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Academic literature on the topic 'Water quality guideline values'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Water quality guideline values"

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Negri, Andrew P., Rachael A. Smith, Olivia King, Julius Frangos, Michael St J. Warne, and Sven Uthicke. "Adjusting Tropical Marine Water Quality Guideline Values for Elevated Ocean Temperatures." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05961.

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Festus Biosengazeh, Nchofua, Njoyim Estella Buleng Tamungang, Mofor Nelson Alakeh, and Mvondo-ze Antoine david. "Analysis and Water Quality Control of Alternative Sources in Bangolan, Northwest Cameroon." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (May 25, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5480762.

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This research focused on the quality of domestic water in Bangolan, Northwest Cameroon, in order to ascertain its potability based on World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Inhabitants of this locality, as well as others in rural areas, consume water from these sources without any prior treatment which can lead to contamination and infections. Sampling was conducted, and physicochemical and bacteriological properties of ten water sources were examined in November 2017 and January, April, and July 2018 using standard methods. The results showed that the sampled water sources were moderately acidic to weakly basic falling within the WHO specification. The values of electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were low, suggesting low mineralised waters which could lead to a shortage of essential mineral elements in humans. Water turbidity was high in July, attributable to the rains. Major ions analysed fell within the WHO guideline values except iron and aluminium, whose values fell above guideline values in both seasons due to the nature of the soils. Faecal coliforms were found in all the sources, and specific bacteria identified were Escherichia coli, Enterobacteria, Streptococcus, Salmonella, and Shigella spp., suggesting recent contamination by faecal matter due to poor hygienic conditions, and hence, treatment was recommended. Statistical analyses revealed significant influence of heavy rains on most water parameters (p<0.05). Health data in the locality revealed 1389 cases of water-borne diseases, namely, typhoid, diarrhoea, and dysentery between 2016 and 2017 necessitating control.
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Lévesque, Benoit, and Denis Gauvin. "Microbiological Guideline Values for Recreational Bathing in Canada: Time for Change?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 18, no. 2 (2007): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/180308.

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Recreational bathing is an activity practiced by thousands of Canadians every year. While its health benefits are numerous, bathing in polluted water can also be a source of health problems. These problems are generally nonspecific and are difficult to detect through usual health monitoring systems. Most involve ear and eye ailments, febrile respiratory illness and, particularly, gastroenteritis. In 1992, Health Canada recommended microbiological guideline values for recreational water quality. The values are based on the presence of fecal indicator bacteria, namely, enterococci for marine water, andEscherichia colior fecal coliforms for fresh water. In marine water, the guideline value is set at 35 enterococci/100 mL, while in fresh water, the standard is 200E coli/100 mL or 200 fecal coliforms/100 mL when experience demonstrates that over 90% of the fecal coliforms areE coli. Notwithstanding certain variances, many Canadian provinces apply these guidelines. However, in Ontario, the guideline is 100E coli/100 mL. Over the past several years, many epidemiological studies, including randomized clinical trials, have examined the relationship between bathing in polluted water and ensuing health problems. On review of this literature, the Canadian guideline values for marine water seems appropriate, but scientific evidence argues toward lowering the Canadian guideline values for fresh water to 100E coli/100 mL, in line with the standard currently in effect in Ontario.
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Tibby, J., J. Richards, J. J. Tyler, C. Barr, J. Fluin, and P. Goonan. "Diatom–water quality thresholds in South Australian streams indicate a need for more stringent water quality guidelines." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 8 (2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19065.

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Water quality guidelines are an important tool that guide stream protection. In South Australia, as in other Australian states, guidelines have been set using statistical properties of physical and chemical stressors in reference streams. Given that water quality guidelines are designed to protect ecosystems, biologically based guidelines are more desirable. In this context, we investigated diatom–water quality relationships in South Australian streams. Our analysis focused on electrical conductivity (EC) and total phosphorus (TP), which explained significant variance in diatom assemblages. Threshold indicator taxa analysis was conducted to determine thresholds of diatom community change along EC and TP gradients. There were significant declines in the relative abundance of sensitive species at an EC of ~280μScm–1 and a TP concentration of 30μgL–1. The TP threshold is considerably lower than the trigger value in South Australia’s guidelines (100μgTPL–1). The change in species composition in relation to EC is considerably lower than the upper limit of the water quality guidelines (which range from 100 to 5000μScm–1). Hence, particularly in the case of TP, but also for EC, the current water quality guideline trigger values are too high in South Australia, and indeed in other temperate Australian states.
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van Dam, Joost W., Melanie A. Trenfield, Claire Streten, Andrew J. Harford, David Parry, and Rick A. van Dam. "Water quality guideline values for aluminium, gallium and molybdenum in marine environments." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 26 (July 11, 2018): 26592–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2702-y.

