Purposeful Use of Location Tools in the Development of Regional Tourism." Financial Technology and Innovation 1, no. 1 (2022): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/fintech-i.010104.
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In this article, in the conditions of the formation of an innovative economy, on the basis of the development of regional tourism services, increasing economic efficiency, improving the tourism infrastructure, increasing its quality level, increasing the volume of services in tourism, increasing the contribution to the country's economy, further developing tourism services in the sustainable development of the economy, placing them in the development of the market of tourism services purposeful use of tools, further improvement of hotel business, attracting foreign and local investments to this process, creating new jobs in the service sector, providing socio-economic support to employees operating in tourism enterprises, as well as developing new types of services, digitalization of services, tourism resources targeted use, application of foreign experience in improving hotel business, use of "HR" services in development of tourism services, placement of vos to increase income from tourism, based on the opinions of economists and experts on the development of tourism services, the development trends of the tourism industry through methods such as analysis and synthesis, observation, grouping, comparative analysis, systematic approach, operational research, statistics and economic analysis creation of a customer base in the means of designation, placement, use of clusters in the development of hotel business, scientific and methodological approach to the regulation of the tourism services market are presented
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Jakob, Martin, York Ostermeyer, Claudio Nägeli, and Christian Hofer. "Overcome data gaps to benchmark building stocks against climate targets related to the EU taxonomy and other decarbonisation initiatives." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012042.
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Abstract National disclosure regulation is more and more flanked by stricter requirements of climate reporting. Industry stakeholders with more than 250 employees will for example be required to report on the share of their CAPEX and OPEX that is in line with the 2050 climate targets of the EU. Financial institutions are required to declare how much of their investment is in 2050 target compatible assets. Investment in buildings is an important part of such reporting and there is need of a robust approach and method to be used. The presented project developed such an approach. With reference to the work of the EU Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance and the Climate Bond Initiative (CBI), generally applicable criteria for buildings have been determined and calculated for the example of Switzerland. They are based on a best-in-class approach. While the EU Technical Taxonomy refers to the top 15% of buildings in terms of primary energy demand, CBI uses CO2-emissions as a benchmark. To compare the current state of buildings sector with these criteria, a distributional building stock model is used, which also addresses the fact that the data availability on energy efficiency and climate compatibility of the building stock is unsatisfactory in many European countries including Switzerland. To be easily applicable in practice, the criteria are mainly based on two dimensions: on the one hand, on the requirements of codes (in Switzerland the model regulations of the Cantons, MuKEn) and widely used standards and labels (Minergie, GEAK), and on the other hand, on the energy sources used for the generation of space heat and hot water. The study shows that ecologically sustainable, climate-compatible building financing can always be assumed in Switzerland if one of the following two criteria are met for new buildings: multi-family, office or other non-residential buildings according to Minergie from 1998 on, MuKEn from 2000 on or GEAK B that use heat-pumps, wood, pellets or solar energy. Or, any building with Minergie from 2009 on label, MuKEn 2014 or GEAK A that use heat pumps, wood, pellets, solar energy or district heating based on non-fossil energy. In the context of increased pressure on resources, it is important to acknowledge the climate-compatibility of older buildings as well (and to not only consider newly which would generate a bias towards resource intensive building of new houses).
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Khan, S., T. Rana, and Munir A. Hanjra. "A whole-of-the-catchment water accounting framework to facilitate public–private investments: an example from Australia." Water Policy 12, no. 3 (November 9, 2009): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.027.
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Often, information on spatial water use efficiencies in a whole-of-the-catchment context does not exist or does not feed into the water policy process to guide investments. Significant gains in water use efficiency are achievable but the water savings are often assumed rather than identified systematically. This paper used a whole-of-the-catchment water accounting framework to identify the main pathways to enhance water use efficiency, taking the Murrumbidgee catchment in the Murray–Darling Basin in Australia as an example. The results show that large amounts of water remain unaccounted for in the river system account; the true water losses occur in the nearfarm and onfarm zones, most of which can be saved cost effectively. The catchment water accounting procedure thus offers a useful framework for bringing unaccounted/lost water flows into human and environmental uses, for enhancing water use efficiency, for targeting investments to the water system components with the largest potential gains in efficiency, and for garnering private sector investments to realize true water savings. The pro-investment technical and institutional, as well as governance and policy, interventions to revamp private sector participation in water infrastructure are articulated.
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Lemss, Ivo, and Una Libkovska. "THE METHODOLOGY FOR THE CREATION OF AN ADAPTED MODEL FOR THE TRANSITION TO THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY FOR THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES OF LATVIA IN A LONG TERM PERSPECTIVE." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 16, 2021): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol1.6518.
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Research will focus on investments for the development of the company. Transition to the circular economy is understood in many cases only as an unnecessary obstacle, not as the new business model. Production based on the linear model "take, make, dispose of" is not possible anymore based on decreased environmental quality. Increased production efficiency could help promote the company's prestige, gain tax allowances, create optimistic co-operation with the state, municipality, and maintain sustainability in terms of the balance achieved between economic, environmental and social interests. Although the research until now is in an early stage, the research purpose is to create an adapted model for the implementation of the circular economy for the small and medium enterprises (from now on – SMEs) of Latvia in a long-term perspective. Research will focus on the following qualitative data analysis methods – SWOT, factor, economic contribution, structured interviews at expert level, overall structured interview in the form of the questionnaire. From quantitative methods, hierarchical cluster or partial cluster method will be used in this research, analysing 3966 organisations in the Eco-Management and audit scheme (from now on – EMAS) at the European level that ensure compliance with the essential environmental requirements under EMAS Regulation No.1221/2009 . Until now within the research, the number of EMAS organisations have been selected between 29 different countries (total number of observations) in 5 sectors (energy, water, waste management, food industry, port terminals), allowing to make the cross-country comparison and describe the involvement level of EMAS in each country. Before using the cluster method, it is essential to assess the cluster trend and whether the cluster method is suitable for research data. The next step will involve using a hierarchical cluster or partial cluster method (a certain number of clusters will be created). It is necessary to use different techniques to evaluate and interpret the created cluster results in future work. Until now, the main conclusion from the literature study is that Latvia has no organisation registered under EMAS and the term "circular economy" is a prevalent trend nowadays worldwide, which can be justified with 114 different terms of the circular economy. Expected results will be the following – issued new criteria for SMEs, issued the adapted model and issued recommendations and suggestions for developing the eco-innovation market.
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Cambini, Carlo, Raffaele Congiu, and Golnoush Soroush. "Regulation, Innovation, and Systems Integration: Evidence from the EU." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071670.
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Energy systems integration (ESI) provides a holistic view of the electricity, gas, and heat sectors, which allows the identification and delivery of system solutions that lead to an overall cost efficiency while granting the reliability of the energy system. In this paper, we search for evidence of investments in ESI in the EU to assess whether policymakers are incentivizing its adoption adequately. To do so, we examine how innovation is being fostered in the energy sector in six EU countries by looking at the incentives provided by each country’s regulatory system. We look for evidence on investments in ESI-enabling technologies or ESI projects. We find a variety of approaches towards incentivizing innovation, which range from regulation-driven to government-driven ones. Preferences for different technologies emerge on a per-country basis. Nevertheless, what appears as most striking is the low level of investments throughout the six countries, both for ESI-enabling technologies and ESI projects. Although ESI’s role in the EU’s green transition has been recognized, there is still a need for technological and policy solutions to foster its adoption.
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KOZINA, GORAN, and K. L. FROLINA. "STATE REGULATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR OF UKRAINE." Economic innovations 20, no. 2(67) (June 20, 2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.2(67).37-47.
