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Journal articles on the topic 'Water requirements'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Sedláček, Martin. "Requirements for engineer information in water crossing." Vojenské rozhledy 28, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.28.2019.04.044-062.

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2

Soifer, S. Ya. "Irrigation Water Quality Requirements." Water International 12, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508068708686548.

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3

Gunson, A. J., B. Klein, M. Veiga, and S. Dunbar. "Reducing mine water requirements." Journal of Cleaner Production 21, no. 1 (January 2012): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.020.

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4

Trout, T. J., and J. Gartung. "IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS OF STRAWBERRIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 664 (December 2004): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2004.664.84.

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5

Smesrud, Jason K., and John S. Selker. "Postharvest water requirements of peppermint." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30, no. 11-12 (June 1999): 1657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629909370318.

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6

Noble-Nesbiti, John. "Insects and Their Water Requirements." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 15, no. 3 (September 1990): 264–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1990.15.3.264.

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7

PACKHAM, R. F. "Drinking Water: Future Quality Requirements." Water and Environment Journal 7, no. 5 (October 1993): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00882.x.

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8

McMahan, Erin K., and Maria Lopez-Carbo. "Mapping Ground Water Rule Requirements." Opflow 36, no. 6 (June 2010): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2010.tb03026.x.

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9

Stark, Blake. "Surface Water Treatment Rule Requirements." Opflow 43, no. 8 (August 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2017.tb02856.x.

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10

Rizaiza, Omar S. Abu, and Mohamed N. Allam. "Water Requirements versus Water Availability in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 115, no. 1 (January 1989): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1989)115:1(64).

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11

Wang, Xin Hua, Mei Hua Guo, and Hui Mei Liu. "Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.961.

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According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.
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12

Chukwudi Paulinus, Ohaji Evans, and Mahmud Hussaini. "Agricultural Water Management for Rice Production: A Comprehensive Analysis." International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science 10, no. 2 (March 20, 2024): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v10.no2.2024.pg13.22.

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The identified problem revolves around establishing the water requirements for rice seeding, growth, and maturity in hot climatic conditions. This study reviews the net water requirement for rice growth or production under various climatic conditions in the Cross River Basin. It was observed that the water requirement from seeding to harvest varies from location to location, maintaining a FAO range, as postulated by Brouwer et al., 1986, ultimately falling between 450mm to 700mm for hot weather.The methodology used for investigating the Net Irrigation Water Requirements for rice growth to maturity involves the application of New_Clim Location and CropWater software. These tools were utilized to compute Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) and Crop Water Requirements (CWR) for the net irrigation water requirements of rice, respectively. The data were obtained from meteorological stations within the Cross River Basin. In rainfed conditions, no water stress is practically observed throughout the entire crop cycle, affirming that no irrigation system is needed in such a specific climate. This study uses data generated through New_LocClim as input into CropWat, which, among other factors, determines the net water requirement for rice growth and production. Consequently, the results obtained from the use of the CropWat model in determining rice water requirements for Obudu, Nkari, Ikom, and Ijegu-Yala were 633.7 mm, 397.9 mm, 303.0 mm, and 548.4 mm, respectively. The water requirement of only two locations, Obudu and Ijegu-Yala, fell within the FAO-suggested range of 450 mm to 700 mm (Brouwer et al., 1986) for hot climates, while Nkari and Ikom LGAs did not comply with Brower et al., 1986 postulation due to their location in a relatively less hot climate.
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13

Jadeja, Poojaba, and Milan K. Chudasama. "FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 Used for Analysis of Water Requirements and Irrigation Schedule in the Kutch Region of Gujarat." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 3337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42068.

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Abstract: Water is an important input for agriculture so this valuable resource is designed properly and deliverable. Reasonable information on evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, and net irrigation requirements is required for effective planning of this resource. To use optimum amount of water for crops and reduce irrigation quantity, some form of irrigation scheduling should be used by the farming community. Unscientific and injudicious application of groundwater in this region resulted in depletion of the groundwater table. To achieve effective utilization of the groundwater resources, there is a need to estimate the crop water requirement for different crops at different management levels to accomplish effective irrigation management. Crop water requirements of different crop in districts of Kutch was calculated using FAO CROPWAT 8.0 a computer simulation model. The simulation study was conducted with the objectives of determining irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling for some major crops. The Penman - Monteith method was used for evapotranspiration calculation in the model. The model predicted the daily, decadal as well as monthly crop water requirement at different growing stages of crops. Keywords: crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling, CROPWAT 8.0
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14

Dryden, G. McL. "Quantitative nutrition of deer: energy, protein and water." Animal Production Science 51, no. 4 (2011): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10176.

