Academic literature on the topic 'Water scarcity problems'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water scarcity problems"
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Scott, Jerry, and German Andrade. "High-Desert City Decreases Water Scarcity Problems." Opflow 37, no. 4 (April 2011): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2011.tb03078.x.
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Molle, François, and Peter Mollinga. "Water poverty indicators: conceptual problems and policy issues." Water Policy 5, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2003): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0034.
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In the wake of a growing concern about both the unchecked rise of poverty and the local and global consequences of water scarcity, the relationships between water and poverty are the object of a sprawling literature. Indicators are presented as indispensable tools for informing and orienting policy-making, comparing situations and measuring performance. This paper first reviews different conceptions of water scarcity and shows the variety of associated causes. A brief look at the virtues and shortcomings of some of the indicators used in the development sector then serves to introduce a review of the major water-scarcity/poverty indicators found in the literature. The reasons for their popularity and vitality are critically examined, and the links between indicators and policy-making are discussed.
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Nikolenko, I. V., and A. M. Kopachevsky. "THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SET OF MEASURES TO DECISION THE PROBLEMS OF WATER SCARCITY IN THE CRIMEA." Construction and industrial safety, no. 21 (73) (2021): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1873-2021-21-147-160.
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The article presents the global factors of water scarcity problems, as well as the main directions of actions to solve them. The scheme of the process of formation and strengthening of water scarcity in the implementation of extensive methods of water use is described. The problems of water scarcity on the Crimean Peninsula are considered. The analysis of water consumption regimes in Simferopol is carried out. The features and effectiveness of the use of intensive methods of water use in the processes of reducing and eliminating water scarcity in different countries are shown. The main directions of solving the problems of water scarcity in the Crimea with the use of intensive methods of water use are presented.
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Kodge, B. G. "Water Bodies Extraction and Terrain Analysis for Finding Critical Water Scarcity Locations using Elevation Data." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2018.7.1.1837.
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The present study is aimed to create some new methods for extraction of water bodies (Rivers and Reservoirs) and analyze the land formation of terrain using elevation data. The digital elevation models (DEM) are used to extract water bodies and create terrain contours for finding water scarcity locations. Further this work also used some geospatial villages related data to obtain and analyze how many villages are suffering from critical water scarcity problems under the found water scarcity locations. The village’s data also highlights all village’s in which they fell under critical water scarcity regions and facing agriculture and drinking water problems, with respect to their elevation data and available nearby natural water resources.
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Gawel, Erik, and Kristina Bernsen. "Globalization of Water: The Case for Global Water Governance?" Nature and Culture 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2011.060301.
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Although the traditional approach in water resources management is to address water-related scarcity problems at the local or regional scale, some see water as a global resource with global drivers and impacts, supporting the argument for a global governance of water. If water is not appropriately priced, or if “poor water governance“ creates adverse incentives for resource use in countries that export “virtual water,“ then increased demand from the world market may lead to the overexploitation of water or increasing pollution. Is this reason enough for a global governance of regional water-scarcity problems? On which scale should water-management problems actually be addressed, and can global action compensate for local and regional governance failure? The paper argues that compensating globally for regional governance failure could cause “problems of fit“ and present severe downside risks.
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Wang, Yan, and Hongrui Wang. "Sustainable use of water resources in agriculture in Beijing: problems and countermeasures." Water Policy 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0022.
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Beijing, the capital of China, is one of the most water-scarce metropolises in the world. The present water policies are leading to serious water scarcity in agriculture. The proportion of agricultural water to total water has been dropping continuously in Beijing in past years. The influence of water scarcity on grain yield and planting production value has been analyzed in this paper. The problems of ecological environment and rural social problems that arise from water scarcity are also discussed in the paper. Based on the above analysis, the paper gives some suggestions for alleviating the tension, such as developing water-saving agriculture, adjusting planting structure and properly developing sewage irrigation.