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Topicality. The volumes of investments into the Ukrainian economy remain low due to the unfavorable investment climate, which is created due to imperfect legislative framework, undeveloped stock market and financial and credit system, strong tax pressure, inefficient use of depreciation, significant level of shadowing, and also low level of transformation of population savings in investments, uneven distribution of investments, both among priority, strategically important branches, and between regions of Ukraine. This leads to the conclusion about the need to improve the state regulation of investment activity in the construction sector of Ukraine, taking into account the experience of developed countries. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical, methodological and practical applications, which should justify the implementation of state regulation of investment development of the construction industry on the basis of defining the general purpose in the form of activating sustainable innovation and investment development and strategic and tactical implementation measures with horizontal and vertical links types and taking into account the mutual influence of construction and other types of economic activity. Research results. The unsatisfactory situation in the country's construction industry is the result of serious system failures in the strategy of its development. The most pressing problem remains the development of a strategy that will greatly contribute to the intensification of sustainable innovation and investment development of the construction complex through the implementation of the following main development goals: ensuring a sufficiently high rate of economic development of the construction complex through efficient investment activities; stimulating the introduction of innovations and information technologies; improvement of approaches to state regulation of investment and construction processes. Measures to implement these main objectives are to increase the financial stability and solvency of the enterprises of the construction complex in the process of investment activity; an increase in the volume of finished construction products by defrosting unfinished objects; technological reorganization with the predominant use of combined production; increase of energy and economic efficiency; diversification of sources of financing of the industry; intensification of investment and construction processes in housing construction; development of public-private partnership. Conclusions. The proposed scientific principles of state regulation of investment activity in the Ukrainian construction industry make it possible to intensify investment processes in the construction sector and promote the development of a number of related industries and, as a consequence, strengthen the state economically.
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Qureshi, M. Ejaz, R. Quentin Grafton, Mac Kirby, and Munir A. Hanjra. "Understanding irrigation water use efficiency at different scales for better policy reform: a case study of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia." Water Policy 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.063.
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This paper examines water use efficiency and economic efficiency with a particular focus on the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia and the stated policy goal of increasing environmental flows of water in the Basin. The different measures of efficiency are explained, and their implications for water reform and the efficacy of market based approaches to addressing the water scarcity issues and environmental flow needs are explored. Public policies to subsidize investments for improvements in irrigation efficiency are shown not to be currently cost effective compared to alternatives, such as buying water through water markets. The implications of these findings, and the factors that determine the demand for irrigation water by competing uses, can guide policy makers undertaking water reforms in the agricultural sector to mitigate the environmental consequences of overuse of water resources.
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Krylova, I. I. "Water supply and wastewater sector as state regulation object." Public administration aspects 6, no. 9 (October 17, 2018): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151849.
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The sphere of water supply and sewage is directly related to a human and society life including a certain creation of life conditions with satisfaction of the immediate needs of a person, and so on. Despite the time, era, change of historical conditions, ideology and culture, the need for water and services is associated with its constant. Just the state policy, goals and tasks of public authorities aimed at regulation of this sphere are changing. The state regulation in any sphere of economic relations is the influence of the state through the normative legal acts adoption, regulations and compliance control including the control by the subjects of the legislation sphere, and application of coercive measures in case of violation of these requirements. In this article, the author considers the water supply and drainage sphere as an object of state regulation, and analyzes the definition of the concept in this field, which is disclosed in various sources, as well as its components and characteristics, and methods of state regulation of the sphere. Formation and development of the water supply and water discharge sector of Ukraine took place as an integral part of housing and communal services. And only since 2002 the sphere of water supply and sewage became regulated by the separate Law of Ukraine «On Potable Water and Drinking Water Supply», which has defined the main concepts, subjects and objects of this phere, and the principles of state policy. While exploring the conditions of state regulated market economy transition, the principles of housing and communal services reform, the author analyzes the scope of water supply and drainage as a market for water supply and sewage services, and reveals its characteristic features. It is very important to identify the specific features inherent in the services of water supply and discharge – the demand inelasticity; dependence of the services supply on the availability of networks; availability of technological and infrastructure constraints in providing services; lack of any alternative to drinking water and water supply and sewage services; water supply and drainage are technologically separate processes carried out using various engineering systems. Paying no attention to the privileged position of natural monopoly entities providing centralized water supply and sewage services, the availability of production facilities, material and financial resources, a guaranteed market for sales of services and the lack of competition, the sphere of water supply and drainage (as well as the sphere of housing and communal services), unlike other branches of natural monopolies, is unprofitable. The statistical data in the field testify that today housing and communal services are the most technically backward sector of the economy with many accumulated problems. Reforms conducted at the state level do not provide the expected result. Until now, at the state level, there are no clearly formulated mechanisms for creating conditions, which would balance the interests of market participants, and protect the interests of consumers in providing them with good quality public services at reasonable prices, and create conditions for the effective functioning of natural monopoly entities, while attracting investments to the development of housing and communal services. And the fact that the water supply and sanitation sector is one of the most attractive in terms of reliability and investment return in the world practice, confirms the correctness of the chosen research direction.
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Keiser, David A., and Joseph S. Shapiro. "US Water Pollution Regulation over the Past Half Century: Burning Waters to Crystal Springs?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.51.
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In the half century since the founding of the US Environmental Protection Agency, public and private US sources have spent nearly $5 trillion ($2017) to provide clean rivers, lakes, and drinking water (annual spending of 0.8 percent of US GDP in most years). Yet over half of rivers and substantial shares of drinking water systems violate standards, and polls for decades have listed water pollution as Americans’ number one environmental concern. We assess the history, effectiveness, and efficiency of the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act and obtain four main conclusions. First, water pollution has fallen since these laws were passed, in part due to their interventions. Second, investments made under these laws could be more cost effective. Third, most recent studies estimate benefits of cleaning up pollution in rivers and lakes that are less than the costs, though these studies may undercount several potentially important types of benefits. Analysis finds more positive net benefits of drinking water quality investments. Fourth, economic research and teaching on water pollution are relatively uncommon, as measured by samples of publications, conference presentations, and textbooks.
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Berdyshev, A. "FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF MONETARY REGULATION IN RUSSIA." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 10 (November 28, 2019): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-10-170-175.
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Based on the analysis of the particularities of the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia in the period 2000-2018, an assessment of its effectiveness has been carried out and the main problems in the sphere of monetary regulation have been identified. It has been determined, that the Bank of Russia focuses solely on ensuring price stability, limits the availability of credit for enterprises in the real sector of the economy, which significantly reduces their development potential. It has been shown, that under the conditions of unjustified monetary policy rigidity, the efficiency of the banking system’s function of transforming savings into investments is reduced. Thus, the easing of the monetary policy by the Bank of Russia is considered as a necessary condition for the development of national production.
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Lindgaard-Jorgensen, Palle, Gert Holm Kristensen, and Martin Andersen. "Road Map Towards Zero Water Milk-processing Plants - Experiences from a Danish Public-Private Partnership." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v7i2.12893.
