Journal articles: 'Water quality – Ontario'

1

Barica, J., M. N. Charlton, D. J. Poulton, and R. Kohli. "Water Exchange Between Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbour: Water Quality Implications." Water Quality Research Journal 23, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.014.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Hamilton Harbour is an enclosed body of water situated at the western end of Lake Ontario and containing about 2.8 x 108 m3 of water, polluted by municipal and industrial effluents. It is connected to Lake Ontario by a ship canal, which facilitates a substantial exchange of water between the two water bodies. Exchange of harbour and lake water through the canal reduces the theoretical hydraulic residence time of the harbour and contributes to improvement of the harbour water quality through dilution and oxygenation. Without it, the Hamilton Harbour water quality situation would be more critical. The beneficial effect of dilution by Lake Ontario far exceeds contamination of western Lake Ontario by Hamilton Harbour water.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Clapper, Julia, and Steven B. Caudill. "Water quality and cottage prices in Ontario." Applied Economics 46, no. 10 (February 4, 2014): 1122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2013.851778.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Carr, Geneviève M., Sarah A. E. Bod, Hamish C. Duthie, and William D. Taylor. "Macrophyte biomass and water quality in Ontario rivers." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 22, no. 2 (June 2003): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1467991.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Rao, Yerubandi R., J. E. Milne, and C. H. Marvin. "Hydrodynamics and water quality in western Lake Ontario." Journal of Great Lakes Research 38 (January 2012): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.04.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

de Loë, Robert C. "THE INSTITUTIONAL PATTERN FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN ONTARIO." Canadian Water Resources Journal 16, no. 1 (January 1991): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj1601023.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Scharfenaker, Mark A. "Ontario on fast track to drinking water quality management." Journal - American Water Works Association 94, no. 9 (September 2002): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09533.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Ahmed, Syed I., Amanjot Singh, Ramesh Rudra, and Bahram Gharabaghi. "Comparison of CANWET and HSPF for water budget and water quality modeling in rural Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 49, no. 1 (August 27, 2013): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.044.

Full text

Abstract:

This study comparatively evaluates the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model and the Canadian ArcView Nutrient and Water Evaluation Tool (CANWET) for non-point source pollution (NPS) management in rural Ontario watersheds. Both models were calibrated, validated, and applied to a 52 km2 headwater rural watershed known as the Canagagigue Creek near Elmira in the Grand River basin, Ontario, Canada. A comparison of the simulated and observed values for stream flow, surface runoff, subsurface runoff, evapotranspiration, and sediment yield showed that (Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources) BASINS/HSPF and CANWET models have similar capabilities to simulate various hydrological processes at the watershed scale. The seasonal stream flow comparison between observed and simulated values from HSPF and CANWET showed Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Nash-E) coefficients of 0.80 and 0.72, respectively. The monthly comparison between the simulated and observed stream flow yielded Nash-E coefficients of 0.88 and 0.94 for HSPF and CANWET, respectively. Overall, both models predicted the components of the annual, seasonal, and monthly water budget accurately. There was a considerable difference in the monthly simulated sediment yield by both models. This difference is consistent with the surface runoff variation predicted by both models. Both models predicted sediment yield with early winter and spring storms which is typical for southern Ontario.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Gemza, A. F. "Water Quality Improvements during Hypolimnetic Oxygenation in Two Ontario Lakes." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 365–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.024.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Two eutrophic lakes with seasonally anoxic hypolimnion were oxygenated utilizing hypolimnetic pure oxygen injection during 1995. Natural stratification was not disturbed. At Whittaker Lake, hypolimnetic oxygen levels were maintained between 4.0 and 5.0 ppm. Hypolimnetic total phosphorus concentrations did not increase beyond spring turnover levels, and lower concentrations of iron and manganese were measured, along with the elimination of all detectable hydrogen sulphide. The typical blue-green algal blooms fouling shorelines in the late summer and fall did not manifest themselves, but improvements in water clarity were not as dramatic as those observed at the second study site. During hypolimnetic oxygen injection in Heart Lake, where hypolimnetic oxygen levels were maintained at 2.0 ppm, the decline of zooplankton populations after a brief spring surge (clear water phase) was stopped and a shift to larger-bodied herbivorous cladocerans was observed — Bosminids were replaced by Ceriodaphnia species. Annual median water clarity improved from preaeration readings of 1.9 m to over 3.0 m. Small increases in hypolimnetic total phosphorus concentrations were observed in late summer under low level oxygenation, but were significantly less than pretreatment concentrations. The maintenance of an oxic hypolimnetic refugia not accessible to predator fish, but still able to oxidize sediments, was deemed important to the water clarity improvements. Historically low blue-green algal biovolumes and chlorophyll concentrations were recorded, and no beach closures due to algal blooms occurred. Hypolimnetic oxygenation is an effective tool which can improve lake water quality and ecosystem integrity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Yurista, Peder M., John R. Kelly, Samuel Miller, and Jon Van Alstine. "Lake Ontario: Nearshore conditions and variability in water quality parameters." Journal of Great Lakes Research 38 (January 2012): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2011.09.002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Bodo, Byron A. "Statistical analyses of regional surface water quality in southeastern Ontario." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 23, no. 1-3 (December 1992): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00406960.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Singh, Amanjot, Lorna Murison, and Edward McBean. "Characteristics of nearshore water quality of Lake Ontario coast under Credit Valley Conservation Jurisdiction, Ontario, Canada." Journal of Great Lakes Research 48, no. 2 (April 2022): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2022.01.013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Parr, Joy. "Local Water Diversely Known: Walkerton Ontario, 2000 and after." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23, no. 2 (April 2005): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d431.