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Guarino, Arthur S. "The Economic Implications of Global Water Scarcity." Research in Economics and Management 2, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v2n1p51.
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<p><em>Water, like any other natural resource, is vital to a nation’s economic growth and existence. Without adequate water supplies a nation will face severe economic problems as well as social unrest and political instability. The current problem many nations face is their dwindling water supply. The aim </em><em>and purpose of this paper is to examine the economic impact of global water scarcity on both developed and developing nations. This paper will also examine how a lack of clean water will hurt a nation’s economic growth and its ability to be a viable player in global trade and be able to provide for </em><em>its people. This study will also look at the causes of water scarcity and also how the problem can be rectified.</em></p>
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Musemwa, Muchaparara. "Urban Struggles over Water Scarcity in Harare." Daedalus 150, no. 4 (2021): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01871.
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Abstract This essay counters the growing tendency in current scholarship to attribute nearly all the enduring water scarcity problems to climate change. Focusing on Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, this essay contends that recurrent water crises can only really be understood within the contentious, long, and complex history of water politics in the capital city from the colonial to the postcolonial period. Although the colonial and postcolonial states in Zimbabwe had very different ideological and racial policies, for various reasons, neither was willing nor able to provide adequate supplies of water to the urban poor even as water was abundant in the city's reservoirs. It posits that while the colonial government racialized access to water by restricting its use by urban Africans, the postcolonial government failed to change the colonial patterns of urban water distribution and did little to increase water supplies to keep pace with a swiftly growing urban population and a geographically expanding city.
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NOIMUNWA, Watcharapong, Patama SINGHRUCK, and Penjai SOMPONGCHAIYAKUL. "Participatory Approach on Water Scarcity Solutions in Pranburi Basin, Thailand." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 8, no. 7 (February 23, 2018): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.7(23).03.
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Water scarcity is the main problems of water management and various socio-economic development activities of Thailand. Expert opinion and scientific knowledge are always convenient to be used to solve problems. To some extent, this approach may not be applicable since it is not accepted by local communities. To reduce this conflict, participatory approach may provide local cooperation and assist developing better water management strategies. Pranburi Basin is an important headwater that supports both agricultural land and municipality which includes Hua-Hin, a famous tourist place. The aims of this study were to assess water scarcity and to apply stakeholder participation into decision making processes for water management. Water stress index and criticality ratio were used to assess water scarcity. A Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was used to describe water scarcity and contributing factors. Based on DPSIR analysis, the stakeholders proposed and then prioritized for the most appropriate responses by ordinary weighing technique. The results indicated that the four most preferable measures for this basin include controlling agricultural area, controlling crop types, reforestation and establishing local water user association.
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Ridouane manouze, Ridouane manouze. "The Social organization of urban water heritage and its contribution to the management of scarcity in the southern cities of Morocco: التنظيم الاجتماعي للموروث المائي العمراني وإسهامه في تدبير الندرة بمدن الجنوب المغربي." مجلة العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية 5, no. 11 (September 29, 2021): 103–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.r080221.
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This short topic talks about the issue of the social organization of the urban water heritage and its contribution to the management of scarcity in the southern cities of Morocco. We have identified this title so as to highlight the importance of water in recent years in the context of heated debate about the future of this vital material in Morocco because of the rapid climate changes that Morocco can live in the future for water scarcity, if it does not have a unified strategy to face All problems related to water scarcity، in the case of what the sky was not merciful. Therefore, I will try to study the forms of dealing with water issues in relation to the problems of scarcity through the creation of traditional social organizations and administrative and architectural techniques Contributed to positive adaptation with constraints the natural environment that does not help human stability.
Books on the topic "Water scarcity problems"
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Chartres, Colin John. Out of water: From abundance to scarcity and how to solve the world's water problems. Upper Saddle River, N.J: FT Press, 2011.
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van den Berg, Hugo Meyer, and Hanri Mostert. Challenges to Regulating Hydraulic Fracturing in South Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0014.
