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Journal articles on the topic 'Water reuse'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Pandey, Bharat Chandra. "Review: Reuse of Treated Wastewater." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 1915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45599.

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Abstract: Water reuse generally refers to the process of using treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, nonpotable urban applications (such as toilet flushing, street washing, and fire protection), groundwater recharge, recreation, and direct or undirected water supply. Its increased application has been facilitated by modern wastewater treatment processes that have advanced substantially during the twentieth century. Water Reuse is a reality at international. Several practices have emerged around the world as results of different needs, perspectives and policies. Accelerating development occurred in the past 15 years, especially in the application field of potable reuse. Technologies and treatment flowsheets have been studied and validated, demonstrating advanced water quality, safety and suitability for potable reuse applications. Reuse of wastewater after its treatment may be a good alternative for regions, which suffer from lack of pure water or have limited access to water resources. Effective water reuse applications require a combination of advanced treatment technologies. Increasingly these include a combination of low-pressure technologies MF/UF followed by NF/RO (high pressure) to provide a high-quality grade of water. Submerged membrane bioreactor systems (MBR) have also become a viable alternative for wastewater reuse technologies. Reuse technologies may be applied for municipal and industrial wastewater. Reuse of wastewater is only possible if sanitary and environmental safety is provided with no hazard for current ecosystem. That fact requires strict fulfilment of laws and regulation. Wastewater to be reused has to follow a certain sequence of treatment procedures to reduce concentration of pollutants in it. Water reuse (also commonly known as water recycling or water reclamation) reclaims water from a variety of sources then treats and reuses it for beneficial purposes such as agriculture and irrigation, potable water supplies, groundwater replenishment, industrial processes, and environmental restoration. Water reuse can provide alternatives to existing water supplies and be used to enhance water security, sustainability, and resilience that might be traditional methods (waste separation, sedimentation), methods of removal of certain components (nitrogen and phosphorus), disinfection

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Bauer, Sonja. "Identification of Water-Reuse Potentials to Strengthen Rural Areas in Water-Scarce Regions—The Case Study of Wuwei." Land 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120492.

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Due to water scarcity, which is worsening due to climate change, rural areas often face the challenge of rural exoduses. Limited water resources restrict local farmers as the opportunities for cultivation in the fields are reduced. This makes rural areas increasingly unattractive. To strengthen rural areas, sustainable water management with a focus on water-reuse is required. Since treated wastewater is a daily resource with calculable quantities available, reused water can contribute to the sustainable strengthening of a region. Therefore, an analysis of water-reuse potentials must be conducted to develop a water-reuse concept and thus increase the application of reused water. For this purpose, a case study of Wuwei as a rural and water-scarce region in China was chosen. By using a geoinformation system, the unfulfilled water-reuse potential can be identified by intersecting the results of the analysis regarding the current water supply and disposal situation with spatial and regional information, such as population data. Hence, the study presents the potential to increase wastewater treatment and water-reuse for, e.g., agricultural irrigation. It is shown that, in the best case, reused water can be increased from 5479 m3 per day to 207,461 m3 per day. Resource efficiency can be further increased by combining water-reuse concepts with land-use strategies adapted to climate change. This will ensure a more sustainable water supply in the future.

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Al-Khatib, Issam A., Abed al Hamid U. Al Shami, Gonzalo Rodriguez Garcia, and Ilke Celik. "Social Acceptance of Greywater Reuse in Rural Areas." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 26, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6603348.

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Like many countries, Palestine suffers from water scarcity. Here, treated greywater is considered an essential nonconventional water resource. We aim to identify some wastewater reuse and disposal practices in rural areas and assess the acceptance level of different reuses of greywater. We conducted a survey analysis in four villages with a strong agricultural activity of the western Bethlehem Governorate. The level of acceptance of greywater reuse was generally independent of demographic variables like family size, income, or water bill, with a few exceptions regarding gender, age, and level of education. Centralized treatment was more valued than treatment at home, which presented similar acceptance levels than no treatment and might indicate a lack of trust in this alternative. The only reuse alternative trusted across treatments was bush irrigation (3.53-3.86 on a five-point Likert scale), but other options without clear, direct human contact like crop irrigation (3.14-3.62), stone cutting (3.19-3.36), and construction (3.12-3.42) also received considerable support. Reused perceived as having direct contact with humans was rejected, as it was the flushing of public toilets (2.59-2.7), aquaculture (1.98-2.37), olive pressing (1.85-1.94), and drinking (1.62-1.72). Relatively new reuse, car washing (2.95-3.17), was somewhere in between, partially because of its novelty. To increase this and other reuses, we strongly encourage local authorities to inform the population about the potentialities of greywater reuse.

