Journal articles on the topic 'Water quality guideline values'
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Negri, Andrew P., Rachael A. Smith, Olivia King, Julius Frangos, Michael St J. Warne, and Sven Uthicke. "Adjusting Tropical Marine Water Quality Guideline Values for Elevated Ocean Temperatures." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05961.
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Festus Biosengazeh, Nchofua, Njoyim Estella Buleng Tamungang, Mofor Nelson Alakeh, and Mvondo-ze Antoine david. "Analysis and Water Quality Control of Alternative Sources in Bangolan, Northwest Cameroon." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (May 25, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5480762.
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This research focused on the quality of domestic water in Bangolan, Northwest Cameroon, in order to ascertain its potability based on World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Inhabitants of this locality, as well as others in rural areas, consume water from these sources without any prior treatment which can lead to contamination and infections. Sampling was conducted, and physicochemical and bacteriological properties of ten water sources were examined in November 2017 and January, April, and July 2018 using standard methods. The results showed that the sampled water sources were moderately acidic to weakly basic falling within the WHO specification. The values of electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were low, suggesting low mineralised waters which could lead to a shortage of essential mineral elements in humans. Water turbidity was high in July, attributable to the rains. Major ions analysed fell within the WHO guideline values except iron and aluminium, whose values fell above guideline values in both seasons due to the nature of the soils. Faecal coliforms were found in all the sources, and specific bacteria identified were Escherichia coli, Enterobacteria, Streptococcus, Salmonella, and Shigella spp., suggesting recent contamination by faecal matter due to poor hygienic conditions, and hence, treatment was recommended. Statistical analyses revealed significant influence of heavy rains on most water parameters (p<0.05). Health data in the locality revealed 1389 cases of water-borne diseases, namely, typhoid, diarrhoea, and dysentery between 2016 and 2017 necessitating control.
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Lévesque, Benoit, and Denis Gauvin. "Microbiological Guideline Values for Recreational Bathing in Canada: Time for Change?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 18, no. 2 (2007): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/180308.
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Recreational bathing is an activity practiced by thousands of Canadians every year. While its health benefits are numerous, bathing in polluted water can also be a source of health problems. These problems are generally nonspecific and are difficult to detect through usual health monitoring systems. Most involve ear and eye ailments, febrile respiratory illness and, particularly, gastroenteritis. In 1992, Health Canada recommended microbiological guideline values for recreational water quality. The values are based on the presence of fecal indicator bacteria, namely, enterococci for marine water, andEscherichia colior fecal coliforms for fresh water. In marine water, the guideline value is set at 35 enterococci/100 mL, while in fresh water, the standard is 200E coli/100 mL or 200 fecal coliforms/100 mL when experience demonstrates that over 90% of the fecal coliforms areE coli. Notwithstanding certain variances, many Canadian provinces apply these guidelines. However, in Ontario, the guideline is 100E coli/100 mL. Over the past several years, many epidemiological studies, including randomized clinical trials, have examined the relationship between bathing in polluted water and ensuing health problems. On review of this literature, the Canadian guideline values for marine water seems appropriate, but scientific evidence argues toward lowering the Canadian guideline values for fresh water to 100E coli/100 mL, in line with the standard currently in effect in Ontario.
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Tibby, J., J. Richards, J. J. Tyler, C. Barr, J. Fluin, and P. Goonan. "Diatom–water quality thresholds in South Australian streams indicate a need for more stringent water quality guidelines." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 8 (2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19065.
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Water quality guidelines are an important tool that guide stream protection. In South Australia, as in other Australian states, guidelines have been set using statistical properties of physical and chemical stressors in reference streams. Given that water quality guidelines are designed to protect ecosystems, biologically based guidelines are more desirable. In this context, we investigated diatom–water quality relationships in South Australian streams. Our analysis focused on electrical conductivity (EC) and total phosphorus (TP), which explained significant variance in diatom assemblages. Threshold indicator taxa analysis was conducted to determine thresholds of diatom community change along EC and TP gradients. There were significant declines in the relative abundance of sensitive species at an EC of ~280μScm–1 and a TP concentration of 30μgL–1. The TP threshold is considerably lower than the trigger value in South Australia’s guidelines (100μgTPL–1). The change in species composition in relation to EC is considerably lower than the upper limit of the water quality guidelines (which range from 100 to 5000μScm–1). Hence, particularly in the case of TP, but also for EC, the current water quality guideline trigger values are too high in South Australia, and indeed in other temperate Australian states.
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van Dam, Joost W., Melanie A. Trenfield, Claire Streten, Andrew J. Harford, David Parry, and Rick A. van Dam. "Water quality guideline values for aluminium, gallium and molybdenum in marine environments." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 26 (July 11, 2018): 26592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2702-y.
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Charles, K. J., N. J. Ashbolt, D. J. Roser, R. McGuinness, and D. A. Deere. "Effluent quality from 200 on-site sewage systems: design values for guidelines." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0363.
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The quality of effluent from an on-site sewage treatment system is a critical factor in designing the disposal area and, hence, ensuring the sustained performance of the system. Contaminant concentrations in effluent are typically specified in regulatory guidelines or standards; however, the accuracy of these guideline values are brought into question due to the poor performance of septic tanks and the high failure rates of disposal systems reported here and elsewhere. Results from studies of septic tank effluent quality indicated that the effluent is of poorer quality than currently suggested by guidelines. Aerated wastewater treatment systems were found to perform to accreditation guidelines; however, insufficient nutrient data is presently available to assess nutrient loads. It is proposed that the 80th percentile of system performance be adopted as the design value for sizing effluent disposal areas to minimise failure associated with overloading. For septic tanks this equates to 660 mg L−1 SS, 330 mg L−1 BOD, 250 mg L−1 TN and 36 mg L−1 TP.
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Escher, Beate I., Peta A. Neale, and Frederic D. L. Leusch. "Effect-based trigger values for in vitro bioassays: Reading across from existing water quality guideline values." Water Research 81 (September 2015): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.049.
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Maharjan, Sujan, Tista Prasai Joshi, and Sujen Man Shrestha. "Poor Quality of Treated Water in Kathmandu: Comparison with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 5 (September 26, 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v5i0.22319.
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Objectives: In order to evaluate the quality assurance of drinking water in Kathmandu valley, this study analyzed selected physiochemical and microbial parameters of treated water samples and compared with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS).
Methods: Treated water samples were collected from all over the Kathmandu valley and analyzed in terms of physicochemical and microbiological parameters over the period of one year from July 2017 to July 2018. The physio-chemical parameters of water samples were performed according to standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The total coliforms were enumerated by standard membrane filtration technique.
Results: We report that microbiological aspect of treated water was the major problem as 66% of the water samples crossed the guideline value for total coliform count. Above 92% of jar water samples, 77% of tanker water samples and 69% of filtered water samples had the total coliform count exceeding the NDWQS. Moreover, 20% of bottled water was contaminated by coliform bacteria. Iron and ammonia content were found to be higher than the guideline values in 16% and 21% of the total treated water samples respectively. Analyzing the types of treated water samples showed that 35% and 15% of tanker water samples had higher ammonia and iron content respectively, and the same parameters were higher in 23% and 19% in the filtered water samples respectively than the standard criteria recommended by NDWQS.