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A three-year public-private partnership project in Denmark, with participation of food and environment authorities, branch organizations, technology providers, universities and applied research organizations, mapped the water use and installed water-saving technologies in four cheese-producing dairy plants and a milk-processing plant with mixed dairy products.The objective of the work was: (i) to document that reuse of water in the participating milk processing plants did not compromise product safety, and (ii) to develop methodologies to select best technologies as well as monitoring and control procedures for milk processing.Different mapping approaches were tested: water meters with online data transmission, detailed mapping of all water uses and a mapping that focused on the water uses which were expected to have the largest water-saving potential.Based on the results of the water use mapping, water efficiency scenarios for the plants were developed, and solutions were selected according to their water-saving potential, applicability in the dairy sector, cost-efficiency and sustainability.Selected technologies were tested in full-scale in a number of dairy processes, including reuse and increased efficiency in utilities and cleaning operations, optimization and renewal of milk-processing operations, reuse of permeate from RO filtration for concentration of whey and reuse of dairy waste water in utility functions. The investment costs for the installation of technologies were recorded as well as the actual water savings, energy savings and savings in labour time. The savings were substantial and could pay back the investment costs, often in less than a year - with the longest payback time being five years.A branch code was developed by the partnership providing guidance for water reuse in the dairy industry, including HACCP, monitoring and control procedures for reuse of water in CIP and other dairy processes and for storage and reuse of water from whey and milk concentration. A dairy, which applies the guidance and regulations in the branch code and adopts a combination of the technologies tested by the partnership, may save up to 60% of its present water use. The partnership also led to a vision for a zero water dairy, which would require; however, that new technologies and regulations would be developed and tested.
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Estruch-Juan, Elvira, Enrique Cabrera, María Molinos-Senante, and Alexandros Maziotis. "Are Frontier Efficiency Methods Adequate to Compare the Efficiency of Water Utilities for Regulatory Purposes?" Water 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041046.
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Frontier efficiency methods have been recurrently used in the water sector to assess the performance of water utilities. These methods are also used for yardstick regulation, with greater efficiency being sought by creating competition between the utilities, which can have an impact on decision-making processes, such as tariff setting. This study analyzes the adequacy and limitations of these methods for regulatory purposes, particularly how they deal with data uncertainty and their capacity to manage large number of variables. In order to achieve this, two representative methods—a nonparametric technique (data envelopment analysis) and an econometric one (stochastic frontier analysis)—are applied to an audited sample of 194 water utilities. Results will show that the results from the methods may not be considered conclusive in the water sector and their application should be carried out with considerable reservations.
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Ferro, Gustavo, and Carlos A. Romero. "Setting performance standards for regulation of water services: Benchmarking Latin American utilities." Water Policy 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2011): 607–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.042.
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The aim of this study is to estimate both stochastic and mathematical programming efficiency cost frontiers for the Latin American water sector, by means of econometric and Data Envelopment Analysis techniques, using the ADERASA database. ADERASA is the Latin American association for water regulators, which has made a systematic job of data collection, among other initiatives. This study fills a gap in the understanding of relative efficiency in the Latin American water sector, using a consistent database. First, we present a survey of the empirical literature related to cost and production frontiers in the water and sanitation sector. Second, once alternative specifications were chosen, models have been estimated and environmental variables included in an exploratory way. The coefficients have the expected signs and plausible values. Some consistency between methodologies is found. This paper yields two results. The better knowledge of the underlying cost (or production) model is a first step to using benchmarking as a regulatory tool. The policy implications are relatively straightforward. With benchmarking technology it is possible to coordinate the action of different regulators, each with their own asymmetry of information. The key is setting indicative standards which constitute the basis of further discussion.
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Araral, Eduardo. "Improving effectiveness and efficiency in the water sector: institutions, infrastructure and indicators." Water Policy 12, S1 (March 1, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.010.
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This special edition is devoted to the theme of water institutions, infrastructure and performance indicators and how they matter to the effectiveness and efficiency of the water sector. It explores many questions which have not been adequately addressed in the literature. For example, what do we know about institutional reforms in the water sector? Can regulation improve the performance of government-controlled water utilities? What explains the choices amongst governance mechanisms in the water sector? How do political institutions affect water sector performance? How do we construct an index of drinking water adequacy? Can the media influence the formation of beliefs about the “yuck” factor in water reuse? Empirical examples are drawn from various countries and regions around the world. Contributors include economists, sociologists, political scientists, consultants, water policy professionals and staff of donor agencies. The methodological approaches employed range from meta-analyses, comparative analyses, content analyses, statistical and econometric analyses, as well as single case studies.
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Berndtsson, Justyna Czemiel, and Kenji Jinno. "Sustainability of urban water system: examples from Fukuoka, Japan." Water Policy 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.064.
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Urban water management policy in Japan, with examples from Fukuoka city, is described and the potential for sustainability of Fukuoka's urban water system is discussed. A framework of the qualitative characteristics of a sustainable system (including social, environmental and economic factors) is developed and used in the analyses presented here. The Fukuoka example shows that technically advanced solutions for use of reclaimed water and rainwater in buildings can be practically and economically feasible. Regarding the organization it is shown that the wastewater sector has a somewhat lower status than the water sector. It is argued that merging the water and wastewater sectors could stimulate the development of a holistic approach to urban water management, contribute to increasing resources availability for the wastewater sector and, in this way, the overall sustainability of the urban water system. Tackling water shortages through controlling water demand, investments in increasing water distribution efficiency and utilization of reclaimed water and rainwater in Fukuoka are all in line with increasing sustainability of the urban water system.
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Filobokova, Lyudmila Yu, and Alexandra Yu Zhdankina. "State and directions of development of the industrial sector of the Sakhalin Region of the Russian Federation." Economic Consultant 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46224/ecoc.2021.1.3.
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Introduction. This study is relevant in connection with the search for new points of development of the Sakhalin Region in new sectors of the economy that are not related to the mineral wealth exports model of the economy. The purpose of the paper is to assess the state of the industrial sector in the Sakhalin Region and consider the directions of its development. Materials and Methods. Federal Acts and other regulations of the Russian Federation, data from Rosstat; papers in periodicals on economics, management, and regional studies were used. Results. According to a number of indicators characterizing the state of the economy, the Sakhalin Region occupies a leading position not only in the Far Eastern Federal District but also in the entire country. In 2019, the index of industrial production in the Sakhalin Region decreased by 4%, in particular, the index of production in mining in 2019 decreased by almost 5%. At the same time, about 90% of this type of activity falls on the oil and gas sector. The growth rates of mineral extraction are declining against the background of the growth of other industries: manufacturing (112.7%), electric power, etc. (104.5%), water supply (165%). Discussion and Conclusion. A high level of depreciation of fixed assets of enterprises requires the activation of investment processes for their renewal and modernization. High investment activity is required, which will have a positive impact on the efficiency of production processes. It is necessary to increase the level of graduates training at the institutions of higher, secondary, and primary vocational education due to their insufficient practical training using modern equipment, and bad command of advanced technologies.
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Olujobi, Olusola Joshua. "Legal Analysis of the Deregulation of the Nigerian Downstream Petroleum Industry and Proposal for Development." International Journal of Environmental Sustainability and Green Technologies 12, no. 2 (July 2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesgt.2021070104.
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The study seeks to explore the need for deregulation of the downstream sector of the Nigerian petroleum industry and to address the various inefficiencies in the sector to promote adequate supply of petroleum products in Nigeria. The aim is to enhance efficiency in the sector through institutional and regulatory reforms, to promote healthy competition by making reference to the experiences of other relatively advanced jurisdictions to refocus and strengthen Nigeria's downstream Petroleum sector's regulations. The work adopts a conceptual approach relying on extant literature with the application of the doctrinal legal research method. The study also makes use of primary and secondary sources of laws such as statutory and judicial authorities. A key finding is the overbearing presence of the federal government in the sector and inappropriate pricing of petroleum products which have made the sector unattractive to investors to establish private refineries that will guarantee adequate supply of petroleum products and fair returns on their investments due to excessive regulation.
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Kovshun, N., V. Kostrychenko, V. Solodkyy, O. Savytska, N. Kushnir, and L. Malanchuk. "Methodological aspects of determining the economic efficiency of environmental management." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1126, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1126/1/012017.