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4

Loeb, Barry L. "Water Reuse." Ozone: Science & Engineering 38, no. 4 (June 24, 2016): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2016.1189292.

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5

Kossar, M. J., K. J. Amaral, S. S. Martinelli, and M. C. L. Erbe. "Proposal for water reuse in the Kraft pulp and paper industry." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2013): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.036.

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The reuse of wastewater by the pulp and paper industry reduces environmental impacts by contributing to raw water conservation, thereby making a greater volume of fresh water available for nobler purposes, and reducing wastewater treatment. This study evaluated a proposed system of water reuse at a Kraft pulp and paper plant in Brazil, based on a survey of water quality required by its consumption points, supplied by its water treatment plant. Results after ultrafiltration included: turbidity of 0,3 NTU and pH 7,5, average values of BOD 66,4 mg/L, COD 9,6 mg/L and the colour of 280,5 ppm Pt were measured after ultrafiltration. The ultrafiltered wastewater was considered available for reuse, and its quality was compared with that of the water supplied by the water treatment plant, which provided for the classification of potential reuse points. Water colour was identified as the limiting factor for reuse; thus the reuse points were two Kraft paper machines, and the water flow to the liquid ring formations that generate the vacuums inside nineteen pumps for these two machines. The advantages of this proposal for water reuse include: ultrafiltered water quality sufficient for the vacuum pumps, the small distance between the point of reused water generation and the paper machines section, and the reused water has no contact with the final product. The calculated cost and return time for the water reuse system was US$ 607.020,00 in 15 years.

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Handam, Natasha Berendonk, Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva, Elvira Carvajal, and Adriana Sotero-Martins. "Decay of pathogens (indicators of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) in soil due to the application of reuse water." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 19 (March 12, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2950.

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Reuse water is defined as the reuse of water from treated effluents, it requires careful monitoring to avoid damage to environmental health. This study evaluates the decay of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. bacteria in soil irrigated with reused water for agricultural reuse, without damaging public or environmental health. The decay of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella spp. was verified using the Filter Membrane method SS AGAR culture medium was used. The decay curves over time were made using the Sigmaplot program. Each experimental group had 4 pots (one group irrigated with recycled water and the other with drinking water), two pots containing vegetation cover and two containing only soil. In crops irrigated with reused water, the survival time of Salmonella spp. was double compared to the others, and E. coli survival did not vary between groups. Pots with bare soil irrigated with uncontaminated reused water showed a faster decline in Salmonella spp. For agricultural reuse, irrigation must be done by drip and with the use of personal protective equipment. It is essential to create national legislation to protect public and environmental health. Keywords: agricultural reuse, decay analysis of microorganisms, public health.

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7

Portman, Michelle E., Olga Vdov, Manfred Schuetze, Yael Gilboa, and Eran Friedler. "Public perceptions and perspectives on alternative sources of water for reuse generated at the household level." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.002.

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Abstract Studying perceptions about reuse of alternative water sources informs about conditions necessary for transition to large-scale decentralized water reuse. We administered a perceptions survey to the public based on results of initial open interviews of water management experts in Israel. Experts indicated their views on impediments to widespread household water reuse which became the basis for developing the questionnaire. The latter aimed to understand views among the general public of: (a) willingness to adopt reuse practices from three sources: greywater, air conditioner condensate and roof-harvested rainwater; and (b) preferences for targeted use of these three types of reused water. The survey elicited 372 responses. A maximum-likelihood regression analysis was conducted using independent variables (i.e., demographic characteristics, individual positions regarding the state of the country's water resources and plans for the provision of domestic water (i.e., desalination), knowledge of the reuse practices and views about risks from various uses of the reused water, including off-premise uses). Willingness to implement reuse practices served as the dependent variable. We found that respondents indicating that they heard of the reuse of the particular types of reuse practices (variable: ‘Knowledge’) was the most significant of the independent variables for all three alternative water sources. Also, using an analytic hierarchy process, we determined that health risks were much more important when compared to convenience of use and costs under hypothetical scenarios of both moderate and significant savings in monthly water expenditures.

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Li, Fangyue, Knut Wichmann, and Ralf Otterpohl. "Evaluation of appropriate technologies for grey water treatments and reuses." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.854.