Conclusion: The treated water samples exceed the standard values set by NDWQS and hence had poor quality. The presence of faecal pollution indicating coliform bacteria was the key problem for treated drinking water of Kathmandu valley. Therefore, monitoring and proper treatment of water should be conducted to prevent dissemination of waterborne diseases.
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Moldovan, Ana, Maria-Alexandra Hoaghia, Eniko Kovacs, Ionuț Cornel Mirea, Marius Kenesz, Răzvan Adrian Arghir, Alexandru Petculescu, Erika Andrea Levei, and Oana Teodora Moldovan. "Quality and Health Risk Assessment Associated with Water Consumption—A Case Study on Karstic Springs." Water 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 3510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123510.
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In rural areas without centralized water supply systems, inhabitants often use groundwater of unknown quality as drinking water, without understanding the possible negative consequences on their health. Karstic spring waters from Dobrogea region in Romania were assessed for their potential to be used as drinking water source, according to their quality and seasonal variation. The physico-chemical parameters of waters were compared with the guideline values for drinking water established by the World Health Organization and the Directive 98/83/EC. The nitrate and Cr concentrations exceeded the guideline value in the springs from Southern Dobrogea, but met the quality criteria in those from Northern Dobrogea, thus, to be used as drinking water, the karstic springs located in Southern Dobrogea require treatment for nitrates removal. Heavy metals pollution indices showed low to medium cumulative heavy metal pollution in all springs, while the human health risk assessment by oral exposure indicated possible noncarcinogenic risks of nitrates, both for adults and children in springs from South Dobrogea. A rigorous monitoring of the water quality before human consumption is recommended for all four studied water sources.
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Thomas, K., E. McBean, and H. M. Murphy. "Drinking water quality for peri-urban residents in Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (June 8, 2013): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.126.
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Piped distribution systems are limited to major urban centres in Cambodia, leaving the residents of peri-urban communities to rely on a variety of surface, rain and groundwater sources for their drinking water supplies. This paper examines microbial water quality results from two of Phnom Penh's peri-urban communities, and describes relationships between water source and treatment type, study site and storage vessel, relative to water quality guidelines. Treating water by boiling was a common practice, although the majority of residents indicated using boiling times far greater than required, which may impact adoption rates. A statistical difference is described between boiled water by source type, with boiled shallow well water having elevated E. coli levels. The only household drinking water type that met WHO guidelines most of the time was boiled rain or tank (vendor) water (56%); boiled rain or tank (vendor) water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler or bucket with spigot met guideline values 69, 43 and 60% of the time, respectively. The highest quality water is from boiled rain or tank (vendor) water taken directly from a kettle. The findings described provide some insight on how to prioritize water options for various uses.
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Rezaul Karim, Md. "Quality and suitability of harvested rainwater for drinking in Bangladesh." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.144.
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Several programs have been undertaken during the last few years to install rooftop rainwater harvesting systems as an alternative drinking water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in Bangladesh. In this study, quality of the harvested rainwater used for drinking water supply was assessed. A total of 308 harvested rainwater samples were collected from the different storage reservoirs located both in coastal and arsenic affected areas and analysed for various physical, chemical and microbial indicators. Most of the physical and chemical water quality parameters were well below the Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard and WHO guideline values. However, the harvested rainwater was found microbiologically contaminated to some extent and the water is not suitable for consumption without treatment. For safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting, WHO guideline and water safely plan (WSP) can be adopted in Bangladesh.
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Jehan, Shah, Ihsan Ullah, Sardar Khan, Said Muhammad, Seema Anjum Khattak, and Tariq Khan. "Evaluation of the Swat River, Northern Pakistan, water quality using multivariate statistical techniques and water quality index (WQI) model." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 31 (July 4, 2020): 38545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09688-y.
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Abstract This study evaluates the characteristics of water along the Swat River, Northern Pakistan. For this purpose, water samples (n = 30) were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters including heavy metals (HM). The mean concentrations of physicochemical parameters and HM were within the drinking water guideline values set by the World Health Organization (WHO 2011) except 34%, 60%, and 56% of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb), respectively. Pollution sources were identified by various multivariate statistical techniques including correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicating different origins both naturally and anthropogenically. Results of the water quality index (WQI) ranged from 13.58 to 209 with an average value of 77 suggesting poor water quality for drinking and domestic purposes. The poor water quality was mainly related to high sodium (alkalinity) and salinity hazards showing > 27% and 20% water samples have poor alkalinity and salinity hazards, respectively. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were used to determine the health risk of HM in the study area. For water-related health risk, HQingestion, HQdermal, and HI values were > 1, indicating noncarcinogenic health risk (NCR) posed by these HM to the exposed population.
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Jatoi, A. R., A. Q. Jakhrani, K. C. Mukwana, A. N. Laghari, and M. M. Tunio. "Study of Physicochemical Properties of Commercial Drinking Bottled Water Brands." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 6 (December 22, 2018): 3576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2173.
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Drinking water quality is being affected by industrial effluents, pesticides and fertilizers, poor sanitation services and unhygienic practices. Thus, upper and middle-class people used to prefer bottled water for drinking instead of tap water. Increasing demand for bottled water leads to the presence of low quality branded waters in the market due to the high demand and improper quality checks. In this regard, this study is carried out to assess the physicochemical properties of various branded bottled waters. For that, ten different water brand samples, coded from S1 to S10, were collected from Safoora Goth, Karachi. Various physicochemical quality parameters of branded water samples were analyzed according to the set procedures of American Society for Testing and Materials. It was discovered that the pH levels of S9 and S8 bottled water brands were slightly less than World Health Organization guideline values. The physical and chemical quality parameters of S1, S2, S4, S5, S7, and S10 branded bottled water samples were found within standards.
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Ewusi, A., B. Y. Apeani, I. Ahenkorah, and R. S. Nartey. "Mining and Metal Pollution: Assessment of Water Quality in the Tarkwa Mining Area." Ghana Mining Journal 17, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v17i2.4.
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The quality of water in mining communities is uncertain since metals associated with acid mine drainage are known to saturate these waters. Previous studies in Tarkwa, an area noted for gold and manganese extraction, have reported large concentrations of aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese and mercury in water samples. This research aimed at investigating the chemistry of groundwater with special focus on the contamination status of trace elements. It also compared levels of metal concentration with those that were determined in previous research works, to identify changes that might have occurred. Thirty-eight water samples from boreholes, hand-dug wells and streams, within the Tarkwa area were obtained and analysed. Results show that 90 % of water in the area is acidic and Eh was determined to be positive, depicting oxidizing conditions. Mean groundwater temperature was 28.9 ºC. Thirty-two samples had either temperature or pH values falling outside the range recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Thirty samples had at least one metal concentration exceeding the WHO guideline values. Among the list of elements that exceeded the guideline, arsenic, manganese, nitrate, nitrite and iron were the most predominant. The dominant ions in the samples were sodium and bicarbonate. High concentrations of Fe and SO42- in some parts of the study area point to the influence of acid mine drainage (AMD). Comparisons of results of metal concentrations with findings from previous research in the area showed a reduction in concentration. Hydrochemical modelling with PhreeqC attributed this reduction to sorption processes. Comparison of levels of metal concentration in the different water supply facilities (borehole, hand-dug well and stream) showed no significant variations. Keywords: Water Quality, Drinking Water, Hydrochemical Modelling, Heavy Metals
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Salifu, Amadu, Helen M. K. Essandoh, Afsatou Ndama Traore, and Natasha Potgieter. "Water source quality in Ahenema Kokoben, Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.048.