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Charles, K. J., N. J. Ashbolt, D. J. Roser, R. McGuinness, and D. A. Deere. "Effluent quality from 200 on-site sewage systems: design values for guidelines." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0363.

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The quality of effluent from an on-site sewage treatment system is a critical factor in designing the disposal area and, hence, ensuring the sustained performance of the system. Contaminant concentrations in effluent are typically specified in regulatory guidelines or standards; however, the accuracy of these guideline values are brought into question due to the poor performance of septic tanks and the high failure rates of disposal systems reported here and elsewhere. Results from studies of septic tank effluent quality indicated that the effluent is of poorer quality than currently suggested by guidelines. Aerated wastewater treatment systems were found to perform to accreditation guidelines; however, insufficient nutrient data is presently available to assess nutrient loads. It is proposed that the 80th percentile of system performance be adopted as the design value for sizing effluent disposal areas to minimise failure associated with overloading. For septic tanks this equates to 660 mg L−1 SS, 330 mg L−1 BOD, 250 mg L−1 TN and 36 mg L−1 TP.
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Escher, Beate I., Peta A. Neale, and Frederic D. L. Leusch. "Effect-based trigger values for in vitro bioassays: Reading across from existing water quality guideline values." Water Research 81 (September 2015): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.049.

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Maharjan, Sujan, Tista Prasai Joshi, and Sujen Man Shrestha. "Poor Quality of Treated Water in Kathmandu: Comparison with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 5 (September 26, 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v5i0.22319.

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Objectives: In order to evaluate the quality assurance of drinking water in Kathmandu valley, this study analyzed selected physiochemical and microbial parameters of treated water samples and compared with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). Methods: Treated water samples were collected from all over the Kathmandu valley and analyzed in terms of physicochemical and microbiological parameters over the period of one year from July 2017 to July 2018. The physio-chemical parameters of water samples were performed according to standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The total coliforms were enumerated by standard membrane filtration technique. Results: We report that microbiological aspect of treated water was the major problem as 66% of the water samples crossed the guideline value for total coliform count. Above 92% of jar water samples, 77% of tanker water samples and 69% of filtered water samples had the total coliform count exceeding the NDWQS. Moreover, 20% of bottled water was contaminated by coliform bacteria. Iron and ammonia content were found to be higher than the guideline values in 16% and 21% of the total treated water samples respectively. Analyzing the types of treated water samples showed that 35% and 15% of tanker water samples had higher ammonia and iron content respectively, and the same parameters were higher in 23% and 19% in the filtered water samples respectively than the standard criteria recommended by NDWQS. Conclusion: The treated water samples exceed the standard values set by NDWQS and hence had poor quality. The presence of faecal pollution indicating coliform bacteria was the key problem for treated drinking water of Kathmandu valley. Therefore, monitoring and proper treatment of water should be conducted to prevent dissemination of waterborne diseases.
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Moldovan, Ana, Maria-Alexandra Hoaghia, Eniko Kovacs, Ionuț Cornel Mirea, Marius Kenesz, Răzvan Adrian Arghir, Alexandru Petculescu, Erika Andrea Levei, and Oana Teodora Moldovan. "Quality and Health Risk Assessment Associated with Water Consumption—A Case Study on Karstic Springs." Water 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 3510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123510.