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Abstract Methodical approaches to calculating the economic efficiency of natural resources use are considered. The characteristics of water services regulation in Ukraine are given. Economic indicators of regional development in the Vistula River basin are investigated. The dynamic analysis of revenues for special water use and expenditures for water resources in the Vistula River basin is carried out. Revenues to the state and local budgets were investigated in terms of rent payments, environmental tax, rent and special use of fish and other aquatic bioresources. To calculate the economic efficiency, the state expenditures under the budget program “Operation of the state water management complex and water resources management” in the Vistula River basin area were used. The obtained indicator was improved by taking into account the environmental component. Expenditures in the context of capital and current investments from the state and local budgets for environmental programs in the field of water resources protection were analyzed. The indicator of reduced costs for water resources in 2020 is formed. It is proposed to assess economic efficiency through the indicator of the level of coverage of the reduced costs of water resources.
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Ratna Reddy, V., N. Jayakumar, M. Venkataswamy, M. Snehalatha, and Charles Batchelor. "Life-cycle costs approach (LCCA) for sustainable water service delivery: a study in rural Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.062.
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This paper illustrates the usefulness of the life-cycle costs approach (LCCA) framework and methodology in addressing slippage and sustainability issues in the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector in the State of Andhra Pradesh (AP), India. Source sustainability, poor operation and maintenance and water quality are the main reasons for slippage in India. The paper examines the actual cost of provision in 43 villages spread over two agro-climatic zones by cost components that cause slippage and identifies the gaps in (public) investments and how these gaps are responsible for poor, inequitable and unsustainable service delivery. The analysis brings out clearly that government expenditure on WASH is almost exclusively capital expenditure on infrastructure while other important cost components like planning and designing, capital maintenance, source sustainability, water quality, etc., receive little or no allocation. The key message of the paper is that allocations to rural drinking water sector are low at the design and implementation stage but more ends up being spent due to ad hoc interventions and funding allocations for rural water are distorted. It is argued that adoption of LCCA would enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of budget allocations to the drinking water sector.
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OHIIENKO, Mykola, Alla UZHVA, and Yurii LIUBAROV. "INNOVATIVE DIRECTIONS OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF STATE REGULATION IN THE REGIONAL TOURIST SPHERE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-3-24.
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Introduction. From an economic point of view, the tourism industry is a sector that can provide a high income for relatively small investments in innovative tourism. Over the past 10-15 years, Ukraine has experienced negative trends associated with the decline of industrial areas, the outflow of labor abroad, unstable government policy, which, in turn, has affected tourism. However, despite this, the service sector is one of the promising areas of economic development of Ukraine. The purpose of this article is research of innovative directions of increasing the efficiency of state regulation in the regional tourist sphere. Results. The article analyzes the tourist flows of Mykolaiv region, which allow so identify general trends in the development and interest of potential consumers of tourist services in the visited areas and general trends in the activity of tourists – citizens of Ukraine going abroad. The general analysis of tourist flows of the Mykolaiv area for 2000-2017 is carried out that exacerbates a problem of necessity of effective directions development of the regional tourist sphere taking into account regional peculiarities and problems of development of innovative processes in the tourist sphere. Conclusions. The current legal framework governing the activities of business entities in the market of tourist services in Ukraine is not perfect, it contains a significant contradiction between the priorities and objectives of state tourism policy, it is characterized by a certain declarativeness, which is not supported by appropriate mechanisms to stimulate the development of domestic tourism business in general and foreign tourism in particular. Most legal regulations governing tourism are not properly enforced, which hampers the solution of many complex problems in the tourism industry. Measures to improve the regulatory framework should be aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development of domestic tourism business and real economic mechanisms to stimulate the development of the tourism industry. Key words: tourism, recreation, market of tourist services, innovations of tourism, infrastructure, tourist streams, strategy.
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Caliman, Tiziana, and Paolo Nardi. "Technical efficiency drivers for the Italian water industry." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 1 (July 2010): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2010-001008.
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The aim of this work is to introduce a first analysis concerning the relevance that ownership and financial structure, but also market dimension and business portfolios, have on the technical efficiency of Italian water utilities. Even though scholars have provided information on the influence of some dimensional or geographical variables, mono-utility character or ownership on efficiency, no paper, to the best of our knowledge, has ever considered the presence of all these hedonic variables as efficiency shifters or drivers. Antonioli and Filippini (2001) have not included ownership; Benvenuti and Gennari (2008) have included ownership and multi-utility strategy, but excluded the geographical dimension; Fabbri and Fraquelli (2000) have not included geographical location, business strategy or ownership; furthermore, most analyses of the Italian water sector have focused on the ATO level (investments, labour costs) and not on utility performances. We have estimated four heteroskedastic stochastic production frontiers: two different parametric models, where the hedonic dummy mono is either in the model as an additional variable or it is used to parameterize the variance of the inefficiency term; two competitive statistical formulations have also been introduced to specify the inefficiency component distribution, that is, the half normal and the exponential distributions. The most important findings of this paper can be summarized as follows. The labour, capital and other input elasticities are always highly significant, positive and quite stable in all the performed models, as expected for a well-behaved production function. The main results show that the mono-business strategy is not efficient; at the same time, operating water and sewerage together implies higher efficiency than water- only management. Theoretically, the population density can have an ambiguous effect on efficiency: on one hand, it could be more expensive to serve dispersed customers, but, on the other, it could generate congestion problems. It could be argued that the second effect prevails, therefore a higher density is accompanied by a higher inef- ficiency. The analysis points out that the variance of the idiosyncratic term is a function of the size of the firm, which is measured as the number of connected properties; the null hypothesis, that the firms use a constant returns-to-scale technology, has also been rejected. Considering the 1994 reform, it is possible to state that the integration of water and sewerage has substantially been positive; at the same time, the economies of scale and the ambiguity of density justify the division into provincial basins. The role of the private sector in the water industry, in agreement with previous literature, has neither a positive nor a negative impact on efficiency and ownership is simply not influent [obviously the quality of service should be considered, although the same indifference seems to emerge (Dore et al., 2001)]. Southern Italy suffers from a higher degree of inefficiency (also recently confirmed by Svimez, 2009), and this is probably the most important issue that has to be dealt with, because of the risks of drought and watering bans in those Regions during summer.
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Klychova, Guzaliya, Alsou Zakirova, Renata Mannapova, Kseniya Pinina, and Yuliya Ryazanova. "Assessment of the efficiency of investing activities of organizations." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 02075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911002075.
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Investments are the key to the systematic improvement of the economic situation within the country, both at the stage of economic enterprises and in the social environment. The main factor in the enlargement of economy within agriculture sector is increasing the proficiency of investing activities, strengthening the role of the state in the regulation of agricultural activities while maintaining the level of optimal interaction with the free market; reducing production costs; formation and development of marketing strategy; enhancing environmental safety and estimate in the agriculture; and overcome the variation of prices for agricultural and industrial goods. The foundation of investing activities is the timely receipt of an accurate and reliable information about the magnitude of resources’ investment by objects of agricultural practices. Key performance indicators are the basis of a balanced system that determines the methods of formation of these indicators. The object of the research consists in theoretical justification and developing the calculation method characterizing enterprise investing activities. Abstract-logical, monographical, statistical and economical, and examining methods were used while conducting the present research. The materials of domestic and foreign scholars addressed to the problems of developing balanced system of values served as methodological and theoretical background. The key performance indices are the basis of the balanced system of values, hence they should be formed by using the methods of the indicated system. It is recommended in the article that the assessment of investing activities should involve calculating the data characterizing the social activity of an enterprise. Besides, according to the article, the assessment of investing activities in relation to “Personnel and systems” area should be accomplished by using the data concerning the efficiency of human capital investments, the index of expected expertise, and the business reputation of human capital. The assessment of investing activities conducted in respect of “Finance” area should include calculation of the means allocated by enterprise for construction of disposal facilities, the amounts to be invested into environment protection facilities, investments into community, the funds allocated to support cultural and historical units as well as housing and public service facilities, and the funds used in order to support the events of social importance.