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Abstract Regular monitoring of microbial quality of water used for drinking is an important aspect of public health. Microbiological quality, using a novel microbial water quality test kit – Compartment Bag Test (CBT; AguaGenX, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA), and physical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature and electrical conductivity) of 94 different water sources used by communities in the Ahenema Kokoben area of Ghana for drinking were tested. Using the WHO drinking water quality risk categories for the presence of Escherichia coli indicator bacteria, only 56% (53/94) of the water sources were safe for drinking, while 29% (27/94) of the water sources were classified as high risk and unsafe for human purposes. Some of the physical parameters were also higher than guideline values and could have been a contributing factor to poor water quality. Overall, the CBT proved to be a reliable alternative to traditional and laboratory-dependent microbial drinking water quality tests which can be easily used by water authorities to make sure that water is safe to drink.
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Genthe, B., N. Strauss, J. Seager, C. Vundule, F. Maforah, and R. Kfir. "The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0706.
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Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.
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Trenfield, Melanie A., Ceiwen J. Pease, Samantha L. Walker, Scott J. Markich, Chris L. Humphrey, Rick A. Dam, and Andrew J. Harford. "Assessing the Toxicity of Mine‐Water Mixtures and the Effectiveness of Water Quality Guideline Values in Protecting Local Aquatic Species." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 40, no. 8 (June 22, 2021): 2334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5103.
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Craig, D. L., H. J. Fallowfield, and N. J. Cromar. "Effectiveness of guideline faecal indicator organism values in estimation of exposure risk at recreational coastal sites." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 3 (February 1, 2003): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0194.
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Decay rates in coastal water and sediment for the bacterial pathogens Salmonella typhimurium and S. derby were compared in laboratory-based microcosms with results previously obtained for a number of faecal indicators. In general, the decay rates of Salmonella spp. were greater than either enterococci or coliphage in overlying water and sediment. Decay rates of E. coli were similar to Salmonella spp. in overlying water, although greater in sediment. Raised temperature resulted in an increased decay rate for all organisms in the overlying water (and to a lesser extent in the surface sediment layer). It was demonstrated that decay rates for both S. typhimurium and S. derby were greater in overlying water compared with sediment. This suggested that sediments may be acting as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms released into the coastal environment during recreational activity and should be considered when estimating environmental exposure. Using measured decay rates and available dose-response data, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) utilising Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken to estimate the risk of infection to Salmonella spp. following exposure to recreational coastal water subject to a range of faecal contamination levels. In waters of extremely poor quality, subject to contamination by faecal coliforms (106 CFU/100 mL), the maximum probability of infection on the day of an accidental release was above 2.0 × 10−1 and remained above 1 × 10−3 for three days following the initial high concentration.
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Null, Clair, and Daniele Lantagne. "Microbiological quality of chlorinated water after storage in ceramic pots." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.028.
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Household water treatment with sodium hypochlorite has been shown to reduce self-reported diarrheal disease in developing countries. Reported hypochlorite use, time since treatment, total chlorine residual (TCR), and E. coli concentration results from 589 household surveys in rural Kenya were analyzed to quantify the effect of exceeding recommended 24 hour post-treatment water storage time in ceramic pots. Exceeding storage time recommendations impacted treatment efficacy, as 87% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing their water ≤ 24 hours met World Health Organization (WHO) E. coli guideline values, compared to 77% of reported treaters with TCR ≥ 0.2 mg/L storing water >24 hours (p = 0.024) and 7% of reported non-treaters. Implementing organizations face the trade-off between promoting treating water every 24 hours and accepting slightly compromised efficacy.
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Betis, Hermine, André St-Hilaire, Claude Fortin, and Sophie Duchesne. "Development of a water quality index for watercourses downstream of harvested peatlands." Water Quality Research Journal 55, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2020.007.
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Abstract This study aimed to adapt the Water Quality Index of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME WQI) for its application to water quality assessment of drainage water and watercourses downstream of peat harvesting operations. It integrates different parameters that potentially reflect the overall water quality condition of a stream. Thus, it is calculated using multivariate water quality data and accounts for their conformity with respect to water quality guidelines. Adaptation of the index proceeded to identify, through a literature review, the physico-chemical parameters that may change due to peat harvesting. The CCME WQI was used to compare water quality of receiving watercourses to that of streams located within a 200 km radius from the study sites in three regions of Quebec. The availability of water quality data guided the selection of parameters among those identified. They are ammonia, conductivity, pH and suspended sediment concentrations. Results indicated a significant difference between WQI values of water from harvested peatlands and those of streams in two of the three regions studied. Results have also shown that it is the pH guideline that is not respected in most cases for harvested peatlands. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).
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Tamrakar, Pratima, Suman K. Shakya, and Chitra B. Baniya. "PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL COMPOSITION IN A METROPOLITAN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN KATHMANDU." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v22i1.17768.
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The study was concentrated on water quality appraisal in metropolitan drinking water distribution system in Kathmandu during 2011 to 2015 AD. The study covers 24 research areas from surface water sources, treatment plants, processing and water supply networks of public, private and community drinking water suppliers in the main city of Kathmandu valley. Water quality was analyzed under six physical, seventeen chemical and two bacteriological parameters. All tests were conducted in accordance with the procedures laid down in the Standard Methods. Total 320 samples collected during two years of periods. The physico-chemical parameters of tested water samples from sources, reservoirs and taps were found to be within the range of National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). The turbidity and pH values for most of the tested water samples from sources, reservoirs and taps except for a few source and tap samples were found to be within the NDWQS guideline values. The chemical parameters values of majority of tested source water samples were below the maximum level. The values of iron, manganese, sodium and chloride content of some source samples were found higher than the maximum permissible level recommended by NDWQS and WHO guideline. Bacteriologically, larger proportion of water samples (sources, reservoirs and taps) were found to be unacceptable. The present study disclosed fecal contamination to be the major problem in drinking water from source to the distribution for city water supply systems in selected metropolitan areas. The physico-chemical qualities of water in most cases were within acceptable limit.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 1, July 2017, page: 159-164
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Toure, Amadou, Duan Wenbiao, and Zakaria Keita. "An investigation of some water quality properties from different sources in Pelengana commune, Segou, Mali." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 3 (May 31, 2018): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.172.
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Abstract An assessment of consumer quality perception, as well as some physical and chemical characteristics of water samples sourced from wells, boreholes, and rivers in the locality of Pelengana commune, in Mali, was carried out. The World Health Organization (WHO) Guideline (or other) Values (GVs) for drinking water quality was used as a benchmark. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) alongside Duncan's multiple comparison tests for significant differences, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used in analyzing differences and correlations regarding the parameters investigated. Results revealed that the majority of the households (61.2%) regarded wells and river water as unsafe for drinking. The physical and chemical quality of water was affected by climatic season. Also, with the exception of iron (average values), the parameters studied met the WHO GVs. Based on the analyzed parameters, the quality of these different water sources is chemically acceptable.
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Madilonga, Rofhiwa T., Joshua N. Edokpayi, Elijah T. Volenzo, Olatunde S. Durowoju, and John O. Odiyo. "Water Quality Assessment and Evaluation of Human Health Risk in Mutangwi River, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136765.