Full text

Abstract:

In this narrative of the water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario, in 2000–02 I consider the local priorities defining good water. These vernacular understandings emphasised taste, softness, and thrift in municipal water, and they highly valued local sovereignty in matters of water quality, and solidarity as a quality of local citizenship. By using contemporaneous evidence from media reports and the judicial enquiry into the incident, I trace how the qualities of good water were redefined, and with them community standards of safety, expertise, and risk. The emphasis on community consent to vernacular water monitoring practices and the implications of this shared responsibility differ from the journalistic and judicial accounts which emphasise individual culpability.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Feibert, E. B. G., S. R. James, K. A. Rykbost, A. R. Mitchell, and C. C. Shock. "Potato Yield and Quality Not Changed by Foliar-applied Methanol." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 494–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.494.

Full text

Abstract:

Previously published research suggests that the yield and water-use efficiency of C-3 plants can be enhanced through foliar-applied methanol. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) grown in Oregon at Klamath Falls, Madras, and Ontario were subjected to repeated foliar methanol treatments during the 1993 season. Methanol was applied at 20%, 40%, and 80% concentration with Triton X-100 sticker-spreader at 0.1%, and methanol was applied at 20% and 40% without Triton X-100. Methanol had no effect on tuber yield, size distribution, grade, or specific gravity at any location. Tuber stem-end fry color showed no methanol response at the two locations where it was measured. Soil water potential (measured at Madras and Ontario) showed no difference in water-use efficiency between methanol-treated and nontreated potato plants.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Barica, J. "Unique Limnological Phenomena Affecting Water Quality of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario." Journal of Great Lakes Research 15, no. 3 (January 1989): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(89)71507-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Conboy, M. J., and M. J. Goss. "Contamination of Rural Drinking Water Wells by Fecal Origin Bacteria -- Survey Findings." Water Quality Research Journal 34, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.013.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In 1997, over 300 rural drinking water wells throughout Southern Ontario and 148 wells in rural Zimbabwe were tested for bacteriological water quality. Total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci were enumerated in each sample with standard membrane filtration techniques. Clostridium perfringens was monitored by presence or absence. In Ontario, all of the wells were tested in the spring, when the fields were near saturation, and resampled in late summer. Just under 50% of the wells exceeded the Ontario drinking water objectives (DWO) in spring and summer. On both occasions, approximately 20% of the wells tested positive for Clostridium perfringens, which is an indicator for fecal contamination of animal origin. Zimbabwe wells were sampled during the dry season, June 1997. Ninety-five percent of the wells had bacteria in excess of Ontario DWO, and 59% of the wells tested positive for Clostridium perfringens. The wells in Zimbabwe provided a comparison in soil moisture and type, and there were also differences in well construction and management practices. This study shows that a significant percentage of the bacteria of fecal origin found in rural wells originated from animal manure. Some factors affecting well water quality are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Ahmed, Imran, Ramesh Rudra, Kevin McKague, Bahram Gharabaghi, and John Ogilvie. "Evaluation of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for Southern Ontario: Part II. Simulating Long-Term Effects of Nitrogen Management Practices on Crop Yield and Subsurface Drainage Water Quality." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.025.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Loss of nitrogen from the agricultural production system is of concern in Ontario. The challenge for researchers and farmers is to fulfill crop water requirements while limiting chemical movement with surface and subsurface runoff. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of current N management practices for corn production for two different soil types using the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for southern Ontario conditions. The model simulated the amount of subsurface tile drainage, residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), NO3-N in subsurface drainage water, and crop yield. The validated RZWQM for silt loam and sandy loam soils showed that the relative long-term effectiveness of the most economic rate of nitrogen (MERN) for corn production fluctuates significantly from year-to-year in response to weather patterns. In addition, soil type had a small but significant effect on the MERN. Side-dress application of N on sandy loam resulted in significant reduction in corn yield and NO3-N loss to shallow groundwater. Also, crop rotation from corn-soybean to corn-soybean-soybean resulted in a greater reduction of NO3-N loads in the tile outflow on silt loam soil than on sandy loam soil. Overall, the RZWQM simulated tile drain flow, NO3-N loss, and crop yield with reasonable accuracy. However, more field work is needed to assist with identifying suitable values for a number of coefficients used in the RZWQM's nutrient component for Ontario conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Patry, Gilles G. "Recursive water quality forecasting models for urban catchments." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-034.

