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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Wuttisorn, Piyanuch. "Water allocation in Thailand : an economic analysis." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27904.

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This study is aimed at providing a theoretical framework for an institutional analysis and building an economic model permitting examination of the water allocation problem in Thailand. The model building was also used to assist in the examination of various policy alternatives. A key issue for water policy in Thailand is the appropriate price to be charged for water. The modeling approach selected was to develop a modified spatial equilibrium model in which it was possible to model trade in water between regions and at the same time to examine the effects on the rice industry. The model is empirical and used for a case study of the greater Chao Phraya irrigation scheme located in the Chao Phraya delta, an area that is progressively challenged by competing claims for water use and which needs to better allocate water resources. The use of the model was focused on the setting of water prices and the optimal level of water allocation for different uses, assessing the impacts of the application of water trading as a criterion for water allocation, and the impacts of water reductions. Moreover, the application of game theory to a comparative analysis of the different water policies was also undertaken. One of the results fi'om the empirical model is the provision of estimates of the shadow price of water under alternative scenarios. Overall, the shadow prices of water are different between seasons and agricultural regions. The shadow prices of water in the dry season were higher than those in the wet season due to greater water scarcity in the dry season. A general assumption is that the shadow price of water will fall when the available supply of water increases. This was not always the case as factors other than the supply of water affect the shadow value. There are many variables which contribute to the fluctuations in the shadow prices of water: for example, the available water supply, yield of rice, the endogenous selling price of rice and thus the supply and demand for rice, the imputed costs of resources other than water, input-output coefficients for water, labour, and land and the gross margins of crops other than rice. In the case where the supply of available water is reduced, the regions that can adjust cropping patterns will do so by choosing to produce less water intensive crops. The more water intensive crops, such as rice, will be changed to less water intensive crops such as soybeans. From the results of the model it was possible to stem the rise in the water shadow price until the full shift had taken place from rice production in region 1 to soybeans. At this point the water shadow price again rose. This implies that if water is truly a scarce resource one way to get effective reduction in use is to allow adjustments to take place through the price mechanism. With the allocations of water based on quotas it was possible to bring about the same effective restriction of the water available to the regions as would be found in a market-based solution. There was the same adjustment away from rice to soybeans. The implication is that a quota regime which does not specify on which crops water may be used, may have similar effects to a full pricing scheme if the level of quotas were similar to water use generated by a market. Allocation of water by a water trading system was shown to provide an enormous increase in consumer surplus for urban users, but a sharp decline in regional farm gross margins—that is, the urban region gained but the agricultural regions lost. This was because water was redirected from agriculture to urban use, therefore there was less agricultural production and less farm income. In the case of the water trading scenario urban water prices were much higher than the actual average prices of urban water (that is piped water) currently charged for its use—this suggests that the price of water for urban use could be altered to better reflect its economic value. A mechanism for deciding on the trade off between administrative water policies, for example, such as a simple allocation of quotas, and a water trading policy was needed. Game theory was found to provide such a mechanism and its use was illustrated.

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Langkarpint, Khettai. "'Sustainable development' : law, the environment and water resources in modern Thailand." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50756/.

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The overall purpose of this thesis is to examine problems concerning implementation of the concept of sustainable development in the area of water resources using Thailand as a case study of a developing country. The aims and objectives of the thesis are to provide an analysis of water case studies focusing on fieldwork undertaken in different regions in Thailand, an analysis of the legal system; and strategies for environmental protection; considered in the context of rapid economic expansion. The thesis begins with an examination of the foundation and background of Thailand's legal system, its economic development and its environment. Particular emphasis is given in the thesis to water resources. Water is a specific medium to judge pollution standards as a whole. Pollution for land and air often eventually makes it way into water system. Water regulation and pollution control is an example of environmental regulation as a whole. This is followed by an analysis and evaluation of the legal framework of environmental law. The aim is to examine the evolution of the legal protection of the environment in Thailand as well as to analyse the existing contradictions between the country's legal order and its actual environmental problems. The dynamics of the country's political process are then considered. Finally, the question of how the concept of sustainable development might assist in the application of environmental protection to water resources in Thailand is examined, using disputes over water allocation and water pollution. The case studies are drawn from different regions in Thailand. In Thailand there has certainly been more environmental awareness in recent years, but the implementation of sustainable development strategies remains at an early stage, despite, the Rio conference in 1992 and Rio II in 1997 emphasising the conservation of natural resources. The concept of sustainable development is also incorporated in the new Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act 1992 (the 1992 Act), despite to a limited extent, some principles for sustainable development such as the precautionary principle, the PPP, EIA, right of access to environmental information and public participation. In Thailand primary legislation is in place but water resources regulations are required. Thailand is on a slow learning curve in its strategies for protecting the environment. In the thesis, case studies at a local level have been undertaken and through these case studies, it is clear that sustainable development concept is not fully integrated and accepted as a way to solve water problems at a local level. This indicates a failure of western concepts and their adaptation in developing countries such as Thailand. However, traditional approaches may be used to improve and promote sustainable development concepts together with Agenda 21, western approaches and experiences, which is called "The Mixed Approach". Thailand is in the advantageous position of being able to learn from the mistakes and environmental failures of the developed countries with respect to water resources policy. At the very least, it must acknowledge that environmental problems cannot be fundamentally solved without addressing them at the time of economic development. Still further, Thailand must not adopt the model of western environmental protection laws without first ensuring that the new reforms are suitable for the needs of the Thai economy and people.

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Tan, Hongthai. "Sustainable groundwater resource management using an integrated modelling framework : the case of Phuket, Thailand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708423.

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Stubbs, Christopher M. (Christopher Michael). "Integrated water resources management in the Chao Phraya River basin, Thailand." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40593.

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Mahmoud, Mohammed. "Scenario Development for Water Resources Decision-making." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193925.

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With ever-increasing pressures on limited water supplies in arid regions, water managers are forced to make critical decisions about the management of water resources - sometimes under considerable uncertainty. Given the large number of stresses on existing water systems, proper management requires the consideration of all different factors that may contribute to water use and consumption. As water management becomes more focused on the issue of sustainability, processes traditionally thought of as non-water-related and irrelevant to water management are now becoming very pertinent. In particular, the consequences of changes in climate, population, land use, and various types of water usage (agricultural, environmental, domestic, and urban) are of considerable interest.With increasing uncertainty about the future, conventional methods of decision-analysis are increasingly unable to suitably quantify the future impacts of policy decisions, and they are also unable to provide a clear contrast between impacts of historical policy decisions and possible future management decisions. An analytical approach that is sensitive to qualitative effects of water-related decision-making will therefore be more useful towards improving management practices. Scenario development is one such tool that can be used to examine future implications of water management, and thereby shed light on the potential consequences of implementing different operational and institutional policies. The objective of this work is to propose a formal scenario development methodology applicable to water resources management issues. This framework is applied and evaluated on a regional scale for the U.S. southwest and on a local scale for the state of Arizona.The research presented here is comprised of several components; (i) a review of existing literature on scenarios, scenario studies, and scenario applications; (ii) a retrospective analysis of water management-related scenario applications that examines the implications of scenario-influenced strategies previously implemented in Arizona, (iii) the adoption of a formal scenario development approach for water resource issues within the arid and semi-arid regions of the U.S., utilizing an example application in the Upper San Pedro Basin in southern Arizona, and (iv) a comprehensive application of the scenario development process to the Verde River Watershed in northern Arizona through a simplified small-scale scenario case study approach.

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Hale, Angela. "Community management of water resources in the southern region, Adelaide /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh161.pdf.

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Gelt, Joe, and Marv Waterstone. "Water Resources Research Center Serves the Arizona Water Community." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296416.

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Langkarpint, Prathana. "The development of advanced practice nursing in Thailand : passage and process." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11140.

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This thesis examined the development of advanced practice nursing in Thailand. The research focused on the perceptions of advanced practice nursing among Thai health care professionals and the factors affecting Thai nurses who are in the process of preparing to become advanced practice nurses (APNs). Although a large amount of literature about APN has been published, only one study has reported on the situation of the APN in Thailand. Other papers have been conducted with developing countries which employed different health services and nursing service systems. Various issues arose and were reported since the concept of APN was implemented in those countries, e.g. definition, qualifications, examination, registration, boundaries, incentive schemes and scope of practice. It was argued that nurses had encountered various obstacles during the preparation and transformation in becoming APN. Nevertheless, Thailand was only at the beginning of adopting this concept into the health service system. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the development of APN in Thailand, which has never been explored. The study concentrated on the development of APN in nurses who are working in intensive care units (ICUs) because the model and the role of APN in this clinical area lack clarity in the published literature. Triangulation of two research methods was employed to address the research questions. The sample included staff nurses, head nurses, doctors and master degree students in an APN preparation programme. In the quantitative study, 226 questionnaires developed by the author were posted to 23 hospitals and 28 master degree students, yielding 156 usable responses. Qualitative data were collected from five focus group interviews with 28 master degree students using a semistructured interview schedule developed and piloted by the author. Factor analysis of quantitative data revealed five expected roles of the APN in ICU: extended roles, ensuring standards, patient management, nursing roles and academic roles. Regression analysis explained that there were significant relationships between being a head nurse and ensuring standards (P

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Shahjahan, Mosharefa. "Integrated management of water resources in Bangladesh /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs525.pdf.

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Geng, Guoting. "Development of approaches to integrated water resources management." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3984.

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There is a growing need to manage water resources in a sustainable way, particularly in semi arid areas, with dramatic social and economic development as well as rapid population growth. Optimising water allocation in a river basin is an important aspect ensuring equitable and efficient water use. This research develops an optimisation approach (the Integrated Water Resource Optimisation model, IWRO) to optimise the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources in a sustainable manner. The IWRO model is comprised of a surface water optimisation model (SWO) and the Tsinghua groundwater optimisation (TGO) model. These models employ Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to optimise water allocation. Application of a surface water optimisation (SWO) model incorporating a GA is demonstrated initially for a simple test case, through which the GA approach was validated against known solutions. Sensitivity analysis of different operators and parameters related to GAs was also carried out. The validated SWO model was then applied to a more complex system, the Shiyang River Basin in Gansu Province in China, to maximise equitable surface water supplies. On the groundwater side, the GA approach was applied with the existing Tsinghua groundwater model to optimise groundwater supplies with sustainability considerations. The results were compared with those from an existing model (the WEAP model), indicating that the IWRO model is capable of satisfying the objectives of equitable water allocation and groundwater sustainability set for it. In the context of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), account must be taken of a wide range of social and environmental issues. Different scenarios were therefore designed for the Shiyang River Basin management. Various criteria in terms of economic, social, environment and water security were also indentified for further multi-criterion decision making analysis.