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Freshwater supply is essential to life on Earth; however, land use activities such as mining and agriculture pose a significant danger to freshwater resources and the wellbeing of aquatic environments. This study temporarily assesses the water quality characteristics of Mutangwi River. Physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), and turbidity) were determined in situ using an Extech multimeter and turbidity meter. The concentration of the selected metals (Mg, Cr, Fe, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ca, and Na) were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Membrane filtration method was used to analyse microbiological parameters (Escherichia coli and Enterococci). The physicochemical water quality parameters as well as basic anions (fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, and chloride) determined complied with the regulatory guideline of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the South Africa National Standards (SANS). Some of the trace metals (Mn, Ca, Fe, and Mg) were found below the guideline values, while others (Pb and Cd) exceeded the threshold limit. The counts for E. coli (814.5–2169 cfu/100 mL) and Enterococci (333–9396 cfu/100 mL) in the study did not comply with the regulatory guidelines. The water quality status using the water quality index (WQI) indicated that on the average, the water quality from Mutangwi River is poor (WQI > 100). The hazard quotient through ingestion exposure did not exceed the threshold limit of 1, for adults and children. This implies that there is no potential non-carcinogenic health risk from trace elements via ingestion of drinking water for children and adults. However, cancer risk for adults and children was computed in relation to Cd and Pb levels and exceeded the threshold limit 10−4, indicating a possible carcinogenic risk. Water from the river should be adequately treated prior to domestic and agricultural use.
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Daoud, A. K., K. M. Swaileh, R. M. Hussein, and M. Matani. "Quality assessment of roof-harvested rainwater in the West Bank, Palestinian Authority." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 3 (April 23, 2011): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.148.
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Rain harvesting is becoming more common in the Palestinian Territories as a result of drinking water scarcity. Although it might pose serious human health risk, this water is being consumed without treatment in many areas of the West Bank. The present study evaluates the physicochemical and microbial quality of harvested rainwater that is used as potable water in the West Bank. Samples from roof-harvested rainwater storage tanks (n = 42) were collected in summer (SS) 2006/winter (WS) 2007. Physicochemical parameters measured were: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, nitrate, copper and lead. With few exceptions, all these parameters were within WHO guideline values. All samples (100%) were found to contain coliforms and to be heavily contaminated with heterotrophic bacteria. About 67% of all samples were contaminated with fecal coliforms. Specific PCR technique confirmed the presence of five pathogenic microorganisms that can be ordered according to their prevalence as: Citrobacter (83%) > Acinetobacter (78%) > Aeromonas (52%) > Pseudomonas and Campylobacter (7%). Prevalence of microorganisms in SS was higher than in WS. Although the physicochemical quality of most harvested rainwater samples was in accordance with WHO guidelines for drinking water, stored rainwater was significantly contaminated with bacteria resulting in significant human health risk from infectious diseases.
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Ndoye, Seyni, Claude Fontaine, Cheikh Gaye, and Moumtaz Razack. "Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Different Uses in the Saloum Area of Senegal." Water 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121837.
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Hydrogeochemical analyses were conducted on groundwater sampled from the Saloum aquifer, in southern Senegal. The objective was to identify the chemical processes that control hydrochemistry and to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Water samples were collected from 79 wells during the dry season in May 2012, and were subjected to analysis for chemical characteristics (major ions), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS). The dominant hydrochemical facies observed for the groundwater samples are NaCl and CaHCO3. Gibbs plot depicts predominance of rock water interaction and evaporation processes controlling the water chemistry. Percentage of Na+, Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Total Hardness (TH) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values were calculated. The results were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and agricultural water standards. The TDS in groundwater is less than 1200 mg/L and SAR values are less than 10. RSC values overall are less than 1.25 meq/L. Results show that the groundwater in the area has generally a low hardness and is fresh (95%) to brackish. The majority of groundwater samples are appropriate for domestic uses. The indexes for water irrigation compared with standard limits revealed that most of the Saloum groundwater samples fall in the suitable range for irrigation.
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Dandadzi, Pardon, Zvikomborero Hoko, and Tamuka Nhiwatiwa. "Investigating the quality of stored drinking water from the Harare water distribution system, Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.107.
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Abstract This study investigated the effects of different storage conditions (refrigerator, cupboard and sunlight) on the quality of drinking water collected from the distribution system. The study was carried out in the period June–July 2017 and focussed on selected suburbs of Harare. Sampling sites on the distribution system were grouped into three zones (1, 2 and 3) depending on the proximity to the treatment plant, whether there was further chlorination or not and the water flow path. Three water samples were collected in opaque 5 L containers from one site (tap) in each zone and stored under the three storage conditions and periodically analysed for pH, free residual chlorine, temperature and chlorophyll-a. The pH of stored water increased with storage time for all storage conditions and in all zones. The residual chlorine decreased with time in all zones and under all storage conditions. The chlorophyll-a levels also decreased with time under all storage conditions. Refrigerator samples showed the slowest deterioration of water quality and sunlight the highest. Although the pH of stored water increased with time, it remained within both SAZ and WHO guideline values. Household disinfection of stored water is recommended generally after 1 week of storage.
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Müller, K., and P. Cornel. "Setting water quality criteria for agricultural water reuse purposes." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 2 (March 18, 2016): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.194.
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The use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation is practiced worldwide and will increase in the future. The definition of water quality limits is a useful instrument for the assessment of water quality regarding its suitability for irrigation purposes and the performance of wastewater treatment steps. This study elaborates water quality objectives for a water reuse project in a setting where national guidelines do not exist. Internationally established guidelines are therefore applied to the local context. Additional limits for turbidity, total suspended solids, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and potassium are suggested to meet the requirements of water reuse projects. Emphasis is put on water quality requirements prior to UV disinfection and nutrient requirements of cultivated crops. The presented values can be of assistance when monitoring reclaimed water quality. To facilitate the realization of water reuse projects, comprehensive and more detailed information, in particular on water quality requirements prior to disinfection steps, should be provided as well as regarding the protection of the irrigation infrastructure.
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Zini, Luciano Barros, and Mariliz Gutterres. "Chemical contaminants in Brazilian drinking water: a systematic review." Journal of Water and Health 19, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.264.
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Abstract The goals of this research are to evaluate which chemical contaminations were detected in Brazil's drinking water reported in papers published from 2012 to 2019, to propose guideline values for emerging contaminants and assess which are the priority parameters from a health risk perspective. The methodology used was a systematic review. The chemical contaminants quantified were evaluated according to Brazilian drinking-water standards, and Guideline Values were proposed for emerging pollutants using conservative endpoints from NOAEL and LOAEL available in literature. From 1351 articles evaluated, 15 reached the research goal. Seventy-seven parameters were quantified in Brazilian drinking water from underground, surface and rainwater sources. Soil composition, mining, sewage and agricultural activities were the main sources for the seven classes framed: pesticides, metals, organic, endocrine disruptors, drugs, personal care products and illicit drugs. Twenty-two parameters are listed in the current Brazilian drinking water quality standard and 54 are not. Water was not considered appropriate to drink due to cadmium, aluminum, iron, nickel, mercury, atrazine, propionaldehyde, beryllium, acetone and 17 α-ethinyl estradiol (carcinogenic). Measures to reduce chemical contamination in drinking water need to be taken such as the expansion of sewage treatment and upgrading to tertiary treatment, and controlling and reducing the application of pesticides.