Full text

Abstract:

Urban water quality forecast models for use in real-time integrated control of combined sewer systems are developed and applied to a small combined sewer system in Hamilton, Ontario. Water quality forecasts for lead times ranging from 5 to 60 min are provided for both suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand. Two modelling approaches are examined: (a) a statistical approach based on the formulation of autoregressive moving-average models with exogenous inputs and (b) a two-stage deterministic/stochastic model based on the first-order surface pollutant washoff model. While both groups of model yield comparable forecasts in terms of the mean absolute percent error in water quality forecasts, statistically based models were found to provide definite operational advantages. Key words: adaptative modelling, real-time forecasting, statistical model, stochastic system, urban hydrology, water quality modelling.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Watelet, A., and P. G. Johnson. "Overview of Impacts of Recent Land and Channel Changes in Eastern Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 34, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 361–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.018.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Recent land and channel changes on the Raisin River watershed in eastern Ontario altered the hydrological processes of the water cycle in a context of climate fluctuations. In particular, the development of agriculture faced two major obstacles in the area: a high water table and too long flood duration. Land transformations were intended to solve those problems and were relatively successful, though in accelerating the flow of land water toward the stream, the water balance was modified, which in turn changed the water quality dynamics. Surface hydrology and water quality of the Raisin River as they appear today are in part the result of past land transformations. Stream water quality restoration should therefore not be addressed alone but be integrated with restoration of hydrological processes at the scale of the watershed, a new necessity in the context of climate warming.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Moore, L. F., and S. B. Watson. "The Ontario Water Works Consortium: a functional model of source water management and understanding." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.179.

Full text

Abstract:

With an historical onus on reactive water treatment in North America, most taste and odour (T&O) outbreaks and other water quality issues have been unanticipated and difficult to control. Recent severe outbreaks of these drinking water issues have prompted wider advocacy of a more proactive “source-to-tap” approach, with greater focus on multidisciplinary partnerships among utilities, scientists and management/policy-makers. However, the practical application of this management model is faced with fragmented drainage basins, waterbodies and jurisdictions, and often requires a common issue such as T&O to initiate its development. This paper presents an example of a successful cooperative approach to drinking water management, the Ontario Water Works Research Consortium (OWWRC), consisting of the six major water utilities drawing water from Western Lake Ontario, scientists from the Canadian and Ontario governments and universities, and several other agencies. Established in 1999 following severe T&O outbreaks, the OWWRC has since operated as a highly effective model, employing a science-based approach to T&O management, supporting research on source-water and treatment issues, public outreach and utility surveys. The paper describes this partnership and summarises the results of an OWWRC T&O survey as one of the significant steps towards source-water characterisation undertaken by this cooperative.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Whitfield, Paul H., and Evan R. Watt. "Water Quality Branch Special Issue." Water Quality Research Journal 23, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.035.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract This special issue of the Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada highlights some of the recent work of the Water Quality Branch, Environment Canada. The Water Quality Branch operates out of regional offices located in Moncton, New Brunswick; Longueuil, Quebec; Burlington, Ontario; Regina, Saskatchewan, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Many of the issues and problems regarding water quality in Canada are not common to all regions, this is reflected in the diversity amongst the papers that are presented. Water Quality Branch activities range from broad and philosophical water quality considerations to studies of specific basins where water quality problems exist. This special issue consists of papers which touch on a number of these interests. The first two papers consider the design of water quality networks. Two papers consider water quality objectives as a management tool; developing guidelines for pesticides, and developing effective monitoring programs for objectives. Several papers consider problems associated with temporal variations: temporal patterns of acidification in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, trends in water quality of the St. Lawrence, phosphorus variability in the Flathead River, and changes over time in the St. Croix River. The remaining papers report specific pieces of work reflecting novel methods or procedures: large volume extractors, organic contaminants in suspended sediments, contaminants in water and suspended sediments, and contaminants in surficial sediments. On behalf of the Water Quality Branch, we would like to thank the authors for their contributions to this special issue of the Journal. We would also like to thank the many colleagues who joined with Water Quality Branch staff to review the papers. Special thanks are extended to external reviewers who contributed much to the quality of the papers presented.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

McKeown, A. W., S. M. Westerveld, and C. J. Bakker. "Nitrogen and water requirements of fertigated cabbage in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09028.

Full text

Abstract:

Increasing nutrient and water regulations have necessitated development of best management practices for application of nitrogen (N) and water. This study was conducted to determine if there was an optimal balance of N and water applied for late storage cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Five rates of N and five irrigation rates arranged in a response surface design replicated three times were supplied to Huron cabbage grown on sandy loam soil to study the interaction of N and water applied. Plots were located at the University of Guelph, Simcoe Research Station, Ontario, Canada from 2003 to 2005. Total and marketable yields were maximized from a low of 278 kg ha-1 N in 2005 to above the highest rate tested (400 kg ha-1 N) in the other 2 yr. In 2005, there were 29 d above 30 °C and marketable yield was 49% lower than 2004, which had only 1 d above 30 °C. A target soil water value of 100% of field capacity was required to maximize yield in all 3 yr. More N is required as the water supply increases. The main influence of irrigation and N application was on head volume. Head density based on fresh weight was not influenced by irrigation or N application, but head density based on dry weight decreased with increased N application. Irrigation and N application should be managed concurrently to maximize yield and quality and N and irrigation efficiency for late storage cabbage. However, N and water will not prevent lost yield due to hot days, which suggests that late-cabbage yields are very sensitive to high air temperatures. Key words: Brassica oleracea var. capitata, cabbage, irrigation, fertigation, quality, nutrient management, air temperature

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Heasley, Cole, Johanna Sanchez, Ian Young, and Jordan Tustin. "Beach water monitoring practices and challenges in Ontario Public Health units." Environmental Health Review 65, no. 1 (April 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2022-003.