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Two problems have recently plagued South Africa: insufficient energy supply and water scarcity. Hydraulic fracturing for extracting shale gas forms the backdrop to the consideration of law making and governance patterns to meet challenges of integrating new technologies into the energy landscape. The chapter highlights the climate change imperative that necessitates law making for the integration of ‘new’ technologies into the sector, and the law’s role in their governance. It considers reasons for, and potential success of, hydraulic fracturing as a method of gas extraction, alongside the environmental concerns feeding off the water scarcity problem. Further cultural and contextual concerns with hydraulic fracturing in South Africa are also considered. Law and policy making has failed to address concerns that would speak against introducing this technology. The chapter critiques the Government’s choice of addressing weaknesses in the law by introducing secondary legislation rather than involving a parliamentary process for considering amendments.
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Stine, Jeffrey. Public History and the Environment. Edited by Paula Hamilton and James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.10.
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The fields of public history and environmental history emerged independently as professional pursuits during the 1970s. Over time, their practitioners found common ground within problems related to the built and natural environment. Spurred by challenges posed by globalization and climate change, public environmental historians increasingly embraced a transnational perspective. The broad range and scope of public environmental history reflect the diversity of the field’s patrons (including government agencies, courts of law, and cultural and scientific institutions) and the spectrum of concerns associated with society’s interactions with the biophysical world, including pollution, loss of biodiversity, overpopulation, water scarcity, food security, and sustainability.
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Moore, Scott M. Subnational Hydropolitics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864101.001.0001.
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The prospect of international conflict over water has long been the subject of academic and popular concern, but subnational political conflict is considerably more common, and almost certainly imposes greater economic and environmental costs. Indeed, subnational hydropolitics are an important feature of several large countries, including the United States, India, and China. Moreover, disputes between water users in shared river basins have often persisted despite repeated attempts by central governments to resolve them through both persuasion and coercion. Yet despite the growing threat of water scarcity around the world, little research exists on sub-national politics of shared water resources. This book attempts to fill the gap by explaining how and why hydropolitics play out within countries, as well as between them. Subnational Hydropolitics re-examines the issue of water conflict by examining conflicts at the subnational rather than international level. By examining several in-depth case studies of both conflict and cooperation, Scott Moore argues that increasing sub-national water conflict is driven by two inter-linked forces, identity politics, which gives subnational politicians a reason to compete over shared water resources; and political decentralization, which provides them with the tools to do so. To understand politics at the subnational level, the book blends insights from both the environmental governance and comparative politics literatures. By examining the challenges many countries face in achieving cooperation over shared water resources, the book helps to shed light on different mechanisms and processes for solving cooperation problems at the regional scale lessons relevant to tackling a wide range of transboundary environmental problems, including air pollution, urbanization, and ecosystem protection. But at its core, this book promises a definitive contribution to the growing sub-field of environmental politics, centered on understanding how different countries attempt to solve the problems inherent in governing water resources in shared river basins.
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Farber, Daniel A. Climate Change and Disaster Law. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0026.
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This chapter looks into a specific dimension of adaptation to climate change—disaster risks. It reviews the prospects for increases in disaster risk due to climate change and considers arguments that governments have a duty under international law to respond to these increased risks. Climate change greatly accentuates disasters, putting even more stress on disaster response systems. The list of potential disasters is long, and includes heat waves, droughts, crop failures, wildfires, and outbreaks of illness. Besides the direct threats to human life and property, impacts on food supplies could be severe due to pests, water scarcity, diseases, and weather extremes. The chapter also addresses all phases of the disaster cycle: mitigation, emergency response, compensation, and rebuilding, with rebuilding completing the circle by including (or failing to include) mitigation measures to deal with the risk of another disaster event, and discusses how climate change intensifies problems at each stage.
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Barbier, Edward B. The Water Paradox. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300224436.001.0001.