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KAHSAY, TEWODROS NEGASH, ONNO KUIK, ROY BROUWER, and PIETER VAN DER ZAAG. "THE ECONOMY-WIDE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE NILE BASIN: A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH." Climate Change Economics 08, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201000781750004x.
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A multi-country, multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is employed to evaluate the economy-wide impacts of climate change under the IPCC’s A2 and B1 scenarios and existing irrigation development plans in the Nile basin. The study reveals that climate change adversely affects mainly downstream Egypt and to a lesser extent Sudan, while it results in a limited impact in the upstream countries Ethiopia and the Equatorial Lakes region, where irrigated agriculture is still limited. The economic consequences for Egypt are especially substantial if the river basin countries pursue a unilateral irrigation development strategy. In order to prevent water use conflicts and ease water scarcity conditions, a cooperative water development strategy is needed as well as economic diversification in favor of less water-intensive sectors, combined with investments in water-saving infrastructure and improved irrigation efficiency.
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Абдулмуталибов and Ragim Abdulmutalibov. "DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX: THE CHALLENGE OF 2014." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 4 (December 25, 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7722.
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In conditions when against the Russian Federation economic sanctions are imposed, it is especially important to intensify work on attraction of investments and counteraction to outflow of the capital from the country. The energy industry as the turbulent situation with presence of such giants as Exxon Mobil Corporation in Russia showed, the unprecedented contract with the Chinese party on construction of the Force of Siberia gas pipeline, cooperation with French "Total", remains to one of the most investment and attractive branches of economy cooperation in which has strategic and long-term character. In present difficult conditions for realization of policy of attraction and deduction of investments into the Russian energy industry it is obviously necessary to pay attention, first of all, to effective use of instruments of state regulation. Considering strategic character of energy industry for Russia and importance of high efficiency, the attracted investments for domestic economy, it is necessary to provide as it was told above, balance of interests of the state and the attracted investors. Increase of efficiency of state regulation of foreign investment and investment activity in energy industry has to consider two macroeconomic conditions. In - the first, this creation of the friendly environment for the investor who came to fuel and raw sector of a national economy of the country guaranteeing protection of interests and minimizing risks of the investor. Secondly, it is necessary to displace emphasis on investment into adjacent sectors of energy industry. It is reached by interindustry transfer of investments (capital) on the enterprises occupied with profound processing of initial natural raw materials on the one hand and also in productions which provide organizational and technical, logistic and material deliveries of products for fuel and raw spheres on the other hand. The country with economies in transition accepting foreign investments is faced by an important task to define an optimum ratio of the foreign and national capital which will allow to accelerate its development and to avoid negative consequences of foreign investment. Need to control inflow of the foreign capital to the country is obvious, and for effective management of economy it is necessary to improve important legislative base, to create system of monitoring of direct foreign investments in which the branch and regional orientation of direct foreign investments has to be analyzed. Performance and observance of these conditions will demand a complex of regulatory measures, development and which acceptance depends on harmonious cooperation and actions of the external economic, antimonopoly and tax administration of the Russian state.
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Gryzunova, Natalie, Kirill Vedenyev, Victoria Manuylenko, Igor Keri, and Michał Bilczak. "Distributed Energy as a Megatrend of Audit of Investment Processes of the Energy Complex." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 9225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239225.
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The global trend is constantly increasing investments in strategic sectors of the economy, for example the electric power industry, which, in many countries, is becoming diversified and dispersed due to the multitude of entities investing in energy production and renewable resources, which leads to an increase in the heterogeneity of investment decisions. There is an urgent need to control the movement of investments, budget funds, as well as their development in the process of implementing investment programs of energy companies. The control of the movement of investments is the most promising direction of studying the subject of finance and audit. The increasing volume of public and private targeted investments in the energy sector and the lack of control over the effectiveness of investment projects (since each program contains several thousand lists of projects) necessitated the introduction of additional regulation of budget spending. The development of a mathematical apparatus for such regulation led to the creation in the Russian Federation of an institute of an independent public technological and price audit (TPA). The TPA is seen as a mechanism to ensure an effective project evaluation and selection process. This article describes methodological improvements using power system optimization models. The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System (TIMES) was developed as part of the Energy Technology Systems Analysis Program of the IEA-ETSAP, an international community that uses long-term energy scenarios to conduct in-depth energy and environmental analyzes. This approach includes two different but complementary systematic approaches to energy modeling: an engineering approach and an economic approach. The same approach is used when conducting a TSA, when an investment object is evaluated as a set of technological and price parameters. The article considers a model of resource allocation in the energy sector and a mechanism for using TPA for investment projects with state participation in a natural monopoly. An approach to the financial and long-term distribution of investments of electric power companies based on the search for a balance of interests of the supplier and consumer and available energy sources is proposed. A model has been developed to find the optimal plan of technical solutions, taking into account the balance of the possibilities of the electric power industry and the needs of the economy. The relevance of the article is due to the requirements of investment efficiency, since the prevailing share in the costs is occupied by the costs of equipment and the construction of power plants.
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Koval, Viktor. "State regulation of energy security in national economy." Economics, ecology, socium 2, no. 3 (November 14, 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2018.2.3-6.
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Introduction. In the conditions of dependence on the imported energy resources there is a problem of ensuring stability of the energy industry with counteraction to changes of the ambient and a possibility of reacting to actions for providing competitive positions and advantages of the state. A number of problems in energy industry need a support of necessary level of the energy security on the basis of providing own extraction with volume reduction of imported energy resources, increasing of the national products’ competitiveness in the world markets, development of innovations and investments into energy efficient technologies. In such conditions, it’s important to apply actions for ensuring economic security of the energy sector through the creating of an efficient program for the protection of the national interests in the energy sector, which will contribute to the national economy development.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of article is a researching of energy security and developing actions for state regulation of energy security.
Research results. The article outlines the priority directions of the state policy on ensuring the energy sector development which are identified as a main risks and adverse factors of influence on functioning of energy industry of Ukraine. And the necessity of energy security systems formation at the state level is grounded. The perspective increasing directions of energy security are the establishment of more adapted to transformations system of state regulation with market self-regulation elements. The state regulation of energy security in conditions of high level internationalization of national economy should be aimed at the harmonization of its technological and institutional aspects which influence the development and implementation of energy technologies and projects related to renewable energy sources. The state regulation requires further active development of institutional conditions for use of alternative energy resources and energy saving based on renewable energy.
Conclusion. To provide energy security it is necessary to improve the complex program of its development which will involve wide use of state regulation methods as well as public-private partnership development so the support of the implementation of investment projects will be provided. The important aspect in development of energy engineering is ensuring its economic security which will allow to level possible threats of the industry and to provide requirements of fuel and energy complex and industry for a long term. Energy security should be directed towards increasing energy efficiency which will promote reducing imports and depending on the supply of energy resources by other countries. State regulation of energy security should ensure the rational use of the energy sector potential and stable functioning of the energetic supply system which includes: implementation of energy efficiency and energy saving policies; increase of investment in energy engineering; reduction of environmental impact and emissions.
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Richter, Karoline, Daniel Costa dos Santos, and Aloísio Leoni Schmid. "Efficiency Analysis of Water Conservation Measures in Sanitary Infrastructure Systems by Means of a Systemic Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 3055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073055.