Full text

Abstract:

Public Health Units (PHUs) in Ontario regularly monitor public beaches for E. coli levels as an indicator of the risk of recreational water-induced illness. Provincial guidance for beach water monitoring allows local flexibility in the beach monitoring process. We conducted a survey of public health professionals responsible for beach water management in Ontario PHUs to determine how monitoring practices differ across jurisdictions. We obtained data from 22 of the 29 PHUs that conduct beach water monitoring. Six health units reported meeting guidelines (27%) and four reported meeting historical water quality (18%) were important factors in deciding sampling frequency. Major challenges and limitations in monitoring that arose from the lag time between sampling and obtaining results were reported by 12 (55%). Predictive modelling has been trialled eight times across the province with varied results. This study provides an overview on the current state and future avenues for beach water monitoring in Ontario.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Golmohammadi, Golmar, Ramesh P. Rudra, Gary W. Parkin, Priyantha B. Kulasekera, Merrin Macrae, and Pradeep K. Goel. "Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change on Tile Discharge and Nitrogen Yield Using the DRAINMOD Model." Hydrology 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010001.

Full text

Abstract:

The detrimental impacts of agricultural subsurface tile flows and their associated pollutants on water quality is a major environmental issue in the Great Lakes region and many other places globally. A strong understanding of water quality indicators along with the contribution of tile-drained agriculture to water contamination is necessary to assess and reduce a significant source of non-point source pollution. In this study, DRAINMOD, a field-scale hydrology and water quality model, was applied to assess the impact of future climatic change on depth to water table, tile flow and associated nitrate loss from an 8.66 ha agricultural field near Londesborough, in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The closest available climate data from a weather station approximately 10 km from the field site was used by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) to generate future predictions of daily precipitation and maximum and minimum air temperatures required to create the weather files for DRAINMOD. Of the 28 models applied by MNRF, three models (CGCM3T47-Run5, GFDLCM2.0, and MIROC3.2hires) were selected based on the frequency of the models recommended for use in Ontario with SRA1B emission scenario. Results suggested that simulated tile flows and evapotranspiration (ET) in the 2071–2100 period are expected to increase by 7% and 14% compared to 1960–1990 period. Results also suggest that under future climates, significant increases in nitrate losses (about 50%) will occur along with the elevated tile flows. This work suggests that climate change will have a significant effect on field hydrology and water quality in tile-drained agricultural regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Palmer, Merv D., and Ray J. Dewey. "Verification of a numerical beach water quality model." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-081.

Full text

Abstract:

A dynamic two-dimensional finite difference water quality model was developed to predict the fecal coliform densities at the Toronto, Ontario, Eastern Beaches resulting from storm-water discharges. There are 10 storm-water and 2 combined sewer overflows discharging to the beach. Site-specific data were collected for use in the model. This data included local bathymetry, currents, dispersion, fecal coliform mortality rates, winds, receiving water fecal coliform densities, and discharge pollutographs. Specially designed field fecal coliform surveys were required to calibrate and verify the model since the storm effects are very dynamic in both time and space. The verified model was then used to estimate the reduction in fecal coliform densities at the beaches for different intensity storms for different remedial works. The improvements resulting from the different remedial works were quantified as the number of hours when the fecal coliform densities exceeded 100 counts/dL. Key words: beach fecal coliform predictions, storm runoff, water quality, numerical modelling, verification.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Murthy, C. R., and W. M. Schertzer. "Physical Limnology and Water Quality Modeling of North American Great Lakes." Water Quality Research Journal 29, no. 2-3 (May 1, 1994): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1994.011.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Physical limnological research relevant to large lake water quality issues conducted in the Laurentian Great Lakes over the last two decades is presented. Particular attention is given to Lake Ontario. Persistent boundary currents are observed near the north and especially the south shore. The coastal boundary layer characteristics are defined as well as coastal upwelling and coastal circulation characteristics, including the occurrence of internal Kelvin wave propagation following major upwelling events. In addition, fundamental turbulent diffusion characteristics, based on large scale experiments and specialized studies, are described.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Nürnberg, Gertrud. "Coping with Water Quality Problems due to Hypolimnetic Anoxia in Central Ontario Lakes." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.025.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Many lakes experience oxygen depletion in their hypolimnia during summer or winter stratification. This study investigates the remedial actions that are available to combat the harmful effects of hypolimnetic anoxia in three types of Central Ontario lakes with different trophic states. In more eutrophic lakes, e.g., Lake Wilcox, southern Ontario, much phosphorus accumulates in the hypolimnion during anoxia and represents ca. 60% of the annual P budget. To diminish the detrimental effects of such a high internal phosphorus load, withdrawal of the hypolimnetic waters, together with damming of the surface water outflow, has been suggested. In oligo- to mesotrophic Chesley Lake, on the Niagara Escarpment, phosphorus accumulation in the hypolimnion is only slight and metals with a binding capacity for phosphorus are available. Here a hypolimnetic oxygenation has been suggested to alleviate the stress on fish and also to prevent further P release from the sediments. Lakes in the District of Muskoka are softwater lakes because of their location on the Canadian Shield. Although the geochemistry of the catchment typically renders these lakes nutrient poor and oligotrophic, long-term development on their shores has led to phosphorus accumulation in the sediments that is released under anoxic conditions in some lakes. To prevent the deterioration of the water quality in these lakes, water quality models to manage and control future development in its watersheds, as those of the district municipality, should include anoxia and internal P recycling in a quantitative manner.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Inscho, Frederick R., and Mary H. Durfee. "The Troubled Renewal of the Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting Great Lakes Water Quality." CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 25, no. 1 (1995): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3330656.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Inscho, Frederick R., and Mary H. Durfee. "The Troubled Renewal of the Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting Great Lakes Water Quality." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 25, no. 1 (1995): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038181.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Danesh, Donya C., Francine M. G. McCarthy, Olena Volik, and Matea Drljepan. "Non-pollen palynomorphs as indicators of water quality in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada." Palynology 37, no. 2 (December 2013): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2013.782366.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Hartig, John H., James F. Kitchell, Donald Scavia, and Stephen B. Brandt. "Rehabilitation of Lake Ontario: the Role of Nutrient Reduction and Food Web Dynamics." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-186.