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Water is essential to life, yet humankind's relationship with water is complex. For millennia, we have perceived it as abundant and easily accessible. But water shortages are fast becoming a persistent reality for all nations, rich and poor. With demand outstripping supply, a global water crisis is imminent. This book argues that our water crisis is as much a failure of water management as it is a result of scarcity. Outdated governance structures and institutions, combined with continual underpricing, have perpetuated the overuse and undervaluation of water and disincentivized much-needed technological innovation. As a result “water grabbing” is on the rise, and cooperation to resolve these disputes is increasingly fraught. The book draws on evidence from countries across the globe to show the scale of the problem, and outlines the policy and management solutions needed to avert this crisis.
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Raleigh, Clionadh. The Absence of Water Conflicts in the Developing World. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.8.
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The debate concerning how water access, availability, and change will impact conflict is bolstered by growing evidence that some influence exists, however inconsistent. Clear conclusions are obscured by the variety of water issues in developing countries, the difference between direct and indirect effects on conflict, and the additional uncertainty of what future climate changes may do to water availability and rights. This chapter summarizes how the conflict literature has integrated water issues into analyses of violence. In contrast, water researchers are mainly concerned with how little and how poorly water resources are used and managed across Africa. Resource management and politics emerge as the most serious contributors to water stress. Initial conclusions suggest that climate change and associated water shortages are far less of a problem than access and scarcity, and that water politics is leading to new contests, possibly violent, embedded in patterns of marginalization, exclusion, and poor governance.
Book chapters on the topic "Water scarcity problems"
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El Kady, Mona Mostafa. "Water Scarcity: from Problems to Opportunities in the Middle East." In Perspectives in World Food and Agriculture 2004, 253–70. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470290187.ch15.
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Shahin, Mamdouh. "Water Scarcity in the Arab Region-Major Problems and Attempts to alleviate their Impacts." In Water Science and Technology Library, 519–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5414-9_12.
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Vongtanaboon, Sukanya. "Water Resource Assessment and Management in Phuket, Thailand." In Interlocal Adaptations to Climate Change in East and Southeast Asia, 153–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81207-2_17.
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AbstractWithin the context of climate change, the province of Phuket in Thailand is the only province in Thailand without any large rivers, which means that it is potentially at risk from problems associated with water scarcity in the future. Phuket Island is also the largest island in Thailand with an area of 543 km2 comprised of three districts (Thalang, Muang and Kathu); 77% of the island is mountainous and 23% consists of plains, primarily in the central and eastern regions. Most water is derived from rainfall, which is stored in reservoirs, mine shafts, and groundwater sources. Due to geography, Phuket is a popular tourist destination. Rates of development in the hotel industry and residential areas, as well as the population, have been rapid in recent decades. However, these developments have severely degraded watershed areas. Economic growth and increases in the number of tourists has resulted in an increase in demand for water, and in the year 2020 consumption exceeded 100,000 m3/day (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020). Moreover, trends of water use in Phuket are expected to increase by 12% annually, and it is forecasted that the water demand for local consumption and tourism will rise to 103.07 million m3/year in 2032 (Patong Municipality 2020). As the water supply in the three major reservoirs (Bang Wad, Bang Niew Dam and Klong Katha) are limited due to long periods of a dry weather (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020), there are problems of water scarcity in Phuket and other areas with public water systems in the province. The droughts in 2002 and 2019–2020 caused severe water scarcity in Phuket, and this has become an important issue that the province needs to address.
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JarsjÖ, Jerker, Shilpa M. Asokan, Yoshihiro Shibuo, and Georgia Destouni. "Water Scarcity In The Aral Sea Drainage Basin: Contributions Of Agricultural Irrigation Anda Changing Climate." In Environmental Problems of Central Asia and their Economic, Social and Security Impacts, 99–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8960-2_6.