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As water is becoming a rare resource, the onsite reuse and recycling of grey water is practiced in many countries as a sustainable solution to reduce the overall urban water demand. However, the lack of appropriate water quality standards or guidelines has hampered the appropriate grey water reuses. Based on literature review, a non-potable urban grey water treatment and reuse scheme is proposed and the treatment alternatives for grey water reuse are evaluated according to the grey water characteristics, the proposed standards and economical feasibility.

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Yin, Hua, Peiwen Qiu, Yuange Qian, Zhuwen Kong, Xiaolong Zheng, Zhihua Tang, and Huafang Guo. "Textile Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: A Case Study." Processes 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7010034.

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The reduced natural waters and the large amount of wastewater produced by textile industry necessitate an effective water reuse treatment. In this study, a combined two-stage water reuse treatment was established to enhance the quality and recovery rate of reused water. The primary treatment incorporated a flocculation and sedimentation system, two sand filtration units, an ozonation unit, an ultrafiltration (UF) system, and a reverse osmosis (RO) system. The second treatment included an ozonation unit, a sand filtration unit, and UF and RO systems. The color removal rate increased with the increasing ozone dosage, and the relational expression between the ozone dosage and color removal rate was fitted. Ozonation greatly reduced the color by 92.59 and 97.27 times during the primary and second ozonation stages, respectively. RO had the highest removal rate. The combined processes showed good performance in water reuse treatment. The treated, reused water satisfied the reuse standard and surpassed the drinking water standard rates for chemical oxygen consumption (CODcr), color, NH3-N, hardness, Cl−, SO42−, turbidity, Fe3+, and Cu2+. The operating cost of reuse water treatment was approximately 0.44 USD·m−3.

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10

Wakhungu, M. J. "An ethnography of policy: water reuse policy in Kenya." Water Policy 21, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.160.

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Abstract Water scarcity and inadequate infrastructure for sanitation are two challenges that are emblematic to Kenya and other developing nations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Under such circumstances, water reuse has the potential to address these challenges but only under a favourable policy environment. In this paper, policy documents were considered as the ethnographic object to understand how people talk about water reuse in Kenya through policies, plans, regulations and guidelines. Using a general inductive approach to content analysis, the findings suggest that Kenya's policy on water reuse has progressed, especially in the recognition of the potential of reused water for addressing water scarcity, pollution, cleaner industrial production, food production, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. While many of the water reuse issues have been discussed under water and irrigation, environment and industrialization, other key sectors such as food and agriculture, housing, urban development and health remain silent on water reuse. Therefore, there is a need to take water reuse conversations beyond the water, environment, and industrialisation sectors if we are to address the water supply and wastewater management issues. Likewise, the study reminds us of the importance of foregrounding public perception and harmonized institutional arrangements in the success of water reuse in the country.

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Paulo, Paula Loureiro, Jéssica Vieira, Karen Midori Takahashi, Fernando Jorge Correa Magalhães, Jhonatan Barbosa da Silva, and Marc Árpád Boncz. "Technical Note 4 - Reuse water: grey water treated in constructed wetlands." Cadernos Técnicos Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental 2, no. 3 (2022): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/276455760203004.

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Greywater is a potential source for producing water that can be reused for non-potable purposes. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) for greywater treatment can contribute to the mitigation of heat and low relative humidity in urban areas. Thus, the goal of this technical note is to present the performance of constructed wetlands, a NBS, with respect to the main parameters of national and international standards considering water reuse, and to assess the suitability of the treated effluent for different reuse purposes. Design examples and a flowchart are presented to support the decision-making process, addressing aspects from the characterization of greywater until choosing an application for the recovered water. In this way, we expect to provide a starting point for enabling an increased reuse of treated greywater for non-potable purposes in Brazil, assisting designers, as well as technicians from regulatory bodies, in the design and evaluation of treatment systems using a simple and promising ecotechnology.

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Xu, P., F. Brissaud, and M. Salgot. "Facing water shortage in a Mediterranean tourist area: seawater desalination or water reuse?" Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0009.