Full text

Abstract:

The Laurentian Great Lakes have a complex history of changes due to eutrophication, invasion of exotic species, and fisheries and phosphorus management practices. Remedial actions have reduced nutrient loadings and enhanced the role of food web interactions in improving water quality. Workshops sponsored through the United States – Canada international Joint Commission have addressed the relative importance of nutrient abatement and/or food web manipulation in affecting water quality trends. Both controls have combined to enhance water clarity in Lake Michigan. Lake Ontario has already exhibited the effects of nutrient controls and may be on the verge of manifesting food web controls. Research and monitoring recommendations to elucidate the effects of nutrient and food web controls include the following: (1) water quality and fisheries agencies must coordinate monitoring activities, standardize techniques, and establish and maintain long-term data sets to evaluate the effects of water quality and fisheries programs separately and together; (2) controlled, mesoscale, whole-system experiments should be performed to quantify rates (e.g. growth, predation, etc.) of food web interactions; and (3) the scientific community should promote research which quantifies the impact of changes in food web dynamics on changes in toxic substance levels in Great Lakes fishes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Hexemer, April M., Katarina Pintar, Tom M. Bird, Shawn E. Zentner, Henry P. Garcia, and Frank Pollari. "An investigation of bacteriological and chemical water quality and the barriers to private well water sampling in a Southwestern Ontario Community." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.070.

Full text

Abstract:

Private well owners in Canada are responsible for maintenance, including routine sampling, of their private drinking water supply. Sampling rates in a Southern Ontario community are well below the public health recommendation. A study with private well owners was conducted to improve private well water sampling rates through the removal of two significant barriers to private well water testing. During the pilot and extended study phases, 549 nitrate and 425 bacteriological water sampling bottles were delivered to private well owners and water samples were collected the following day. A follow-up telephone survey was conducted with both study participants and non-participants to identify barriers to private water sampling that were encountered by the study sample population. Participation rates in the pilot and extended study phases were less than 50% prompting the follow-up telephone survey. Inconvenience and lack of time [statistically significant, P < 0.01] were found to be the main barriers for participation in the study. The findings from this study illustrate the influence that certain barriers have on the frequency of private well water testing in a Southern Ontario community. The findings provide guidance for other health authorities to improve sampling rates.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Finney, Karen, Bahram Gharabaghi, Ed McBean, Ramesh Rudra, and Glenn MacMillan. "Compost Biofilters For Highway Stormwater Runoff Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2010.039.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Stormwater runoff containing pollutants deposited on highways from vehicular traffic and urban activities has been identified as a serious threat to aquatic habitats. Although many urban stormwater management technologies serve to reduce the concentrations of pollutants from being transported to larger bodies of water, these stormwater management installations do not always meet the provincial water quality guidelines. In summer 2007, a compost biofilter was installed in a ditch near Highway 8 in Kitchener, Ontario and monitored for 18 storm events spanned over two years for both flow rate and water quality. The main objectives of the study were to determine highway runoff quality and biofilter pollutant removal efficiency. This study shows that the key factors that affect the build-up of the pollutants on a highway are the average annual daily traffic (AADT) and the antecedent dry days (ADD), and the main factors that affect the wash-off of pollutants, include total rainfall depth and rainfall intensity. Before filtration, highway runoff contaminant levels often exceeded the Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO). However, the biofilter reduced the total suspended solids, zinc, copper and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by 42, 32, 29, and 66%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Palmer, Michelle E., Norman D. Yan, Andrew M. Paterson, and Robert E. Girard. "Water quality changes in south-central Ontario lakes and the role of local factors in regulating lake response to regional stressors." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 6 (June 2011): 1038–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-041.