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The quantitative requirements of deer for energy, protein and water are reviewed, using where possible a factorial approach to defining requirements. Deer may be more efficient than cattle and sheep in metabolising digested energy and in utilising metabolisable energy as a source of net energy. The average net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) of adult, non-lactating deer in winter–spring is 0.39 MJ/W (kg)0.75 per day. Temperate species have a higher requirement in summer–autumn, and tropical species in a subtropical environment have a greater requirement in winter. NEm declines with age, and is increased in lactating females. Diet protein contents that are reported to be adequate for maintenance and production are ~4–9% and 16–22%, respectively. It is difficult to use a factorial approach to describe deer protein requirements because of a lack of information on basal endogenous N excretion rates, the outflow of metabolisable protein from the rumen and the efficiencies of utilisation of metabolisable protein. Differences in digestive function between deer and other ruminants mean that data for cattle and sheep may not be applicable to deer. Guides to drinking water consumption by deer are a water : dry matter intake ratio of ~3.5 : 1 and 139 g drinking water/W (kg)0.75 per day; but ambient temperature, physiological state and diet composition greatly affect water requirements. The salinity tolerances of cervine and rusine deer and of fallow deer are ~8000 and 12 000 mg/kg drinking water, respectively.
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15

Svardal, K., and H. Kroiss. "Energy requirements for waste water treatment." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 6 (September 1, 2011): 1355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.221.

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The actual mathematical models describing global climate closely link the detected increase in global temperature to anthropogenic activity. The only energy source we can rely on in a long perspective is solar irradiation which is in the order of 10,000 kW/inhabitant. The actual primary power consumption (mainly based on fossil resources) in the developed countries is in the range of 5 to 10 kW/inhabitant. The total power contained in our nutrition is in the range of 0.11 kW/inhabitant. The organic pollution of domestic waste water corresponds to ∼0.018 kW/inhabitant. The nutrients contained in the waste water can also be converted into energy equivalents replacing market fertiliser production. This energy equivalent is in the range of 0.009 kW/inhabitant. Hence waste water will never be a relevant source of energy as long as our primary energy consumption is in the range of several kW/inhabitant. The annual mean primary power demand of conventional municipal waste water treatment with nutrient removal is in the range of 0.003–0.015 kW/inhabitant. In principle it is already possible to reduce this value for external energy supply to zero. Such plants should be connected to an electrical grid in order to keep investment costs low. Peak energy demand will be supported from the grid and surplus electric energy from the plant can be is fed to the grid. Zero ‘carbon footprint’ will not be affected by this solution. Energy minimisation must never negatively affect treatment efficiency because water quality conservation is more important for sustainable development than the possible reduction in energy demand. This argument is strongly supported by economical considerations as the fixed costs for waste water infrastructure are dominant.
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16

Abou-Hadid, A. F., M. A. Medany, and I. S. S. Benjamien. "WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPROVED CANTALOUPE CULTIVATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 491 (May 1999): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.491.44.

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17

Klett, James E., and Carl Wilson. "WATER REQUIREMENTS OF WOODY LANDSCAPE SHRUBS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1095c—1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1095c.

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Four woody plant species were grown during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons under three irrigation treatments at two sites in two soil types. The three irrigation treatments which were implemented included: 1) control, 2) drip irrigated with no water stress, and 3) drip irrigated with water stress. Rainfall and additional water applied during the 1988 and '89 growing seasons were recorded. Analysis of this data showed the no stress treatment receiving more water at both sites, especially in 1989. After two years of growth, no statistical differences in new growth (height) were observed with any plant species evaluated at either site from the three water treatments. Comparing new growth, no statistical differences were observed except with Juniperus sabina. No visual differences were observed with Ribes alpinum and Cornus sericea. Visual differences were observed with Potentilla fruticosa and Juniperus sabina. The experiment will be continued during the 1990 growing season.
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18

Costello, L. R., N. P. Matheny, and J. R. Clark. "ESTIMATING WATER REQUIREMENTS OF LANDSCAPE PLANTINGS." HortScience 27, no. 12 (December 1992): 1263f—1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.12.1263f.

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Since it is unlikely that crop coefficients will be established for landscape plantings, a method to estimate landscape water requirements is proposed. By evaluating three factors that significantly influence water use-species planted, vegetation density, and site microclimate-and assigning numerical values to each, an estimate of a landscape crop coefficient (or landscape coefficient, KL) can be calculated. An estimate of evapotranspirational water loss for landscapes is then the product of the landscape coefficient multiplied by the reference evapotranspiration. This paper presents values for the above three factors and discusses the rationale for each. Examples using the landscape coefficient formula are included, as well as a discussion of special considerations relative to its use.
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19

Strabbioli, G. "A STUDY ON STRAWBERRY WATER REQUIREMENTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 228 (September 1988): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.228.19.

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20

Strabbioli, G. "PEACH WATER REQUIREMENTS IN CENTRAL ITALY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 315 (September 1992): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.315.25.

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21

Kanaan, Ahmed, Elena Sevostianova, Bernd Leinauer, and Igor Sevostianov. "Water Requirements for Cooling Artificial Turf." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 146, no. 10 (October 2020): 05020004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001506.

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22

Latzka, William A., and Scott J. Montain. "WATER AND ELECTROLYTE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXERCISE." Clinics in Sports Medicine 18, no. 3 (July 1999): 513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70165-4.

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23

Swift, Graham. "Requirements for biodegradable water-soluble polymers." Polymer Degradation and Stability 59, no. 1-3 (January 1998): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00162-6.

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24

Wriedt, Gunter, Marijn Van der Velde, Alberto Aloe, and Fayçal Bouraoui. "Estimating irrigation water requirements in Europe." Journal of Hydrology 373, no. 3-4 (July 2009): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.05.018.

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25

Colt, John. "Water quality requirements for reuse systems." Aquacultural Engineering 34, no. 3 (May 2006): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.011.

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26

Kim, H. J., P. Singleton, J. Lichty, and A. Kawabata. "WATER REQUIREMENTS OF TROPICAL ORNAMENTAL CROPS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1037 (May 2014): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1037.52.

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27

Moura e Sá, Patrícia, and Rita Martins. "Data quality requirements for water bills." TQM Journal 28, no. 6 (October 10, 2016): 933–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-12-2014-0108.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to uncover the customers’ concerns with the information disclosed in water services invoices and to analyse them with reference to the data quality dimensions usually proposed in the literature. In the context of services of general interest invoices are particularly relevant as a vehicle to convey information to all consumers. Design/methodology/approach Based on the principles of quality planning, the research uses a qualitative approach to identify the data quality requirements of water invoices. Customer voices were collected by means of focus groups and their meanings analysed using an affinity diagram. Findings Findings show that plain language efforts and strategies to enhance trust on the service provided need to be further reinforced. Consumers’ requirements together with the regulator recommendations also confirm the data quality dimensions identified in the literature. Practical implications This research highlights that avoiding technical language and making visible the consequences of different consumption levels on the amounts to be paid is essential when designing water invoices. Moreover, it emphasises that there is still room for improvement in the way the economic regulator performs its role in ensuring the provision of sound information. Originality/value This research addresses a literature gap by conducting a study on data quality requirements outside the context of information systems for organisations. The study is original because it looks at water invoices as a “product” that can be designed to meet the needs of their users.
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28

Döll, Petra, and Stefan Siebert. "Global modeling of irrigation water requirements." Water Resources Research 38, no. 4 (April 2002): 8–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000355.

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29

Mar, Brian W. "System requirements for water resource systems." Systems Engineering 1, no. 1 (1998): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:1<14::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-c.

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30

Gunson, A. J., Bern Klein, Marcello Veiga, and Scott Dunbar. "Reducing mine water network energy requirements." Journal of Cleaner Production 18, no. 13 (September 2010): 1328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.04.002.