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Martinez, V., and M. Alvaro. "Integrated water resources management (IWRM) for sustainable development." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45276.

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Water is an essential resource for sustainable development, however it is not often taken into account. In order to find effective and lasting solutions to the problems related to water resources, it is required a new form of governance and management paradigm. This new paradigm is included into the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which has been defined by Global Water Partnership GWP , as "a process which promotes the coordinated management and development of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of ecosystems".

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Ongkosit, Yuwadee. "An Integrated Land Use and Water Plan for Mahasarakham Province, Thailand." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1382373230.

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Ffolliott, Peter F., Leonard F. DeBano, Lori A. Strazdas, Malchus B. Jr Baker, and Gerald J. Gottfried. "Hydrology and Water Resources: A Changing Emphasis?" Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296488.

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Stålgren, Patrik. "Worlds of water : worlds apart ; how targeted domestic actors transform international regimes /." Göteborg : Dep. of Political Science, Göteborg Univ, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/511069995.pdf.

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Yao, Huaming. "New control concepts for uncertain water resources systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20239.

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Nava, Alejandro Flores. "Water resources and freshwater aquaculture development of Yucatan, Mexico." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17762.

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The suitability of aquaculture for inland water bodies in the State of Yucatan, a karstic area of southeast Mexico was investigated. Five types of water bodies distinct in morphometric and hydrological characteristics were identified through land-based surveys. Representative sites for each were selected for further study: a sinkhole, a permanent aguada (clogged sinkhole), a rain-filled seasonal pond, a small <1 ha) gravel quarry and a large (>9 ha) gravel quarry. The water quality in all of the sites had a high pH (range 7.2-9.4) alkalinity (range 130-840 mg/l CaC03) and hardness (range 198-998mg CaC03). Their nutrient status varied from the permanently stratified and hypereutrophic conditions in the permanent aguada, to oligotrophic conditions in gravel quarries. In general, the water quality resulted adequate for fish culture in the gravel quarries, the sinkhole and in the seasonal pond, but ecological considerations prevented sinkholes for aquaculture development. Aquaculture trials involving the stocking of fry of the native cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus and O. niloticus in seasonal ponds and a small gravel quarry demonstrated the feasibility of neglected water bodies for small-scale aquaculture. A net yield of 180 Kg/ha/6 months was obtained from a gravel quarry fertilised with grass Panicum virgatum and stocked with C. urophthalmus. Yields from seasonal ponds were 157Kg/ha of O. niloticus from a small (0.010 ha), and 30 kg/ha of C. urophthalmus from a large (1.11 ha) seasonal pond (no fertilisation or feeding. An environmental impact assessment was carried out at an experimental cage site in gravel quarry. An estimated 0.02 kg of phosphorus was wasted per kg fish produced. A socioeconomic survey on attitudes towards aquaculture adoption was carried out in four agricultural villages and a fishing port. This led to the construction and operation of a small pond demonstration unit. Results suggest that farmers are receptive and adoption of aquaculture as a complementary activity may be feasible and beneficial to rural development, especially in areas with existing water bodies. Economic modelling of the different production units involved showed returns to labour higher than the average agricultural wage. A computer-based Geographical Information System identified areas suitable for aquacultural development. Two major areas were identified: the northern Karst plains where gravel quarries are abundant and suitable for intensive cage-culture; and the southern hilly region where small-scale seasonal aquaculture could be developed.

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Luksanaree, Maneechot. "Impacts of Future Climate Change in Water Resources Management at the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259028.

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Nakao, Megumi. "Dynamic games and competition for water resources /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3112122.

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Olson, Steven L. "A Planning Process for Water Supply Development." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296428.

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From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
Arizona's Groundwater Management Act has changed the perspective that water providers must use when planning to meet growing water demands. The goal of safe-yield in the Active Management Areas and the requirements of both the Second Management Plan and the Assured Water Supply provisions will require all water providers to consider other options besides additional groundwater development when expanding their water supply plans. A simplified process will be presented that stresses the need for well thought-out, cost-effective water resource planning to meet management requirements for both public and private water providers. The process relies on an initial projection of water demand, an analysis of demand reduction potential, an examination of supply alternatives, and a discussion of the characteristics that must be considered when weighing the demand reduction and supply alternatives for implementation. Development of water supply plans that meet existing and future needs for growing service areas will be increasingly important to water providers in Arizona and throughout the and West.

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Hassan, Mahmoud Wifag. "Water Harvesting for Integrated Water Resources Management and Sustainable Development in Khartoum State." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-125079.