Full text

Abstract:

The long-term monitoring of eight lakes near Dorset, Ontario, indicates that the water quality has changed significantly over the last 30 years. However, trends in the Dorset lakes may not be representative of changes in other south-central Ontario lakes, as the Dorset lakes are within a small area and span a limited gradient of lake and watershed characteristics. To determine the regional extent of water quality changes, we assessed the chemical changes in 36 diverse lakes that were first sampled between 1981 and 1990 and were resampled in 2004–2005. Similar to trends in the Dorset lakes, changes in the regional lakes included decreasing acidity, calcium, conductivity, metals, and phosphorus, and increasing dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, sodium, and chloride. Water quality changes were driven by regional stressors, including acidic deposition, climate, and lakeshore residential development. However, stressor-induced responses differed among lakes. Increases in sodium and chloride were greater in developed lakes that were close to winter-maintained roads. Site-specific characteristics, such as lake and watershed morphometry, could not explain heterogeneous changes in the remaining water quality parameters. These results indicate that other factors play an important role in regulating individual lake response to regional stressors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Marsalek, J., B. J. Dutka, A. J. McCorquodale, and I. K. Tsanis. "Microbiological pollution in the Canadian upper great lakes connecting channels." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0525.

Full text

Abstract:

The faecal microbiological pollution was investigated in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels by focusing on the near-shore zones of the St. Marys River in Sault Ste. Marie, the St. Clair River in Sarnia and the Detroit River in Windsor (Ontario). Water samples from these rivers and various sources of faecal pollution were analyzed for the indicator organismrecommended by Health and Welfare Canada --Escherichia coli . The observed bacterial counts were characterized by probabilistic distributions and assessed for compliance with the Ontario recreational water quality guideline (100 E. coli/100 mL). The degree and extent of microbiological pollution were related to dry weather sources (malfunctioning sewer systems) and wet weather discharges, particularly combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Excellent water quality was found in Sault Ste. Marie (no CSOs), but poor quality was found in the St. Clair River along a relatively short Sarnia waterfront (5 CSOs) and in a long stretch of the Detroit River in Windsor (25 CSOs). Among the remedial measures, the highest priorities were assigned to both dry and wet weather source controls. Local improvements in microbiological water quality can be achieved by manipulating bacteria transport in rivers - preventing influx of contaminated waters to the areas used for water-based recreation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Shore, Jennifer A. "Characteristics of the Exchange Flow of the Bay of Quinte and Its Sheltered Embayments with Lake Ontario." Water 13, no. 13 (July 3, 2021): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131857.

Full text

Abstract:

The nature of the exchange flow between the Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario has been studied to illustrate the effects of the seasonal onset of stratification on the flushing and transport of material within the bay. Flushing is an important physical process in bays used as drinking water sources because it affects phosphorous loads and water quality. A 2-d analytical model and a 3-dimensional numerical coastal model (FVCOM) were used together with in situ observations of temperature and water speed to illustrate the two-layer nature of the late summer exchange flow between the Bay of Quinte and Lake Ontario. Observations and model simulations were performed for spring and summer of 2018 and showed a cool wedge of bottom water in late summer extending from Lake Ontario and moving into Hay Bay at approximately 3 cm/s. Observed and modelled water speeds were used to calculate monthly averaged fluxes out of the Bay of Quinte. After the thermocline developed, Lake Ontario water backflowed into the Bay of Quinte at a rate approximately equal to the surface outflow decreasing the flushing rate. Over approximately 18.5 days of July 2018, the winds were insufficiently strong to break down the stratification, indicating that deeper waters of the bay are not well mixed. Particle tracking was used to illustrate how Hay Bay provides a habitat for algae growth within the bay.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

HARRIS, GRAHAM P. "Time series analysis of water quality data from Lake Ontario: implications for the measurement of water quality in large and small lakes." Freshwater Biology 18, no. 3 (December 1987): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01325.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Belore, Megan L., Jennifer G. Winter, and Hamish C. Duthie. "Use of Diatoms and Macroinvertebrates as Bioindicators of Water Quality in Southern Ontario Rivers." Canadian Water Resources Journal 27, no. 4 (January 2002): 457–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2704457.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Evans, Brian, Stephen Nutt, Tony Ho, and Henryk Melcer. "Alternative Approaches for Upgrading Effluent Quality for Lagoon Based Systems." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0233.

Full text

Abstract:

The province of Ontario is Canada's most populous province with over 8 million residents out of a total population of 27 million. The province has 512 sewage treatment plants of which 137 or 27% are lagoons. Improved environmental effluent quality standards since the introduction of the lagoons has resulted in many of these being unable to achieve proper effluent quality. Typical effluent quality requirements across the province require a minimum of secondary treatment, that is 15 mg/l of BOD and suspended solids and 1 mg/l of total phosphorus. The movement towards a clean environment has resulted in phosphorus levels as low as 0.3 mg/l TP and in an increasing number of cases, full nitrification year round. Because many of these lagoons serve small populations in the 100 - 3 000 population equivalents category, the cost of upgrading such lagoons to tertiary quality effluent is significant. Two approaches for upgrading conventional lagoon systems were evaluated. They are called the Sutton and New Hamburg processes after the towns in Ontario where they were first installed. The Sutton process consists of extended aeration plant, followed by polishing lagoons with waste sludge sent directly to the lagoons, while the New Hamburg process consists of conventional lagoons followed by intermittent sand filtration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Lapen, D. R., G. C. Topp, E. G. Gregorich, and W. E. Curnoe. "Least limiting water range indicators of soil quality and corn production, eastern Ontario, Canada." Soil and Tillage Research 78, no. 2 (August 2004): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.02.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Nicholls, K. H., M. F. P. Michalski, and Wm Gibson. "An experimental demonstration of trophic interactions affecting water quality of Rice Lake, Ontario (Canada)." Hydrobiologia 319, no. 1 (February 1996): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00020973.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Keller, W., J. Roger Pitblado, and N. I. Conroy. "Water quality improvements in the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada area related to reduced smelter emissions." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 31, no. 3-4 (December 1986): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00284223.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Forsythe, K. Wayne, and Chris H. Marvin. "Analyzing the Spatial Distribution of Sediment Contamination in the Lower Great Lakes." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.043.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Despite significant reductions in contaminant concentrations over the past 30 years, large areas within Lake Erie and Lake Ontario still exceed Canadian sediment quality guidelines. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) can persist for long periods of time in the environment and cause significant ecosystem damage. Analyses of the spatial distribution of these contaminants were carried out using a GIS-based kriging technique. Initially, statistically valid results were obtained for three of four contaminants in Lake Erie (HCB, Pb, Hg) and two of four (HCB, Hg) in Lake Ontario. Acceptable concentration estimates were subsequently achieved for all contaminants following log-normal transformation kriging analyses. In general, the concentration of contaminants was lower in sediment collected in Lake Erie than in Lake Ontario. In many areas of Lake Erie, the concentrations were under both the probable effect level (PEL) and the threshold effect level (TEL), which relate to the severity of adverse biological effects that may be expected. Greater concentrations of these contaminants were observed in Lake Ontario sediments, which can be partly explained by the bathymetry and current circulation patterns in the lake.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Baird, Julia, Ryan Plummer, Diane Dupont, and Blair Carter. "Perceptions of Water Quality in First Nations Communities: Exploring the Role of Context." Nature and Culture 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2015.100205.

Full text

Abstract:

Drinking water quality problems are persistent and challenging for many of Canada's First Nations communities despite past and ongoing initiatives to improve the situation. These initiatives have often been employed without consideration for understanding the social context that is so critical for the development of appropriate water governance approaches. This article offers insights about the relationship between institutions for water governance and perceptions in three Ontario First Nations communities. Similarities among communities were particularly noticeable for gender where women valued water more highly and were less content with water quality. The findings presented here highlight potential impacts of displacement, gender, and water sources on perceptions of water quality and offer initial insights that indicate the need for further research to consider the potential for adaptive governance approaches that enhance fit between problem and social contexts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Willwerth, James, Andrew Reynolds, and Isabelle Lesschaeve. "Sensory analysis of Ontario Riesling wines from various water status zones." OENO One 52, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.2.1669.

Full text

Abstract:

Aims: Determinants of the terroir effect in Riesling were sought by choosing vine water status as a major factor. It was hypothesized that consistent water status zones could be identified within vineyards, and, differences in wine sensory attributes could be related to vine water status.Methods and results: To test our hypothesis, 10 Riesling vineyards representative of each Ontario Vintners Quality Alliance sub-appellation were selected. Vineyards were delineated using global positioning systems and 75 to 80 sentinel vines were geo-referenced within a sampling grid for data collection. During 2005 to 2007, vine water status measurements [leaf water potential (ψ)] were collected bi-weekly from a subset of these sentinel vines. Vines were categorized into “low” and “high” leaf ψ zones within each vineyard through use of geospatial maps and replicate wines were made from each zone. Wines from similar leaf ψ zones had comparable sensory properties ascertained through sorting tasks and multidimensional scaling (2005, 2006). Descriptive analysis further indicated that water status affected wine sensory profiles, and attributes differed for wines from discrete leaf ψ zones. Multivariate analyses associated specific sensory attributes with wines of different leaf ψ zones. Several attributes differed between leaf ψ zones within multiple vineyard sites despite different growing seasons. Wines produced from vines with leaf ψ >-1.0 MPa had highest vegetal aromas whereas those with leaf ψ <-1.3 MPa were highest in honey, petrol and tropical fruit flavors. Vines under mild water deficit had highest honey, mineral, and petrol and lowest vegetal aromas.Conclusion: Results indicate that water status has a profound impact on sensory characteristics of Riesling wines and that there may be a quality threshold for optimum water status.Significance and impact of the study: These data suggest that vine water status has a substantial impact on the sensory properties of Riesling wines. Variability of leaf ψ within vineyards can lead to wines that differ in their sensory profiles. These findings were consistent among vineyards across the Niagara Peninsula. These strong relationships between leaf ψ and sensory attributes of Riesling suggest that vine water status is a major basis for the terroir effect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Geldreich, Edwin E. "Better intervention strategies are needed to reduce the risk of waterborne outbreaks." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.0018.