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An integrated technical-economic modelling framework was developed to help planning and managing of water resources in a Mediterranean tourist area, Palma on Majorca island (Spain). Due to high water demand, groundwater resources are depleted and new water resources should be developed. Seawater desalination has become an important solution to water shortage, especially in the summer tourist season. Meanwhile, reclaimed water has been applied for agricultural and landscape irrigation. With regard to the treated wastewater not being effectively reused, further water reuse scenarios are envisaged in order to meet new water demand, restore over-exploited aquifers and reduce expensive seawater desalination. Three types of models were established and coupled: (i) hydrological models; (ii) water demand and/or need model; (iii) technical-economic model. In addition, a multi-criteria analysis completed the technical-economic modelling. The simulated water reuse scenarios are not alternative but complementary. They provide the possibilities for total reuse of wastewater in the Palma area. Compared with seawater desalination, water reuse is a cost-effective solution to address water scarcity issues in the Palma area. Using tertiary effluent for landscape irrigation allows over-exploited aquifers to recover. It is very attractive in terms of economic benefits and feasible with respect to technical and social aspects. Further water reuse for extending agricultural irrigation can greatly reduce seawater desalination but acquiring the farmers' agreement to give up pumping groundwater for irrigation would meet some difficulties. Water recharge would help to totally reuse wastewater but uncertainties related to public perception and the attitude or regulatory board and local authorities need dealing with. Because water reuse requires a long-term managing viewpoint in order to prepare and demonstrate its feasibility and security, seawater desalination was adopted as an emergency solution to meet peak demands during the tourist season and in case of drought.

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13

Asano, Takashi. "Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 8 (April 1, 2002): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0137.

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Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management. In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.

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Pasch, J., and P. Macy. "Building sustainable wastewater reuse in Jordan." Water Supply 5, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2005): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0078.

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Jordan's population is projected to reach 6.5 million by 2010. Limited water does not meet present or projected demands, groundwater levels are dropping, and industrialization is increasing pressure on water resources and the environment. The agricultural sector alone uses approximately 70% of total water resources. Wastewater represents a resource that can help fill Jordan's gap between supply and demand. While approximately 80% of the over 80 MCM of wastewater/yr is currently reused, only a fraction is formalized with permitting and adherence to reuse guidelines. The Jordanian government seeks to embrace reclaimed resources in national water resources planning through recognized/regulated reuse implementation activities. A multi-sectoral project is being performed to help reach this goal in Jordan and worldwide, sharing lessons learned in increasing access to reused water, and involving performance of four demonstration projects with an aim toward developing replicable operational conditions that support sustainability/enhance expansion of treated wastewater reuse in Jordan.

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Nas, Bilgehan, Sinan Uyanik, Ahmet Aygün, Selim Doğan, Gürsel Erul, K. Batuhan Nas, Sefa Turgut, Mustafa Cop, and Taylan Dolu. "Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential." Water Supply 20, no. 1 (September 27, 2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.136.

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Abstract The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) initiated an important project, ‘Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Turkey’, in 2017. With this project, all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated to determine wastewater reuse purposes for the first time. The results obtained from this project were that although there are 1,015 existing WWTPs, only 15 of them realized wastewater reuse. In 2017, the total volume of reused treated wastewater in Turkey amounted to 29.6 million m3/year, accounting for 0.78% of the treated urban wastewater. With the present water potential and sectoral water use rates, Turkey should make key administrative and technical regulations in the coming years for water reuse. This paper aims to give an overview of wastewater reuse activities from present status to future potential in Turkey and the opportunities and challenges in expanding water reuse. The status of WWTPs, treatment processes and their compliance with the WWTPs where reuse is carried out in Turkey are evaluated in this study. The realization of the planned goals and challenges are discussed after regulatory changes in Turkey for reclaimed wastewater and reuse targets for 2023.

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Abou-Shady, Ahmed, Muhammad Saboor Siddique, and Wenzheng Yu. "A Critical Review of Recent Progress in Global Water Reuse during 2019–2021 and Perspectives to Overcome Future Water Crisis." Environments 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2023): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10090159.

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The exacerbation of the global water crisis due to an increase in global population, industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities, along with global climate change and limited water resources, makes water reuse inevitable in all continents. By 2030, global water consumption may grow to ~160% of the currently available volume. This study reviews recently published articles (2019–2021) to explore global case studies of water reuse and discusses future perspectives by country based on a literature survey on water reuse. There are 17 obstacles reported worldwide regarding water reuse (e.g., the properties and low amounts of treated water, regulations, financial challenges, etc.) and 10 advantages of utilizing reused water in various fields (e.g., overcoming the global water crisis, improving the economy, benefiting the industrial sector, etc.). The concept of reusing water has been accepted by countries in almost every continent (e.g., Australia, Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, and North America); the technical findings from different countries are summarized in this study. The water reuse scenario is not restricted to countries with limited water supply and can be applied to those with sufficient water resources (e.g., Canada and Brazil have also implemented water reuse policies). Water reuse can be utilized by human beings via indirect and direct potable recycling, as well as in agriculture, textile, construction, hotel, groundwater recharge, and aquaculture industries. However, a standard guideline for the application of reclaimed water at a global scale is unavailable. Several perspectives have been suggested for the future utilization of reclaimed water worldwide as an effort to secure and ensure the sustainability of existing natural water resources. Lastly, water reuse may be considered a potential alternative for reducing the burden on water resources in the future.