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Khartoum State in Sudan is subject to the erratic and intense rainfall during the short rainy season and dryness and heat throughout the rest of the year. High intensity rainstorms with a short duration have become more frequent in the area during the last two decades resulting in cities inundation and flash floods in the rural parts. On the other hand, the dry season means hot weather in the urban parts and water shortage in the rural part. Rural areas are dependent on the runoff water brought about by the seasonal streams as a source of water. For this study, Khartoum City Center and Seleit area were taken to investigate the application of water harvesting in the urban and rural areas, respectively. Accordingly, the hydrological characteristics and the specification of the potential water harvesting sites and systems were examined. For Khartoum City Center, characteristics of the drainage system were examined using ArcGIS platform. It is found that the drainage system covers 42% of the area with total capacity of 24000 m3. Daily rainfall data for urban meteorological station were used to calculate the probability and the return period of the rainfall, as well as the potential runoff. Rainfall probability of occurrence was calculated applying Gumbel distribution method for extreme events that were arranged according to the Peak-over-Threshold method. The potential runoff that could be generated from a certain rainfall was calculated using the Natural Resources Conservation Services method provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (US-NRCS). Accordingly, the curve number was calculated depending on the land use/land cover and the hydrological soil group. Consequently, the weighted curve number is found to be 94%, indicating dominant imperviousness. 13.1 mm rainfall depth produces runoff volume equal to the drainage system capacity with return period of one year; whereas more than four folds the drainage system capacity is produced by 30 mm rainfall depth that is considered the threshold for raising flood hazard. Six potential sites for roof rainwater harvesting were selected. Accordingly, it is found that, the application of roof water harvesting in 18% and 72% of the commercial and business district buildings can accommodate the runoff resulting from the 13.1 and 30 mm rainfall depth, respectively. Hence, impounding rainstorm water would help managing the urban runoff water, and consequently, the stored water could be used for making more green areas that will enhance the urban environment. Three watersheds of ephemeral streams (wadi), namely Wadi El Kangar, Wadi El Seleit, and Wadi El Kabbashi make up Seleit area. Distinct maps were prepared in ArcMap for the calculation of the potential runoff and the specification of the appropriate water harvesting sites and systems. The Wadis watersheds areas are found to be 540, 344 and 42 km2 for Wadi El Kangar, Wadi El Seleit and Wadi El Kabbashi, respectively. Daily rainfall data of rural meteorological station were classified into three groups representing the soil dry (AMCI), moderate (AMCII), and wet (AMCIII) moisture conditions; the respective CNI, CNII, and CNIII values were calculated accordingly. The weighted CN values indicate high runoff potential within the three soil moisture conditions. Accordingly, the rainfall thresholds for runoff generation for AMCI, AMCII and AMCIII conditions are found to be respectively 18.3 mm, 9.1 mm and 4.4 mm for Wadi El Kabbashi and 22 mm, 11 mm and 5 mm for both Wadi El Seleit and Wadi El Kangar. El Kangar dam subwatershed was used for calibrating the potential runoff calculated by the NRCS method. Since the Wadis are ungauged, Google Earth and GIS platforms were used to calculate geometrically the volume of the dam reservoir water for three years. This volume was compared to the annual runoff calculated by the NRCS method. Consideration to different factors was made to locate the potential water harvesting sites. Accordingly, water harvesting systems for fodder and crop plantation; sand storage surface or subsurface dams; or groundwater recharge, were specified. The socio-economic study revealed that the financial capacity, if any, of the villagers is very limited. Thus, the financial source for the construction of the suggested potential water harvesting or the rehabilitation of the existing ones is questionable. Hence, other potential financial sources are needed to help executing water harvesting projects in the region, e.g. Khartoum State Government. Applying water harvesting in Seleit area is found to be promising. Improving the livelihood of the villagers by applying runoff water harvesting could assure better water accessibility, better income generation from farms production, and allocation of time for other activities, e.g. education. This would be reflected in reduced migration to nearby cities and stabilized market supply of agricultural and animal products. Therefore, the development of the rural part is of great benefit to the development of Khartoum State, as long as the interdependency and mutual benefit between the rural and urban areas, represented by the local food and labor market, remain exist.

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Neary, Daniel G. "Effects of Fire on Water Resources - A Review." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296457.

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From the Proceedings of the 1995 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 22, 1995, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona

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Goldenetz, Jolie A. "Southwest Gardens: Matching Plants with Available Water Resources." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296683.

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Evans, Lauren G. "Minimizing the Effects of Cement Slurry Bleed-Water on Water Quality Samples." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296377.

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From the Proceedings of the 1987 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association, Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science and the Arizona Hydrological Society - April 18, 1987, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
Some groundwater monitor wells produce water quality samples with anomalously high pH measurements. In some of these wells it is obvious that these water quality samples are affected by the bleed-water from the cement used to seal the annuli. To gain an understanding as to why cement bleed -water occurs and how it can be controlled, literature from both the cement and petroleum industries are reviewed. Cement is a very alkaline material. When too much water is used to prepare the slurry, alkaline bleed -water can drain through or along the cement sheath surrounding the casing. This results in an increase in the pH measurements of groundwater samples. This bleed-water can separate from the cement in-three ways: it can move into the formation during cementing, it can accumulate within the cement forming pockets and channels behind the casing, and it can remain within the interconnected capillaries that exist throughout the cement sheath. The drainage of alkaline bleed -water from the cement can be greatly reduced by controlling the amount of water used in the preparation of the slurry. The amount of water added can be monitored during well construction by measuring the slurry density. By implementing this quality control procedure during well construction along with specifying the correct amount of mix-water for the slurry, the elevated pH levels in groundwater samples should be greatly reduced if not completely eliminated.