Full text

Abstract:

Field investigation of 27 medium to small water systems in Ontario Province has revealed a pattern of deviations in operations that is similar to those reported in the United States over the past 25 years. In this recent Ontario survey of water utilities, the key findings were: (1) a need for full cost pricing of public water supply to consumers; (2) better understanding of water treatment train performance; and (3) a need for management driven accountability to search beyond regulatory minimum requirements for safe water quality. Much of the deteriorating state of operations was a reflection of limited financial base to support an effective management programme. In the survey, small utilities were found to suffer the most from below cost operations which forced the application of a patchwork approach to water treatment and system repairs. Furthermore, small system water plant operators had rare opportunities to take part in workshops on technical issues. These utilities need to partner with the public on water supply issues for financial support to cover daily operations, infrastructure decay and emergency repairs. Ignoring system problems or applying patchwork remedies will eventually lead to unsafe water quality if the current state of affairs is not recognized as a dangerous public health risk.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Edge, T. A., I. U. H. Khan, R. Bouchard, J. Guo, S. Hill, A. Locas, L. Moore, et al. "Occurrence of Waterborne Pathogens and Escherichia coli at Offshore Drinking Water Intakes in Lake Ontario." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 19 (July 8, 2013): 5799–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00870-13.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of waterborne pathogens was investigated at three drinking water intakes located about 2 km offshore in Lake Ontario. Water sampling was conducted over 3 years forCampylobacterspp.,Cryptosporidiumspp.,Giardiaspp., cultivable enteric viruses, and water quality parameters. All pathogens were detected in the offshore source water for each water treatment plant (WTP1 to WTP3), although at relatively low frequencies and concentrations.Giardiawas the most common pathogen, occurring in 36% of water samples from the influent of WTP1 (n= 46), and with a maximum concentration of 0.70 cysts/liter in this influent.Cryptosporidiumoccurred as frequently as 15% in the WTP2 influent (n= 35), with a maximum concentration of 0.40 oocysts/liter in the WTP1 influent. The humanBacteroidalesHF183 DNA marker was most common in the WTP1 influent (19%), and this was the only WTP where theCryptosporidium hominisgenotype was detected. No water quality parameter was predictive of pathogen occurrence across all three WTP influents.Escherichia coliwas often below detection when pathogens were detected, and spikes inE. coliconcentrations often did not coincide with pathogen occurrence. After summer rain events, river plumes hadE. coliconcentrations as high as 222 CFU/100 ml in surface waters 2 km offshore, without impacting drinking water intakes below the thermocline on the lake bottom. At times, prechlorination to control mussels at offshore intake cribs compromised the use ofE. colifor “raw” water quality assessment, particularly for chlorine-resistantCryptosporidium. E. colimeasured by standard methods did not reliably predict pathogen occurrence at drinking water intakes in offshore ecosystems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Mascarenhas, Michael. "Material-semiotic practices of water quality testing and standards: the constitution of water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario, Canada." Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 4, no. 2 (2002): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ier.2002.054005.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Grabas, Greg P., and Daniel Rokitnicki-Wojcik. "Characterizing daily water-level fluctuation intensity and water quality relationships with plant communities in Lake Ontario coastal wetlands." Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (March 2015): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.019.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Bradford, Andrea, and Bahram Gharabaghi. "Evolution of Ontario's Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guidance." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.047.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Ontario's Stormwater Management, Planning and Design Manual released in March 2003 integrates some of the advancements made in stormwater management since the 1994 version of the Manual was published. Perhaps the most significant update is the recognition of in-stream erosion control and water balance objectives in addition to flood and water quality objectives for stormwater management. Specific design criteria which would allow these objectives to be achieved are not set out, but procedures that can assist in the development of criteria based on local watershed and receiving water conditions are described. While refinements will undoubtedly be needed, approaches to designing end-of-pipe facilities to prevent undesirable geomorphic changes are included. Approaches to protect groundwater and baseflow characteristics are also included although guidance on addressing potential trade-offs between groundwater quantity and quality is an additional challenge for the future. Little design guidance is available in Ontario on techniques to mitigate impacts on wetlands, however, developments from other jurisdictions may be transferable. The 2003 Manual promotes an integrated, treatment train approach to stormwater management that emphasizes prevention first, followed by lot-level and conveyance controls and finally, endof- pipe controls. Some information on better site design techniques is incorporated but in comparison to other jurisdictions, less emphasis has been placed on low-impact development strategies. Ontario's approach to design for water quality (suspended solids) control has evolved little. To complement the prevention and treatment train philosophy, the removal efficiency approach to sizing end-of-pipe facilities needs to be used in conjunction with effluent criteria and/or minimum requirements for source protection. Significant advancements in stormwater modelling over the last decade are not well reflected in the Manual; the limited discussion of modelling focusses on an event-based approach. Whether event or continuous modelling is utilized, Ontario practitioners will need guidance on adapting input data to account for the anticipated effects of climate change. Development of sound guidance on monitoring increasingly complex, multi-objective stormwater management systems and the ecosystems they are designed to protect will be critical to ensure that the knowledge gained from performance evaluations may continue to be utilized to refine the design and management of stormwater systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Blowes, David W., and Robert W. Gillham. "The generation and quality of streamflow on inactive uranium tailings near Elliot Lake, Ontario." Journal of Hydrology 97, no. 1-2 (January 1988): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90062-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Water quality – Ontario'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles