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Kilungo, Aminata Peter. "Drinking Water Quality Monitoring." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306073.
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This dissertation involves two different studies. The first concerns the real-time detection of microbial contamination in drinking water using intrinsic fluorescence of the microorganisms. The prototype, “Blinky”, uses LEDs that emit light at 365nm, 590nm, and 635nm for ultraviolet, amber, and red light, respectively. At 365 nm, the cellular components excited include reduced pyridine nucleotides (RPNs), flavins, and cytochromes to distinguish viable bacteria; at 590 nm, the cellular components excited include cytochromes for non-viable bacteria; at 635 nm, the cellular components excited include calcium dipicolinic acid (DPA) for spores. By using these three different wavelengths, the prototype can differentiate between viable and non-viable organisms and also has the potential to detect spores. The aim of this study was to improve the detection limit by modifying the design of the instrument and to establish the detection limit of viable and non-viable bacteria and spores. The instrument was modified by replacing existing LEDs with LEDs that had 50% more intensity. Two additional LEDs were added for amber and red light, bringing the total to four LEDs for each. The LEDs were also positioned closer to the photomultiplier tube so as to increase sensitivity. For UV, only two LEDs were used as previous. The detection limit of the viable bacteria was ~50 live bacteria/L. No change in the intrinsic fluorescence below the concentration of ~10⁸ dead bacteria/L was observed. The results for spore measurements suggested that most of the spores had germinated before or during the measurements and could not be detected. The instrument was successful in detection of viable bacteria and also differentiating viable and non-viable bacteria. The instrument was not successful in detection of spores. The second study was designed to assess the water quality of well construction in southeastern Tanzania. Three designs were tested: Msabi rope pump (lined borehole and covered), an open well converted into a closed well (uncovered well into a covered and lined well), and an open well (uncovered and may or may not be lined). The study looked at the microbial and chemical water quality, as well as turbidity. The survey included 97 water collection points, 94 wells and three rivers. For microbial analysis, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliforms and E. coli tests were performed. Fifteen of these wells were further analyzed for microflora and diversity for wells comparison purposes, using culture methods, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genome sequencing. Ten wells out of the fifteen were analyzed for calcium (water hardiness), potassium, nitrates, nitrites, chloride, fluoride, bromide, sulfate, iron, and arsenic. Two water collection points were also selected for organic compound analysis (gasoline components). All samples tested positive for coliforms. Two samples tested positive for Escherichia coli for the lined borehole (Msabi rope pump) and four samples from closed wells. All open wells tested positive for E. coli. There was more microbial diversity in open wells than the closed wells and Msabi rope pumps. Potential bacterial pathogens were detected in seven wells out of the fifteen examined. The wells that tested positive were one Msabi rope pump, one closed well; the rest were from open water sources. Open wells had high turbidity followed by closed wells. Msabi rope pumps had low turbidity comparing to the two wells designs. No traces of gasoline components were detected in any of the water sources. One well out of ten had high amounts of nitrates-nitrogen (> 10 mg/L). The results of this study showed that the Msabi rope pumps performed comparably to the closed wells in terms of microbial quality but performed better with regard to turbidity. The open wells performed poorly in terms of microbial water quality as well and turbidity. There was a statistical difference in HPC, total coliforms, E.coli numbers and turbidity between open wells, closed wells and the Msabi rope pumps. However, there was no statistical difference in HPC, total coliforms and E.coli numbers between the closed wells and Msabi rope pumps. Msabi rope pumps performed better in turbidity
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Clinch, John Richard. "Remote spectrophotometric water quality monitoring." Thesis, University of Hull, 1988. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5897.
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The conventional approach to water quality monitoring is to combine periodic sampling with batch analysis in the laboratory. Such a procedure is both labour intensive and time consuming, there are likely to be sample stability and contamination problems, and the information provided is unlikely to be continuous or immediate. This research focussed on the design and construction of fully automated and portable monitors based on flow injection analysis and incorporating solid state photometric detectors. A novel solid state photometric detector was constructed, incorporating light emitting diodes as the light source, which could be used in conjunction with flow injection analysis. Manifolds were studied for a range of species of interest (phosphate, nitrate, ammonia and aluminium) in the field of water quality monitoring and were optimised for their suitability for continuous use. An automated monitor for nitrate was constructed and long term evaluation trials were carried out at several locations for water quality monitoring. Results are also presented for the use of a nitrate monitor in hydroponic cultivation. An automated monitor was also built for the monitoring of ammonia levels in natural waters, which was field tested on the River Avon (Wiltshire). A manifold was also evaluated for the monitoring of residual aluminium levels in drinking water and is currently being commissioned at a water treatment works in Somerset.
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Maher, Duarte. "IoT for fresh water quality monitoring." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235179.
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Water is one of the most important resources in the world. It has direct impact on the daily life ofmankind and sustainable development of society. Water quality affects biological life and has to obeystrict regulations. Traditional water quality assurance methods, used today, involve manual samplingfollowed by laboratory analysis. This process is expensive due to high labour costs for sampling andlaboratory work. Moreover, it lacks real time analysis which is essential to minimise contamination.This thesis aims to find a solution to this problem using IoT sensors and Machine Learning techniquesto detect anomalies in the water quality. The spatial scalability is key requirement when selecting transmissionprotocols, as sensors could be spread around the water network. We consider solutions readilyavailable or soon to be in the market. The key LPWAN technologies studied are: SigFox, LoRaWANand NB-IoT. In general these protocols have many characteristics essential for fresh water monitoring,like long lasting battery life and long range, however, they have many limitations in terms of transmissiondata rates and duty cycles. It is therefore essential to find a solution that would correctly find anomaliesin the water quality but at the same time comply with limited transmission and processing capabilities ofthe node sensors and above mentioned protocols.A trial sensor is already in place in lake M¨alaren and its readings are used for this study. Supervisedmachine learning algorithms such as Logistic Regression, Artificial Neural Network, Decision Tree, OneClass K-NN and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are studied and discussed regarding the data available.SVM is then selected, implemented and optimised to comply with the limitations of IoT. The trade offbetween false anomalies and false normal readings was also discussed.Vatten ä r en av de viktigaste resurserna i vä rlden. Det har direkt inverkan på mä nsklighetens dagliga liv och samhä llets hå llbara utveckling. Vattenkvaliteten på verkar det biologiska livet och må ste fö lja strikta fö reskrifter. Traditionella metoder fö r vattenkvalitetssä kring, som anvä nds idag, innefattar manuell provtagning fö ljt av laboratorieanalys. Denna process ä r dyr på grund av hö ga arbetskostnader fö r provtagning och laboratoriearbete. Dessutom saknar den realtidsanalys som ä r vä sentlig fö r att minimerafö rorening.Avhandlingen syftar till att hitta en lö sning på detta problem med hjä lp av IoT-sensorer och maskinlä rningsteknik fö r att upptä cka avvikelser i vattenkvaliteten. Den spatiala skalbarheten ä r ett viktigt krav vid val av ö verfö ringsprotokoll, eftersom sensorer kan spridas runt vattennä tverket. Vi diskuterar lö sningar som ä r lä ttillgä ngliga eller snart ska vara på marknaden. De viktigaste LPWAN-teknikerna som studerats ä r: SigFox, LoRaWAN och NB-IoT. Generellt har dessa protokoll må nga egenskaper som ä r nö dvä ndiga fö r ö vervakning av fä rskvatten, som lå ng batterilivslä ngd och lå ng rä ckvidd, men de har må nga begrä nsningar vad gä ller ö verfö ringshastighet och arbetscykel. Det ä r dä rfö r viktigt att hitta en lö sning som skulle hitta anomalier vid hö gt sä kerhet men samtidigt ö verensstä mmer med begrä nsade ö verfö ringsoch bearbetningskapaciteter hos sensorerna och de ovan nä mnda protokoll.En fö rsö kssensor finns redan på plats i Lake Mä laren och dess avlä sningar anvä nds fö r dennastudie.Ö vervakade maskininlä rningsalgoritmer, så som Logistic Regression, Artificial Neural Network,Decision Tree, One Class K-NN and Support Vector Machine (SVM) studeras och diskuteras beträ ffande tillgä ngliga data. SVM vä ljs sedan, implementeras och optimeras fö r att uppfylla IoTs begrä nsningarna.Balansen mellan falska avvikelser och falska normala avlä sningar diskuteras också .