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Boubeka, Jacques. "An institutional model of water resources administration in Congo." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0059_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Jantawat, Piroon. "An evaluation of continuing professional development for public secondary school teachers in Chiang Mai, Thailand." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:10449.

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Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for teachers is considered as an essential requirement in Education. In Thailand, the government has made an attempt to develop teachers through a scheme of CPD, which is seen as not yet reaching its intended goals. The aim of this study, therefore, is to examine the provision of CPD in Thailand and to search for practical ideas for CPD of teachers in the country. An investigation was carried out of the perceptions of public secondary school teachers and school administrators toward CPD for teachers in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The objectives were to highlight teachers' perception ofCPD, to study the needs of teachers, to explore the opportunities of CPD available for teachers, to reveal influential factors upon teachers, to investigate the problems and obstacles facing teachers, and to examine schools' problems, supports and school administrators' opinions toward CPD for teachers. The major fmdings were: 1) the teachers saw CPD as an important part of the teaching career; 2) the needs of teachers for CPD were high; 3) teachers do not have equal opportunities in CPD; 4) teachers were influenced by school administrators and education policy; 5) fmance is a major problem for teachers 'in CPD; 6) schools did not give enough support to teachers in CPD because the schools were lack of budget and planning, and school administrators viewed teacher development as an unimportant issue. Based on these findings, it is recommended that: the management system of CPD must be improved; follow,.up assessment activities should be conducted; opportunities of CPD should be widely opened to all teachers; and promotion, genuine supports, clear information and achievable incentives should be offered in order to encourage teachers to engage in continuing professional development.

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Aidarov, Irina. "Sustainable development and protection of water resources in arid lands /." [Sedeh Boker] : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, 2006. http://aranne5.lib.ad.bgu.ac.il/others/AidarovIrina.pdf.

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Olagunju, Emmanuel Gbenga. "Water resources development: opportunities for increased agricultural production in Nigeria." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10031.

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Agriculture has been the backbone of the economy in Nigeria providing employment and source of livelihood for the increasing population and accounting for over half of the GDP of the Nigeria economy at independence in 1960. However, the role it plays in the regional and economic development of the country has diminished over the years due to the dominant role of the crude oil sector in the economy. With the increasing food demand in Nigeria, the country has available input natural resources and potential for increasing the volume of crop production towards meeting the food and nutritional requirement of the rapidly increasing population and guarantee food security in the country. The study was undertaken to analyse the effect of different factors and policies on the changes in trend of crop production and investigate the possible effect of water resources development on increased volume of agricultural crop production in Nigeria.

The study revealed that there are opportunities for water resources development in the country through irrigation to supplement the water requirements and needs of farmers for agricultural production activities in many areas in the semi-arid and arid regions. Available data shows that there are available land and water resources that could be developed to support the production of food and agricultural development with opportunity for increased productivity.

However, while the water resources are unevenly distributed in the country, there is need for the efficient use and management of the available water resources and increasing the productive use especially in the northern region of the country where there is increasing incidence of drought and competing need for water among the different sectors of the economy. The study also made possible recommendations for policy formulation to address the current problems facing the agricultural sector in conjunction with the requirement for the development of the water resources.

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Bagour, Mohammed H., and Donald F. Post. "Predicting the Volumetric Water Content of Irrigated Arizona Soils at Different Soil Water Potentials." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296584.

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Cluff, C. Brent. "Slowsand/Nanofiltration of Surface Water." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296460.

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From the Proceedings of the 1991 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 20, 1991, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
Since the spring of 1988 the University of Arizona has conducted nanofiltration research. The major emphasis has been the treatment of both Colorado River Water and municipal effluent. The work has been sponsored by the John F. Long Foundation Inc. and the Consolidated Water Utilities, Phoenix Az. Nanofiltration is a low pressure form of reverse osmosis. It operates at about 1/3 the pressure and 3 times the flux rate of older brackish water reverse osmosis systems. This reduces both the cost as well as the operating costs to approximately 1 /10 of the older reverse osmosis systems. The City of Ft Myers is projecting costs as low as $0.50-0.60/1000 gallons for their 20 MGD plant. Nanofiltration treats water the way it needs to be treated to meet the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) present minimum contamination levels (MCL) as well as projected future levels. Nanofiltration removes most of the bivalent inorganic molecules such as calcium and magnesium as well as some monovalent molecules such as sodium and chloride. It also removes pathogens and dissolved organics, thus reducing the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The research on recharged effluent municipal effluent below the 91st Avenue Plant in Phoenix has shown the value of nanofiltration for reclaiming municipal wastewater to potable standards. A 20,000 GPD slowsand /nanofiltration pilot plant at Apache Junction has shown the effectiveness of the treatment on Colorado River Water at a 95% recovery over the past 2 years.

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Cory, Dennis C., and Molly V. Moy. "Reauthorization of the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Variability of Rural Public Water Systems." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296470.

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Eusuff, Muzaffar M. "Water resources decision making using meta-heuristic optimization methods." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2004_051_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Fisher, Karen Toni. "Meeting urban water needs : exploring water governance and development in Tagbilaran City, the Philippines /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20061221.100356/index.html.

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Onanda, Michael Robert. "Development of a decision support system for a multipurpose reservoir." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.480594.

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Regil, Phil. "The Phoenix Water Resource Plan - 1987." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296415.

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From the Proceedings of the 1988 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 16, 1988, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
The Phoenix Water Resource Plan-1987 is the official water resource plan for the City of Phoenix, Arizona. It covers the areas of supply, demand management and supply augmentation. The plan also addresses the issue of drought management.

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Desta, Assefa, and Aregai Tecle. "Water Balance in Upper Lake Mary." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296627.

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Jackson, Steven J. "Building the virtual river : numbers, models, and the politics of water in California /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF formate. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3212684.

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Brumbelow, James Kelly. "Improved methods for agricultural and water resources planning and management." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23203.

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France, Glenn. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Casa del Agua Water Conservation Demonstration Tour in Promoting Water Conservation Behaviors." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296442.

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From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
A typical single family residence in Tucson, Arizona (Casa del Agua) was retrofitted with water conserving devices, graywater and rainwater recycling systems, and a low water use landscape. An educational tour designed to promote the incorporation of these water saving techniques has been ongoing at the home since December, 1985. A questionnaire survey was administered between April and July 1988 to determine the extent of water conservation behavior, demonstrated by the adoption of the water conservation techniques, of the Pima County population and the tour participants. Both population samples exhibited similar water conservation behaviors. It was also determined, from the analysis of the survey results, that the tour led to additional water conservation technique adoption.

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Leao, Duncan, and Aregai Tecle. "Possible Impacts of Snowmaking Using Reclaimed Water on Water Resources and Other Related Issues in Flagstaff, Arizona." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296600.

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Boime, Eric I. "Fluid boundaries : Southern California, Baja California, and the conflict over the Colorado River, 1848-1944 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3071055.

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Stefan, Catalin, Lothar Fuchs, Gunda Röstel, and Peter Werner. "Handbook for sustainable development: Integrated Water Resources Management in Hanoi, Vietnam." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88484.

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The handbook presented in this paper summarises the results of the research initiative “International Water Research Alliance Saxony” (IWAS). The subproject “IWAS Vietnam” (Phase I, October 2008 – December 2010) focuses on the model region “South-East Asia” with emphasis on Vietnam. The project started as a joint research initiative between German and Vietnamese organisations and included contributions from academic, private and public sector in both countries. The handbook was compiled by the Technische Universität Dresden (project coordination), the Institute for Technical and Scientific Hydrology and Dresden Drainage and Sewerage Company, with substantial contributions from Vietnamese partners
Sổ tay hướng dẫn trong bài viết này tóm lược các kết quả của sáng kiến nghiên cứu từ “Liên minh Nghiên cứu ngành nước quốc tế bang Saxony” (IWAS). Dự án nhánh “IWAS Việt Nam” (giai đoạn 1, 10/2008 - 12/2010) tập trung vào khu vực Đông Nam Á với trọng tâm là Việt Nam. Dự án khởi động như một sáng kiến liên kết nghiên cứu giữa các tổ chức của CHLB Đức và Việt Nam với sự đóng góp từ các đơn vị tư nhân, nhà nước và trường đại học của cả hai quốc gia. Quyển sổ tay này được biên soạn bởi Đại học Kỹ thuật Dresden (cơ quan điều phối dự án), Viện Công nghệ và Khoa học Thủy văn, và Công ty Thoát nước Dresden, cùng với sự đóng góp quan trọng của các đối tác Việt Nam

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Leidel, Marco. "Transdisciplinarity as a means for capacity development in water resources management." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-235422.