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Orou, Rodrigue Kotchi, Gbombélé Soro, Drissa Tanina Soro, Rosine Marie N’guessan Fossou, Oscar Zahibo Onetie, Ernest Kouassi Ahoussi, and Nagnin Soro. "Variation Saisonnière De La Qualité Physico-Chimique Des Eaux Souterraines Des Aquifères d’Altérites Du Département d’Agboville (Sud-Est De La Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 17 (June 29, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n17p213.
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The main objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal quality to explain the phenomena at the origin of the mineralization of groundwater in the department of Agboville. Hydrochemical analysis was performed in 24 wells located throughout the study area. Hydrochemical different methods and techniques of multivariate statistical analysis were used to study these waters. The physicochemical analyzes show that the water is acidic with an average pH of 6.09 in the rainy season and 6.29 in the dry season. Overall, these waters are soft and slightly mineralized with an average electrical conductivity of 172.92 μS / cm in the rainy season and 196.71 μS / cm in the dry season. These waters are mineralized in the dry season than rainy. The hydrochemical classification of water from the Piper diagram showed one hydrofacies is calcium chloride-facies. Quality chemical parameters are mostly below the WHO (2011) guideline values, except for some points (29.17%) where levels of nitrites and ammonium sometimes exceed the guide values. The various processes responsible for the acquisition of the chemistry of groundwater are studied: the residence time of water in contact with the host rock, the redox infiltration of substances linked to human activities and litter decomposition. In the mineralization mechanisms, hydrolysis of silicates is the dominant process.
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Lane, Kaycie, Benjamin F. Trueman, Javier Locsin, and Graham A. Gagnon. "Inorganic contaminants in Canadian First Nation community water systems." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 728–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.185.
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Abstract While previous Canadian studies have examined microbiological water quality in First Nations, there is little published information on inorganic contaminants. In Atlantic Canada, the lead, manganese, and arsenic content of First Nations’ drinking water has been measured for more than a decade, but the data have not been analyzed comprehensively. These contaminants are linked with health problems, and high levels in drinking water are a cause for concern. We examined 12 years of data from 47 First Nation community water systems to identify systems experiencing difficulties meeting sampling frequency or regulatory guidelines. While most contaminant concentrations were below guideline values, we identified elevated concentrations and issues with sampling frequency. No system met both sampling frequency requirements – a minimum of one sample per year per analyte – and regulatory guidelines. Exceedance rates for lead, manganese, and arsenic were high in some systems. Moreover, current sampling procedures for lead specify that taps be flushed prior to sampling, which is known to underestimate lead exposure. We find that a switch to random daytime sampling would at least sometimes yield higher estimates of lead at the tap. Our analysis demonstrates the need for increased monitoring and updated sampling procedures to better characterize inorganic contaminant occurrence in First Nations.
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Taherian, Parisian, and Ata Joodavi. "Hydrogeochemical characteristics and source identification of salinity in groundwater resources in an arid plain, northeast of Iran: implication for drinking and irrigation purposes." Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater 10, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7343/as-2021-502.
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Groundwater salinization is a worldwide problem where groundwater is the principal source of water. A combination of geochemical and statistical approaches was used to investigate the mechanisms governing the groundwater chemistry and origin of salts in the Neyshabour aquifer (north-eastern Iran). The mean values of Mg2+ (61.4 mg/L), Na+ (553.2 mg/L), Cl- (800.4 mg/L), SO4 2- (428.7 mg/L), EC (3404 μS/cm), TH (525.0 mg/L) and TDS (2212.8 mg/L) in 55 groundwater samples taken from deep wells were higher than WHO and ISIRI guideline values. Geochemical and multivariate statistical analysis suggested that: i) the dissolved solids in the water samples are controlled mainly by geology, and ii) Na-Cl and Na-HCO3 type waters are dominant in the area. Besides the water–rock reactions (e.g., evaporites dissolution), groundwater salinity in Neyshabour aquifer has been intensified by irrigation return flows and groundwater level decline. The chemical weathering of mafic and ultramafic rocks in ophiolitic rocks is responsible for Mg enrichment in the majority of samples. Water quality index (WQI) and different indices calculated for the groundwater samples indicated that the most of them have poor water quality for drinking and agricultural uses especially in the southern, central and western parts of the plain.
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Toure, Amadou, Duan Wenbiao, Zakaria Keita, Abdramane Dembele, and Elsamoal Elzak Abdalla Elzaki. "Drinking water quality and risk for human health in Pelengana commune, Segou, Mali." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 4 (June 4, 2019): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.004.
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Abstract Water is an indispensable commodity for the survival of all living beings and for their well-being. The objective of this work is to evaluate the level of pollution of different drinking water sources consumed and its link with health in Pelengana commune, Mali. Samples of water were taken from various sources, namely, hand pumps, boreholes, dug wells, and shallow wells for physical, chemical, heavy metals, and bacteriological analyses, using American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Techniques. Results revealed that the nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−N) values of the water samples from the different water sources had concentrations exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (US-EPA) regulation of 10 mg/L, as well as World Health Organization Guideline for Drinking Water Quality (WHO GDWQ) (11 mg/L). The same applies to heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Fe, in which, concentrations exceed their allowable limits in certain locations. Moreover, apart from water samples from some different boreholes, total coliform, and Escherichia coli have been detected in all selected water sources, which indicates fecal contamination. In all, there is a pressing need to stop the consumption of drinking water from contaminated sources and to effect appropriate treatment.
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Khatiwada, N. R., S. Takizawa, T. V. N. Tran, and M. Inoue. "Groundwater contamination assessment for sustainable water supply in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0226.
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A study was carried out to assess the water quality situation of groundwater sources in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Groundwater has remained to be a major water supply source for a population of 1.5 million at present in the valley. The focus of this study was to evaluate the extent and sources of groundwater contamination. Water sampling was carried out in selected deep wells and shallow sources. The level of pollution was evaluated by comparing the water quality results with WHO guidelines. The major problems with the dug wells, hand pumps and spouts were found to be the elevated nitrate and mercury contents. The deep wells located on the central aquifer were found to have a serious threat of ammonia pollution. Deep wells were also found to have iron, manganese and mercury concentrations exceeding the guideline values. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to cluster the sampling sources and identify the common factors describing the potential sources and possible mechanisms associated with the contaminants. The results suggested that disintegration of the sediment organic matter under strong reducing environment leads to the origin of the unusual water qualities at the central confined aquifer. This process may be microbially mediated and occurs with the simultaneous reduction of species such as arsenic, iron, manganese and sulfate. Both natural and anthropogenic water quality problems were observed in the groundwater system of Kathmandu valley. Attention should be focused to consider distinct strategies to address these problems.
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Alexakis, Dimitrios E. "Linking DPSIR Model and Water Quality Indices to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals in Groundwater Resources." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (June 9, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020090.
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The achievement of sustainable development goals in groundwater resources related to water quality issues is a critical question in many regions. This study aims to combine powerful tools for helping stakeholders and policymakers achieve sustainable development goals in groundwater resources of agricultural areas. The DPSIR (Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response) model in combination with the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index and Groundwater Directive 2006/118/European Community—Threshold Values was applied using a hydrogeochemical dataset derived from the analysis of groundwater samples collected from 31 monitoring sites in an unconfined alluvial aquifer. Elevated Cl− (up to 423.2 mg L−1), NO3− (up to 180.1 mg L−1) concentration and electrical conductivity (up to 2037 μS cm−1) value are observed for groundwater samples of the study area. The outcome of the “One Out-All Out” procedure revealed that the groundwater in 42% of the monitored sites is unsuitable for drinking according to the health-based guideline values established by Directive 98/83/European Community. A difficulty to achieve targets under Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 6 in the study area is revealed. The proposed response actions are reported.
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McCoy, Edward L. "Commercial Amendments for Sand-based Root Zones: Review and Interpretation." HortTechnology 23, no. 6 (December 2013): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.6.803.
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Amendments used in sand-based root zones are typically native peats, composts, or inorganic materials of diverse mineralogy. Literature-based guidelines for amendment inclusion include root zone capillary porosity (CP) values exceeding 0.2 m3·m−3 or soil surface water contents exceeding 0.1 m3·m−3. It is also suggested that the cation exchange capacity (CEC) need not exceed 4 cmolc·kg−1. Summarizing published data, native peat added to a U.S. Golf Association (USGA) guideline sand yielding organic matter (OM) content values of ≈15 g·kg−1 would typically yield benchmark values of CP = 0.2 m3·m−3, surface water content = 0.1 m3·m−3, and CEC values between 3 and 4 cmolc·kg−1. This OM content is roughly equivalent to 15% by volume of a fibric sphagnum or 7.5% by volume of a hemic reed-sedge. By comparison 15% by volume of an inorganic amendment would likely result in CP and surface water content values less than the benchmark values, and CEC values between 1.5 and 4 cmolc·kg−1. However, the CP benchmark measured at 30 cm of soil water suction should be re-evaluated because it may bias against the use of biosolids compost and inorganic amendments that reduce the thickness of the capillary fringe and create a broader pore size distribution. Also a weak relationship has been observed between longer-term turfgrass quality and 30-cm CP values. Measurement of CP at 40-cm suction would be a better indication of water retention in sand-based root zones for all amendment types. Lastly, inorganic amendments produce a drier root zone that may be preferred for both playability and long-term agronomic concerns.
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Ghimire, Narayan Prasad, Nita Adhikari, Ramesh Raj Pant, and Sudeep Thakuri. "Characterizations Of Water Quality In West-Seti and Tamor River Basins, Nepal." Scientific World 14, no. 14 (February 17, 2021): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v14i14.35021.
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This study presents the geochemical composition and water quality of waters in the West-Seti and Tamor River basins in Nepal Himalaya with the aim to reveal their hydrochemical characteristics and to evaluate the water quality. Water samples were collected from 18 sites of the rivers in the pre-monsoon season and analysed the physicochemical parameters to characterize their quality. The parameters- temperature, pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids were measured in the field, while the major ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Si4+, SO42−, NO3−, HCO3−, Cl−, and F−) were analyzed in the laboratory. Overall results of physicochemical parameters revealed that the ionic strength is much distinct; however, the waters are chemically pure in both the river basins with very less electrical conductivity (<250 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (<120 mg/L). Bicarbonate (HCO3−) has a significant correlation with Ca2+ and Mg2+ suggesting carbonate rock weathering as the dominant geochemical process in both of the basins. The concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− in the water of the West-Seti is relatively higher than the waters in the Tamor River basin. Mostly, the geochemical facies of both the rivers are characterized by the Ca-Mg-HCO3- type (88.9%), with dominant carbonate dominated lithology. However, hydrochemical facies clearly suggested spatial discrimination between two basins with dominant geogenic signatures as Ca-SO4-Cl type water facies are also reported from the Tamor River basin. The results exhibited that the concentrations of measured parameters were relatively very low and within the WHO guideline values and currently under a safe level of the water quality for drinking and ecosystem health perspectives; however, further in-depth research is recommended in the periodic basis to assess traces of climate change imprints, and anthropogenic interferences for more consistent and reliable dataset. The findings of this study could be useful for the water quality management in the glacier-fed Himalayan River basins.
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Tiwari, Ananda, David M. Oliver, Aaron Bivins, Samendra P. Sherchan, and Tarja Pitkänen. "Bathing Water Quality Monitoring Practices in Europe and the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115513.
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Many countries including EU Member States (EUMS) and the United States (U.S.) regularly monitor the microbial quality of bathing water to protect public health. This study comprehensively evaluates the EU bathing water directive (BWD) and the U.S. recreational water quality criteria (RWQC) as regulatory frameworks for monitoring microbial quality of bathing water. The major differences between these two regulatory frameworks are the provision of bathing water profiles, classification of bathing sites based on the pollution level, variations in the sampling frequency, accepted probable illness risk, epidemiological studies conducted during the development of guideline values, and monitoring methods. There are also similarities between the two approaches given that both enumerate viable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as an index of the potential risk to human health in bathing water and accept such risk up to a certain level. However, enumeration of FIB using methods outlined within these current regulatory frameworks does not consider the source of contamination nor variation in inactivation rates of enteric microbes in different ecological contexts, which is dependent on factors such as temperature, solar radiation, and salinity in various climatic regions within their geographical areas. A comprehensive “tool-box approach”, i.e., coupling of FIB and viral pathogen indicators with microbial source tracking for regulatory purposes, offers potential for delivering improved understanding to better protect the health of bathers.
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Rosa, M. J., T. Cecílio, M. Ribau Teixeira, M. Viriato, R. Coelho, and H. Lucas. "Monitoring of hazardous substances at Alcantarilha's water treatment plant, Portugal." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2004): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0125.
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A monitoring programme of hazardous substances was implemented in Alcantarilha's water treatment plant (Algarve, Portugal) since 2002, in addition to the legally established monitoring of standard physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The objective of this programme was to ensure the drinking water quality regarding the waterborne disease organisms Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterovirus and cyanobacteria, and the potentially harmful chemicals aluminium, cyanotoxins, and disinfection by-products (THM) and their precursors (TOC, DOC, UV254 nm, SUVA). Most of these parameters are new and still not regulated by the Portuguese and the European legislation. Data presented in this study refer to the period of August 2002 to October 2003. Results show that, despite the seasonal variations of the raw water quality, concentrations of the hazardous substances in the supplied drinking water were far below the legal standards and the WHO's and EPA guideline values, demonstrating the high removal efficiencies of this treatment plant.
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Fischer, J. D., B. E. Apedaile, and L. K. Vanclief. "Seasonal Loadings of Atrazine and Metolachlor to a Southeastern Ontario River from Surface Runoff and Groundwater Discharge." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 533–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.041.
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Abstract The Payne River in the South Nation River basin in eastern Ontario was continuously sampled for atrazine and metolachlor from April to October during 1991 and 1992, using a modified Quality Environment Ltd. automatic liquid sampler. The objectives of the study were to determine weekly flow proportional concentrations and loadings to the river, and to assess loadings during dry weather periods for evidence of contributions from groundwater discharge. In 1992, samples were also analyzed for desethylatrazine, the predominant residue of atrazine. The site southeast of Ottawa represented a watershed area of 182 km2. The maximum concentration of atrazine were recorded for the weeks ending May 29, 1991 (0.83 µg/L), and July 30, 1992 (1.20 µg/L. These values were approximately half the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Freshwater Aquatic Life (2 µg/L). Maximum concentrations of metolachlor were also recorded for these dates. Values were 0.43 µg/L and 0.26 µg/L, respectively, well below the Canadian Water Quality Guideline of 8 µg/L for the Protection of Freshwater Aquatic Life. Discharge data were used to calculate weekly loadings from the watershed, and seasonal loadings were compared with the results of a pesticide usage survey. Atrazine loadings to the Payne River as a percentage of atrazine applied during both cropping seasons were the same (0.13%) despite different discharge patterns. Metolachlor loadings were similar for both years and less than the value for atrazine. In 1991, 0.01% of the metolachlor applied to the study area reached the river during that cropping season. The corresponding value for 1992 was 0.03%. Atrazine loadings associated with carry-over from the previous cropping season were an important factor during the study period. Observed atrazine loading before application in a given year exceeded the loading for the entire cropping season of that year. The compounds were also present in river water under dry weather conditions, suggesting that in addition to surface runoff, groundwater is also a significant source of pesticides to the Payne River.
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Epundu, Uzoamaka Ugochinyere, Echendu Dolly Adinma, Nkiru Nwamaka Ezeama, Benjamin Sunday Uzochukwu, Obed Chukwunonso Epundu, and Brian O. Ogbonna. "Assessment of the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of packaged water sold in Nnewi, South-East Nigeria: a population health risk assessment and preventive care study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174809.
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Background: Global statistics show that over 1.2 billion people do not have access to potable water and 70% of Nigerians lack access to potable water. Non-availability and/or lack of access to potable water predispose people to preventable life-threatening conditions. This study assessed the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of sachet and bottled water to generate evidence for planning, policy, and intervention.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional analytic study of the quality of packaged (sachet and bottled) drinking water obtained from consumer households. The potability status of the water samples was assessed by means of qualitative assessments and quantitative laboratory tests. The results were compared to guideline values stipulated by the Nigerian Industrial Standard for Potable Water, NIS 306:2008. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study period was from April 2016 to June 2016.Results: Of the 35.0 bottled water samples, 18.0 (51.4%), 21.0 (60.0%) and 17.0 (48.6%) had their production dates, expiry dates and batch numbers. All 65.0 (100.0%) samples appeared colourless to the naked eye and visible particles were present in 3.0 (4.6%) of the total water samples. The lead content of 7.0 (23.3%) sachet and 1.0 (2.9%) bottled sample exceeded the guideline value for lead. The pH of 16.0 (53.3%) sachet samples and 27.0 (77.1%) bottled samples fell below the recommended limits for pH. Escherichia coli was found in 4.0 (13.3%) and 15.0 (42.9%) of sachet and bottled water samples.Conclusions: The study suggested that sachet and bottled water sold in Nnewi have good physical qualities, but poor chemical and microbiological qualities. More of the microbiological contaminant (E. coli) was present in the bottled water than the sachet water.
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Veal, Cameron James, Catherine Neelamraju, T. Wolff, A. Watkinson, D. Shillito, and A. Canning. "Managing cyanobacterial toxin risks to recreational users: a case study of inland lakes in South East Queensland." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (December 8, 2017): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.233.
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Abstract The management of inland waterways to protect recreational users from cyanotoxin exposure is complicated by the common management practice of using proxy indicators of cyanotoxin production (cell counts and biovolumes of potentially toxin species), rather than the cyanotoxin itself. This widely accepted practice is further complicated by a lack of advisory guidelines for non-microcystin-producing cyanotoxins. This study has investigated the effectiveness of this management approach over five and a half years, monitoring 65 different sites in South East Queensland using phycological and toxin-analysis. This study concluded that cell counts of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the most common potentially toxin producing species of cyanobacteria in South East Queensland's inland lakes, was a poor proxy indicator for cylindrospermopsin toxin production. Seqwater, the local water authority responsible for the management of recreational access to drinking water storage lakes, initiated an alternative management approach for recreational cyanobacterial water quality management in December 2016. This new approach is based on cyanobacterial toxin guideline values for five different cyanotoxins, with closures and warning notices issued based on the actual cyanotoxin concentration, not the proxy indicator. We encourage other recreational water management authorities consider this approach to manage recreational access in the future.
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Dandadzi, Pardon, Zvikomborero Hoko, and Tamuka Nhiwatiwa. "Investigating the occurrence of algae in the drinking water supply system of Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.102.
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Abstract This study assessed the quality of drinking water in the water supply system for the City of Harare (Zimbabwe) by investigating the occurrence of algae and other water quality parameters that affect its growth. At Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works (MJWTWs), samples were collected from the raw water inlet and treated water outlet points. In the distribution system, samples were collected from selected sites and grouped into four zones (1, 2, 3 and 4). The algal taxonomic groups that were found in both raw and treated water comprised of Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae. It was found out that Microcystis aeruginosa followed by Anabaena were the most abundant species in both raw water and in the distribution system. All measured water quality parameters were within the Standards Association of Zimbabwe and WHO guideline values except for chlorine which had an average residual chlorine concentration that was lower than the WHO recommended lower value of 0.2 mg/L in parts of Zone 2. Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works does not completely remove algae, and there is a carry-over of algae into the distribution system. Boosting of chlorine is recommended for Zone 2 that had residual chlorine less than the WHO minimum threshold of 0.2 mg/L.
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Kleinhenz, Linda S., Christopher L. Humphrey, Thomas J. Mooney, Melanie A. Trenfield, Rick A. van Dam, Dayanthi Nugegoda, and Andrew J. Harford. "Chronic ammonia toxicity to juveniles of 2 tropical Australian freshwater mussels ( Velesunio spp.): Toxicity test optimization and implications for water quality guideline values." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 38, no. 4 (March 7, 2019): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.4370.
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Albratty, Mohamed, Ismail Arbab, Hassan Alhazmi, Ibraheem Attafi, and Abdul Al-Rajab. "Icp-Ms Determination of Trace Metals in Drinking Water Sources in Jazan Area, Saudi Arabia." Current World Environment 12, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 06–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.1.02.
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Requisite reference facts about essential elements in treated and plastic bottled drinking water is usually mentioned on the products. However, more information is sometime crucial regarding trace elements in treated, bottled and other sources of drinking water such as tap water to evaluate their quality. This study is aimed to evaluate drinking water quality in the main governorates (Jazan, Sabya and Abu Arish) of Jazan province located in the South-Western region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This is the first such study carried out in Jazan city so that the research team can come out with valuable recommendations in the issue. The research team has collected a sum of 68 water samples from different sources comprising hospitals (treated tap water), stations for drinking water treatment (large blue bottles of drinking water) and bottled drinking water (purchased from local markets). Using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the concentrations of 20 elements were determined. The physiochemical parameters of water samples were measured. All parameters were within the recommended limits of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) and Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization (GSO, 2008). Trace and major elements were found to be below the standard guideline values , except for uranium in some tap water samples. This preliminary study will significantly improve the awareness and knowledge among the society about the drinking water quality in Jazan area.
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Scriven, R. J., S. K. Ouki, A. S. Doggart, and M. J. Bauer. "The impact of physico-chemical water treatment on a novel flotation/filtration process." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0658.
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Recent research explored the application of mechanical flocculation ahead of a novel flotation/filtration process (Counter Current Dissolved Air Flotation/Filtration - COCO DAFFTM) and compared it to the process performance seen when hydraulic flocculation was used. The energy input to the system, expressed in terms of the mean velocity gradient, G (s−1), and retention time, t, were used as a guideline for comparison between the two types of flocculation. Generally, better COCO DAFFTM performance resulted from using mechanical flocculation as against that using hydraulic flocculation. High G values (in excess of 80 s−1) were found to give best results, as opposed to values of 30-60 s−1 utilised ahead of conventional treatment. The effect of flocculation contact time on the COCO DAFFTM process was also studied. Current design practice typically utilises 20-30 minutes flocculation contact time. It was found that process performance, in terms of water quality, did not deteriorate excessively if the contact time was reduced to as little as 2 minutes, but filter run times were found to be proportional to contact time.
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Spinks, Jean, Suzanne Phillips, Priscilla Robinson, and Paul Van Buynder. "Bushfires and tank rainwater quality: A cause for concern?" Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0001.
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In early 2003, after a prolonged drought period, extensive bushfires occurred in the east of Victoria affecting 1.5 million hectares of land. At the time, smoke and ash from bushfires, settling on roofs, contained pollutants that could potentially contaminate rainwater collected and stored in tanks for domestic use. The major concerns include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from incomplete combustion of organic matter and arsenic from burnt copper chrome arsenate (CCA) treated wood. An increase in microbial contamination through altered nutrient levels was also hypothesised. A pilot study of 49 rainwater tank owners was undertaken in north-east Victoria. A rainwater tank sample was taken and analysed for a variety of parameters including organic compounds, microbiological indicators, metals, nutrients and physico-chemical parameters. A survey was administered concurrently. A number of results were outside the Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) values for metals and microbiological indicator organisms, but not for any tested organic compounds. PAHs and arsenic are unlikely to be elevated in rainwater tanks as a result of bushfires, but cadmium may be of concern.
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Gautam, Bikram, Gaumani Gyanwali, and David Wayne Ussery. "Assessment of Bacterial Load in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottled Water Marketed in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (January 12, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6681249.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, we are having mixed feelings regarding the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for storing water. The aim of this study is to determine any associations between bacterial load and the physical condition of the water bottle. For this study, bottled water was purchased, and parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliform count, and Pseudomonas spp. count were determined as per the American Public Health Association, 2005. The pH value of water samples tested ranged from 5.2 to 6.8. The majority of samples (96%) were found to contain pH values that were unacceptable as per the Department of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC) guideline. Value of electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 5 to 199 μS/cm. HPC revealed that, out of 100 samples, 48 (48%) samples were found to be acceptable as per the DFTQC guideline value (<25 cfu/mL). Among 100 samples, Pseudomonas spp. was found to be present in 23% of bottled water. Acidic pH and elevated concentrations of TDS and EC may lead to the survival of extremophiles present in HPC which may lead to degradation of PET. Extremophile bacteria that survive in bottled water for a long time rely on several survival mechanisms including evolutionary development (evo-devo) and solely survive on complex polymers like PET.
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Godfrey, Sam, Pawan Labhasetwar, Tapas Chakma, Satish Wate, Aditya Swami, and Jamie Bartram. "Assessing and managing fluorosis risk in children and adults in rural Madhya Pradesh, India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.101.
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This paper presents the application of quantitative chemical risk assessment for assessing and managing fluorosis in 19 schools and 6 villages in Madhya Pradesh, India. A longitudinal study was undertaken with a baseline survey in 2005 and an endline in 2007. Household surveys, water quality and food analysis were undertaken to measure the impact of an Integrated Fluorosis Mitigation programme that included water and nutritional interventions. The baseline survey indicated a maximum fluoride content of 7.8 mg/l in food and 3.7 mg/l in water, equating to a maximum fluoride uptake of 4.8 and 3.7 mg/l in food and water respectively. Mean (actual) daily intake of fluoride for all exposure routes was 0.4 mg/kg of combined adult and child body weight. Intake of fluoride through food was more than 40% of total intake. Calculated guideline values for age groups <18 years and >18 years were 1.7 and 1.9 mg/l respectively. Using WHO methodology, the Guideline Value would be 1.7 mg/l. Fluoride dilution was implemented to reduce the fluoride content to below this level. The endline survey indicated reduction in the prevalence of grade 1 fluorosis of 86%, of grade 2 of 77%, of grade 4 of 60% in all children examined.
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Desye, Belay, Biniam Belete, Zinabu Asfaw Gebrezgi, and Tsegaye Terefe Reda. "Efficiency of Treatment Plant and Drinking Water Quality Assessment from Source to Household, Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (May 29, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9974064.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Access to safe drinking water is essential to health, and it is a basic human right. However, drinking water treatment plant efficiency and its water quality are not well investigated in low-income countries including Ethiopia. Methods. A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 75 water samples. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22 to generate descriptive statistics, and one-way ANOVA was used to test statistically significant difference. Results. Physicochemical qualities of the water samples from tap water sources were found to be pH (6.88 ± 0.05), turbidity (5.15 ± 0.006 NTU), electrical conductivity (170.6 ± 0.1 μS/cm), residual chlorine (0.19 ± 0.003 mg/L), and fluoride (1.17 ± 0.009 mg/L). The removal efficiency of turbidity, total hardness, and nitrate was found to be 94.4%, 52.3%, and 88.7%, respectively. Removal efficiency of the treatment plant for total coliforms up to 91.6% (15 ± 0.26 CFU/100 mL in tap water) and faecal coliforms up to 99% (1.51 ± 0.03 CFU/100 mL in tap water) was recorded. Parameters of pH, temperature, and faecal coliform were statistically significant different at p < 0.05 in tap water source. The overall efficiency of the treatment plant (68.5%) and the water quality index (76) were recorded. Conclusion. Based on the results, some of the investigated parameters of water quality (turbidity, residual chlorine, total coliform, and faecal coliform) were found to be not within the permissible limits of WHO guideline values for drinking water quality. The water quality index of the water samples was categorized under good water quality. To adequately treat drinking water and improve the treatment plant, adequate preliminary treatments like screening to reduce the incoming organic loading, proper chlorination of the drinking water system, and frequent monitoring and maintenance of the treatment plant system are required.
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Sriboonnak, Sornsiri, Phacharapol Induvesa, Suraphong Wattanachira, Pharkphum Rakruam, Adisak Siyasukh, Chayakorn Pumas, Aunnop Wongrueng, and Eakalak Khan. "Trihalomethanes in Water Supply System and Water Distribution Networks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179066.
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The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in natural and treated water from water supply systems is an urgent research area due to the carcinogenic risk they pose. Seasonal effects and pH have captured interest as potential factors affecting THM formation in the water supply and distribution systems. We investigated THM occurrence in the water supply chain, including raw and treated water from water treatment plants (coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ClO2-disinfection processes, and distribution pipelines) in the Chiang Mai municipality, particularly the educational institute area. The effects of two seasons, rainy (September–November 2019) and dry (December 2019–February 2020), acted as surrogates for the water quality profile and THM occurrence. The results showed that humic acid was the main aromatic and organic compound in all the water samples. In the raw water sample, we found a correlation between surrogate organic compounds, including SUVA and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R2 = 0.9878). Four species of THMs were detected, including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. Chloroform was the dominant species among the THMs. The highest concentration of total THMs was 189.52 μg/L. The concentration of THMs tended to increase after chlorination when chlorine dioxide and organic compounds reacted in water. The effect of pH on the formation of TTHMs was also indicated during the study. TTHM concentrations trended lower with a pH ≤ 7 than with a pH ≥ 8 during the sampling periods. Finally, in terms of health concerns, the concentration of TTHMs was considered safe for consumption because it was below the standard (<1.0) of WHO’s Guideline Values (GVs).