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Pinjing, He, L. Phan, Gu Guowei, and G. Hervouet. "Reclaimed municipal wastewater - a potential water resource in China." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0578.

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Due to water resource shortage and socio-economic development within twenty years, China faces serious problems of water supply and water pollution. Several criteria and suitable reclamation processes related to water reuse have been created in China, which are helpful to improve the situation of water scarcity. In the future, reclaimed municipal wastewater reuse will mainly be developed for urban and industrial use. Potential supply quantity of reclaimed water, quality of reclaimed water, and reclamation cost are favorable to potential reuses. Based on further public environmental education, on a relevant development of national and local standards for reclaimed water quality, and on an increase of sanitary rate, more and more planned reclaimed water reuse projects would be expected in China.

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Drewes, Jörg E., C. Patricio Roa Garduño, and Gary L. Amy. "Water reuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – status, prospects and research needs." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 926–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.063.

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Saudi Arabia is one of the driest countries in the world. While desalination plants currently installed in the country represent 30% of the world's desalination capacity, seawater desalination alone will not be able to provide sufficient supplies to meet the increasing freshwater demand. However, with only 9% of the total municipal wastewater generated currently being reused, the kingdom is projected as the third largest reuse market after China and the USA, and reuse capacities are projected to increase by 800% by 2016. This projected growth and the change in water portfolios offer tremendous opportunities to integrate novel approaches of water reclamation and reuse. This paper highlights the current status of reuse in the kingdom, discusses prospects of using distributed infrastructure for reuse tailored to local needs as well as the use of artificial recharge and recovery systems for reclaimed water. It also suggests research needs to helping overcoming barriers for wastewater reuse.

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Handam, Natasha Berendonk, Ana Beatriz Loureiro Gonçalves da Silva, Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva, Priscila Gonçalves Moura, Elvira Carvajal, Adriana Sotero-Martins, and José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos. "Sanitary quality of reused water for irrigation in agriculture in Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 17, no. 3 (May 25, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2809.

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Reused water is produced from treated effluents, and can be an alternative source of water for agriculture. However, its quality must be assessed to avoid causing damage to human and environmental health. This study evaluated the sanitary quality (bacteriological and physicochemical) of reused water samples for agricultural irrigation, compared with those described in Brazilian and international regulations. Bacteriological analyses were performed, and the results were compared with the norm of the Brazilian Association of Technical Norms (ABNT) NBR nº 13.969/1997. Physical and chemical analyses of the reused water samples were carried out, and the results were compared with the standards described by regulations: Resolution of the State Council for the Environment of Ceará No. 2 of 2017; Resolution of the Bahia State Water Resources Council No. 75 of 2010; and “Guidelines for Water Reuse” from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA. According to Brazilian regulations, bacteriological analyses showed that the "chlorinated" and "polished" samples were suitable for agriculture. However, the “biological" sample was unsuitable for use, and showed a high level of thermotolerant coliforms (25.800 CFU / mL). According to bacteriological and physical-chemical analyses, the “polished” sample was only proper for agriculture irrigation. Therefore, the work suggests the creation of federal law regarding agricultural reuse to control the sanitary quality of water for human and environmental health. Keywords: agricultural reuse, agriculture, bacteriological and physicochemical evaluation, norms for reuse in agriculture.

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Angelakis, Andreas N., Vasileios A. Tzanakakis, Andrea G. Capodaglio, and Nicholas Dercas. "A Critical Review of Water Reuse: Lessons from Prehistoric Greece for Present and Future Challenges." Water 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132385.

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Wastewater treatment and reuse has passed through different development stages with time. This study reviews the most essential changes in water reclamation and reuses over millennia, focusing on initial approaches in the Hellenic world and discussing the current situation. Based on archeological evidence and time records, the awareness of the Greeks regarding land disposal, irrigation, and water reuse is highlighted. The latter has evolved into a plethora of applications, with Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) representing one of the last modern frontiers. Currently, advances in wastewater treatment and the spreading of wastewater treatment plants producing large amounts of treated effluents increase the potential for water reuse. This is regarded as a critical option for the continuing protection of water resources and human health, while concurrently satisfying water demand, particularly in areas subject to increased water scarcity. The main constraints in the expansion of water reuse practices are discussed, focusing on wastewater treatment efficiency and quality effluent standards issues, as well as on the lack of motivations related to the acceptability of this practice by final users. Against these challenges, the need for a transition from an “issue-by-issue” approach to a broader integrated water management framework is highlighted.

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Jiménez, Blanca, Francisco Carranza, and Nelson Medina. "Agricultural water reuse in Nicaragua: extent, actual practices, perception and perspectives." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2011.051.

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Data on the extent of water reuse, its characteristics and social perception is scarce, notably for developing countries. To characterize reuse in Nicaragua, a water-rich country, use of effluents from 22 wastewater treatment plants was surveyed on-site, in combination with a literature review and surveys of government institutions, water utilities and farmers. It was found that 50% of the effluents were reused unplanned for agricultural irrigation on 247.25 ha of land. This is a 58% increase over an estimate made in 2002. The main crops irrigated were bananas, tobacco and fodder. Reuse was welcomed by farmers because it increased their income by 1.9 times. Farmers felt that government should set up programmes to control water reuse to make the practice more reliable and to increase access to treated wastewater. For water utilities, reuse was of interest as there are currently no funds available to treat wastewater to a tertiary level to control the eutrophication of surface water or to properly disinfect the effluents to meet national standards. Our results led the government institutions to consider reuse as an interesting option to control eutrophication and to improve livelihoods for farmers, provided the procedures for application of the treated wastewater are improved.

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Dantas, Danielly Luz, and Alessander Wilckson Cabral Sales. "Aspectos Ambientais, Sociais e Jurídicos do Reuso da Água." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 3, no. 3 (December 9, 2009): 04–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v3i3.173.

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Este artigo trata do valor ambiental da água, as causas e consequências da sua escassez, bem como dos problemas que afetam a qualidade de vida do homem. Discute o reuso da água e as questões atinentes à preservação ambiental, aos impactos sociais, e aos aspectos jurídicos, para o que levanta as seguintes questões: A Resolução nº 54/2005 do CNRH, as recomendações da Agenda 21 em seus capítulos 18 e 21, e demais normas atinentes ao uso e reuso de água, são suficientes para incentivar a adoção do uso racional da água? Em que contexto e como ocorreram as mudanças e adaptações dessa Resolução desde a sua primeira regulamentação, em 1997, com a norma técnica NBR – 13.969/97? A pesquisa parte das hipóteses de que, no Brasil, a legislação que trata de reuso de água é insuficiente para torná-lo medida acessível de uso racional de água; a Regulamentação que trata do reuso, limita-se a tratá-lo como opção a destinação de esgotos de origem essencialmente doméstica, ou como prática de reuso direto não potável. É exploratória, descritiva quando expõe a dialética referente ao assunto em questão. Os resultados mostram que a adoção de reuso requer a apreciação de normas sanitárias e ambientais, mas denota dificuldade por não existir uma lei específica sobre o assunto, que ocasione os benefícios da ampla proteção jurídica aos recursos hídricos.Palavras-chave: reuso de água; uso racional da água; recursos hídricos; proteção jurídica.AbstractThis article deals with the environmental value of water, causes and consequences of its scarcity and the problems that affect the quality of human life. It discusses the reuse of water and issues related to environmental preservation, social impacts and legal aspects, which raise questions such as: Are the CNRH Resolution nº 54/2005, Agenda 21 suggestions (esp. in its chapters 18 and 21) and other use and reuse of water standards enough to encourage rational use of water? What was the context and how have these Resolution changes and adaptations occurred, since its first regulation in 1997, with the NBR - 13969/97? This research is based on the hypothesis that, in Brazil, water reuse legislation is not enough to make it as an accessible mean to rational use of water and it is restricted to treating it as an option to essentially domestic sewage destination or as a direct non-potable reuse practice. It is also an exploratory and descriptive essay when it exposes the dialectic concerning its subject. The results show that the reuse alternative requires an appreciation of health and environmental standards, which states its difficulty, since there is not any specific law that brings on the benefits of broad legal protection to water resources.Keywords: water reuse; rational use of water; water resources; legal protection.

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23

Sari, Maria Dian Kurnia, Gert Holm Kristensen, Martin Andersen, Alain Andre Maria Ducheyne, and Wan Aik Lee. "Water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP): a refinery case study." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 2 (March 18, 2016): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.175.

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The key approach to manage and prevent potential hazards arising from specific contaminants in water networks is to consider water as the main product delivered. This new concept, addressed as water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP), has been further developed from hazard analysis of critical control points (HACCP) to illustrate the potential hazards which are the roots of hindering intra-facility water reuse strategies. For industrial sectors applying water reclamation and reuse schemes, it is paramount that the reclaimed water quality stays within the desired quality. The objective of WRAP is to establish a new methodology and knowledge, which will contribute to the sustainable development of industrial water management, and demonstrate its capabilities in identifying and addressing any potential hazards in the selected schemes adoption by the industries. A ‘what-if’ scenario was simulated using a refinery as a case study to show strategies on how to benefit reclaimed or reuse water based on reliable, applied and scientific research within the process integration area. In conclusion, the WRAP model will facilitate operators, consultants and decision makers to reuse water on a fit-for-use basis whilst avoiding contaminant accumulation in the overall system and production of sub-quality products from inadequate processes after several reuses.

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24

Zapata, Oscar. "Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in a Developing Country Context: Evidence at the Firm Level from Ecuador." Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 02 (April 2018): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x17500059.

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Wastewater reuse constitutes an alternative supply source of water. It not only increases the amount of water available but also reduces water pollution. The benefits and costs of this practice, and the public perception of reuse are the focus of several studies. However, the evidence on industrial wastewater reuse at the firm level remains scant. This paper is aimed at filling this gap by presenting evidence on the determinants of both wastewater treatment and reuse practices in a developing country context. I use firm level data from the Survey on Firms’ Environmental Practices of Ecuador. My results show that wastewater management in general, and reuse in particular, are still limited practices in the industrial sector of the country. My results suggest that firm’s decisions to treat and reuse depends on long-term firm’s characteristics, such as annual investment, the nature of the production process and local conditions, as well as the scale of production and water consumption. Volumes of wastewater treated and reused depend positively on the amount of water used in the production process and the firm’s annual level of investment or expenditure. The cost of the practice only affects the volume treated. The results suggest that targeting water-intensive industry sectors and the costs of wastewater treatment can play an important role for a more sustainable use of water in the industrial sector of Ecuador.

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25

Zhang, Ji Ku, Yang Jiang, and Lin Zou. "The Project Design of Seasonal Reclaimed Water Utilization System for Liaobin Water Town." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4766.

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Conbined with the Eco-residential Island, the project of reclaimed water utilization for Liaobin water town in Panjin is mainly introduced. The reclaimed water resource contains rainwater and domestic sewage water, which is collected mainly in the range of urban (regional).After the second-level processing by sewage treatment plant, it is mainly served as flushing water ,which is called “full-sewage” reuse system; in dry season, it is reused directly after corresponding treatment; and in rainy season, the excessive water is pumpinged into the surrounding waterbodies. The research analysis indicates that the plan of “full-sewage” reuse system and the seasonal reclaimed water utilization system used in this area are reasonable and feasible, which can make full use of the reclaimed water and save the water resources effectively, meeting the demand of sustainable development .

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26

Marrero, Lenise, Katie Vanyo, Melanie Holmer, and Kirk Westphal. "One Water Strategies Drive Water Reuse." Journal AWWA 114, no. 7 (September 2022): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1964.

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27

Tortajada, Cecilia. "Water reuse to address water security." International Journal of Water Resources Development 37, no. 4 (June 3, 2021): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2021.1928911.

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28

Liaw, Chao-Hsien, Liang-Ching Chen, and Li-Mei Chan. "INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND WITH WATER REUSE." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42, no. 3 (June 2006): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04478.x.

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29

Pronk, G. J., S. F. Stofberg, T. C. G. W. Van Dooren, M. M. L. Dingemans, J. Frijns, N. E. Koeman-Stein, P. W. M. H. Smeets, and R. P. Bartholomeus. "Increasing Water System Robustness in the Netherlands: Potential of Cross-Sectoral Water Reuse." Water Resources Management 35, no. 11 (August 17, 2021): 3721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02912-5.