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Water resources management has to deal with complex real life problems under uncertain framework conditions. One possibility for encountering such challenges is integrated water resources management (IWRM). However, IWRM is often understood as prescriptive manual, not acknowledging the need for adaptive solutions and capacity development (CD). These challenges demonstrate that sustainable water resources management requires transdisciplinarity, i.e. the integration of several scientific disciplines, as well as the collaboration between science and local actors. Transdisciplinarity is inherently related to CD since it facilitates collaboration and provides mutual learning and knowledge on complex interrelationships. This correlates with the evidence that CD can be seen as a key factor for water resources management (Alaerts et al. 1991, Alaerts 2009). Consequently, the objective of this thesis is to strengthen water resources management by connecting processes of IWRM and CD in a transdisciplinary sense, i.e. (i) interrelating disciplinary research within an interdisciplinary research team that collaborates with local actors, and (ii) conducting a political process for knowledge and capacity development. Based on general insights, an embedded case study in the Western Bug River Basin, Ukraine, was conducted to evaluate the concept. It is shown that CD is essential for shifting from IWRM theories towards implementation and accordingly advantages of harmonizing CD into the IWRM process are presented (Leidel et al. 2012). Next to capacity issues, also other coordination gaps were assessed. River Basin Organisations are frequently proposed as a response to the administrative gap; however, coordination efforts cannot be simply reduced by transferring tasks from jurisdictional institutions to a river basin authority, because they will always need to coordinate with organizations from within or outside the water sector (von Keitz and Kessler 2008). Thus, coordination mechanisms across the boundaries of relevant policy fields are essential. Therefore, a management framework is established linking technical development and capacity development that describes interrelations between environmental pressures and capacity and information gaps for different levels of water management (Leidel et al. 2014). The developed model-based and capacity-based IWRM framework combines model-based systems analysis and capacity analysis for developing management options that support water management actors. This is aligned with a political process for capacity development. It constitutes a boundary object for approaching cross-scale challenges that converges analyses, assessments and participation into one strategy. As concluded by Mollinga (2008), this can improve the performance of sustainable resources management by approaching transdisciplinarity. Within the model and capacity-based IWRM framework, the results of the integrated analysis are made explicit and transparent by introducing a matrix approach. Technical issues, institutional challenges, organizational and human resources development, and information needs are jointly assessed and interrelated by confronting pressures and coordination gaps on a subsystem basis. Accordingly, the concept supports a transparent decision making process by identifying knowledge and capacities required for the implementation of technical intervention options and vice versa. The method is applied in the International Water Research Alliance Saxony (IWAS) model region ‘Ukraine’. It could be shown that the approach delivers management options that are scientifically credible and also accepted by and relevant for the actors. The case study revealed that technical intervention measures for the urban and rural water management have to be jointly implemented with appropriate CD measures and an accompanying political process on (i) strengthening the institutional framework and interministerial collaboration, (ii) fitting RBM into the existing institutional framework, (iii) setting up prerequisites for realistic RBM (Monitoring, information management, legal enforcement), (iv) a revision of effluent standards and a differentiated levy system, (v) cost covering tariffs, (vi) association work. For the Western Bug River Basin (WBRB), the strengthening of the collaboration between actors on all levels has to be continued. For increasing the usability, the approach needs to be institutionalized and become more practice relevant, e.g. by extending it to a water knowledge management system. Developing a roadmap for establishing transboundary water management is a subsequent step. For strengthening future water management actors, IWRM curricula development at uni-versities in Ukraine was supported. And we developed the e-learning module IWRM-education that links interactively different aspects of water management to comprehend the complexity of IWRM (Leidel et al. 2013). The evaluation showed that participants under-stand the content, appreciate this way of learning, and will use this module for further activities. The case study showed that technical cooperation can be a facilitator for political processes and that it can support decision making in a transparent way. Yet, it also showed that IWRM is highly political process and that the developed approach cannot cover all obstacles. In summary, exploring and reducing simultaneously environmental pressures and capacity and information gaps is essential for water sector evolution worldwide. Accordingly, transdisciplinarity as a means for capacity development can support the implementation of real integrated water resources management.

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Rich, James Joseph. "An Implementation Analysis of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1267.

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Implementation research, an area once largely ignored in favor of policy design and impact assessment, now constitutes a significant portion of the policy analysis literature. One of the key issues addressed by the theory building portion of that literature is the necessity of precisely identifying implementation variables, conditions, or actions that measurably contribute to the success or failure of implementation efforts over a broad range of policies and programs, and to then suggest some order of significance. In order to test the validity of a variable set proposed by the literature, a multivariate implementation model was employed as the basis of a case study designed to conduct both a process and impact analysis of the implementation of the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (WRDA 86). Implementation of the WRDA 86 was selected for this research as it offered an opportunity to investigate implementation of a significant policy change in an established policy arena , the water resource development industry. Following ten years of failure to achieve agreement on an omnibus water resource appropriation, passage of the WRDA 86 was widely perceived to have signaled a new era of water resource development for the nation. It will likely be a period characterized by the transfer of the financial burden of planning, construction, and maintenance of water resource projects from the Federal government to the non-Federal sponsor/beneficiary. The transfer will be achieved by application of cost-sharing formulas contained in WRDA 86 and affirmed in subsequent biannual omnibus water resource development legislation. Cost-sharing and similar beneficiary-pay principles had long been considered as an efficient alternative to water resource programs which relied principally on Federal funding owing to the long held assumption that the benefit from such projects were so "widespread and general" as to be in the national interest. Incorporation of cost-sharing principles in water resource legislation ensured that appropriation language would require local project beneficiaries to assume a larger portion of project costs. In addition to the assumption that application of the principles would lead to economically efficient projects it was also argued that cost-sharing and increased local sponsor input would lead to smaller projects that better reflected local need, projects with greater emphasis on environmental concerns, and the construction of projects in stages or phases. The research proceeded with an implementation process analysis to test the model's assumption that specific variables or conditions may be identified as having the greatest significance in the achievement of successful implementation. Furthermore, the study attempted to determine whether identified groups at different "levels" of the implementation hierarchy would rank specified variables consistently or result in a finding that variable criticality rankings tend to reflect one's position within the hierarchy. Study outcomes did not confirm the model's assertion with respect to which variables were most critical. This finding may have reflected the fact that conditions thought to be most critical by the model, clear legal directives and legislation that reflects sound theory, were largely issues that had been thoroughly discussed and resolved prior to enactment of the legislation. Position within the hierarchy appeared to influence the rater's assignment of variable criticality though not to a statistically significant degree. The differences, however, were intuitively consistent and their basis supported by secondary survey data. This finding suggests that future implementation studies need to carefully examine the role of hierarchical position and intergovernmental interdependencies in theory development. With respect to the impact analysis, it was determined that cost sharing would have a demonstrable impact on resulting projects in a variety of areas. Future cost-shared water resource development projects will likely be smaller on average than past projects though the precise impact of cost-sharing is indeterminable. Projects may result in less impact on the environment but largely as a result of reduced size rather than the additional environmental input of local sponsors. Phased and staged construction of large projects will be more likely, particularly where project benefits and revenue streams may be partially captured by incremental construction.

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Brittain, Richard, K. James DeCook, and Kennith E. Foster. "Casa del Agua: Residential Water Conservation Retrofit." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296364.

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From the Proceedings of the 1985 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 27, 1985, Las Vegas, Nevada

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Rose, Joan B., Gwo-Shing Sun, Bart C. Weimer, Rod S. Silverman, Charles P. Gerba, and Norval A. Sinclair. "Microbial Quality of Gray Water for Reuse." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296368.

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From the Proceedings of the 1986 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association, Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science and the Arizona Hydrological Society - April 19, 1986, Glendale Community College, Glendale, Arizona
As the scarcity of water and the price of municipal water inevitably increase, gray water reuse may become an inexpensive and viable alternative for such purposes as irrigation, lawn maintenance and water closet flushing. However, some problems do exist. The microbial and chemical content of gray water includes agents that may present public health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the general microbial composition of gray water using standard plate counts and selective media at specific sites (shower/bath, wash cycle and rinse cycle of a clothes washing machine) and the general chemical and physical properties of gray water at these same sites (phosphate, ammonia, chloride, pH, TDS and turbidity). Samples were taken from a diverse group of families with and without children (1 ½ - 9 years). Standard plate count bacteria ranged from 10⁵ to 10¹⁰ colony forming units (CFU)₄/100 ml. Shower and bath water contained an average of 10⁴ to 10⁶ CFU/100 ml of coliforms. Failies with children produced wash cycle gray water containing 10⁶ CFU /100 ml of fecal coliforms. Ammonia concentrations varied proportionally with bacterial concentrations while phosphate varied inversely with bacterial growth. Bacterial numbers increased one order of magnitude during storage of gray water.

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Foster, Kennith E., and L. G. Wilson. "Arizona Water Information Center: Foundation and Activities." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296384.

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Groves, Donald G. "New Methods for Identifying Robust Long-Term Water Resources Management Strategies for California /." Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2006. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgsdissertations/RGSD196/.

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Josephy, Alvin M. "The Snake River basin adjudication the future of water in the West /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2006. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Josephy_AMMESThesis2006.pdf.

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Samarnbutr, Caruspong. "An examination of technological capability development in the Thailand automotive industry : the role of Thai government policy from 1960-2009." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-examination-of-technological-capability-development-in-the-thailand-automotive-industry(fdd7ba8d-aa78-4021-a8ba-6b8c1d479f97).html.

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Thailand’s automotive industry has grown steadily since the 1960s making Thailand one of the world’s largest vehicle producers. Indeed, when it comes to Pick-up trucks, Thailand is the main manufacturing base for the following firms: Mitsubishi, Ford, Isuzu, Toyota and Nissan. While this may seem impressive, what remains unclear is whether these improvements have been matched with similar levels of technological capability development within Thailand. This study examines the growth of the Thai automotive industry and the influence of government policy from 1960-2009 on this industry. For the past 49 years the Thai government has encouraged and helped to develop an automobile industry within its borders and it has deployed a range of industrial policies to enhance the technological capabilities of local auto part firms. It is against this background that this study examines the level and extent of technological capability development within the Thai automobile industry. To this end, the study initially identifies the key concepts, ‘organisation & organisational learning’, ‘international strategic alliance’, ‘technology transfer’, and ‘innovation strategies’, as well as their related factors, and uses them to create the study’s conceptual framework. The important role of government policies is later added as a key concept in the conceptual framework. Evidence is presented from a survey of over 300 Thai automotive firms and in-depth elite interviews through three phases of research. The key findings of this study are that while the production figures in Thailand’s automotive industry have grown, these improvements have not been equally matched by similar levels of technological capability development. The other key finding is that the ten factors related to the key concepts mentioned above have an effect on the development of technological capability in the Thai automotive industry. The study contributes to the existing literature by developing an innovative conceptual framework called the Model of Technological Capability Development for the Automotive Parts Industry in Thailand. In addition, the research provides suggestions on how the Thai automotive industry can develop a technological capability strategy based on data obtained from the executives of automotive firms. The key findings of this study provide policy implications for the automotive industry and government bodies. It was also found that this study can be generalised to other ASEAN countries.

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Barron, Wendy. "An assessment of public participation in the South Central Texas Water Planning Group /." View online, 2006. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/162/.

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