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Khakipoor, Banafsheh. "Applied Science for Water Quality Monitoring." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1595858677325397.
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Griffiths, Ian Martin. "Automatic river quality monitoring." Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7870.
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Automatic river quality monitoring (ARQM) is potentially an important tool in water quality management for the National Rivers Authority (NRA) and similar organisations worldwide. The information produced by ARQM systems must be used in the most effective way and fully integrated with the manual monitoring effort. The status and development of ARQM systems in the freshwater and estuarine River Thames catchment are discussed and a practical appraisal of the design, operation and maintenance requirements given. Data capture, verification and presentation methods are developed and the use of ARQM data for real time management and subsequent analysis is advocated. Examples of data from the freshwater ARQM system are given which emphasise the variability of freshwater quality and the need for a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of rivers before management decisions are made. The use of ARQM data for assessing the compliance of rivers with River Quality Objectives is examined. With respect to the tidal Thames, data processing methods to correct for the tidal movement of the waterbody are developed. ARQM data are used to highlight the principal factors affecting the water quality of the tidal Thames. The importance of the use of ARQM information in the effective management of the tidal Thames is discussed and operational examples demonstrate how it may be utilised as a basis for management decisions. The application of ARQM to the sub-tropical environment of the River Ganges, India, is investigated. An ARQM system has been designed and prototypes are operational. Extensive site surveys were carried out and the water quality status of the Ganges is discussed. Recommendations for the improvement and future development of ARQM systems are made. The use of ARQM information and its potential for improving the management of rivers is discussed.
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Getting, Dominic Talboys Joseph. "An assessment of passive monitoring technology for water quality monitoring." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412311.
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Sherchan, Samendra Prasad. "Monitoring Microbial Water Quality via Online Sensors." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293470.
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To protect public health, detection and treatment technologies have been improved to monitor and inactivate pathogens in drinking water. The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate and utilize multiple online sensors and advanced oxidation processes to document both the detection as well as destruction of microbial contaminants in real-time. Reviews of rapid detection technologies for real-time monitoring of pathogens in drinking water and advanced technologies to inactivate pathogens in water are shown in Appendices A and B. The study in Appendix C evaluated the efficacy of real-time sensors for the detection of microbial contaminants. Bacillus thuringiensis was used in this research as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis to determine each sensor response and detection capability. The minimum threshold responses of sensors were determined by injecting B.thuringiensis into deionized (DI), raw (unfiltered) tap water, or filtered tap water over a concentration range of 10² - 10⁵ spores/ml. The BioSentry sensor responded to increases in concentration over the range of 10² - 10⁵ spores/ml. Below this range, sensors provided signals undistinguishable from background noise. The select sensors can detect microbial water quality changes, and these advanced technologies can be integrated to monitor intrusion events in water distribution systems. The study in Appendix D evaluated the efficiency of the UV reactor for inactivation of MS2 coliphage. The virus MS2 coliphage (ATCC 15597-B1) has been proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a standard for UV reactor validation in the United States. In addition, MS2 is used as a surrogate for enteric viruses due to its similar size and morphology. Following UV radiation at a flow rate of 2gpm, infective MS2 showed a reduction of 5.3- log₁₀ when quantified with cultural plaque counts, whereas corresponding quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data showed only a 1.7- log₁₀ reduction in viral RNA copy number. In contrast, plaque assay revealed a 5.8- log₁₀ inactivation; a slight increase in infective MS2 coliphage reduction at 1 gal per min but qPCR results indicate a 2.8- log₁₀ reduction in viral RNA copy number; a one log more inactivation compared to 2 gpm. When H₂O₂ was added at either 2.5 or 5 mg/l with UV at either flow rate, enhanced MS2 inactivation occurred with a greater than 7 log₁₀ reduction observed via plaque counts, indicating that all added MS2 had been inactivated, since no plaques were formed after incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. Correspondingly, qPCR data only showed a 3-4 log₁₀ reduction in viral RNA copy number. The study in Appendix E utilized online sensor to document the destruction of E.coli and Bacillus thuringiensis spores by UV/H₂O₂ treatment. In this study, Escherichia coli was tested for potential UV/H2O2 treatment in DI water and online sensors were also integrated to monitor the destruction in real-time. Pilot-scale experiments were performed using a Trojan UVSwift SC reactor (Trojan Technologies, London, ON, Canada) at a flow rate of 1 gal./min (gpm). UV radiation and UV/H₂O₂ combination in E.coli cell suspensions resulted in a >6 log₁₀ reduction of the viable counts. Similar exposure to B.thuringiensis spores resulted in a 3 log₁₀ reduction in viable counts. Scanning electron microscopy of the treated samples revealed severe damage on the surface of most E.coli cells, yet there was no significant change observed in the morphology of the B. thuringiensis spores. Following UV/H₂O₂ exposure, the BioSentry sensor showed an increase in the unknown, rod and spores counts, and did not correspond well when compared to viable counts assays. Data from this study show that advanced oxidation processes effectively inactivate E. coli vegetative cells, but not B.thuringiensis spores which were more resistant to UV/H₂O₂.
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Wang, Teng. "Water Quality Monitoring System based on WSN." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107735.
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With the growth of economy in recent years, the water quality monitoring becomes a critical issue about water pollution. Water Quality Monitoring has a big influence on the aquaculture management, waste water treatment, drinking water and some other applications. There is a trend to build a wireless sensor network system for water quality monitoring. This system detects pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature, ORP (Oxidation-Reduction Potential), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), Flow and etc. Some important electrochemical parameters of water quality should also be detected, like Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl2, Cl-, NO3-, NH3+, CO2/CO32-, F-, BF4-, K+, Na+. The water quality monitoring system should guarantee the accuracy, security and reliability. In this paper, I research an integrated system model for water quality monitoring system which is based on chlorine analyzer, turbidity meter, pH meter, conductivity meter, dissolved oxygen meter and so on. I analyze the water quality monitoring program according to different physical environment.
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Benson, Richard Lynn. "On-line monitoring of water quality parameters." Thesis, University of Hull, 1991. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8391.
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Chapter one summarises the development of UK legislation for the protection of the aquatic environment, and highlights current EC legislative requirements for water quality. The need for on-line water quality monitoring and the alternative instrumental approaches to it are discussed, together with the philosophy of "easy care instrumentation" and water industry requirements for online analysers. A simple spectrophotometric FI system is proposed for the on-line determination of a range of water quality parameters. The following chapter details instrumentation used in the FI system, emphasising the solid-state photometric detector. Development of an FI manifold for the determination of aluminium in potable and treated waters is covered in the next chapter. The method, based on complexation of aluminium with pyrocatechol violet is compared with a standard Driscoll procedure. Details of the construction and testing of a fully automated FI instrument are also given. Chapter four describes the development of a modular automated FI monitor with a PC compatible STEbus based computer system. Successful operation of this monitor is illustrated by its application to the determination of residual coagulants (aluminium and iron). Full details of software routines for control, processing and validation are given together with results from a tap water trial for dissolved aluminium. The FI determination of residual iron by its complexation with ferene S, and the application of the optimised method in the STEbus based monitor is detailed in chapter five. In the final chapter the use of on-line FI oxidation procedures for the determination of dissolved organic carbon are examined. The oxidation of a wide range of organic species to carbon dioxide using a silver catalysed persulphate reaction, enhanced with UV irradiation and a stopped-flow procedure is described. The sequential determination of inorganic and organic carbon without separation of the fractions is also investigated.
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Lewis, Grace. "Generator-collector sensors for water quality monitoring." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678853.
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The detection of emerging environmental contaminants at trace levels is a huge challenge for analytical research, and when expensive laboratory equipment is required, it is essential to provide a cheaper method that can ultimately undertake real-time sampling, whilst maintaining the sensitivity and reliability of current monitoring procedures. Electrochemical methods are a suitable candidate and studies into the development of submicron-gap generator-collector electrodes are provided alongside a variety of electrochemical methods. The aim of this project is to fabricate novel, low-cost, electrochemical devices with the potential for development into sensors for water quality monitoring. Nitrobenzene, Phosphate and Hydroquinone are the analytes used as they have well-known redox pathways and are known environmental pollutants and/or markers for other emerging contaminants. Initial studies examine the use of square wave voltammetry experiments in generator-collector mode, to provide information on either the fully reduced species or the intermediate species, depending on the buffered conditions used, with a view to detecting short-lived intermediates. Drawbacks with electrode geometry see the development of junction electrodes with larger active areas for greater sensitivity and changes in electrode materials for more robust device with a wider potential window. Generator-collector electrodes are also demonstrated as devices in electrochemical flow injection and for anion transfer at a triple phase boundary.
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Lessels, Jason. "The optimisation of water quality monitoring schemes." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11703.
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The monitoring of water quality is necessary to ensure that the health of catchments is maintained. Water quality monitoring is often undertaken by government agencies to identify trends, assess management strategies and the state of catchments. Many water quality studies attempt to identify the quantity and timing of nutrients exported from a catchment. The accuracy of the monitoring scheme is largely controlled by the sampling scheme. Financial constraints are one of the limiting factors and under this constraint, sampling schemes often combine limited sample sizes with estimation methods. The use of statistical methods allows catchment managers to improve the information on expensive water quality properties based on the relationship with low cost properties. Many water quality monitoring programs have access to limited historical data, therefore there is a requirement for methods which can use this limited data to improve water quality monitoring schemes. This thesis aims at examining the effect of event-based sampling, using historical data to improve sample designs and the use of model-based geostatistical methods to improve the quantification of nutrient exports.
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BANO, ANDON. "Optical Fiber Sensors for Water Quality Monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2903506.
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Tezce, Gozde. "Drinking Water Quality In Ankara: A Monitoring Study." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612749/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN ANKARA: A MONITORING STUDY
Tezce, Gözde MS, Department of Environmental Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ü
lkü
Yetis Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Filiz B. Dilek December 2010, 124 pages Following the event of severe drought experienced in 2007, it was decided to use Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir as an additional source of water supply for the city of Ankara. Thereupon, there have been debates on the quality of Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir water with the claims that some parameters, primarily sulfate and arsenic, were not complying with the quality standards and therefore there was a threat to public health. This study aims to determine whether the water quality in the distribution network in Ankara exceeds water quality standards, and to assess the status of water quality of Ankara. To this end, monthly samples were collected from 24 districts as distribution network water and also from the Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir as source water, and were monitored in terms of certain water quality parameters during the period of July 2008 through June 2009. Sulfate concentration in Kesikkö
prü
Reservoir water was measured as 300-500 mg/l and this high sulfate concentration in the source water led to high sulfate values in distribution system. On the other hand, the arsenic concentration in Kesikkö
prü
water was analyzed between 9-11 µ
g/l which is lower than the expected high arsenic concentration in Kizilirmak water. Moreover, monitoring of THM and HAA in distribution network was carried out to follow DBPs formation. The highest THM concentration was observed as 109 µ
g/l for Bilkent in July 2008. Although for some districts and some months throughout the year THM concentration was higher than the EPA Stage-I (80 µ
g/l) and Stage-II (40 µ
g/l) limits, mean annual THM concentrations for districts in distribution system satisfies the standards. Furthermore, the highest HAA5 concentrations were determined as 75 µ
g/l for Dikmen in February 2009. However, annual average HAA5 in any of the districts did not exceed USEPA limit of 60 µ
g/l. Nonetheless, total/fecal coliform bacteria, which are the indicators of microbiological contamination, were detected in distribution system between the months of July 2008 and January 2009. However, the coliform bacteria did not appear with the increasing residual chlorine in the distribution system since January 2009. Results from this study demonstrate a temporal variability in water quality
indicating water quality deterioration in the distribution system during some months, while almost full compliance with the water quality standards during other months. Overall
due to Kesikkö
prü
raw water, sulfate content appears to be the major concern in the water quality when considered the one-year monitoring period.
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Lam, Chi-chung, and 林志宗. "Monitoring of beach water quality in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254275.
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Lam, Chi-chung. "Monitoring of beach water quality in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301761.
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Farrell-Poe, Kitt, Will Payne, and Robert Emanuel. "Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide: Water Quality & Monitoring." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146901.
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18 pp.Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide (10 related modules to be published in combined form)
Arizona Watershed Stewardship Guide was created to help individuals and groups build a mutual foundation of basic knowledge about watersheds in Arizona. It is intended to help Arizonans understand and be good stewards of their watersheds. The guide was designed to compliment the mission of Arizona Master Watershed Steward program to educate and train citizens across the state of Arizona to serve as volunteers in the restoration, conservation, monitoring, and protection of their water and watersheds. The guide consists of 10 self-contained modules which teach about important aspects of watershed science and management.
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Schal, Stacey L. "WATER QUALITY SENSOR PLACEMENT GUIDANCE FOR SMALL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/13.
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Water distribution systems are vulnerable to intentional, along with accidental, contamination of the water supply. Contamination warning systems (CWS) are strategies to lessen the effects of contamination by delivering early indication of an event. Online quality monitoring, a network of sensors that can assess water quality and alert an operator of contamination, is a critical component of CWS, but utilities are faced with the decision of what locations are optimal for deployment of sensors. A sensor placement algorithm was developed and implemented in a commercial network distribution model (i.e. KYPIPE) to aid small utilities in sensor placement. The developed sensor placement tool was then validated using 12 small distribution system models and multiple contamination scenarios for the placement of one and two sensors.
This thesis also addresses the issue that many sensor placement algorithms require calibrated hydraulic/water quality models, but small utilities do not always possess the financial resources or expertise to build calibrated models. Because of such limitations, a simple procedure is proposed to recommend optimal placement of a sensor without the need for a model or complicated algorithm. The procedure uses simple information about the geometry of the system and does not require explicit information about flow dynamics.
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Haggarty, Ruth Alison. "Evaluation of sampling and monitoring designs for water quality." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3789/.
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Assessing water quality is of crucial importance to both society and the environment. Deterioration in water quality through issues such as eutrophication presents substantial risk to human health, plant and animal life, and can have detrimental effects on the local economy. Long-term data records across multiple sites can be used to investigate water quality and risk factors statistically, however, identification of underlying changes can only be successful if there is a sufficient quantity of data available. As vast amounts of resources are required for the implementation and maintenance of a monitoring network, logistically and financially it is not possible to employ continuous monitoring of all water environments. This raises the question as to the optimal design for long-term monitoring networks which are capable of capturing underlying changes. Two of the main design considerations are clearly where to sample, and how frequently to sample. The principal aim of this thesis is to use statistical analysis to investigate frequently used environmental monitoring networks, developing new methodology where appropriate, so that the design and implementation of future networks can be made as effective and cost efficient as possible. Using data which have been provided by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, several data from Scottish lakes and rivers and a range of determinands are considered in order to explore water quality monitoring in Scotland. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to environmental monitoring and both existing statistical techniques, and potential challenges which are commonly encountered in the analysis of environmental data are discussed. Following this, Chapter 2 presents a simulation study which has been designed and implemented in order to evaluate the nature and statistical power for commonly used environmental sampling and monitoring designs for surface waters. The aim is to answer questions regarding how many samples to base the chemical classification of standing waters, and how appropriate the currently available data in Scotland are for detecting trends and seasonality. The simulation study was constructed to investigate the ability to detect the different underlying features of the data under several different sampling conditions. After the assessment of how often sampling is required to detect change, the remainder of the thesis will attempt to address some of the questions associated with where the optimal sampling locations are. The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) was introduced in 2003 to set compliance standards for all water bodies across Europe, with an aim to prevent deterioration, and ensure all sites reach `good' status by 2015. One of the features of the WFD is that water bodies can be grouped together and the classification of all members of the group is then based on the classification of a single representative site. The potential misclassification of sites means one of the key areas of interest is how well the existing groups used by SEPA for classification capture differences between the sites in terms of several chemical determinands. This will be explored in Chapter 3 where a functional data analysis approach will be taken in order to investigate some of the features of the existing groupings. An investigation of the effect of temporal autocorrelation on our ability to distinguish groups of sites from one another will also be presented here. It is also of interest to explore whether fewer, or indeed more groups would be optimal in order to accurately represent the trends and variability in the water quality parameters. Different statistical approaches for grouping standing waters will be presented in Chapter 4, where the question of how many groups is statistically optimal is also addressed. As in Chapter 3, these approaches for grouping sites will be based on functional data in order to include the temporal dynamics of the variable of interest within any analysis of group structure obtained. Both hierarchical and model based functional clustering are considered here. The idea of functional clustering is also extended to the multivariate setting, thus enabling information from several determinands of interest to be used within formation of groups. This is something which is of particular importance in view of the fact that the WFD classification encompasses a range of different determinands. In addition to the investigation of standing waters, an entirely different type of water quality monitoring network is considered in Chapter 5. While standing waters are assumed to be spatially independent of one another there are several situations where this assumption is not appropriate and where spatial correlation between locations needs to be accounted for. Further developments of the functional clustering methods explored in Chapter 4 are presented here in order to obtain groups of stations that are not only similar in terms of mean levels and temporal patterns of the determinand of interest, but which are also spatially homogenous. The river network data explored in Chapter 5 introduces a set of new challenges when considering functional clustering that go beyond the inclusion of Euclidean distance based spatial correlation. Existing methodology for estimating spatial correlation are combined with functional clustering approaches and developed to be suitable for application on sites which lie along a river network. The final chapter of this thesis provides a summary of the work presented and discussion of limitations and suggestions for future directions.
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JR, MARCOS AURELIO PINTO MARZANO. "ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR MONITORING WATER QUALITY IN LENTIC ENVIRONMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36947@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Nas últimas décadas, a crescente conscientização ambiental levou ao reconhecimento da necessidade do uso responsável dos recursos hídricos. Para garantir isso, a boa gestão de reservatórios hídricos requer um monitoramento ambiental adequado, com medições confiáveis dos parâmetros de qualidade da água em vários pontos do reservatório, permitindo o controle da qualidade da água e seus impactos na fauna, flora e comunidades ribeirinhas dos reservatórios. O monitoramento das variáveis ambientais dos reservatórios é atualmente realizado por processo tradicional de coleta manual. Infelizmente, no Brasil, as iniciativas de produzir um sistema robótico aquático com tecnologia nacional e de baixo custo, quando comparado a equivalentes importados, são ainda raras e se restringem a algumas poucas instituições acadêmicas, não tendo sido localizado nenhum fabricante comercial deste tipo de veículo no país. Visando preencher esta lacuna, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento do protótipo de um sistema robótico aquático capaz de se locomover autonomamente em lagoas, lagos e reservatórios, coletando informações físico-químicas da água e armazenando estes dados na memória. Além disso, foi incluído no protótipo uma câmera de vídeo, sistema de iluminação e um sistema de controle remoto, objetivando o controle pela equipe em terra. Nos testes realizados em dias ensolarados e chuvosos, o robô apresentou boa dirigibilidade, estabilidade e manobrabilidade. O vaso de pressão do sistema robótico resistiu às pressões necessárias durante os testes, a eletrônica conseguiu atender as especificações de projeto e o software conseguiu estabelecer um controle de navegação, cumprindo o trajeto de uma rota estabelecida.
In recent decades, the growing environmental awareness has led to the recognition of the need for responsible use of water resources. To ensure this, the good management of water reservoirs requires adequate environmental monitoring, with reliable measurements of water quality parameters in various parts of the reservoir, allowing the control of water quality and its impacts on fauna, flora and riverine communities of the reservoirs. Monitoring environmental variables of the reservoirs is currently performed by traditional process of manual collection. Unfortunately, in Brazil, initiatives to produce a water robotic system with national and low cost technology, compared to imported equivalents, are still rare and restricted to a few academic institutions, and no commercial manufacturer of this type of vehicle was found in the country. Aiming to fill this gap, the main objective of this study was to develop a prototype of a water robotic system capable of autonomously navigate in ponds, lakes and reservoirs, collecting physicochemical information of water and storing this data in memory. Moreover, a video camera, illumination and a remote control system were included in the prototype, allowing the team on the ground to control the prototype. In tests conducted in sunny and rainy days, the robot presented good handling, stability and maneuverability. The robotic system pressure vessel resisted pressures required during testing, the electronics met the design specifications and the software was able to establish a navigation control, fulfilling the path of an established route.
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Kwan, Cheuk Hung. "Biosensors for biological nutrient monitoring /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202004%20KWAN.
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Li, Yan. "An integrated water quality monitoring system with dynamic remote sensing feedback /." Online version of thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/5834.
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Nam, Kijin. "Optimization of paths and locations of water quality monitoring systems in surface water environments." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24745.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Aral, Mustafa; Committee Member: Guan, Jiabao; Committee Member: Kim, Seong-Hee; Committee Member: Roberts, Philip; Committee Member: Uzer, Turgay.
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Saffert, Heather L. "Evaluation of a novel autonomous detector for microbial water quality monitoring /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2008. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3314448.
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Kruglick, Alex W. "Water Quality Monitoring in a Pilot Marine Integrated Aquaculture System." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4110.
Full textAbstract:
Land based aquaculture systems are growing in popularity, and there is a drive to improve the efficiency of their energy and water systems for both economic and environmental benefit. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) generally refer to systems that recycle their wastewater streams to be more or less a zero discharge facility. A more sustainable approach is emerging in the form of Integrated Aquaculture Systems (IAS) where maximum utility is realized from the various components so that fresh water use is reduced, water quality is improved, energy use is reduced, and new markets are created or fulfilled. Under a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an interdisciplinary group from MOTE Aquaculture Research Park, Mote Marine Lab, the University of South Florida, and Aquatic Plants of Florida have been working on a pilot IAS in Sarasota, FL starting 10/1/2010 which couples high- value pompano fish production with the production of native FL marine plant species (Spartina alternaflora (smooth cordgrass), Juncus roemareanus (needlegrass rush), and Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) for wetlands restoration. This research contributes to the understanding of water quality as a function of space and time in the MOTE IAS system and compared the performance of the plant bed configurations (with and without a sand filter) with a more common geotube membrane used in RAS, for treating effluent sludge from marine fish tank systems.
For the same influent concentration from the solids waste tank, the overall average percentage of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removed was 84%, 84%, and 80% from the south plant bed (SB), north plant bed (NB), and geotube (GT) and the overall average Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) removed was 85%, 90%, and 87% from the SB, NB, and GT respectively. The plant beds performed as well as the geotube in terms of TSS and VSS removal.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 0.28 mg/L in the geotube effluent (GTe) to 10.72 mg/L in the moving bed bioreactor influent (MBBRi). Overall averages (n = 5 per sample) of DO between May 2011 and January 2012 varied from 1.97±1.92 mg/L in the solids tank effluent (STe) to 8.20±1.60 mg/L in the MBBRi. pH values ranged from 6.35 STe to 7.74 in the GTe. Overall averages of pH between May 2011 and January 2012 varied from 6.89±0.5 mg/L in the STe to 7.45±0.21 in the MBBRe. Temperature values ranged from 17.3 oC in the GTe in December to 28.8 oC in the SFe during the month of September.
The average unfiltered Chemical Oxygen Demand (UCOD) ranged from 105±37 mg/L in the NBe to 231±99 mg/L in the STe. Compared to the STe the percentage of COD removed from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe was 47%, 55%, 53%, and 23% respectively. Average filtered COD (FCOD) ranged from 91±46 mg/L in the NBe to 132±66 mg/L in the STe. Compared to the STe the percentage of FCOD removed from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe was 22%, 31%, 25%, and 2% respectively.The average unfiltered total nitrogen (UTN) concentration ranged from 24±17 mg/L in the SBe to 52±25 mg/L in the MBBRi. The overall average
percentage removed was 54%, 46%, 47%, 15% from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe respectively based on the STe concentration. The average filtered total nitrogen (FTN) concentration ranged from 20±13 mg/L in the SBe to 68±37 mg/L in the MBBRi and for the given effluent streams, FTN was either comparable to UTN or higher with the higher values seen prior to and after the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR). The majority of total nitrogen is dissolved. Average filtered N03--N concentrations ranged from 0.73±0.79 mg/L in the NBe to 29± mg/L in the MBBRe. The overall average percentage removed was 96%, 76%, -2%, 95% from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe based on the STe concentration. Average filtered NH3-N concentrations ranged from 0.2±0.2 mg/L in the MBBRi to 3.9±3.1 in the SFe. The overall average percentage removed was 51%, 80%, 71%, -5% from the SBe, NBe, GTe, and SFe based on the STe concentration
The average unfiltered total phosphorous (UTP) concentration ranged from 30±11 mg/L in the SBe to 37±12 mg/L in the GTe. The average filtered total phosphorous (FTP) concentration ranged from 23±17 mg/L in the MBBRi to 36±29 mg/L in the NBe and for the given effluent streams, FTP was always less than UTP with the NBe being an exception. The average filtered total reactive phosphorus (FOP) concentration ranged from 18±18 mg/L in the MBBRe to 26±15 mg/L in the SBe and for the given effluent streams.
Samples taken over an 18 hour period on 2/1/12 showed high variability in terms of concentrations in the solids tank effluent which was not seen in the rest of the system.
Metals and trace elements were of similar concentration in all effluents from 5/17/11 to 9/7/11. Accumulation of metals of elements was not observed,but a removal mechanism was not identified. The SBe had the lowest concentrations of Mn, Ni, Se, Fe, and B, however a longer monitoring period is recommended.
The IAS is successfully growing pompano in land based low salinity tanks, the fish wastewater is producing wetlands restoration plants and zero discharges of water or solid waste (dead fish an exception) have occurred from the system which began operation in October 2010.
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Alexander, Craig. "The development of smart sensors for aquatic water quality monitoring." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-of-smart-sensors-for-aquatic-water-quality-monitoring(00b54484-63c6-41b5-bdf8-0afe75d72e28).html.
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The focus of this project was to investigate the use of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) as impedimetric ion-selective chemical sensors for the determination of several important analytes found within a freshwater aquarium. The overall aim of this research was to work towards a prototype sensing device that could eventually be developed into a commercial product for sale to aquarium owners. Polyvinyl chloride and sol-gels containing commercially-available ionophores for four aquarium-significant ions (NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and pH) were prepared and investigated for use within polymeric ion-selective membranes. Three separate IDE transducers were produced using either photolithography or screen-printing microfabrication techniques. A sinusoidal voltage was applied to the IDEs and an LCR meter was used to measure changes in the conductance and capacitance of the ion-selective membrane layer deposited over the electrode digits. Each ionophore, when tested within potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), was found to be suitable for further investigation within IDE devices. Sol-gels were investigated as a potential membrane material for a coated wire electrode; however, poor response characteristics were observed. An IDE sensor fabricated in-house using lift-off photolithography and spin-coated with a polymeric membrane was found to produce non-selective responses caused by changes in the conductivity of the test solution. IDE devices with reduced geometric parameters were purchased and coated with a selective polymeric membrane. When the membrane was spin-coated, non-selective responses were observed; therefore, drop-coating of the membrane material was investigated. This initially resulted in an unacceptably long response time; however, this effect was reduced by decreasing the membrane solution viscosity prior to drop-coating. A fully-screen printed carbon IDE device was fabricated by incorporating the ionophore into a support matrix based on a commercial dielectric paste. Matrix interferences to the sensor response were reduced by printing ‘build-up’ layers over the sensing area prior to the ion-selective membrane. Two novel routes for monitoring the water quality of an aquarium, using IDE sensors fabricated by either photolithography or screen-printing, have been demonstrated. Due to the commercial aspect of this project, it is important to consider the final cost of producing these sensors. Both of the techniques used to produce ion-selective sensors require further experimentation to optimise the sensor response, prior to integration within a multi-analyte sensing prototype.
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Rajele, Molefi Joseph. "A comparison of SAAS and chemical monitoring of the rivers of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The Lesotho Highlands Development Authority routinely uses the South African Scoring System version 4 (SASS4) in conjunction with water chemistry to monitor water quality of rivers in the Lesotho Highlands Water Project areas. The objective of this study was to test the efficiency of SASS4 in these areas.
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Hollabaugh, Eric M. "Field performance of instrumentation for monitoring effects of timber harvesting on water quality." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4541.
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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 23, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Dunn, Joseph G. "Comparative analysis of the benthic infauna and sediment for two small estuaries in Connecticut /." Click for abstract, 1998. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1488.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 1998.Thesis advisor: Dr. Clayton Penniman. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-63).
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Shimizu, Kristen N. M. "Water quality monitoring of biological contaminants -- rapid, on-site detection technologies." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/824.
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Access to a safe drinking water supply is a critical issue in a number of places across the globe. Conventional water quality monitoring technologies are slow, often taking at least two days to produce results. In recent years, there has been extensive research into emerging technologies that provide real-time results; however, there is no technology which detects all classes of biological contaminants. Biological contaminants are 5 particularly difficult to detect and quantify due to low concentrations typically present. It is not feasible to identify all biological contaminants present in a water supply; therefore, it is necessary to determine which are of highest concern based factors such as health significance, infectivity, and prevalence. The intent of this research is to evaluate microbiological detection methods and technologies based on their applicability for continuous real-time detection. This research will complement current research on biological water quality monitoring technologies for use in developing regions or in the event of an emergency and will provide suggestions for future research efforts.
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Chang, Lydia. "Transport of dinoflagellate cysts through ballast water and its implications for marine water monitoring in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813481.
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Hao, Lin. "Abnormal Event Detection Platform Design for a Wastewater Quality Monitoring System." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/386541.
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The introduction of water quality monitoring systems (WQMSs) into the city wastewater
discharging and recycling system has been considered as an effective practice to address
the potential risks to wastewater plants as well as public concerns associated with
pollution source localization. Under such background, a WQMS was developed and
deployed in a large Australia Research Council (ARC) Linkage project entitled “A New
Management System for Effective Wastewater Source Control” to meet the requirements
of several major Australian water utilities.
A WQMS was developed for this ARC Linkage project, which aims to monitor the
wastewater quality in city wastewater pipelines to safeguard purified recycled water
(PRW) system in water treatment companies. The developed WQMS contains both welldesigned
hardware and reliable software and implements primary functions including
data collection, data processing, event detection, alarming, a central server and web-based
user interface (UI).
To explore the potentials of existing event detection methods using in wastewater
application environment, six widely used event detection methods in drinking and natural
water area are evaluated, including Cumulative Sum (CUSUM), Linear Prediction,
Moving Median, Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA), Autoregressive
Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The
evaluation is performed on real datasets collected from 10 different pump stations with
WQMS deployed.
Referring to the results of the performance evaluation on some existing event detection
methods, we designed and developed two methods according to the requirements of the
practical application. The first modified Bayesian analysis method achieves good
performance in testing, and it has been applied in deployed WQMSs and trialed for over
four years without any significant issues. The second one is an ANN-based method with
multiple classifiers integrated. It achieves excellent overall performance among ten
testing sites although the high computational cost limits its practical value.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Info & Comm Tech
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Peavler, Rachael S. "Design and implementation of a water-quality monitoring program in support of establishing user capacities in Yosemite National Park." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460770.
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Shu, Tongxin. "Power management in a sensor network for automated water quality monitoring." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57922.
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Power management is crucial in remote environmental monitoring, especially when long-term monitoring is needed. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind may be harvested for sustaining a monitoring system. Without proper power management, equipment within the monitoring system may become nonfunctional and as a consequence, the data or events captured during the monitoring process will become inaccurate as well. Based on reinforcement learning, this thesis develops and applies an adaptive sampling algorithm and duty cycling for power management in automated water quality monitoring with energy harvesting. The state of the water quality parameters in a water source such as a lake or river may change in an unpredictable manner (e.g., may remain stable or change abruptly) depending on many factors such as climate or environmental changes or those caused by humans (e.g., waste water discharge from factories, construction, farming, and litter). Ideally, the sampling rate that is used for a sensor signal should depend on the rate at which the signal changes. Hence, adaptive sampling scheme using reinforcement learning is used in the present work, for water quality monitoring. The energy consumption for signal acquisition, processing, and transmission all depend on the sampling frequency, either directly or indirectly. Hence, it is desirable for the sensor nodes to dynamically learn how to determine the best sampling frequency for a sensor signal, depending how the signal changes due to the environmental situations, and adjust the sampling rate accordingly. It is found that by dynamically changing the sampling frequency, the battery state can be maintained at an energy-neutral level. Duty cycling also contributes to achieving the same goal by scheduling the working and sleeping time of a sensor node. It is shown that by switching between the work mode and the sleep mode, a satisfactory battery state can be maintained. These two methods have different degrees of advantage and performance in power management, but it is shown that both methods can achieve the energy neutrality while maintaining a high level of accuracy in the acquired data.Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Chen, Jiahong. "Adaptive wireless sensor network for real-time monitoring of water quality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61808.
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Water quality problems have appeared in many places all around the world, and have caused severe public health problems. In identify the quality of different aquatic environments, wireless sensor networks have been used for monitoring large geographic areas of interest (AOI). Among the challenges of using wireless sensor networks for water quality monitoring in large areas, sensor node deployment strategy is a key consideration since an optimal sensor node deployment strategy can ensure the most appropriate utilization of the limited monitoring resources (sensor node, incorporated sensors, power supply, monitoring rates, etc.). To tackle such problems, we in the Industrial Automation Laboratory (IAL) of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of British Columbia (UBC) have developed a mobile wireless sensor network for water quality monitoring. It has mobile (dynamic) sensor nodes, which can move to best sensing locations, and the ability to sense key water quality attributes. The developed platform is equipped with multiple nodes each of which having basic water quality detecting sensor probes, supports up to six propellers, and has upgradeable wireless communication boards. Besides, we have also proposed an optimal sensor node deployment strategy called “Rapid Random exploring tree with Linear Reduction” (RRLR) for this mobile wireless sensor network. The proposed method removes redundant sensor nodes depending on the linear dependence of sensor readings at the current deployment location without losing information. In this manner, spatial-temporal correlation of sensor node deployment in large geographic AOI can be minimized. The developed platform is demonstrated to have good performance even when moving against water flow and has low packet loss rate (0.85%) while transmitting data under different types of obstacles in real-world tests. Furthermore, the developed optimal sensor node deployment strategy, RRLR, requires nearly 60% fewer sensor nodes to achieve the same estimation error as our benchmark.Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Dye, Daniel Robert. "Monitoring and modeling water quality at the C.W. Young Regional Reservoir." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001821.
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Sunny, Sebin. "Digital Water Quality Monitoring Services: : Opportunities and Challenges in Rural Areas." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44618.
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Water is an essential part of human life. According to the sustainable development goal (SDG), monitoring water quality is a fundamental goal of the international community. Therefore, there has been research on how the quality of water can be monitored and improved. Data related to water quality can provide service opportunities such as to inform if the water is suitable for drinking by monitoring the quality of water resources. However, there has been limited research exploring opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services to fulfill requirements in rural areas, such as clean and safe water for drinking. Some challenges can be due to the geographical location of the area or avoiding certain regions for implementing a service due to political agenda or infrastructure, especially in less developed countries or areas. The lack of exploration of opportunities points to the need to further investigate service opportunities like to inform if the water is suitable for drinking in rural areas. It is crucial to monitor water quality and offer services because bad water quality can lead to health issues or poor yield in agriculture, some of the few consequences. Therefore, in my paper, using the Design Science Research (DSR) approach, I have explored various opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services in Indian rural areas. The result demonstrates opportunities related to the exploration of digital water quality monitoring services in rural areas and the challenges that need to be overcome in order to realize the opportunities. This overview can inform researchers, designers, and stakeholders to understand new service opportunities and challenges of digital water quality monitoring services in rural areas.
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Gardner, Robert D. "Development of a Microelectrode Array Sensing System for Water Quality Monitoring." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/648.
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This thesis reports the design and fabrication of a low-cost reliable microelectrode array sensing platform and its application toward water quality monitoring, including heavy metal ion detection. Individually addressable microelectrodes were designed in a planar array on a nonconductive glass substrate by a photolithography method. The size, shape, composition, and functionality of the microelectrodes were theoretically explored in order to maximize performance. The microelectrode array sensing platform was proven and characterized in the K3Fe(CN)6 electrochemical standard using cyclic voltammetry. The sensor platform exhibited well defined voltammograms and had increased sensitivity relative to a commercially available microelectrode of similar size. Feasibility for application to heavy metal ions, copper and lead, detection in aqueous solutions was demonstrated utilizing the electrochemical method of anodic stripping voltammetry. Well defined voltammograms for the copper and lead ions were obtained with individual microelectrodes of the sensor platform, and compared against the similar sized commercially available microelectrode; increased sensitivity was observed.
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Brake, Jeffrey Scott. "Locating Optimal Water Quality Monitoring Locations Using Demand Coverage Index Method." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1421.
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Water quality regulations are always expanding especially in the field of water quality monitoring; however, threats to our water distribution systems still remain. Components of water distribution systems are susceptible to intentional and accidental contamination; therefore, they represent highly vulnerable aspects of our vital infrastructure.
An analysis was performed on a city in California with a population of 30,000 to 40,000 residents. The analysis is performed to determine the optimal locations of monitoring stations throughout the water distribution system. The method presented by Liu and colleagues (Liu et al, 2012) selects the optimal monitoring locations for the virtual California city using the Demand Coverage Index (DCI) method. In order to study small scale systems which are typically more vulnerable to tampering, the method attempts to use the virtual city to show the effectiveness of the DCI method and how it can be implemented on smaller water distribution systems (WDS).
The analysis results lay out a number of monitoring stations that should be used to prevent a large scale contamination event from occurring. The number of monitoring stations will vary depending on funding for water infrastructure and coverage requirements. The results represent an outline for improving the effectiveness of the monitoring capabilities in the WDS. The monitoring stations increase the resilience of the WDS from potential terrorist sabotage and mitigate potential outbreaks due to microorganisms, pipeline leaks, or hazardous chemicals entering the WDS.
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Steele, Kelsi Lynne. "Atrazine best management practices : impact on water quality." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/660.
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Phirman, Daniel J. "An Internship with the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission: Monitoring Water Quality through Biological Communities." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1114615900.
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Thesis (M. En.)--Miami University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2005.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], iii, 39 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 19).
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Johnson, Lawrence David. "Application of a Heuristic Method to a Water Distribution System For Determining Optimal Water Quality Monitoring Locations." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/792.
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Although regulations and requirements for water quality source monitoring have increased, drinking water distribution systems can still be considered vulnerable to purposeful or accidental contamination.
This study analyzes the transport of the hypothetical contaminant Cryptosporidium through the distribution system of a city with a population of 30,000 to 50,000 in an attempt to locate the optimal monitoring locations in the distribution system. Cryptosporidium was selected due to its resistance to chlorine and it’s conservative properties for vulnerability assessments. The method for selecting the optimal monitoring locations was taken from Chastain (2004) which developed and examined the method for a virtual city. However, Chastain did not apply the method to an actual city. This study looks to use Chastain’s method conjunctively with WaterCAD® and Excel in an attempt to accommodate to the small scale systems which are more vulnerable relatively speaking.
The results of the analysis, shown in Appendices A and B, are grouped into zones of significance which contain a cluster of optimal points for placing water quality sensors. These zones of significance are to be taken as a guide for mitigating potential terrorist initiated events on the water distribution system.
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Chen, Zhiqiang. "Monitoring water quality in Tampa Bay : coupling in situ and remote sensing." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001777.
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Beaupré, Mathieu. "Characterization of on-line sensors for water quality monitoring and process control." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26963/26963.pdf.
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Paul, Oliver William. "Optimizing water quality monitoring : a case study on the South African Highveld." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23732.
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Ogallo, Godfrey G. "Development of Remote Water Quality Monitoring System Using Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1452255796.
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Chirappanath, Meenu Joy. "Illustration of Design of Digital Water Quality Monitoring Services for Smart Cities." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44635.
Full textAbstract:
Water quality monitoring is vital in smart city planning for managing water resources. In the smart city, more data is being collected. In terms of data related to water quality, many data sources such as smart sensors attached to water quality monitoring systems have been continuously collecting a significant amount of data. The potential of collected data from these sources holds no value for smart cities, unless it is being used to provide digital services such as information about clean and safe drinking water, swimming, fishing, domestic uses, and water reuse. However, the knowledge on how to utilize water quality data for the benefits of smart cities is limited. So, in this paper, I propose digital water quality monitoring services for smart city residents. I explore this proposition through a design study engaging smart city residents, service designers, and developers of water quality monitoring systems. As a result, a service blueprint is presented to illustrate how such services can be designed to provide water quality information for different activities. The study aims to illustrate how opportunities of water quality monitoring system can be explored for smart cities. The study intends that the results are helpful to designers and researchers in designing and developing digital water quality monitoring services in smart cities.
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Ruiters, Melissa. "Monitoring water quality with riparian trees along the Berg River, Western Cape." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4621.
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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)Heavy metals and nutrients have long been regarded as pollutants to freshwater ecosystems. These elements have a detrimental effect on plants, animals and the water quality of rivers in South Africa. The Berg River flows from the mountains of Franschhoek to the West Coast of the Western Cape. It is an important river in Cape Town, as it is essential for water distribution to town, for agriculture and industry and also supports a rich diversity of organisms in the ecosystem. Along the river, many farms and towns are situated and many tributaries enter the river. The Berg River dam provides for a water supply during the drier periods of the year. Therefore it is crucial to maintain a good water quality. The study was driven by the need to increase the knowledge of water quality in the upper Berg River after the construction of a new major Berg River dam, constructed in 2007. This study investigated oxygen, water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite in the water and cadmium, copper, lead, iron, zinc, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus found in water, sediment and three plant species at ten sites along the upper Berg River, Western Cape. The results showed that the electrical conductivity, pH and the concentrations of nitrate, calcium and magnesium increased downstream, whereas the water temperature decreased downstream. Nitrate, cadmium, copper, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium displayed a general increase towards the colder period in the water. Seasonally, copper and magnesium showed significant winter increase within the sediment. Nitrogen, iron and calcium levels within Salix sp., Acacia mearnsii and Brabejum stellatifolium increased downstream. Nitrogen, cadmium, copper, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the three species were higher in the warmer seasons and decreased in the colder. Sources of pollution stem from the Franschhoek and Dwars tributaries, urban and farm runoff.
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Shin, Hyun Woo. "A hybrid electronic nose system for monitoring the quality of potable water." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/111031/.
Full textAbstract:
This PhD thesis reports on the potential application of an electronic nose to analysing the quality of potable water. The enrichment of water by toxic cyanobacteria is fast becoming a severe problem in the quality of water and a common source of environmental odour pollution. Thus, of particular interest is the classification and early warning of toxic cyanobacteria in water. This research reports upon the first attempt to identify electronically cyanobacteria in water. The measurement system comprises a Cellfacts instrument and a Warwick e-nose specially constructed for the testing of the cyanobacteria in water. The Warwick e- nose employed an array of six commercial odour sensors and was set-up to monitor not only the different strains, but also the growth phases, of cyanobacteria. A series of experiments was carried out to analyse the nature of two closely related strains of cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 which produces a toxin and PCC 7941 that does not. Several pre-processing techniques were explored in order to remove the noise factor associated with running the electronic nose in ambient air, and the normalised fractional difference method was found to give the best PCA plot. Three supervised neural networks, MLP, LVQ and Fuzzy ARTMAP, were used and compared for the classification of both two strains and four different growth phases of cyanobacteria (lag, growth, stationary and late stationary). The optimal MLP network was found to classify correctly 97.1 % of unknown non-toxic and 100 % of unknown toxic cyanobacteria. The optimal LVQ and Fuzzy ARTMAP algorithms were able to classify 100% of both strains of cyanobacteria. The accuracy of MLP, LVQ and Fuzzy ARTMAP algorithms with 4 different growth phases of toxic cyanobacteria was 92.3 %, 95.1 % and 92.3 %, respectively. A hybrid e-nose system based on 6 MOS, 6 CP, 2 temperature sensors, 1 humidity sensor and 2 flow sensors was finally developed. Using the hybrid system, data were gathered on six different cyanobacteria cultures for the classification of growth phase. The hybrid resistive nose showed high resolving power to discriminate six growth stages as well as three growth phases. Even though time did not permit many series of the continuous monitoring, because of the relatively long life span (30-40 days) of cyanobacteria, improved results indicate the use of a hybrid nose. The HP 4440 chemical sensor was also used for the discrimination of six different cyanobacteria samples and the comparison with the electronic nose. The hybrid resistive nose based on 6 MOS and 6 CP showed a better resolving power to discriminate six growth stages as well as three growth phases than the HP 4440 chemical sensor. Although the mass analyser detects individual volatile chemicals accurately, it proves no indication of whether the volatile is an odour. The results demonstrate that it is possible to apply the e-nose system for monitoring the quality of potable water. It would be expected that the hybrid e-nose could be applicable to a large number of applications in health and safety with a greater flexibility.
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Li, Tianling. "Field-based Sensing Techniques for Real-time Monitoring Wastewater Quality and Free Ammonia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367900.
Full textAbstract:
Recent years, global “water crisis” i.e. freshwater shortage and water pollution has seriously hindered the development of economy and human society, and subsequently aroused the environmental and public health concerns. This work attempts to address these issues by the development of two types of field-based sensing techniques, including on-line monitoring of wastewater quality and in-situ real-time sensing of free ammonia.
On the one hand, in order to alleviate the global freshwater shortage, the purified recycled water (PRW), a product regenerated from recycled water, has been considered as an effective alternative water source. In this PRW production process, wastewater is considered as the source water, the effective and reliable wastewater source management tool is therefore required to mitigate potential health risks and safeguard PRW operation. For this purpose, a wastewater quality monitoring system (WQMS) is developed. It employs a wall-jet flow cell embedded with three pairs of specially configured temperature, conductivity and turbidity sensors and a U-shaped flow cell with a pair of incorporated pH sensors.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Van, Zyl André Stephmar. "Collaborative transboundary water quality monitoring :a strategy for Fezile Dabi District Municipality and its neighbours / André Stephmar van Zyl." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10111.
Full textAbstract:
The geographic location of Fezile Dabi District Municipality is unique in the sense that it is one of five district municipalities in the Free State Province that borders on five district municipalities and three provincial boundaries. The Vaal River, a valuable domestic, industrial and agricultural water resource for millions of South Africans, forms one of the administrative boundaries of this district municipality and of the Free State Province. However, despite the vital role the Vaal River plays in the Fezile Dabi region, there is poor water management and assessment system in place. There is a lack of intergovernmental and trans boundary efforts to assess water quality by both district municipalities and provinces. The status of the Vaal River as a visible aquatic boundary line provides an excellent opportunity to develop a trans boundary collaborative water quality monitoring strategy between Fezile Dabi District Municipality and its neighbouring district municipalities. The only way to ensure the safety of water and a healthy environment for all is by addressing the challenges of water quality monitoring in a Trans boundary, integrated and multidisciplinary manner. This study provides a strategy for Fezile Dabi District Municipality and its neighbours by proposing an ideal structure to optimise effective water quality monitoring between them. Firstly, it gives an explanation of what is meant by water quality monitoring as a key performance area of municipal health services. Secondly, information is provided and proposals made on how to integrate water quality monitoring across municipal boundaries. Thirdly, the study suggests how trans boundary collaboration can contribute to improving water quality assessment strategies between Fezile Dabi District Municipality and its adjacent district municipalities. Lastly, an exposition of an ideal organisational structure and methods to optimise effective water quality monitoring between Fezile Dabi District and these municipalities is provided. A way forward is proposed in terms of a structure negotiated and developed at an environmental health workshop held on 28–29 March 2012 in Sasolburg.Thesis (M. Development and Management (Water Studies))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013