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AbstractWater reuse has the potential to substantially reduce the demand on groundwater and surface water. This study presents a method to evaluate the potential of water reuse schemes in a regional context and demonstrates how water reuse propagates through the water system and potentially reduces pressure on groundwater resources. The use of Sankey diagram visualisation provides a valuable tool to explore and evaluate regional application of water reuse, its potential to reduce groundwater and surface water demand, and the possible synergies and trade-offs between sectors. The approach is demonstrated for the Dutch anthropogenic water system in the current situation and for a future scenario with increased water demand and reduced water availability due to climate change. Four types of water reuse are evaluated by theoretically upscaling local or regional water reuse schemes based on local reuse examples currently in operation in the Netherlands or Flanders: municipal and industrial wastewater effluent reuse for irrigation, effluent reuse for industrial applications, and reuse for groundwater replenishment. In all cases, water reuse has the potential to significantly reduce groundwater extraction volume, and thus to alleviate the pressure on the groundwater system. The water-quantity based analysis is placed in the context of water quality demands, health and safety aspects, technological requirements, regulations, public perception, and its net impact on the environment. This integrative context is essential for a successful implementation of water reuse in practice.

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30

Ogoshi, M., Y. Suzuki, and T. Asano. "Water reuse in Japan." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0569.

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Even though Japan has mean annual precipitation of 1,714 mm and hundreds of dams and reservoirs constructed, frequent and severe droughts have occurred in wide regions of the country. Because of rapid economic growth and concentrations of population in urban areas, water demands in large cities have stressed reliability of water supply systems and necessitated the development of new water resources with considerable economic and environmental costs. To alleviate these situations, wastewater reclamation and reuse have been implemented widely in major cities. This paper summarizes the current status of water reuse in Japan and discusses dominant uses of reclaimed water, emphasizing non-potable urban applications such as toilet flushing, industrial reuse, and environmental water.

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31

Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 72, no. 6 (October 1, 2001): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143000x138472.

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32

Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 73, no. 6 (October 1, 2001): 738–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143001x143619.

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33

Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 74, no. 6 (October 1, 2002): 586–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143002x140530.

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34

Geselbracht, Jim. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 75, no. 6 (October 1, 2003): 709–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143003x141457.

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35

Geselbracht, Jim, Andre Gharagozian, and Christine Close. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 76, no. 6 (September 2004): 1375–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143004x142095.

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36

Geselbracht, Jim, and Daria Evans-Walker. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 77, no. 6 (September 2005): 1571–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143005x54452.

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37

Close, Christine, Herb Durbin, Daria Evans-Walker, Rekha Ippagunta, and Benjamin Lee. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 78, no. 10 (September 2006): 1486–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143006x119279.

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38

Bailey, B., R. Lamsal, N. Farzana, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 80, no. 10 (October 2008): 1281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143008x328644.

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39

Mackie, A., M. Woszczynski, H. Farmer, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 81, no. 10 (September 10, 2009): 1406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143009x12445568399811.

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40

Follett, Matthew, Sin Yin Lee, Jordan Schmidt, Jessica Younker, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 82, no. 10 (January 1, 2010): 1337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143010x12756668801176.

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41

Bickerton, Ben, Eliman Camara, Brad McIIwain, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 83, no. 10 (January 1, 2011): 1383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143011x13075599869489.

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42

McVicar, Monica, Lindsay Anderson, Emily Zevenhuizen, A. L. Mackie, M. E. Walsh, and G. A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 84, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143012x13407275695076.

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43

Pei, Wen Wen, Xuesong Xie, Phuong Ong, Benjamin F. Trueman, Monica A. McVicar, Margaret E. Walsh, and Graham A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 85, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143013x13698672322183.

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44

Anderson, Lindsay, Julie DiCicco, Holly Sampson, Daniel Wesley, Margaret E. Walsh, and Graham A. Gagnon. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143014x14031280667778.

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Huang, Chunkai, Ping Zeng, Sen Yang, Yanxi Shao, and Yang Liu. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 88, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 1261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143016x14696400494858.

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46

Zhang, Huixin, Rachel A. Yee, Qixing Zhou, and Yang Liu. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 89, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 1281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143017x15023776270304.

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Sun, Huijuan, Huixin Zhang, Rui Xu, Xin Zou, and Yang Liu. "Water Reclamation and Reuse." Water Environment Research 90, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1576–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143018x15289915807317.

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48

Smith, Robert G. "Water reclamation and reuse." Water Environment Research 67, no. 4 (June 1995): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143095x133509.

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49

Van Riper, Craig, and Jim Geselbracht. "Water reclamation and reuse." Water Environment Research 68, no. 4 (June 1996): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143096x135371.

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50

Van Riper, Craig, and Jim Geselbracht. "Water reclamation and reuse." Water Environment Research 69, no. 4 (June 1997): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143097x134858.

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