Journal articles on the topic 'Water scarcity problems'
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Scott, Jerry, and German Andrade. "High-Desert City Decreases Water Scarcity Problems." Opflow 37, no. 4 (April 2011): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2011.tb03078.x.
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Molle, François, and Peter Mollinga. "Water poverty indicators: conceptual problems and policy issues." Water Policy 5, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2003): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0034.
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In the wake of a growing concern about both the unchecked rise of poverty and the local and global consequences of water scarcity, the relationships between water and poverty are the object of a sprawling literature. Indicators are presented as indispensable tools for informing and orienting policy-making, comparing situations and measuring performance. This paper first reviews different conceptions of water scarcity and shows the variety of associated causes. A brief look at the virtues and shortcomings of some of the indicators used in the development sector then serves to introduce a review of the major water-scarcity/poverty indicators found in the literature. The reasons for their popularity and vitality are critically examined, and the links between indicators and policy-making are discussed.
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Nikolenko, I. V., and A. M. Kopachevsky. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SET OF MEASURES TO DECISION THE PROBLEMS OF WATER SCARCITY IN THE CRIMEA." Construction and industrial safety, no. 21 (73) (2021): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1873-2021-21-147-160.
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The article presents the global factors of water scarcity problems, as well as the main directions of actions to solve them. The scheme of the process of formation and strengthening of water scarcity in the implementation of extensive methods of water use is described. The problems of water scarcity on the Crimean Peninsula are considered. The analysis of water consumption regimes in Simferopol is carried out. The features and effectiveness of the use of intensive methods of water use in the processes of reducing and eliminating water scarcity in different countries are shown. The main directions of solving the problems of water scarcity in the Crimea with the use of intensive methods of water use are presented.
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Kodge, B. G. "Water Bodies Extraction and Terrain Analysis for Finding Critical Water Scarcity Locations using Elevation Data." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2018.7.1.1837.
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The present study is aimed to create some new methods for extraction of water bodies (Rivers and Reservoirs) and analyze the land formation of terrain using elevation data. The digital elevation models (DEM) are used to extract water bodies and create terrain contours for finding water scarcity locations. Further this work also used some geospatial villages related data to obtain and analyze how many villages are suffering from critical water scarcity problems under the found water scarcity locations. The village’s data also highlights all village’s in which they fell under critical water scarcity regions and facing agriculture and drinking water problems, with respect to their elevation data and available nearby natural water resources.
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Gawel, Erik, and Kristina Bernsen. "Globalization of Water: The Case for Global Water Governance?" Nature and Culture 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2011.060301.
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Although the traditional approach in water resources management is to address water-related scarcity problems at the local or regional scale, some see water as a global resource with global drivers and impacts, supporting the argument for a global governance of water. If water is not appropriately priced, or if “poor water governance“ creates adverse incentives for resource use in countries that export “virtual water,“ then increased demand from the world market may lead to the overexploitation of water or increasing pollution. Is this reason enough for a global governance of regional water-scarcity problems? On which scale should water-management problems actually be addressed, and can global action compensate for local and regional governance failure? The paper argues that compensating globally for regional governance failure could cause “problems of fit“ and present severe downside risks.
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Wang, Yan, and Hongrui Wang. "Sustainable use of water resources in agriculture in Beijing: problems and countermeasures." Water Policy 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0022.
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Beijing, the capital of China, is one of the most water-scarce metropolises in the world. The present water policies are leading to serious water scarcity in agriculture. The proportion of agricultural water to total water has been dropping continuously in Beijing in past years. The influence of water scarcity on grain yield and planting production value has been analyzed in this paper. The problems of ecological environment and rural social problems that arise from water scarcity are also discussed in the paper. Based on the above analysis, the paper gives some suggestions for alleviating the tension, such as developing water-saving agriculture, adjusting planting structure and properly developing sewage irrigation.
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Guarino, Arthur S. "The Economic Implications of Global Water Scarcity." Research in Economics and Management 2, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v2n1p51.
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<p><em>Water, like any other natural resource, is vital to a nation’s economic growth and existence. Without adequate water supplies a nation will face severe economic problems as well as social unrest and political instability. The current problem many nations face is their dwindling water supply. The aim </em><em>and purpose of this paper is to examine the economic impact of global water scarcity on both developed and developing nations. This paper will also examine how a lack of clean water will hurt a nation’s economic growth and its ability to be a viable player in global trade and be able to provide for </em><em>its people. This study will also look at the causes of water scarcity and also how the problem can be rectified.</em></p>
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Musemwa, Muchaparara. "Urban Struggles over Water Scarcity in Harare." Daedalus 150, no. 4 (2021): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01871.
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Abstract This essay counters the growing tendency in current scholarship to attribute nearly all the enduring water scarcity problems to climate change. Focusing on Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, this essay contends that recurrent water crises can only really be understood within the contentious, long, and complex history of water politics in the capital city from the colonial to the postcolonial period. Although the colonial and postcolonial states in Zimbabwe had very different ideological and racial policies, for various reasons, neither was willing nor able to provide adequate supplies of water to the urban poor even as water was abundant in the city's reservoirs. It posits that while the colonial government racialized access to water by restricting its use by urban Africans, the postcolonial government failed to change the colonial patterns of urban water distribution and did little to increase water supplies to keep pace with a swiftly growing urban population and a geographically expanding city.
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NOIMUNWA, Watcharapong, Patama SINGHRUCK, and Penjai SOMPONGCHAIYAKUL. "Participatory Approach on Water Scarcity Solutions in Pranburi Basin, Thailand." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 8, no. 7 (February 23, 2018): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.7(23).03.
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Water scarcity is the main problems of water management and various socio-economic development activities of Thailand. Expert opinion and scientific knowledge are always convenient to be used to solve problems. To some extent, this approach may not be applicable since it is not accepted by local communities. To reduce this conflict, participatory approach may provide local cooperation and assist developing better water management strategies. Pranburi Basin is an important headwater that supports both agricultural land and municipality which includes Hua-Hin, a famous tourist place. The aims of this study were to assess water scarcity and to apply stakeholder participation into decision making processes for water management. Water stress index and criticality ratio were used to assess water scarcity. A Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was used to describe water scarcity and contributing factors. Based on DPSIR analysis, the stakeholders proposed and then prioritized for the most appropriate responses by ordinary weighing technique. The results indicated that the four most preferable measures for this basin include controlling agricultural area, controlling crop types, reforestation and establishing local water user association.
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Ridouane manouze, Ridouane manouze. "The Social organization of urban water heritage and its contribution to the management of scarcity in the southern cities of Morocco: التنظيم الاجتماعي للموروث المائي العمراني وإسهامه في تدبير الندرة بمدن الجنوب المغربي." مجلة العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية 5, no. 11 (September 29, 2021): 103–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.r080221.
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This short topic talks about the issue of the social organization of the urban water heritage and its contribution to the management of scarcity in the southern cities of Morocco. We have identified this title so as to highlight the importance of water in recent years in the context of heated debate about the future of this vital material in Morocco because of the rapid climate changes that Morocco can live in the future for water scarcity, if it does not have a unified strategy to face All problems related to water scarcity، in the case of what the sky was not merciful. Therefore, I will try to study the forms of dealing with water issues in relation to the problems of scarcity through the creation of traditional social organizations and administrative and architectural techniques Contributed to positive adaptation with constraints the natural environment that does not help human stability.
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Feukeu, Etienne Alain, Lucas L. Snyman, and Hossana Twinomurinzi. "Overcoming Water Scarcity With Dynamic Water Flow Rate Control (DWFRC)." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.289642.
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South Africa (SA) being a high water stressed country, the demand is expected to grow by 17% in 2030. Beside these problems, over 37% of water in the urban piped system leaks out or is used illegally. This compounded effect pose as a serious threat to the future of the SA country as a whole. In view to partly mitigate to this alarming consternation, this work presents a Dynamic Water Flow Rate Control (DWFRC) model which could be used to alleviate the water scarcity problem faced by the world. Using SA context and standards, an investigation is first performed to understand the current water reticulation system. Thereafter, the excessive pressure problem is identified and a DWFRC solution model is provided. The model is implemented in MATLAB and simulation result demonstrated the ability of the model to conquer excessive water pressure at all time thereby ensuring long lasting water reticulation system. Not only will the this work helps fight water scarcity and combat non-revenue water problem, it will additionally help achieve efficient use of water management and storage.
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Quinn, Nigel W. T., Ariel Dinar, and Vamsi Sridharan. "Decision Support Tools for Water Quality Management." Water 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223644.
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The sustainability of inland water resources worldwide is becoming increasingly endangered as climate change contributes to the human-induced problems of water supply scarcity and maldistribution [...]
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Kutzner, R., B. Zhang, S. Kaden, and W. F. Geiger. "Sustainable and integrated water resources management for the coastal areas of Shandong Province, China." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.842.
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Water scarcity and water pollution are severe problems in the Northern part of China, strongly affecting socio-economic development and standards of living and environment. The Shandong province is specifically plagued by water scarcity. In the coastal catchments of the Shandong province the water scarcity is even increased due to saltwater intrusion, reducing the usability of water resources available. The pressing water problems in the costal catchments in the Shandong province and resulting socio-economic troubles forced the Chinese authorities to implement a variety of measures to relieve water scarcity and abate saltwater intrusion. But not much has been achieved so far as the measures are not coordinated in their effects and cost-benefit relations have not been considered sufficiently. Such a situation calls for good, which means integrated, sustainable water management. The assessment of this situation in the project “Flood Control and Groundwater Recharge in Coastal Catchments” financed by the German Ministry of Research and Education is presented. Further objectives and first ideas for an IWRM-concept are explained. These ideas are based on concepts developed in Germany in the context of the fulfilment of the European Water Framework Directive.
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Atay, Itri, and Òscar Saladié. "Water Scarcity and Climate Change in Mykonos (Greece): The Perceptions of the Hospitality Stakeholders." Tourism and Hospitality 3, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 765–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3030047.
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Climate change, unsustainable water use by the tourism sector, and short-term-based decisions by policymakers create additional stress on limited water resources in arid and semi-arid tourism destinations. Non-conventional water resources are playing an important role in making additional water available for these destinations, and the use of desalination plants has gradually increased. However, they can create additional externalities on the environment that can compromise the sustainability of the tourist destination. The decisions of key stakeholders and cooperation among them hold vital importance for the sustainability of tourism and the availability of water resources. Mykonos Island (Greece) is a globally recognized tourist destination in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The island has suffered significant water-scarcity problems in recent years, in particular during the peak tourist season, and desalination plants are being built to reduce stress on the water supply. The first objective of this work was to analyze the perceptions of hospitality stakeholders regarding water shortages and climate change in Mykonos. A second objective was to assess whether the same hospitality stakeholders feel that desalination plants are the solution to water scarcity in island-tourism destinations such as Mykonos. The results show that (i) hospitality stakeholders have significant awareness regarding water-scarcity problems and the impacts of climate change on tourism activity, (ii) they do not view desalination plants as the only solution to water scarcity, and (iii) they perceive a significant lack of coordination among actors who participate in the decision-making process. These results provide clues regarding the importance of awareness, coordination, and cooperation of each actor involved in the decision-making process and can be of interest to policymakers and public authorities in tourism destinations facing water-scarcity problems.
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Barlow, Maude. "Commodification of water - the wrong prescription." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2001): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0183.
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The world faces a crisis of water stress and scarcity. This paper argues that current policies of economic globalization and privatisation are exacerbating environmental problems and that the real solutions will have a fundamentally different ethical basis
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Stathatou, P. Μ., F. K. Gad, E. Kampragou, H. Grigoropoulou, and D. Assimacopoulos. "Treated wastewater reuse potential: mitigating water scarcity problems in the Aegean islands." Desalination and Water Treatment 53, no. 12 (July 18, 2014): 3272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.934108.
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Ruelas-Monjardin, Laura C., Juan M. Chavez-Cortes, and David P. Shaw. "Scarcity and conflict, key problems in water management: a Mexican case study." Local Environment 14, no. 8 (September 2009): 765–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830903102151.
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Ranade, D. H., Santosh Mujalde, and Indu Swarup. "Solving Dual Problems of Water Logging and Water Scarcity in Nimar Region-A case study." Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development 30, no. 2 (2015): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-6701.2015.00036.6.
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Torretta, Vincenzo, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Giorgio Bertanza, and Maria Xanthopoulou. "Water reuse as a secure pathway to deal with water scarcity." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500090.
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An adequate access to water supply systems is crucial for a sustainable future. Climate change is expected to increase water shortage problems worldwide. Reuse/recycling of treated wastewater for domestic and/or agricultural purposes can be considered an interesting water supply: it is independent from seasonal drought and meteorological variability and able to cover the peak of water demand. In the case of direct reuse, the parameter of treated water must comply with the reuse limits for biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and suspended solids. In case of indirect reuse, the regulatory approach changes as the dilution ratio between discharge and flow of the irrigation canal is taken into account too. There are many interventions that are considered useful for the purpose of promoting the development of an enhanced water recovery and recycling: legislation improvements, modification in the water storage management, prevention in pollution discharged into sewerage systems, improving the efficiency of WWTPs, incentive the adoption of rainwater storage tanks and interventions for the separation of gray water, establish a “blue certificate” for financing investments. In the present paper those aspects are analysed referring to some cases found in an Italian region.
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Ioris, Antonio A. R. "Scarcity, Neoliberalism and the ‘Water Business’ in Lima, Peru." Human Geography 5, no. 2 (July 2012): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861200500207.
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Water scarcity is a widespread phenomenon that still affects many cities and settlements around the world. Situations of scarce water resources are not external to society, but are directly and indirectly caused by deliberate attitudes towards nature and society. Conditions of water scarcity go beyond the physical insufficiency of resources to vividly contain the long-term inadequacy of social institutions. In the case of Lima, the capital of Peru, the material and discursive elements of scarcity have been exacerbated by political and ideological affirmation of market-based institutions and private property relations. Rather than being an extreme hydrological event, water scarcity is part of the urbanisation and modernisation of Lima under the sphere of influence of neoliberal policies. Scarcity has been constantly recreated and, in the end, has served as a legitimating tool to maintain social and spatial inequalities. The evolution of water infrastructure and the formulation of public policies have consolidated the patterns of discrimination, fragmentation and risks that characterise everyday life in the Peruvian capital. Understanding water problems ultimate requires a class-based approach that connects the local, national and global scales of interaction, which should be articulated together with considerations of culture and the micro-dynamic of power. Only through a political ecology approach it is possible to explain the synergistic ontology of water scarcity and the persistent obstacles to democratising water and the waterscape.
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Morley, Mark, and Dragan Savić. "Water Resource Systems Analysis for Water Scarcity Management: The Thames Water Case Study." Water 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061761.
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Optimisation tools are a practical solution to problems involving the complex and interdependent constituents of water resource systems and offer the opportunity to engage with practitioners as an integral part of the optimisation process. A multiobjective genetic algorithm is employed in conjunction with a detailed water resource model to optimise the “Lower Thames Control Diagram”, a set of control curves subject to a large number of constraints. The Diagram is used to regulate abstraction of water for the public drinking water supply for London, UK, and to maintain downstream environmental and navigational flows. The optimisation is undertaken with the aim of increasing the amount of water that can be supplied (deployable output) through solely operational changes. A significant improvement of 33 Ml/day (1% or £59.4 million of equivalent investment in alternative resources) of deployable output was achieved through the optimisation, improving the performance of the system whilst maintaining the level of service constraints without negatively impacting on the amount of water released downstream. A further 0.2% (£11.9 million equivalent) was found to be realisable through an additional low-cost intervention. A more realistic comparison of solutions indicated even larger savings for the utility, as the baseline solution did not satisfy the basic problem constraints. The optimised configuration of the Lower Thames Control Diagram was adopted by the water utility and the environmental regulators and is currently in use.
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Britto, Ana Lucia, Rosa Maria Formiga-Johnsson, and Paulo Roberto Ferreira Carneiro. "Water supply and hydrosocial scarcity in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area." Ambiente & Sociedade 19, no. 1 (March 2016): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc150159r1v1912016.
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Abstract This paper aims to analyse the water supply systems in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area in the light of the hydrosocial scarcity concept and the human right to water. It also assesses how bulk water availability may aggravate this situation. We argue that water access-related problems are directly related to several aspects: the way that water and sanitation services are managed, deficiencies in planning, technical choices, and the way in which existing systems are operated. In addition to these current structural problems, the vulnerability of supply systems also tends to increase in terms of lesser water availability as long as no changes are made in management processes to promote greater water security, as the 2014-2015 drought affecting the Piracicaba and Paraíba do Sul river basins.
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Bitran, Eduardo, Pedro Rivera, and Marcelo J. Villena. "Water management problems in the Copiapó Basin, Chile: markets, severe scarcity and the regulator." Water Policy 16, no. 5 (April 16, 2014): 844–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.107.
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This research focuses on the determination of the factors that led to the failure of water management in the Copiapó Basin in Chile. Interestingly, the existence of full private ownership and free tradability of water rights has not prevented the overexploitation of groundwater resources. In the paper, firstly, water regulation and the role of the regulator in Chile are briefly discussed. Secondly, the evolution of water resources in the Copiapó region is characterized and analyzed, and the granting of water use rights in the basin in the last 30 years is concisely described. Thirdly, we examine and analyze prices and quantities traded in the water market of the Copiapó region. We will argue that this crisis is a consequence first of failure in regulatory implementation and second of an extremely rigid regulatory framework that leaves limited room for adjustment to changing conditions, especially regarding the emergence of new information concerning water availability. We believe this investigation is not only relevant for this case in particular, but also for other regions and countries where water markets are in place.
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Chun, Kwang Ho. "Issues of Water Security in Europe." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.2.9.
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In increasing awareness of global warming, the aim of this observational research is to critically analyse the connection between water availability and the resulting impact on security issues in Europe. Environmental changes, specifically climate change, as well as three other important reasons for water scarcity are taken into account. The paper ponders the question of whether lack of water is or will be a possible source of conflict in Europe in coming decade. While looking at every region of Europe the goal is to individually scrutinise, the approaches taken by the states in responding to rising issues of water security and offers an extended discussion on what these issues might mean for the future of Europe. The preliminary answer presented in the paper is that there is no a single, overarching solution for water scarcity. Every region has its own unique problems that require original approach. The water-related domestic issues do present some danger on a smaller regional scale. The paper argues that transnational conflicts are only possible in theory and are very unlikely to occur due to the firm establishment of the European Union.
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Zisopoulou, Kalomoira, and Dionysia Panagoulia. "An In-Depth Analysis of Physical Blue and Green Water Scarcity in Agriculture in Terms of Causes and Events and Perceived Amenability to Economic Interpretation." Water 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121693.
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An analytical review of physical blue and green water scarcity in terms of agricultural use, and its amenability to economic interpretation, is presented, employing more than 600 references. The main definitions and classifications involved and information about reserves and resources are critically analyzed, blue and green water scarcity are examined along with their interchange, while their causal connection with climate in general is analyzed along with the particular instances of Europe, Africa, Asia and the WANA region. The role of teleconnections and evaporation/moisture import-export is examined as forms of action at a distance. The human intervention scarcity driver is examined extensively in terms of land use land cover change (LULCC), as well as population increase. The discussion deals with following critical problems: green and blue water availability, inadequate accessibility, blue water loss, unevenly distributed precipitation, climate uncertainty and country level over global level precedence. The conclusion singles out, among others, problems emerging from the inter-relationship of physical variables and the difficulty to translate them into economic instrumental variables, as well as the lack of imbedding uncertainty in the underlying physical theory due to the fact that country level measurements are not methodically assumed to be the basic building block of regional and global water scarcity.
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Glied, Viktor, and Péter Kacziba. "Water Scarcity and Water Trade: Turkish Attempts to Supply a Drying Region." Acta FF 13, no. 1 (2021): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/actaff.2021.13.1.3.
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Water scarcity is already causing serious challenges nowadays and devastating water-related processes will certainly continue for decades to come. The emerging water crisis requires new political arrangements, new technological solutions and the development of new water supply chains. Among the possible political-diplomatic answers, water trade may be a viable option, as water abundant countries could distribute resources by commercializing their water surplus. Water trade, however, faces serious obstacles. Dependence of different countries on states that have water surplus, political leverage and the possible opportunity when external powers could control the essentially important human needs are all examples of potential risks. These threats hinder the development of interstate water trade cooperation and orient countries struggling with water shortages towards domestic solutions. This study attempts to examine the practice of water scarcity and water diplomacy, while also applies the Turkish experience as a case study for demonstrating constraints of water trade. The paper will hopefully shed light on the threats posed by global and regional water scarcity and draw attention to the opportunities and limitations of water commercialization. The aim of our study is to outline the issues related to the distribution and trade of water, furthermore to present the problems of water as a product. Our research focuses primarily on Turkey, which has also become involved in water trade, but the story still ended in failure.
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Zhao, Jingzhu, Wenhua Liu, and Hongbing Deng. "The potential role of virtual water in solving water scarcity and food security problems in China." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 12, no. 4 (December 2005): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504500509469651.
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Ramadan, Elsayed M., Heba F. Abdelwahab, Zuzana Vranayova, Martina Zelenakova, and Abdelazim M. Negm. "Optimization-Based Proposed Solution for Water Shortage Problems: A Case Study in the Ismailia Canal, East Nile Delta, Egypt." Water 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182481.
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Water conflicts in transboundary watersheds are significantly exacerbated by insufficient freshwater sources and high water demands. Due to its increasing population and various development projects, as well as current and potential water shortages, Egypt is one of the most populated and impacted countries in Africa and the Middle East in terms of water scarcity. With good future planning, modeling will help to solve water scarcity problems in the Ismailia canal, which is one of the most significant branches of the Nile River. Many previous studies of the Nile river basin depended on quality modeling and hydro-economic models which had policy or system control constraints. To overcome this deficit position and number, the East Nile Delta area was investigated using LINDO (linear interactive, and discrete optimizer) software; a mathematical model with physical constraints (mass balances); and ArcGIS software for canals and water demands from the agriculture sector, which is expected to face a water shortage. Using the total capital (Ismailia canal, groundwater, and water reuse) and total demand for water from different industries, the software measures the shortage area and redistributes the water according to demand node preferences (irrigation, domestic, and industrial water demands). At the irrigation network’s end, a water deficit of 789.81 MCM/year was estimated at Al-Salhiya, Ismailia, El Qantara West, Fayed, and Port Said. The model was then run through three scenarios: (1) the Ismailia Canal Lining’s effect, (2) surface water’s impact, and (3) groundwater’s impact. Water scarcity was proportional to lining four sections at a length of 61.0 km, which is considered to be optimal—based on the simulation which predicts that the Ismailia canal head flow will rise by 15%, according to scenarios—and the most effective way to reduce water scarcity in the face of climate change and limited resources as a result of the increasing population and built-in industrial projects in Egypt.
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Jayasinghe, H. D. R. P., M. Riswan, and P. Ishaq. "Water Scarcity in Aligambai Village, Alayadivembu Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i3.3502.
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The scarcity of drinking water creates major impacts on the rural community, in particular. The people living in Aligambai have been facing numerous problems in getting a safe drinking water supply, even for their daily drinking purpose. This paper sets out to identify the contributing factors toward water scarcity and how to cope with it by increasing water productivity as an integrated approach in the study area. This study is a combination of research methods; quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. It is built on the premise of the cultural theory, which can be used to study water scarcity issues in rural water points. Mainly, it tries to understand the gap between the performance of the rural water supply sector and the SDG Goal 6: ‘water & sanitation for all’ through networking with pluralist institutions and mechanisms. Research methods, such as interviews with key informants, direct observations, and Focus Group discussions, have been employed for the study. The secondary data were collected from the Aligambai Resource Profile, records from the GND/DS office, and the statistical records from the National Water Supply & Drainage Board. This study found that water scarcity has affected the community in terms of life and livelihood activities in Aligambai. Therefore, it tries to bring out potential solutions to coping with water scarcity by suggesting measures for water productivity at all levels through an integrated approach in the study area.
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Garrote, Luis, Ana Iglesias, and Alfredo Granados. "Country-level assessment of future risk of water scarcity in Europe." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (June 5, 2018): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-455-2018.
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Abstract. A methodology for regional assessment of current and future water availability in Europe is presented in this study. The methodology is based on a proposed indicator of risk of water scarcity based on the projections of runoff and water availability for European countries. The risk of water scarcity is the combined result of hydrological processes, which determine streamflow in natural conditions, and human intervention, which determines water management using the available hydraulic infrastructure and establishes water supply conditions through operating rules. Model results show that changes in runoff and availability obtained for individual GCM projections can be large and even contradictory. These heterogeneous results are summarized in the water scarcity risk index, a global value that accounts for the results obtained with the ensemble of model results and emission scenarios. The countries at larger risk are (in this order) Spain, Portugal, Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, France and Italy. They are mostly Mediterranean countries already exposed to significant water scarcity problems. There are countries, like Slovakia, Ireland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Croatia and Romania, with mild risk. Northern Arctic countries, like Sweden, Finland, Norway and Russia, show a robust however mild increase in water availability.
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Gleason, Jose Arturo, and Cesar Casiano Flores. "Challenges of Water Sensitive Cities in Mexico: The Case of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara." Water 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050601.
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Mexico is currently facing important water management challenges. Cities in the country are facing water scarcity and at the same time they struggle with floods during the raining season. The water sensitive urban design (WSUD) approach has proved to be helpful around the world in tackling urban water challenges such as floods or water scarcity. The WSUD approach highlights the role of both the water cycle and the water utilities systems, when transitioning towards a water sensitive stage. Therefore, the objective of this research is to demonstrate the relevance for cities of a WSUD approach by analyzing the current situation of the water cycle and the water utility in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG). This research proposes a case study approach. Within our case of study, we focused on the water cycle and the water utilities system (Sistema Intermunicipal de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado (SIAPA)) and ask two questions: (1) What are the causes of water scarcity and flooding in the MAG? and (2) What are the proposals to solve these problems under a WSUD approach? By answering these questions, we identified that the water management in the MAG corresponds to a single purpose infrastructure. This type of water management is common in developing cities and does not contribute to solve the problems of water scarcity and floods. The water supply policy is based only on the construction of large dams disregarding the storage and use of rainwater, and reuse of greywater, and water-conservation devices. In order to transition towards a water sensitive stage, changes in the water policy need to take place and a WSUD approach that includes multi-purpose infrastructure, should be considered.
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Fan, Linlin, Hongrui Wang, Wenli Lai, and Cheng Wang. "Administration of water resources in Beijing: problems and countermeasures." Water Policy 17, no. 4 (December 26, 2014): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.407.
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It is well recognized that climatic variability and human activities are resulting in severe water scarcity in China, especially in the mega city Beijing; one important issue is how to manage water resources in order to tackle this situation. This paper assesses the implementation of the Strictest Administration of Water Resources in Beijing, which was issued by the State Council of China in 2012. The assessment is threefold: (a) analysis of water consumption conditions in Beijing, (b) analysis of water resources management systems in Beijing, and (c) existing problems in the current water management system. Our study suggests that Beijing needs to focus more on improving the building of water resources management agencies, taking effective economic measures, strengthening law construction, developing advanced techniques for water-saving, and strengthening the building of a water-saving culture.
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Hartfiel, Lindsey, Michelle Soupir, and Rameshwar S. Kanwar. "Malta’s Water Scarcity Challenges: Past, Present, and Future Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable Water Supplies." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239835.
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The small Mediterranean country of Malta, an island located between Italy and North Africa, has been facing and will continue to face water stress and scarcity in the coming years, receiving the designation as the most water stressed country in Europe. In the past, Malta’s water challenges were centered around water quantity concerns, but in more recent years, the severity of their water stress has been strengthened by the deterioration of the groundwater quality and quantity. Through the over-extraction of their groundwater, saltwater intrusion has steadily occurred into their freshwater aquifer systems, worsening their groundwater quality for both domestic and agricultural purposes. The objective of this paper is to conduct an extensive review on the history of Malta’s water problems and how Malta is working to combat its water scarcity concerns. Additionally, this paper investigates the impact of Malta’s water scarcity on its food and energy security challenges. Our study concludes that while Malta has obstacles to overcome in their pursuit of water security and sustainable development, the future remains hopeful, with several alternatives still available. Some of the alternatives explored in this review include wastewater reuse, increased awareness, use of alternative energy sources, rainwater harvesting, and implementation of nation-wide strategic water policies.
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Gómez Gómez, Carlos Mario, C. D. Pérez-Blanco, David Adamson, and Adam Loch. "Managing Water Scarcity at a River Basin Scale with Economic Instruments." Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 01 (January 2018): 1750004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x17500047.
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This paper presents a conceptual framework for both assessing the role of economic instruments, and reshaping them in order to enhance their contribution to the goals of managing water scarcity. Water management problems stem from the mismatch between a multitude of individual decisions, on the one hand, and the current and projected status of water resources on the other. Economics can provide valuable incentives that drive individual decisions, and can design efficient instruments to address water governance problems in a context of conflicting interests and relevant transaction costs. Yet, instruments such as water pricing or trading are mostly based on general principles of welfare economics that are not readily applicable to assets as complex as water. A flaw in welfare economic approaches lies in the presumption that economic instruments may be good or bad on their own (e.g., finding the “right” price). This vision changes radically when we focus on the problem, instead of the instrument. In this paper, we examine how economic instruments to achieve welfare-enhancing water resource outcomes can realize their full potential in basin-scale management contexts. We follow a political economy perspective that views conflicts between public and private interest as the main instrumental challenge of water management. Our analysis allows us to better understand the critical importance of economic instruments for reconciling individual actions towards collective ambitions of water efficiency, equity and sustainability with lessons for later-adopting jurisdictions. Rather than providing panaceas, the successful design and implementation of economic instruments as key river basin management arrangements involves high transaction costs, wide institutional changes and collective action at different levels.
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Li, Jiahong, Xiaohui Lei, Yu Qiao, Aiqing Kang, and Peiru Yan. "The Water Status in China and an Adaptive Governance Frame for Water Management." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062085.
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China is increasingly facing water-related problems, such as water scarcity, pollution, and overexploitation of groundwater. This paper discusses the water status in China and claims that governance is the cause of water-related problems. The structure of the current water management is analyzed to conclude that the control-command is a static approach which is less capable of dealing with the uncertainty in the water resources system. An adaptive governance frame is introduced, which highlights the learning process and participation. The learning process avoids making the same mistake twice and the participation ensures the diversity of information, which are both necessary for water resources management.
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Deng, Xiangzheng, and Chunhong Zhao. "Identification of Water Scarcity and Providing Solutions for Adapting to Climate Changes in the Heihe River Basin of China." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/279173.
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In ecologically fragile areas with arid climate, such as the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China, sustainable social and economic development depends largely on the availability and sustainable uses of water resource. However, there is more and more serious water resource shortage and decrease of water productivity in Heihe River Basin under the influence of climate change and human activities. This paper attempts to identify the severe water scarcity under climate change and presents possible solutions for sustainable development in Heihe River Basin. Three problems that intervened land use changes, water resource, the relevant policies and institutions in Heihe River basin were identified, including (1) water scarcity along with serious contradiction between water supply and demand, (2) irrational water consumption structure along with low efficiency, and (3) deficient systems and institutions of water resource management along with unreasonable water allocation scheme. In this sense, we focused on reviewing the state of knowledge, institutions, and successful practices to cope with water scarcity at a regional extent. Possible solutions for dealing with water scarcity are explored and presented from three perspectives: (1) scientific researches needed by scientists, (2) management and institution formulation needed by governments, and (3) water resource optimal allocation by the manager at all administrative levels.
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Hejduková, Pavlína, and Lucie Kureková. "Water scarcity: regional analyses in the Czech Republic from 2014 to 2018." Oeconomia Copernicana 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2020.007.
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Research background: Water is a scarce natural resource essential for life and also many economic activities. Scarcity of drinking water is a problem that is ad-dressed at national and international levels. Global water demand continues to rise, but the quantity and quality of water resources is declining in many regions. Recent surveys of the population of the Czech Republic show that the most serious global problems are waste accumulation, water pollution, lack of drinking water and air pollution. Average temperatures continue to rise across Europe due to climate change and water is expected to become increasingly scarce in many areas. An adequate supply of good-quality water is a pre-requisite for economic and social development, and thus it is necessary to learn to save water and better manage our available resources in this area.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study was to investigate to what degree environmental problems — especially the issue of drinking water scarcity — have been evaluated in the Czech Republic from 2014 to 2018 and whether the fear of a lack of drinking water has motivated water conservation.
Methods: A regional analysis of water availability in the Czech Republic and the possible causes of water scarcity has been carried out. Subsequently, selected socio-economic factors that could have an impact on the assessment of drinking water scarcity are analyzed using Gamma and Kendall's Tau and logistic regression. The analyzed time period is from 2014 to 2018. Microdata was taken from the Centre for Research of Public Opinion, and selected regional-level statistics from the Czech Statistical Office have been added to this data to supplement it.
Findings & Value added: The perception of drinking water shortages is not only influenced by indicators representing the volume and price of water in each region, but can also be determined by other socio-economic factors such as income, gender, age and education.
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Correia de Araujo, Wanderbeg, Karla Oliveira Esquerre, and Oz Sahin. "Building a System Dynamics Model to Support Water Management: A Case Study of the Semiarid Region in the Brazilian Northeast." Water 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122513.
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In recent centuries, water consumption rates have more than doubled and the population growth rate is rising constantly. As a result, water scarcity is now one of the main problems to be faced, mainly in semiarid regions. In light of such a dilemma, this study aims to develop a system dynamics model in order to evaluate the water system in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba—located in the Brazilian Northeast—and it focus on the following two issues: (1) measures that could have been taken with respect to the recent water crisis (2012–2017); (2) simulating water availability up to 2025. It was observed that, despite the options of in-demand management tools being efficient solutions for water scarcity in the short term (e.g., the influence of scarcity-based tariffs in reducing water use), such tools would not suffice in a context of severe drought within a water-providing system that depends heavily on rainfall. However, certain policies involving water-supply management (e.g., wastewater reuse and inter-basin water transfer) are very effective in maintaining water supply and avoiding a water collapse in the region. Furthermore, employing the Monte Carlo approach in simulating the system dynamic proved that the water supply is sensitive to scarcity-based tariffs, wastewater reuse, and inter-basin water transfer. An important advancement in this study was the simulation of a methodology for pricing that encourages rational use of water-based on its scarcity, which in turn increases revenue and investment in other water-management strategies.
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Fagundes, O. S., L. C. A. Oliveira, O. M. Yamashita, I. V. Silva, M. A. C. Carvalho, and D. V. Rodrigues. "The water crisis and its implications in Brazilian agribusiness: A bibliographic review." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1312020801.
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Water scarcity has become one of the main global problems, since of all the water of the terrestrial surface, only 2.5% represents fresh water, and of this, only 0.3% corresponds to the water of the rivers and lakes that are available to supply the demand for food production and other uses. The present work consisted in surveying the scenario related to the global water crisis and presenting evidence that even Brazil being abundant in the amount of water available, tends to face serious problems because of its scarcity, affecting two of the main economic pillars, agribusiness and industry. It was observed that the main negative effects on water resources occur due to urban occupation and agricultural practices in a disorderly way, causing destruction of natural resources through the discharge of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and agrochemicals. In general, the lack of control of the use of the water directed to the productive processes is one of the major generators of the water shortage, since 69% of the water derived from rivers, lakes and aquifers underground is turned to irrigated agriculture, using 70 times more water than for domestic purposes. Thus, it is necessary to adopt policies aimed at the conservation and efficient use of water resources, to value water as a social, social and environmental good, since their scarcity can generate instability in economic sectors such as agriculture, generating production insecurity in industry, as well as affecting the supply of drinking water, basic sanitation and public health.
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Zhu, Yingming, Yuan Li, Yi Wang, and Lingfeng Li. "The Impact of Water and Soil Scarcity and Pollution on Industrial Agglomeration: Evidence from China." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105428.
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Water and soil scarcity and pollution have become more severe problems in China in recent years. On one hand, rapid economic growth has led to increasing environmental problems. On the other hand, the environmental problems resulting from human economic activities can impose new constraints on industrial agglomeration, making economic development unsustainable. In the present study, an individual fixed-effect model was constructed based on the framework of the new economic geography and the provincial-level data of China. The model estimated its parameters with OLS in order to analyze how the mechanisms of industrial agglomeration are affected by resource security and environmental factors. In addition, this study also used Hausman statistical tests and Fisher–PP unit root tests to analyze the endogenous problems and robustness of the model, respectively. The results showed that water and soil scarcity and environmental pollution have negative effects on industrial agglomeration. The negative effects were observed to significantly increase with levels of local government competition, but did not vary with the regional market segmentation.
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Nikberg, I. I. "SOME HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN AUSTRALIA." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-3-243-247.
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Modern medical and environmental problems caused by the Australian set two main groups of the negative impact -original natural and climatic factors and the environmental pollution. Much of Australia is desert-dry low landscaping and water scarcity. The bulk of the population lives in cities and the countryside surrounding. Medical and environmental problems in these areas are the air pollution due to emissions of industrial enterprises and motor transport, preservation of safe drinking water, sanitary protection of soil, differentiated collection, removal and decontamination of waste. Issues of sanitary protection of the environment in Australia paid a lot of attention of the Government and non-governmental organizations.
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Alimbaev, Тurgai, Bibizhamal Omarova, Samal Tuleubayeva, Bekzhan Kamzayev, Nurmuhammed Aipov, and Zhanna Mazhitova. "Ecological problems of water resources in Kazakhstan." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124401004.
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This paper proposes a solution to the environmental problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan associated with the provision of the population with quality water. The authors propose to use only clear scientific forecasts, practical ecological scenarios, as well as the methodology of the National Action Plan for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development. This will allow to solve the issues of desertification, salinization, water scarcity, decline in irrigation, agriculture, and the fishing industry in the future. The purpose of the article is to reveal the reasons for the insufficiency and unevenness in the provision of water resources in the republic. In the study the principle of historicism and systems analysis is used. The results of the research confirm and indicate that the growth of the economic potential in industry and the transition to market mechanisms for the development of the economy gave rise to a reduction in reserves of clean water, shallowing of mountain and transboundary rivers, the decrease in fish populations, and the emergence of a real threat of a water ecological crisis in the republic. The obtained theoretical results of the study can be applied when discussing and significantly improving the environmental issues of water resources in the country.
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Bischoff-Mattson, Zachary, Gillian Maree, Coleen Vogel, Amanda Lynch, David Olivier, and Deon Terblanche. "Shape of a water crisis: practitioner perspectives on urban water scarcity and ‘Day Zero’ in South Africa." Water Policy 22, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.233.
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Abstract The interruption of essential water services in Cape Town, foreshadowed as ‘Day Zero,’ is one of several recent examples of urban water scarcity connected to the language of urgent climate change. Johannesburg, with its larger and growing population and deeply enmeshed water and power infrastructures, is currently regarded as one drought away from disaster. As a result, the lessons to be learned from Cape Town are under active debate in South Africa. We used Q method to examine the structure of perspectives on urban water scarcity among South African water management practitioners. Our results illustrate distinct viewpoints differentiated by focus on corruption and politics, supply and demand systems, and social justice concerns as well as a distinct cohort of pragmatic optimists. Our analysis underscores the significance of public trust and institutional effectiveness, regardless of otherwise sound policy or infrastructure tools. As practitioners explicitly connect domains of competency to solvable and critical problems, integrated systems approaches will require deliberate interventions. Furthermore, urban water crises exacerbate and are exacerbated by existing experiences of racial and economic inequality, but this effect is masked by focus on demand management of average per capita water consumption and characterization of water scarcity as ‘the new normal.’
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Novienyo, Laura, Abla Amoah, and Jali Thabisa. "Small-scale Farmers Experience on the Impact of Water Scarcity and Coping Strategies in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." African Journal of Development Studies (formerly AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society) 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 267–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2022/v12n4a13.
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Several provinces and communities in South Africa are severely affected by water scarcity. However, few empirical studies have been conducted on the effects of water scarcity on small-scale farmers and the coping strategies they employ. Sufficient empirical data regarding water scarcity and coping strategies will assist communities and the government in device proactive measures that can assist to minimise future catastrophes linked to hunger and food insecurity. Thus, this article examines the impact of water scarcity on small-scale farming in Marhewini and Megacom, in the Libode district of Eastern Cape, South Africa, as well as the farmers' coping strategies. A qualitative research methodology was selected for the study as it examines participants’ subjective opinions on the impact of water scarcity and their coping practices. Semi-structured interviews and observations were used as data collection tools. Participants of the study were small-scale farmers who reside in the two selected communities. Some of the key findings of the study indicate that both Marhewini and Megacom face problems such as delays in crop growth, loss of crops, loss of interest in agriculture, and associated health risks. The findings also indicate that small-scale farmers have employed various coping strategies, such as surrounding plants with grass and watering the area to sustain the little water (mulching), purchasing water from private water suppliers, and reuse of water. Based on the results obtained, valuable recommendations were made, such as establishing associations for farmers to share their experiences, relying on indigenous knowledge practices, and locating a provider to provide them with accessible water.
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Domingues, Getulio Fonseca, Luna Gripp Simões Alves, Lidiane Maria Ferraz Rosa, Guilherme Silverio Aquino de Souza, Rodolfo Alves Barbosa, Alexandre Simões Lorenzon, Nero Lemos Martins de Castro, Lucas Arthur de Almeida Telles, Alexandre Rosa dos Santos, and Carlos Antonio Alvares Soares Ribeiro. "Financial compensation in hydropower generation: a tool for social and environmental development." Water Policy 21, no. 6 (November 28, 2019): 1239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.007.
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Abstract In the current scenario of Brazilian low water availability, the financial compensation funded by hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) represents an important tool for water management and conservation of the hydrographic basin. This payment could be applied to mitigate HPP's greatest problems such as water scarcity and reservoir silting. We propose an apportionment proportional to the average water flow provided by each municipality within the HPP's catchment area and the size of the flooded area by its reservoir. The water flow was obtained through the balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration for all municipalities in the study area with only 3% difference from the observed water flow in the HPP. As a result of the proposed methodology, the number of benefiting municipalities increased from 41 to 167 in the drainage area of Furnas’ HPP, providing financial resources to the upstream municipalities and enabling them to invest in conservation techniques to ensure the maintenance of water resources, promoting social and environmental development, and mitigation of HPP's greatest problems such as water scarcity and reservoir silting.
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Riadi, Lieke. "Water Sustainability: Emerging Trends for Water Quality Management." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i5.984.