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The challenges of urban water management and sanitary infrastructure (water supply (WSS), sewage (SS), urban drainage (UDS) systems) are increasingly frequent in Brazilian cities whether as a combined result of overcrowding and/or a lack governmental interest and hence investments, in the sector. Such an increase in environmental pressure reflects directly on population welfare and well-being related to the availability of drinking water, wastewater treatment, and access to effective drainage systems in order to minimize, or at least reduce, the occurrence of urban flooding and associated public health risks. Thus, alternatives with an integrated approach to urban water management are interesting to the reality of countries such as Brazil. The urban water use (UWU) model is a strategic planning tool with integrated way of thinking, which selects measures to mitigate the urban impacts in sanitary infrastructure and buildings. In this sense, the objective of this research is to apply the UWU model in a case study in Curitiba/Brazil to demonstrate the effect of the systematic approach and its intrinsic synergies in the systems in question, promoting water conservation in urban areas. The results are favorable to integrated systems with synergy use, evidencing quantitatively a greater efficiency in them.
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Kireeva, Anastasia Viktorovna, and Anna Nikolaevna Komarnitskaya. "Subsidies as a universal form of government support of companies in the real sector: grounds for provision." Финансы и управление, no. 1 (January 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2020.1.29600.
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The subject of this research is the grounds for providing budget subsidies to the companies of the real sector. Assessment was conducted on the correlation between subsidies given to the real sector for stimulating their development, and subsidies given to the private companies for performing state functions, including in the social sphere. The basis for the analysis consists in data from the laws on federal budget over the recent years, as well as federal targeted investment program and state programs enacted for the purpose of developing separate economic sectors. It is demonstrated that majority of subsidies given to legal entities go to companies carrying out tasks and functions of the government. The subsidies that are given for the purpose of compensating expanses of private companies performing state regulation of prices (tariffs) or rendering budgetary services to the population, are not of incentivizing nature. As a result, the procedures aimed at improving efficiency of budget spending, including selection of recipients on a competition basis, as well as subsequent assessment of efficiency and results of spending of budgetary allocations are not applicable to this category of subsidies. It is also demonstrated that fiscal legislation does not account for differences in grounds for provision of subsidies, which leads to their utilization as a universal instrument for transfer of allocations form public to private sector – alternatives to state tasks, procurement, investments, and lending.
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Shostak, Svetlana Nikolaevna. "PUBLIC REGULATION OF COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS: EXPERIENCE OF THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 11 (January 24, 2018): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i11.37.
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The article analyzes the effectiveness of the activities of internatio- nal financial organizations in the context of their cooperation with the countries of Eastern Europe. The article clarifies that financing by international financial organizations of the private sector of Eastern Europe creates preconditions for raising their economic and social efficiency and for creating not only collective but also social goods. The main goals of the Eastern European countries, financed by international financial organizations, are considered in detail.It is proved that the financing of the private sector of the Eastern European countries of the EBRD creates the preconditions for raising their economic and so- cial efficiency and for creating not only collective but also public goods. However, the implementation of these prerequisites depends on a sound economic policy of the country, the timely formation of a new institutional structure for the function- ing of the public sector, etc. It is noted that for the effective provision of this area of cooperation with the EBRD to the countries of Eastern Europe it is necessary:• facilitate the transition from the capital and labor-intensive export of indus- trial products to high-tech and innovative;• to provide state aid for the formation of foreign capital by creating special zones of export production with a favorable tax regime;• implement a planned approach to regulating the development of the national economy on the basis of optimization of the state procurement process, the forma- tion of subsidies and other forms of state regulation of investment activity, etc.It is noted that in general, the experience of cooperation of the countries of Eastern Europe with international financial organizations and for Ukraine is im- portant. After all, in Ukraine there are a number of political factors that hinder the development of foreign investments due to the non-adaptation of domes- tic enterprises to the world market conditions of cooperation. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to reorganize the structure of state management of industrial objects and to establish mechanisms for legislative regulation of this process.
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Shostak, Svetlana Nikolaevna. "PUBLIC REGULATION OF COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS: EXPERIENCE OF THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.72.
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The article analyzes the effectiveness of the activities of international financial organizations in the context of their cooperation with the countries of Eastern Europe. The article clarifies that financing by international financial organizations of the private sector of Eastern Europe creates preconditions for raising their economic and social efficiency and for creating not only collective but also social goods. The main goals of the Eastern European countries, financed by international financial organizations, are considered in detail.
It is proved that the financing of the private sector of the Eastern European countries of the EBRD creates the preconditions for raising their economic and social efficiency and for creating not only collective but also public goods. However, the implementation of these prerequisites depends on a sound economic policy of the country, the timely formation of a new institutional structure for the functioning of the public sector, etc. It is noted that for the effective provision of this area of cooperation with the EBRD to the countries of Eastern Europe it is necessary:
• facilitate the transition from the capital and labor-intensive export of industrial products to high-tech and innovative; • to provide state aid for the formation of foreign capital by creating special zones of export production with a favorable tax regime; • implement a planned approach to regulating the development of the national economy on the basis of optimization of the state procurement process, the formation of subsidies and other forms of state regulation of investment activity, etc.
It is noted that in general, the experience of cooperation of the countries of Eastern Europe with international financial organizations and for Ukraine is important. After all, in Ukraine there are a number of political factors that hinder the development of foreign investments due to the non-adaptation of domestic enterprises to the world market conditions of cooperation. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to reorganize the structure of state management of industrial objects and to establish mechanisms for legislative regulation of this process.
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Солоненчук, Іван Вікторович. "МЕХАНІЗМ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РИНКУ ЕНЕРГОРЕСУРСІВ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Series: Economic sciences 139, no. 5 (April 3, 2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2413-0117.2019.5.7.
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The article provides insights to describing specific features of government regulation of the energy market. The study offers an overview on the evolution of methods, forms and tools of government control of power supply system components across different countries. Domestic and international business practices bear evidence of a number of problems in government regulation which drives the search for their solution by building a new, more progressive model of energy market regulation, in particular, the configuration management model. This configuration regulation model contributes to more effective implementation of tools and methods of managerial intervention to the energy market at four levels: micro- (companies, households) and meso- (regional) – in shaping demand for certain types of energy resources; on meso- (sectoral) and macro- (national) – in building energy supply patterns. The effectiveness of the energy market configuration regulation model tools by their functional load is validated through a range of organizational measures (reduction of dependence on the oil and gas market; decommissioning of obsolete facilities; liberalization of the energy market in the area of distribution; further liberalization as to distributed energy generation); technological measures (building local networks with renewable sources generation; Smart Grid versions –"smart networks"; implementation of passive / active house standards; creating the electricity storage market); financial measures (attracting large investments in the energy sector; implementing project financing technologies to attract long-term investments from the banking system; launching special economic zones to reduce the tax burden on business entities within the framework of the government energy saving policy). The implementation of all these activities will enhance energy efficiency and energy saving systems, as well as contributes to attaining strategic benchmarks defined in the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2030.
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EFIMOVA, L. A. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 2 (2022): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2022-2-131-147.
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The implementation of the National Security Strategy imposes special requirements on the agricultural sector of the economy as the basis for ensuring the country’s food security. A comprehensive solution to the tasks set out in the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food markets is impossible without modernizing the drivers of development of sectoral economic growth. Under the conditions of sanctions and a pandemic, the Russian agricultural sector of the economy maintains positive growth dynamics, investment attractiveness, and the role of labor efficiency increases. The development of agribusiness, the growth of expenses for organizing a business, the slowdown in production by households require appropriate regulatory and support measures; investments in the agricultural sector of the economy should be targeted. Problem Statement. Modern conditions for ensuring food security have changed the drivers of economic growth in the agricultural sector of Russia. Results. The interaction and interdependence of the drivers of the development of the agricultural sector considered in the paper will make it possible to realize the directions of economic growth in Russia. Conclusions. Drivers of economic growth in the agricultural sector of Russia in 2022–2023 are creation of new jobs, human development, labor productivity growth, creation of comfortable working conditions, high-level processing, reducing output of low value-added products, digitalization.