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31

Al-Haddad, Amer Hassan, and Tamara Sideeq Bakr. "Irrigation Scheduling Effect on Water Requirements." Journal of Engineering 19, no. 1 (May 10, 2023): 96–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.01.07.

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Irrigation scheduling techniques is one of the suggested solutions for water scarcity problem. The study aims to show the possibility of using practical and applicable irrigation scheduling program which was designed by Water Resources Department at the University of Baghdad by using Spreadsheet Formulas for Microsoft Excel program, version 2007, with some modification to generalize it and made it applicable to various climatic zone and different soil types, as a salvation for the shortage of irrigation water inside the irrigation projects. Irrigation projects which incidence of Tigris River basin will be taken as an applicable example. This program was based on water budgeting and programmed depending on scientific concepts which facilitate irrigation structures operation and ease the use by farmers. By using the abilities of this program, the monthly and annually water requirements and drainage water were estimated. Finally a comparison is made between the calculated discharges with the designers suggested ones. This comparisons showed that the use of this type of irrigation scheduling (i.e. predicted irrigation scheduling) with itsapplicable constrains require high attention when choosing the cropping pattern for each climate zone. Also it found that this irrigation program is a useful tool for saving water if cropping pattern has been chosen carefully.
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32

Mashabatu, Munashe, Nonofo Motsei, Nebojša Jovanović, Timothy Dube, Ubaidullah Mathews, and Yolanda Nqumkana. "Assessing the Seasonal Water Requirement of Fully Mature Japanese Plum Orchards: A Systematic Review." Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2024): 4097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104097.

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Japanese plums have relatively high water requirements, which depend on supplementing rainfall volumes with accurately quantified irrigation water. There is a lack of knowledge on the seasonal water requirements of plum orchards. This gap in the literature poses an imminent threat to the long-term sustainability of the South African plum industry, which is particularly plagued by climate change and diminishing water resources. The systematic literature review conducted in this study aimed to provide a foundation for supporting water management in irrigated Japanese plum [Prunus salicina Lindl.] orchards. Seventeen peer-reviewed articles obtained from the literature were analyzed. Approximately 66% of the cultivars were cultivated under different regulated deficit irrigation regimes for water-saving purposes and to increase fruit quality. This review of our knowledge provided benchmark figures on the annual water requirements of Japanese plums. The full-year plum crop water requirements obtained from the literature ranged between 921 and 1211 mm a−1. Canopy growth, pruning and growing season length were the most common causes of differences in the water requirement estimates. Further research is required to measure the water requirement of plums from planting to full-bearing age and the response of plum trees to water stress, especially in the South African context.
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33

Jia, Kun, Wei Zhang, Bingyan Xie, Xitong Xue, Feng Zhang, and Dongrui Han. "Does Climate Change Increase Crop Water Requirements of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River Basin?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 16640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416640.

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With increasing water resources stress under climate change, it is of great importance to deeply understand the spatio-temporal variation of crop water requirements and their response to climate change for achieving better water resources management and grain production. However, the quantitative evaluation of climate change impacts on crop water requirements and the identification of determining factors should be further explored to reveal the influencing mechanism and actual effects thoroughly. In this study, the water requirements of winter wheat and summer maize from 1981 to 2019 in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin were estimated based on the Penman–Monteith model and crop coefficient method using daily meteorological data. Combined with trends test, sensitivity and contribution analysis, the impacts of different meteorological factors on crop water requirement variation were explored, and the dominant factors were then identified. The results indicated that the temperature increased significantly (a significance level of 0.05 was considered), whereas the sunshine duration, relative humidity and wind speed decreased significantly from 1981 to 2019 in the study area. The total water requirements of winter wheat and summer maize presented a significant decreasing trend (−1.36 mm/a) from 1981 to 2019 with a multi-year average value of 936.7 mm. The crop water requirements of winter wheat was higher than that of summer maize, with multi-year average values of 546.6 mm and 390.1 mm, respectively. In terms of spatial distribution patterns, the crop water requirement in the north was generally higher than that in the south. The water requirements of winter wheat and summer maize were most sensitive to wind speed, and were less sensitive to the minimum temperature and relative humidity. Wind speed was the leading factor of crop water requirement variation with the highest contribution rate of 116.26% among the considered meteorological factors. The results of this study will provide important support for strengthening the capacity to cope with climate change and realizing sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin.
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34

Surfia Dioh, Francis. "ASSESSMENT OF WATER REQUIREMENT OF TEN SELECTED CROPS CULTIVATED IN CESTOS RIVER BASIN GREENVILLE, LIBERIA USING THE CROPWAT 8.0 SOFTWARE." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i04.003.