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<p class="Els-Abstract-text">Water sustainability needs an integrated approach to meet the water need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need of water. It includes water security and water scarcity. The water demand is increasing every year, while the planet’s capacity to sustain increasing demands for water is challenged. The main global water problems fall into three categories. The first is too much of it, secondly is too little of it and thirdly, it is too dirty. The first category is due to extensive flooding, the second category is due to serious drought and the third category is due to pollution and misuse of water which needs water quality management. Nowadays, there are 1.2 × 10<sup>9</sup> people live in areas of water scarcity and 2.6 billion people in global are lacking safe water supply. There are (6 to 8) × 10<sup>6</sup>humans being are killed each year from water-related disasters and disease. In Indonesia, there is about 37 × 10<sup>6</sup> people lack access to safe water due to water quality issue. In this paper, emerging trends in water quality management to support water sustainability and the water-energy nexus will be discussed.</p>
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Eneng, Rahmi, Kris Lulofs, and Chay Asdak. "Towards a water balanced utilization through circular economy." Management Research Review 41, no. 5 (May 21, 2018): 572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-02-2018-0080.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the relative water scarcity condition as one of the main problems encountered in Indonesia. It is caused by fierce competition between water users, water over consumption and high water price. The water conflict and increasing phenomena of relative water scarcity result in unequal access to water between the rich and the poor. This research is intended to contribute to a balanced water governance system that secures equal and fair access to water resources for all users. Design/methodology/approach A mixed method approach was used involving interviews with the owners of the established bottled water companies, the community leaders, guard for sluice gate, local NGOs and several government agencies. Findings Research results indicate that water policies and implementation are lacking coherency. It is also shown that the complex government structure with responsibilities divided over multiple agencies is responsible for this. The circular economy for water governance system used to find alternative solutions for reducing social conflicts so that the water will be made available to those who have no water access. Research limitations/implications This research used only one location with a representative number of interviewees; hence, the findings are not possibly generalizable. Originality/value The combination of water legal framework and circular economy concept was used to reduce water scarcity
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Dhakal, Nirajan, Sergio G. Salinas-Rodriguez, Jamal Hamdani, Almotasembellah Abushaban, Hassan Sawalha, Jan C. Schippers, and Maria D. Kennedy. "Is Desalination a Solution to Freshwater Scarcity in Developing Countries?" Membranes 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040381.
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Rapid population growth and urbanization are two main drivers for the over-abstraction of conventional freshwater resources in various parts of the world, which leads to the situation of water scarcity (per capita availability <1000 m3/year). Predictions based on the World Bank projected population data and the FAO AQUASTAT database for freshwater availability show that by 2050, 2 billion people living in 44 countries will likely suffer from water scarcity, of which 95% may live in developing countries. Among these, the countries that will likely be most strongly hit by water scarcity by 2050 are Uganda, Burundi, Nigeria, Somalia, Malawi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Haiti, Tanzania, Niger, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Pakistan. Currently, these countries have not yet established desalination to meet their freshwater demand. However, the current global trend shows that membrane-based desalination technology is finding new outlets for supplying water to meet growing water demand in most of the water-scarce countries. These 14 water-scarce countries will demand an additional desalination capacity of 54 Mm3/day by 2050 in order to meet the standard of current municipal water demand and to compensate for the withdrawal of renewable resources. Case studies from India, China, and South Africa have highlighted that other countries may apply the strategy of using desalinated water for industrial users. Moreover, challenges to the widespread adoption of desalination exist such as expense, significant energy use, the need for specialized staff training, the large carbon footprint of facilities, environmental issues such as greenhouse gas emission (GHGs), chemical discharge, and operational problems such as membrane fouling.
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Barreto, Cristiane Gomes, Renato Arthur Franco Rodrigues, and José Augusto Leitão Drummond. "Geospatial analysis of water uses and potential conflicts in the microregion of Ceres, Goiás, Brazil." Sustentabilidade em Debate 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24406.
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Conflicts related to water have been expanding around the world, especially in areas which experience rapid changes in land use and occupation. The Ceres microregion (Goiás) has passed by an accelerated process of sugar cane agroindustrialization in recent years and water scarcity problems has been percieved. This work contributes to understand potential environmental conflicts related to water resources in Ceres microregion by the evaluation of the ways, intensity and spatial distribution of water consumption in differents basins of the microregion. It was analyzed secondary data from water demands, sugar and alcohol production, irrigation and others from geostatistic tools. The results suggest that sugar cane crops have a strong impact over water consumption, although this activity is not related to the water deficit in most of the basins, what suggests it is not responsible for situations of water scarcity or conflicts associated to shortages.
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Gayar, Attia El. "A study on water's green economy for development in agriculture." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 5, no. 02 (June 12, 2020): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2020.5.2.13.
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The concept of a green economy has gained currency in recent years as a paradigm for promoting economic growth and increased well-being while protecting the environment and contributing to poverty alleviation. There is no common definition of green economy, but the term clearly emphasizes the economic dimension of sustainability. Not only do the environmental (stewardship) and economic (growth) dimensions coexist in the green economy, but they are also complementary and mutually reinforcing strategies to achieve development. Water scarcity, pollution, and other water related environmental and ecological problems have been increasing rapidly in many areas of the world. Water demand management or making better use of the water we have as opposed to augmenting supply is increasingly proposed as a way of mitigating water scarcity problems. Although the achievements of irrigation in ensuring food security and improving rural welfare have been impressive, past experience also indicates problems and failures of irrigated agriculture. In addition to large water use and low efficiency, environmental concerns are usually considered the most significant problem of the irrigation sector. Environmental problems include excessive water depletion, water quality reduction, water logging and salinization. In some basins (water resources), excessive diversion of river water for irrigation (and other uses) has brought environmental and ecological disasters to downstream areas, and groundwater pumping at unsustainable rates has contributed to the lowering of groundwater tables and to salt water intrusion in some coastal areas. Many water quality problems have also been created or aggravated by changes in stream flows associated with agriculture’s consumptive uses. Moving water away from agriculture to uses with higher economic value is one of the main measures widely seen as desirable. This apparent misallocation is often attributed to the failure of government to allocate water rationally. This paper focuses on achieving a sustainable balance between irrigation management and sustainable development and water investments.