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Sandhu, Nitika, Virender Singh, Manvesh Kumar Sihag, Sunita Jain, and Rajinder Kumar Jain. "Developing Climate Smart Aerobic Rice Varieties for Addressing the Problems of Water Scarcity and Global Warming." In Plant Biotechnology: Recent Advancements and Developments, 75–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4732-9_4.
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Dolatyar, Mostafa, and Tim S. Gray. "Water Scarcity: A Global Problem?" In Water Politics in the Middle East, 60–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599871_3.
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Nzengya, Daniel M., and Francis Rutere. "Primary Versus High School Students’ Environmental Attitudes and Pro-environmental Behavior: The Case of Embu County, Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2653–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_134.
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AbstractDegradation of natural resources exacerbates a country’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change. IPCC projections suggest that countries within the horn of Africa, which include Kenya, will suffer most from extreme climate change events, particularly more frequent and prolonged droughts. Women and children suffer disproportionately from the consequences of environmental degradation. Public participation is one of the strategies governments pursue to combat environmental degradation; however, there has been limited research to better understand students’ environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior to better inform student-led participatory designs. Students comprise a significant proportion of the population in Kenya. This research conducted in 2018 at Nginda Ward, Embu County, comprised a survey of 121 students: 58 high school and 63 primary school students. The research investigated students’ environmental knowledge, environmental attitudes, and pro-environmental behavior. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Multivariate statistics (MANOVA) were used to examine the relationship between the dependent variables and the participant’s gender and level of schooling. From the results obtained, the top five most frequently mentioned local environmental problems by the students sampled included water pollution, deforestation, air pollution, scarcity of safe sources for water for domestic use, and soil erosion. Inferential statistical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between students’ level of schooling and environmental attitudes, F = 11.79, (1, 120), p < 0.01. In addition, there is a significant relationship between students’ level of schooling and environmental knowledge, that is, perceived severity of environmental problems, F = 5.33, (1, 120), p < 0.05. Research findings further revealed a significant relationship between gender and environmental knowledge, F = 9.62, (1, 120), p < 0.01. However, gender differences in pro-environmental behavior were not statistically significant. Also, differences between primary and high school students’ pro-environmental behavior were insignificant.
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Simbolon, Jackwin, and Janet McIntyre-Mills. "What Is Problem Represented to Be: Water Scarcity, Water Mismanagement or Misdirecting the Systems?" In Democracy and Governance for Resourcing the Commons, 233–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04891-4_9.
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Osborn, Donald E., Raymond Sierka, and Medhat Latif. "Water Problems, Solar Solutions: Applications of Solar Thermal Energy to Water Technologies." In The Politics of Scarcity, 65–108. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429313967-5.
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"Harnessing research for development to tackle wicked problems." In Water Scarcity, Livelihoods and Food Security, 59–90. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315851662-9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Water scarcity problems"
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Khilchevskyi, V. K., Ya B. Oliinyk, and V. I. Zatserkovnyi. "Global problems of water resources scarcity." In XIV International Scientific Conference “Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment”. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202056001.
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Ismail Abdullah, Abdulqadir, and Adil Hussein Mohammed. "Water Scarcity in Erbil City: Problems and Innovative Solution." In 4th International Conference on Communication Engineering and Computer Science (CIC-COCOS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cocos2022/paper.760.
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Nakil, Seemantini. "Traditional and modern systems for addressing wter scarcity in arid zones of India." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/fesh7872.
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Water is essential for all socio-economic development and for maintaining a healthy ecosystem in the world. At present, reduction of water scarcity is prime goal of many countries and governments. Water scarcity is one of the most important concerns of present-day geographers as water is the central subject of all kinds of developmental activities. Rajasthan is the largest state in India covering an area of 34.22 million hectares, i.e.10.5 percent of the country’s geographical area, but sharing only 1.15 percent of its water resources. The state is predominantly agrarian as the livelihood of 70 percent of its people depends on agriculturebased activities. Most of the state (60-75%) is arid or semiarid. Waterways are a vital and productive resource to our environment. Rajasthan in India is characterized by very low mean annual rainfall (100-400 mm), high inter-annual variability in rainfall and stream flows, and poorquality soils and groundwater. Rajasthan has a rich history of use of traditional systems of water harvesting in almost all the districts of the state. These practices have often saved the droughtaffected regions from problems of water famine. The serious problems of water shortages in many parts of the country are being largely attributed to the discontinued use of traditional water harvesting practices. This paper discusses reasons of scarcity of water in arid zones and also explore various traditional & modern water systems to resolve the issue of water scarcity in arid parts of India.
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Sheldon, Seth, and Ory Zik. "Water Scarcity: An Energy Problem." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88241.
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Using the connection between water and energy as a case study, we present a model that uses the effects of geospatial and temporal context on embedded energy to approximate resource sustainability for water. First, the basic steps of calculating the energy intensity for a given location are discussed. Intensity is presented in units of energy per volume of water. In the case of supplying fresh water, energy intensity depends upon the quality of the original resource, its location relative to the end use location, and the type of technology in use to move and treat the water. Pumping, and conveyance, purification, distribution, wastewater treatment, and system inefficiencies (e.g. evaporative losses, leaks) increase the total energy investment, while water recycling decreases the total investment. Lift and purification are typically the greatest contributors to the overall energy intensity of a fresh water supply, but system inefficiencies can have a substantial impact as well. Over time, growing cities tend to progress from using their least energy intensive water resources (e.g. untreated surface water) to their most energy intensive (e.g. long distance transfers, desalinated water lifted to high elevations) as water demands begin to outstrip supplies. As a function of water availability, we assign each location an intensity value that approaches the intensity of its next “best” (i.e., least energy intensive) source of water. Hence, an area which is depleting its available surface and groundwater may have desalinated surface or groundwater as its next (and last) resort. The area would be characterized as undergoing water stress, and relatively less sustainable than areas which use their local fresh water supplies with no perceivable negative impact. An operating principle of this research is that with enough energy, it is possible to supply any location with fresh water. Desalinated ocean water, moved over long distances and lifted to great heights represents that upper limit. Working backwards from this extreme scenario, it is possible to not only move away from the paradigm of unitless or vague sustainability indices, but to quantify resource scarcity in a way that is both intuitive and actionable. The model is also self-correcting: areas may reduce the energy intensity of a sustainable water supply through better management of existing fresh water resources or through technological innovations that produce fresh water from degraded sources in an energy efficient manner. A major conclusion of this research is that the amount of energy necessary to maintain a reliable supply of fresh water greatly varies by location and technology choice. Further, many areas of the country overuse their local fresh water sources. To create a durable water supply, such areas can 1) reduce their use of local fresh water to sustainable levels and invest in alternative water sources—at a high financial and energy cost, or 2) aggressively pursue water efficiency measures so that they can both reduce their reliance on local fresh water sources and avoid the high costs associated with alternative water supplies. Additionally, by converting water use to energy consumption as a function of scarcity, it is possible to weigh the relative importance of water use efficiency to conservation in other areas (e.g. electricity, direct heating, waste disposal).
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Vagge, Ilda, Gioia Maddalena Gibelli, and Alessio Gosetti Poli. "LANDSCAPE DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDY OF TEHRAN AND HIS KAN RIVER." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.311.
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The authors, with the awareness that climate change affects and changes the landscape, wanted to investigate how these changes are occurring within the metropolitan area of Tehran. Trying to keep a holistic method that embraces different disciplines, reasoning from large scale to small scale, the authors tried to study the main problems related to water scarcity and loss of green spaces. Subsequently they dedicated themselves to the identification of the present and missing ecosystem services, so that they could be used in the best possible way as tools for subsequent design choices. From the analysis obtained, the authors have created a masterplan with the desire to ensure a specific natural capital, the welfare of ecosystem services, and at the same time suggest good water management practices. It becomes essential to add an ecological accounting to the economic accounting, giving dignity to the natural system and the ecosystem services that derive from it.
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Wong, Kaufui V., and Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.
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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.
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Venugopal, Madan, and J. Kim Vandiver. "Cross Flow and In-Line Damping Measurements From Forced Excitations of a Flexible Cylinder in a Uniform Flow." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51397.
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Tensioned flexible cylindrical structures are important in many ocean engineering applications such as moorings for buoys and platforms, marine risers and towing cables. Modeling the vibration of these structures is complicated because these are complex three-dimensional, unsymmetrical, fluid structure interaction problems. Damping is an important, but poorly understood, component of the response prediction models developed for modeling such systems. In particular, there is a scarcity of good data on damping of flexible cylinders vibrating in uniform and non-uniform external flow. This is, in part, due to the difficulty of measuring fluid damping on a vibrating cylinder in a flow. Results are presented here which address some of these limitations. Forced vibration tests were performed on two 13 ft long tensioned flexible cylinders (an ABS tube and a steel wire) in a current tank to determine in air and still water damping as well as cross flow and in-line damping in a uniform flow. The experimental methodology is described and results are presented for a range of reduced velocities. The results show an increase in fluid damping with increased reduced velocities for small amplitudes of vibration.
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De Farias Gomes, Susane, Ana Luiza De Oliveira Andrade, and Danielle Costa Morais. "Using Soft Systems Methodology on the Problem of Water Scarcity." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2015.60.
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Siddiqui, Hammad, Osama Fayyaz, and Syed Zaidi. "Novel Method for the production of Water from Humid Environment of Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0066.
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Water scarcity is the major challenge of the upcoming decades for the entire world. Middle eastern nations are prone to water scarcity due to very less rainfall, scarce fresh water sources, sandy surroundings and harsh humid climatic conditions. Qatar being the leader of natural gas production suffers from the same problem of pure and clean water. Water desalination techniques adopted so far are energy intensive and unknown to oceanic habitat. The use of vapor compression cycle for the condensation of atmospheric water vapor has various limitations such as complex machinery, high power consumption and periodical maintenance. This novel method utilizes heavy humid conditions of Qatar to obtain water from the atmosphere through Peltier Effect. This method uses the dissimilarity of the conductors in the electric circuit such that the current is made to flow through the circuit and the heating and cooling effects are generated at the junctions where cooling temperature of the junction can be achieved below the dew point temperature thus forming the dew which is collected in the closed container as condensed atmospheric water. This technique is superior to other conventional methods of water production due to its cost efficiency, energy saving, simple machinery and portability of the entire system.
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Fresco, Anthony N. "Solute Ion Linear Alignment as the Energy Source to Address Aquifer Depletion Fresh Water Scarcity and Sea Level Rise." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65930.
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There are reports in the literature that the lives of 4 billion people are at risk either now or in the foreseeable future, and including even 130 million US citizens, mostly in the western states of California and surroundings and in Texas and Florida as being subject to water scarcity primarily due to depletion of aquifers and ground water and losses due to evaporation. 1, 2, 3 At the same time, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), there is strong evidence that global sea level is now rising at an increased rate and will continue to rise during this century.4 Climate scientists at the Potsdam Institute of Climate Impact Research published a study in the journal Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences5 that found that the economic costs of sea level rise increase more quickly than sea levels themselves. Although fresh water is scarce, obviously the oceans are virtually an infinite source of water. Rather than trying to implement difficult fresh water usage restrictions, the best solution to the sea level rise and fresh water scarcity would be to cheaply and efficiently convert sea water to fresh water and to pump the rising sea water level inland to compensate for the underground aquifer depletion. The main problem with desalination has always been, and continues to be, the high energy consumption and operating cost. Similarly, efforts in the past to transport fresh water from northern latitudes have faced the difficulty of high energy costs for pumping water over long distances. Solute ion linear alignment propulsion was presented in ASME ES2010-903966. Solute ion linear alignment is a process in which potential energy of the electrostatic fields of like charged solute ions is converted to kinetic energy. The current paper presents factors showing that solute ion linear alignment as a power generation method by flash distillation7, and which normally releases no carbon emissions, could in fact be the only way feasible to cheaply and efficiently convert sea water to fresh water and pump the rising sea water level inland to compensate for the underground aquifer depletion. Since solute ion linear alignment is based on the principle of capacitive deionization (CDI), anomalies concerning CDI are discussed. For example, for opposite electrodes separated by 1 mm and subject to a differential voltage of 1.5 volts, the resulting charge densities on opposite electrodes of over 10 Farads/gram and material densities, e.g., carbon nanofoam, of 0.5 grams/cm2, the resulting force between the positively charged ions on one electrode and the negatively charged ions on the other electrode is calculated to be in the range of 1015 Newtons based on Coulomb’s Law. The stability of charge densities in the range of 10 Coulombs/cm3 is also discussed in view of the potential energy and resulting forces of such charge densities with consideration of possible differences in dielectric properties in solids versus liquids for like-charged conditions. An analysis of the power requirements for the CDI charge absorption and regeneration cycle is compared to the potential energy available from linear alignment to show that the linear alignment process is expected to be a net energy gain process in the same category as combustion, which involves electron transfer, nuclear fission, which is the electrostatic repulsion of the protons in the nucleus, and nuclear fusion, which is caused by attraction of the nuclear force.
Reports on the topic "Water scarcity problems"
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman, and Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.
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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Mehmood, Hamid. Bibliometrics of Water Research: A Global Snapshot. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/eybt8774.
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This report examines the various dimensions of global water-related research over the 2012-2017 period, using extensive bibliographic data. The review covers trends in water-related publications and citations, the relative importance of water-related research in the overall body of scientific research, flows of water-related knowledge between countries and the dynamics of water research publishing opportunities. In summary, it shows that: less than 50% of all countries are publishing water-related research, that China and USA are the two top publishers, and that China’s publishing rate has been growing steadily over the study period. More than 70% of water related publications originating in USA are being cited globally, while China’s water research output appears to be primarily internally cited at present. Analysis of the global water knowledge flows suggests that research is hardly addressing a range of regional water challenges. Countries with protracted water problems – for example in infrastructure, environment, agriculture, energy solutions – do not seem to be at the forefront of water research production or knowledge transfer. Instead, global water research is reliant on Western, particularly US-produced, scientific outputs. A disconnect is also observed between the percentage increase in the publication and the number of citations, suggesting low quality or a narrow focus of many publications. Among other factors, this may reflect the pressure on researchers to contribute a certain number of publications per year, or of the progressively increasing role of grey literature in scientific discourse that ‘diverts’ some citation flow. Analysis of the number of research publications per million people suggests that water research does not necessarily emerge as a reaction to water scarcity in a specific country, but may be driven by the traditional economic value of water supply, geopolitical location, a focus on regional development - including cross-border water management - or development aid spending, or globally applicable research in water management. The proportion of water research in the overall research output of a country is small, including for some of the top-publishing countries. The number of water-related journals that create opportunities for publishing water research, has grown dramatically in absolute terms since 2000, and is now close 2100 journals. The metrics used in this report are based on readily available bibliographic data. They can be further focused to better understand a specific thematic domain, geographical region or country, or to analyze a different period. To help accelerate solutions to global and national water challenges that many of these research papers are highlighting, the water research community needs to look beyond the research ‘box’ and identify ways to measure development impact of water research programmes, rather ‘impact’ based solely on academic impact measured in citations. The research findings, learning and knowledge in these research publications needs to be conveyed in a practical way to the real users of this knowledge – stakeholders who are beyond research circles.