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Water is the most important factor for agriculture, and with climate change, the need for efficient irrigation water for crops is increasing. Irrigation water supplies are dwindling and shortages have been reported in many parts of the world. To meet basic human needs, the increase in water consumption due to rapid population growth requires the expansion of food production through irrigation and industrial production and as such, this study aims to determine the crop water requirement as well as the irrigation schedule of ten crops; potatoes, bananas, mangos, rice, groundnut, pepper, cabbage, tomato, maize, and vegetables in the Cestos River Basin, Greenville Sinoe County, Republic of Liberia. Calculations of the crop water and irrigation requirements were carried out using CROPWAT version 8.0. The climatic data used for the calculations were obtained from the Climwat 2.0 software from the Greenville meteorological station in Sinoe County. The results of this study show a method of determining the irrigation water requirements of ten selected crops using the CROPWAT 8.0 model and the CLIMWAT 2.0 software, where rainfall was not taken into account, and as such, results showed that the ETO ranges from 3.18mm/day to 4.02mm/day and effective rainfall ranges from 102.4mm to 197.1; mango had the highest crop water requirement of 1228 mm, while vegetable had the lowest crop water requirement of 288.1 mm. The model predicted the daily, decadal, irrigation schedule as well as monthly crop water requirement at different growing stages of the ten selected crops; potatoes, bananas, mangos, rice, groundnut, pepper, cabbage, tomato, maize, and vegetables in the Cestos River Basin. For the 10 chosen crops at different growth phases, the application of scientific methodologies like CROPWAT and CLIMWAT can reliably determine the crop water requirements and provide irrigation plans and monthly crop water requirements that farmers can accept. In order to save water and meet crop water requirements, farmers can use the study's findings as a guide when deciding how frequently and how much to irrigate the crops that are the subject of the study. Water resource planners can also use these findings when making future plans.
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35

Liu, Xingran, and Yanjun Shen. "Quantification of the impacts of climate change and human agricultural activities on oasis water requirements in an arid region: a case study of the Heihe River basin, China." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-211-2018.

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Abstract. Ecological deterioration in arid regions caused by agricultural development has become a global issue. Understanding water requirements of the oasis ecosystems and the influences of human agricultural activities and climate change is important for the sustainable development of oasis ecosystems and water resource management in arid regions. In this study, water requirements of the main oasis in Heihe River basin during 1986–2013 were analyzed and the amount showed a sharp increase from 10.8 × 108 m3 in 1986 to 19.0 × 108 m3 in 2013. Both human agricultural activities and climate change could lead to the increase in water requirement. To quantify the contributions of agricultural activities and climate change to the increase in water requirements, partial derivative and slope method were used. Results showed that climate change and human agricultural activities, such as oasis expansion and changes in land cropping structure, has contributed to the increase in water requirement at rates of 6.9, 58.1, and 25.3 %, respectively. Overall, human agricultural activities were the dominant forces driving the increase in water requirement. In addition, the contribution of oasis expanding to the increased water requirement was significantly greater than that of other concerned variables. This reveals that controlling the oasis scale is extremely important and effective for balancing water for agriculture and ecosystems and to achieving a sustainable oasis development in arid regions.
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36

Armstrong, Lawrence, and Evan Johnson. "Water Intake, Water Balance, and the Elusive Daily Water Requirement." Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121928.