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Ahmed, Wahhaj, Ayman Alazazmeh, and Muhammad Asif. "Energy and Water Saving Potential in Commercial Buildings: A Retrofit Case Study." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010518.
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The global building sector has great potential for energy savings. Retrofitting of existing buildings can effectively improve their energy and environmental sustainability. However, retrofitting is a complex task and requires proper Measurement & Verification (M&V) to validate the process for various building types and locations. Such M&V studies for commercial buildings in the studied region are missing and a critical gap exists. This paper addresses this gap by discussing the effectiveness of retrofit energy and water efficiency measures implemented in a commercial building in Saudi Arabia. At first, a thorough energy audit is conducted and then five Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) and a water conservation measure is implemented. A post-retrofit M&V exercise is conducted to measure and validate the savings along with respective economic benefits. The results indicate that the implemented EEMs reduced the building’s annual energy consumption by 27%. The overall compound payback period for the investments is found to be six years. The study successfully validates the energy and water savings achievable through retrofitting by presenting the first M&V case study of a post-retrofit commercial building in the country. Thus, it proves that implementation of EEMs and water saving measures are effective strategies to retrofit commercial buildings in the region.
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TSUR, YACOV, ARIEL DINAR, RACHID M. DOUKKALI, and TERRY ROE. "Irrigation water pricing: policy implications based on international comparison." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 6 (November 19, 2004): 735–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001494.
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This paper is concerned with the regulation of irrigation water via pricing. The main concepts underlying efficient water use are first discussed and then applied in actual practice to demonstrate empirically how readily available data can be used to implement pricing schemes that achieve efficient allocation of water. The policy discussion includes also equity considerations. The empirical findings, however, reveal that water prices have a small effect on income distribution within the farming sector, thereby supporting the view that water pricing should be designed primarily to increase the efficiency of water use, leaving income distribution considerations to other policy tools.
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Longarela-Ares, Ángeles, Anxo Calvo-Silvosa, and José-Benito Pérez-López. "The Influence of Economic Barriers and Drivers on Energy Efficiency Investments in Maritime Shipping, from the Perspective of the Principal-Agent Problem." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 7943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197943.
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Maritime transport stands out as a strategic sector; the increasing trend in maritime traffic makes it essential to reduce energy consumption and emissions through investment in energy efficiency. However, investments can be hindered by barriers, and drivers are necessary to reduce or overcome them and promote investment. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyze what factors influence investment decisions—and how they do so—when there are principal-agent problems in the shipowner–charterer relationship. The methodology is based on the following process: model and hypotheses formulation, variable definition, the creation of a study sample and statistical treatment through a descriptive analysis of variables and a binomial logistic regression model, all based on a state-of-the-art application. The results corroborate the hypotheses and indicate that principal-agent problems and split incentives, especially in time charter contracts, and a lack of verified information make the shipowners less likely to invest. Moreover, energy efficiency measures are less likely to be implemented in older vessels, possibly due to the difficulty associated with recovering the investment; they are more likely in larger and newer vessels, and regulation encourage their adoption. Furthermore, investment is more likely in vessels with verified information and high levels of both activity and harmful emissions. Improved knowledge in this field could help businesses and governments to act in a more sustainable manner, without detriment to an innovative and competitive sector.
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Rasburskis, Nerijus, Juozas Gudzinskas, and Jonas Gylys. "COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PRODUCTION: SOCIO‐ECONOMIC AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2006.9636369.
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The paper is based on the study of Lithuania facing the need for huge investments in both the replacement of the Ignalina nuclear power station and the replacement of district heating production units in many of the existing systems. Lithuania has a big technical potential for implementing small‐scale combined heat and power production (CHP) systems. Meanwhile, such implementation needs public regulation to become feasible not only from a socio‐economic, but also from a business economic point of view. The study focuses upon the analysis of methods for the incorporation of technical, economical and environmental considerations into large‐scale investment decision‐making in the energy sector. The research study could be a guideline for determination of national potential for high efficiency CHP not only from the technical, but both the economical and the environmental point of view. Based upon the results of the study investigation and analysis, areas for improvement in current energy sector investment decision-making processes are highlighted, and areas for further research are recommended.
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Grigg, Neil S. "Water Infrastructure: Does the US Need a National Policy?" Public Works Management & Policy 26, no. 3 (July 2021): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x211014654.
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Although its investment needs lag the dominant transportation category, water infrastructure addresses human needs at a foundational level because it plays public health and economic roles. Much of it is old and not likely to be replaced soon, so federal policy must focus on intergovernmental leadership to sustain vital dams, urban water systems, and natural systems. Fixing the federal responsibility requires attention to intergovernmental relations and the conflicting goals of investment and regulation. Regulatory reform is ongoing, and normally not amenable to political initiatives. Federal water policies for both investment and regulatory controls seem to be on a flat trajectory, which is expected because they have evolved over decades. These can be summarized as: maintain federal dams and levees, invest in small grants and leveraging funds for state and local governments, address water justice issues, and operate essential programs like flood insurance. Public health and safety concerns will continue to dominate, more than in other infrastructure sectors. The future of water investments will be to hold the course with occasional shifts to respond to emergencies and new opportunities, such as greater private sector involvement.
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Nyathikala, Sai Amulya, and Mukul Kulshrestha. "Performance and productivity measurement of urban water supply services in India." Water Supply 17, no. 2 (September 19, 2016): 407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.106.
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Water supply services in India are currently not regulated and remain essential monopolies under the strict control of government. These services are mostly perceived as inefficient, reflecting insufficient municipal revenue generations which result in loss-making municipalities that need to be subsidized by the government. The efficiencies and productivities remain largely unmeasured and undetermined, and therefore the perception of inefficient services is not backed by scientific studies. This paper therefore sets up a framework for measuring the performance and productivity of Indian water supply operations. The study utilizes panel data on 21 municipalities observed over the financial years 2005 and 2010, to analyze the relative efficiencies and productivity growths of utilities. Data envelopment analysis is used to obtain efficiency scores and productivity measures such as the Malmquist index. The results indicate the presence of large relative inefficiencies and decreasing productivity of water supply services over time, alluding to a failure to revise tariffs upwards despite increasing input costs over time, thereby driving the need for sector regulation and tariff revision in accordance with X-factors, which was found to have a mean value of 2.4% for possible price cap regulation in the sector. The paper highlights related policy implications.
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KLYMENKO, Kateryna, and Maksym SAVOSTIANENKO. "Formation of the system of strategic regulation of the market of non-bank financial services in Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2021, no. 4 (May 17, 2021): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2021.04.065.
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The article highlights the issues of development of non-bank financial institutions as subjects of the aggregate financial capacity of Ukraine and promising directions for increasing the efficiency of their operation. The authors give a comprehensive analysis of development problems accumulated in the process of restructuring the non-bank financial services market in Ukraine and identifies the main ways of their solution on the basis of the сcomprehensive Program of Ukrainian Financial Sector Development until 2025, of the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts Concerning the Improvement of Functions on State Regulation of Financial Services Markets”, etc. The paper also emphasizes the need for the adoption of the draft Law “On Financial Services and Financial Companies” № 5065 and related bills: “On Insurance” and “On Credit Unions”. To support the development of the non-banking sector, it is proposed to develop a draft Program for the development of the non-banking financial services market in Ukraine in the medium term, which should be strategically adjusted and based on a holistic integrative model of the rule of law and sectoral legal principles, financial services with relevant approved financial indicators. In particular, the program document should provide for the growth of the role of the market of non-banking financial services in the processes of redistribution of financial resources, their accumulation to solve priority government tasks; constant increase of its capitalization and expansion of the practice of attracting investments with the use of NBFU market instruments etc.
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Novaes, Carlos, and Rui Marques. "Attracting the Private Sector to Urban Stormwater: A Feasible Task or Just a Pipe Dream?" Water 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14142164.
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Private sector participation (PSP) in stormwater drainage and management systems is desirable for two reasons: firstly, for its capacity to contribute resources, allowing existing public budgets to be used for other purposes, and secondly for its capacity to introduce management efficiency. Despite the apparent simplicity of this conceptualization, in practice, such participation does not occur simply out of a desire to improve service delivery. Private and public partners have their interests, which are, on the private side, the profit margins and deadlines for return on investments, and on the public side, representing society, the obligations of equity, universality, continuity, and the sustainability of service provision and infrastructure. Reconciling these often-contradictory aspects requires complex and sophisticated political, institutional, organizational and regulatory structures aligned to provide incentives, resources, and involves everyone. Without exhausting the subject, this article addresses several aspects related to the attractiveness and participation of private initiatives in urban stormwater management and discusses some international examples with a special focus on Brazil.
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Wackerbauer, Johann. "Regulation and Privatisation of the Public Water Supply in England, France and Germany." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 8, no. 2 (June 2007): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359170700800201.
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Faced with liberalisation proposals and an increasing internationalisation of water resource management, the question arises as to how a change of the regulatory framework in Germany would affect the market structure and the supply conditions in this area. The water supply companies in Germany have invested ca. €2.5 billion annually to achieve a high technical standard, which has resulted in high cost increases and price hikes. It is thus presumed that there is a high rationalisation potential for the municipal water suppliers. The questions of economic efficiency and the participation of private providers in the water supply have increasingly gained importance. A liberalisation of the water supply can take place in different ways; the concrete basic features depend on what regulations the market for drinking water is or should be subject to and in what way and to what extent the private sector is involved into the organisation of water supply. In the EU-15, the only country where the provision of operational services in the water supply has been totally passed to the private sector is the United Kingdom, but this is only true for England and Wales. Another singular case is France, where there is a mix of mainly private operating companies and municipalities which have divided the regional supply areas among themselves. In six other EU-15 countries where some privatisation took place, either the municipalities or (majority) publicly owned companies are controlling water supply. In the remaining seven countries, the water supply is organised by municipality companies only. In this paper the two unique forms of privatisation in France and England/Wales as well as the German method of privatisation as an example for the interaction of municipalities and majority publicly owned water companies are discussed, especially with regard to the corresponding effects on competition and market structures.
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Tymoshenko, T., and V. Fidrya. "Determining the impact of Ukraine’s energy strategy on the efficiency of enterprise management." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 72, no. 5 (2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2021.05.030.
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The paper is devoted to the determination of the impact of Ukraine's energy strategy on the efficiency of enterprise management on the example of DTEK, which is one of the key participants in the energy market of Ukraine. Despite the country's constant attention to energy security, the country remains vulnerable to external and internal threats and challenges. That is why the investigation of problems and perspectives of energy market development, as well as the efficiency of its enterprises are extremely important at present. The paper has the applied nature, the research is based on current data of recent years. In particular, the paper presents production volumes, dynamics of export-import and electricity consumption in Ukraine in 2020–2021. The energy market of Ukraine is investigated in detail and the key features of its development are determined. It is determined that the main consumers of electricity in Ukraine are large industrial enterprises and the population. The structure and key participants of management and regulation in the energy sector of Ukraine are revealed in this paper. The state regulation of the electricity market in Ukraine is analyzed, the forms of state aid, benefits and subsidy programs operating in the energy sector are characterized. The main goals of «Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2035» project are highlighted and compared with previous programs and plans. It is established that the target parameters of the country's energy strategy should be formed on the basis of energy balance, that is a system of indicators that characterize the resources, production, supply and use of all fuels and energy. To analyze the impact of the country's energy strategy on the efficiency of enterprise management, key financial indicators for the period 2017–2019 of DTEK energy company, including: income, expenses, cost of sales, margin, net profit, assets, investments, paid taxes and others are analyzed. Achievments of the goals of Ukraine's energy strategy in the long-term perspective will contribute to the reduction of dependence on energy imports, overcoming the crisis in economy and increase of the country economic potential as a whole.
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Ryzhova, Katerina I., Valerii N. Mandzyk, and Andriy I. Holybkov. "The Water Management Mechanism Improvement in the Zone of Risked Land Use." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 1 (2019): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2019.83.03.
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The peculiarities of forming an effective water management system in the area of risk agricultural land use are considered. The main tendencies of capital investments financing and current expenses for protection and rehabilitation of soil, underground and surface waters are analyzed. In addition, as the analysis shows, low investment attractiveness, especially in the melioration zone, does not contribute to the flow not only of foreign but also of domestic capital, which multiplier influences the slowdown in the rates of socio-economic functioning of settlements located in areas of melioration land concentration. It has been shown that best practices prove that investing in the functioning of land melioration is a major factor in improving the efficiency of agrarian production. That is why it has been recognized as one of the priority directions of the stable functioning of agrarian production. The developed countries use quite different forms of investment activities, and in the process of regulation of investment activity such countries use various measures that form favorable conditions for attracting both domestic and foreign capital. It is shown that the formation of effective management system is impossible without institutionalization of a wide spectrum of forms of partnership relations between different objects of functioning. The prospects for increasing the amount of land melioration financing are associated with the spread of cooperation processes between the state and the water users association regarding the operation of land melioration systems with the ability to combine budget financing with investments of private business entities, both domestic and foreign. The prospects of foreign experience regarding the investing in the functioning of agricultural land melioration are analyzed. The agricultural land melioration is the most important factor in improving the efficiency of agricultural production in Ukraine. It is shown that the reforming of irrigation systems management should be carried out on the basis of decentralization with the transfer of water management and water operating functions to water users on the basis of their association. Key words: association of water users, water resources, irrigated agriculture, investment, integrated management.
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Rastoka, Jelica, Saša Petković, and Dragana Radicic. "Impact of Entrepreneurship on the Quality of Public Health Sector Institutions and Policies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031569.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether public health entrepreneurship principles implementation in the public health sector are alternative ways of promoting an immediate improvement of healthcare infrastructure. To contribute to the literature on the impact of public health entrepreneurship on public healthcare infrastructure, we estimate two empirical models, with the first model having institutions and the second model having public healthcare policies as the dependent variable. Our empirical analysis is based on the WHO international health regulation data for all WHO member countries (in order to achieve a balanced panel, we decided to retain 192 of them), covering the period from 2010 through to 2019. The main results obtained using a Poisson panel regression indicate a positive relationship between employing more entrepreneurship within public healthcare and the quality of public healthcare infrastructure represented through institutions and policies. This study produces several contributions to the stream of research on public health entrepreneurship. First, it makes a theoretical contribution in the way that it fills the lacking literature on the relationship between entrepreneurship within the public health sector and efficiency of country-specific public healthcare infrastructure. Second, it offers an empirical quantitative analysis of entrepreneurship that is generally lacking. Concerning policy implications, the third contribution of this paper is the provision of evidence showing alternative ways to improve healthcare infrastructure other than traditionally observed investments in physical infrastructure.