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Water is essential for metabolism, substrate transport across membranes, cellular homeostasis, temperature regulation, and circulatory function. Although nutritional and physiological research teams and professional organizations have described the daily total water intakes (TWI, L/24h) and Adequate Intakes (AI) of children, women, and men, there is no widespread consensus regarding the human water requirements of different demographic groups. These requirements remain undefined because of the dynamic complexity inherent in the human water regulatory network, which involves the central nervous system and several organ systems, as well as large inter-individual differences. The present review analyzes published evidence that is relevant to these issues and presents a novel approach to assessing the daily water requirements of individuals in all sex and life-stage groups, as an alternative to AI values based on survey data. This empirical method focuses on the intensity of a specific neuroendocrine response (e.g., plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration) employed by the brain to regulate total body water volume and concentration. We consider this autonomically-controlled neuroendocrine response to be an inherent hydration biomarker and one means by which the brain maintains good health and optimal function. We also propose that this individualized method defines the elusive state of euhydration (i.e., water balance) and distinguishes it from hypohydration. Using plasma AVP concentration to analyze multiple published data sets that included both men and women, we determined that a mild neuroendocrine defense of body water commences when TWI is ˂1.8 L/24h, that 19–71% of adults in various countries consume less than this TWI each day, and consuming less than the 24-h water AI may influence the risk of dysfunctional metabolism and chronic diseases.
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37

SUBRAMANIAM, AR, and PA NARASIMHARAJU. "Water requirements of crops in north coastal Andhra." MAUSAM 38, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v38i1.2649.

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Knowing the area under each crop and their water requirements, it is possible to plan the water resources for storage and distribution from the reservoirs, ponds, lakes etc. Since most of the north coastal Andhra regional rain fed area, it is essential to estimate the water requirement of the crop either to change the cropping pattern or to schedule the irrigation facilities. For this study, Blaney and Criddle1950) method has been adopted since this method IS suggested for area where available climatic data consists of air temperature data alone. Three representative stations, Kalingapatnam, Visakhapatnam and Anakapalleh have been taken and estimated the normal water requirements for the principal crops grown in the region.
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El Hachimi, Jaouad, Abderrazak El Harti, Rachid Lhissou, Jamal-Eddine Ouzemou, Mohcine Chakouri, and Amine Jellouli. "Combination of Sentinel-2 Satellite Images and Meteorological Data for Crop Water Requirements Estimation in Intensive Agriculture." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081168.

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In arid and semi-arid regions, agriculture is an important element of the national economy, but this sector is a large consumer of water. In a context of high pressure on water resources, appropriate management is required. In semi-arid, intensive agricultural systems, such as the Tadla irrigated perimeter in central Morocco, a large amount of water is lost by evapotranspiration (ET), and farmers need an effective decision support system for good irrigation management. The main objective of this study was to combine a high spatial resolution Sentinel-2 satellite and meteorological data for estimating crop water requirements in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla and qualifying its irrigation strategy. The dual approach of the FAO-56 (Food and Agriculture Organization) model, based on the modulation of evaporative demand, was used for the estimation of crop water requirements. Sentinel-2A temporal images were used for crop type mapping and deriving the basal crop coefficient (Kcb) based on NDVI data. Meteorological data were also used in crop water requirement simulation, using SAMIR (satellite monitoring of irrigation) software. The results allowed for the spatialization of crop water requirements on a large area of irrigated crops during the 2016–2017 agricultural season. In general, the crops’ requirement for water is at its maximum during the months of March and April, and the critical period starts from February for most crops. Maps of water requirements were developed. They showed the variability over time of crop development and their estimated water requirements. The results obtained constitute an important indicator of how water should be distributed over the area in order to improve the efficiency of the irrigation scheduling strategy.
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Sirca, C., T. Cocco, S. Marras, D. Spano, P. Duce, A. Arca, and R. L. Snyder. "ASSESSMENT OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS L. WATER STATUS AND WATER REQUIREMENTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 792 (June 2008): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.792.71.

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40

CASANOVA, MICHELLE T. "Using water plant functional groups to investigate environmental water requirements." Freshwater Biology 56, no. 12 (September 6, 2011): 2637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02680.x.

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41

ĆOSIĆ, Marija, Aleksa LIPOVAC, Ružica STRIČEVIĆ, Dunja SOTONICA, and Ana VUKOVIĆ VIMIĆ. "ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLES, PEARS, AND PLUMS IN THE KOLUBARA AND MORAVA DISTRICTS UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE CONDITIONS." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 53, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v53i1.1438.

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Climate change, which manifests through shifts in temperature, rainfall patterns, and the frequency of extreme events like droughts and floods, has a substantial impact on agricultural production and food security. This study investigates the influence of climate change on the irrigation needs of apple, pear, and plum crops in two fruit-growing districts in western Serbia, specifically in the Kolubara and Morava districts. This research aims to provide valuable insights for farmers to plan and adapt their production strategies in response to evolving climate conditions. To estimate the water requirements, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), effective rainfall (Pe), and water deficit (In) were determined using historical climate data from meteorological stations in Valjevo (Kolubara district) and Požega (Morava district) for the observed period (1961 - 2021). For projecting future water requirements (2021 - 2040), we employed data from eight regional climate models within the EURO – CORDEX project. The analysis of water requirements for apple, pear, and plum was conducted for both grassed and non-grassed orchards. In the Kolubara district, the average seasonal water deficit during the observed period was 356 mm in grassed orchards and 191 mm in non-grassed orchards, with the most significant irrigation requirements occurring in July and August, representing 60 - 70% of the seasonal water requirement. Looking ahead to the future period (2021 - 2040), the average water deficit increases to 401 mm in grassed orchards and 202 mm in non-grassed orchards, marking a 13% and 6% rise, respectively, compared to the observed period. This signifies a need for 1 to 2 additional irrigation sessions. In the Morava district, the average seasonal water deficit during the observed period was 403 mm in grassed orchards and 236 mm in non-grassed orchards, with the highest irrigation requirements in June, July, and August, accounting for 80 - 90% of the seasonal water requirement. Due to an anticipated increase in total precipitation in the future period (2021 - 2040) in the Morava district, there is a decrease in the seasonal water deficit by 3% in grassed orchards and 16% in non-grassed orchards. However, even with reduced water requirements in the future, there remains a significant requirement for irrigation in May, June, July, and August when rainfall is limited.
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42

Cheng, Qian, Lin fei Zhou, and Tie liang Wang. "Eco-environmental water requirements in Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland based on multi-source remote sensing data." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.050.

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Abstract With rapid economic development and expansion of urban boundaries, increasingly damaged wetland resources have seriously threatened the ecosystem. The study of eco-environmental requirements of wetlands is not only the basis of water resources allocation in development and utilization, but also for creating a sustainable system to maintain and improve the overall ecosystem. In this study, we used the Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland as our study area. The breakdown of wetland cover types was extracted based on multi-source remote sensing data, providing the graphic database for ecological water requirement calculation. According to the characteristics of the Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland ecosystem, the methods of quantifying the components of ecological water requirements were determined. The results showed that the optimum ecological water requirement of the total wetland was 239 million m3. The minimum, 75th percentile frequency, and 95th percentile frequency water requirements were 670 million m3, 921 million m3, and 1,078 million m3, respectively.
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43

Saher, Rubab, Haroon Stephen, and Sajjad Ahmad. "Role of Urban Landscapes in Changing the Irrigation Water Requirements in Arid Climate." Geosciences 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13010014.

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The estimation of urban irrigation water requirements has often been approached from an agricultural perspective. This approach is flawed, as the intention of estimating agricultural water is to optimize yield. Recent studies have reported that urban irrigation systems waste about 34% of water, an alarming number for arid cities. The intention for urban irrigation is complex and dependent on the microclimates created by the development of the landscape. In this paper, we investigate the role of the urban landscape on the irrigation water requirements in arid cities. The role of the landscape in determining the irrigation water requirements is examined through the changes in surface-heat energy exchanges. The effects of landscapes are examined through land use change, buildings’ geometry and orientation, and vegetation types. The irrigation water requirement is assessed as the function of urban evapotranspiration and irrigation efficiency. The development of land use characteristics includes the transition from undeveloped (natural) surfaces to residential, commercial, road surfaces, or vegetated surfaces. The orientation and geometry of the streets are assessed by changes in sky view factor values due to building geometry. Three landscapes varying in vegetation type and water use are investigated. The study focuses on understanding the heat exchanges and their effects on irrigation water requirements in arid climates. Two major cities were studied: Las Vegas Valley and Phoenix metropolitan. The study concludes that the development of hardscapes, including commercial and road infrastructures, increases the overall surface temperature by 2 °C per unit change in albedo, thereby increasing evapotranspiration and urban irrigation water requirement. In addition, landscape diversity also plays a crucial role in changing the irrigation water requirement. This study highlights the importance of making development decisions in urban settings and their effects on water resources. It also contributes by providing the major factors changing the urban irrigation requirement. The study can help urban water managers and climatologists to develop improved urban irrigation models.
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44

Schlafrig, J., J. Sturman, G. Ho, and K. Mathew. "Water auditing: the case for statutory requirements." Water Supply 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.112.

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Drought across swathes of Australia, highlights our need for water conservation in addition to seeking new sources of water (demand and supply-side resource options). Water conservation or efficiency improvement is currently a non-systematic process along the lines of ‘if we do such and such then we will save so much water’. Such an approach is ad-hoc and only has the appearance of being ‘quantitative’. We would class it as qualitative, or maybe advanced qualitative water conservation. True quantitative or structured water auditing of non-domestic water consumption is an iterative, systematic and documented process of obtaining reliable use data, validated by a closure approach. Opportunities are identified for water use reduction, water reuse, recycling and for water resource substitution. Financial assessment of savings in cost against cost of measures will provide a payback period. A water management strategy or Water Management Plan (WMP) as it is known in Victoria, Australia, is devised which is consistent with legal requirements, the enterprise's environmental policy and its movement towards sustainable development. Regulators have legislated for mandatory WMPs and audits in Victoria, but this is the only state so far to do this. Mandatory water auditing should be an uncontested choice as it can only provide a win:win situation regulation to the private sector. We argue that only the systematic process provided by structural water auditing constitutes quantitative water conservation. Further, statutory obligation for water users to engage in the water auditing process will give the broad, systematic quantitative information, and based upon which optimal water management strategies or WMPs can be devised. This will ensure a rational approach to our future water needs and the needs of our environment. It is anticipated that voluntary auditing in the arenas not mandated will increase in the long term if this is done.
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45

Soliman, Adel K., and Robert P. Wilson. "Water-soluble vitamin requirements of tilapia. 2. Riboflavin requirement of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus." Aquaculture 104, no. 3-4 (June 1992): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(92)90212-4.

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46

Nicholson, M. J. "The water requirements of livestock in Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 14, no. 4 (December 1985): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708501400401.

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This article discusses the water needs of livestock in Africa and other hot regions; the physiological utilization of water both within and between species; and suggests some ways of optimizing water use and using water as a management tool.
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Shalsabillah, Hanan, Khairul Amri, and Gusta Gunawan. "ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN AIR IRIGASI MENGGUNAKAN METODE CROPWAT VERSION 8.0." Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.10.2.61-68.

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The Irrigation Area of Air Nipis is located in Regency of South Bengkulu at Bengkulu Province with irrigation area 3.116 Ha. Planning and management of irrigation systems is one of the important steps to determine the irrigation water requirement as a whole. The purpose of this research is aim to analyze the water requirement to get value prediction of minimum and maximum irrigation water requirement in irrigation area of Air Nipis using the CROPWAT Version 8.0 method. Irrigation water requirements obtained from CROPWAT Version 8.0 are based on climate data, soil data and plants.The parameters that were reference plant evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, soil treatment, soil data, and plants. The results of the research showed that the maximum irrigation requirement for calculation using CROPWAT 8.0 software occurred in the first 10 days of December (14,49 m3/sec), while the minimum irrigation water requirements for CROPWAT 8.0 occurs in mid to end March (0,04 m3/sec).
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48

Smith, John F., Joseph P. Harner, S. R. DeFrain, and Michael J. Brouk. "Drinking water requirements for lactating dairy cows." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.3227.

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49

Infascelli, Federico, Giuseppe Moniello, Monica Isabella Cutrignelli, and Fulvia Bovera. "Vitamin and water requirements of dairy sheep." Italian Journal of Animal Science 4, sup1 (January 2005): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2005.1s.75.

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Vandertulip, Don. "Reclaimed Water Quality Requirements for Electric Utilities." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2013, no. 3 (January 1, 2013): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864713813503071.

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