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In rural areas without centralized water supply systems, inhabitants often use groundwater of unknown quality as drinking water, without understanding the possible negative consequences on their health. Karstic spring waters from Dobrogea region in Romania were assessed for their potential to be used as drinking water source, according to their quality and seasonal variation. The physico-chemical parameters of waters were compared with the guideline values for drinking water established by the World Health Organization and the Directive 98/83/EC. The nitrate and Cr concentrations exceeded the guideline value in the springs from Southern Dobrogea, but met the quality criteria in those from Northern Dobrogea, thus, to be used as drinking water, the karstic springs located in Southern Dobrogea require treatment for nitrates removal. Heavy metals pollution indices showed low to medium cumulative heavy metal pollution in all springs, while the human health risk assessment by oral exposure indicated possible noncarcinogenic risks of nitrates, both for adults and children in springs from South Dobrogea. A rigorous monitoring of the water quality before human consumption is recommended for all four studied water sources.
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Thomas, K., E. McBean, and H. M. Murphy. "Drinking water quality for peri-urban residents in Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (June 8, 2013): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.126.

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Piped distribution systems are limited to major urban centres in Cambodia, leaving the residents of peri-urban communities to rely on a variety of surface, rain and groundwater sources for their drinking water supplies. This paper examines microbial water quality results from two of Phnom Penh's peri-urban communities, and describes relationships between water source and treatment type, study site and storage vessel, relative to water quality guidelines. Treating water by boiling was a common practice, although the majority of residents indicated using boiling times far greater than required, which may impact adoption rates. A statistical difference is described between boiled water by source type, with boiled shallow well water having elevated E. coli levels. The only household drinking water type that met WHO guidelines most of the time was boiled rain or tank (vendor) water (56%); boiled rain or tank (vendor) water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler or bucket with spigot met guideline values 69, 43 and 60% of the time, respectively. The highest quality water is from boiled rain or tank (vendor) water taken directly from a kettle. The findings described provide some insight on how to prioritize water options for various uses.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water quality guideline values"

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Hack, L. A. "Development and validation of the marine benthic copepod Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator to monitor estuarine environmental health." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/307.

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Studies in the USA have reported that species of meiobenthic copepods can be used as bioindicators of sediment-associated contaminants. The main objective of this research project was to develop and validate methods to assess the effects of estuarine pollution, using the marine benthic copepod Robertsonia propinqua as a bioindicator of environmental health in New Zealand intertidal / estuarine areas. Cultures of R. propinqua were set up and maintained in the laboratory and individuals used in 96h acute and full life-cycle chronic bioassays using the pre-selected contaminants atrazine and zinc sulphate. From the 96h acute experiments it was found that the lethal doses at which 50% mortality occurred (LC50) for exposed nauplii and adult individuals were 7.5 mg/L and 31.8 mg/L, respectively for atrazine and 1.7 mg/L and 2.7 mg/L, respectively for zinc sulphate. This indicated that the nauplii life stage was more sensitive than were the adult life stages for exposure to both contaminants. Based on the 'trigger' values reported (atrazine = 0.013 mg/L, zinc = 0.015 mg/L) in the Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality, which provide values at which concentrations of contaminants can occur in the environment before they begin causing effects on aquatic fauna, it is unlikely that the calculated LC50s in the current research will induce biological effects in exposed copepods in the short-term. The calculated LC50 results were then used to further investigate the effects of chronic exposure of sediment-associated contaminants on the complete life-cycle (egg-reproductive adult) of R. propinqua. In a laboratory-based full life-cycle toxicity test, field-collected sediments from polluted sites in the Auckland and Bay of Plenty regions reduced reproductive output (nauplii and copepodite production) of R. propinqua individuals, but the number of males and females, gravid females, clutch size per female and the number of eggs produced were not affected by either the polluted or non-polluted (reference) sediment samples from both field regions. Field investigations of meiofauna community composition in polluted and non-polluted field sites were carried out in 2004 in the Auckland and Bay of Plenty field regions in New Zealand. Greater sediment organic content and a correspondingly deeper redox potential discontinuity layer occurred in all polluted field sites compared with the non-polluted sites. However, species composition could not be used to characterise polluted and non-polluted sites, as there were no dominant taxa which were representative of these sites. The results presented in this thesis indicate that R. propinqua has strong potential to be a good candidate species as a bioindicator of environmental contamination. Furthermore, the full life-cycle toxicity test could be used as a rapid test to detect immediate changes in individual reproduction and development as well as long-term population effects. The technologies developed as part of this research may eventually provide additional tools for commercial environmental consultancies and may compliment existing standard operating procedures for environmental assessments involving pollution of estuarine ecosystems.
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Bedell, Willie B. "CAPITALIZATION OF GREEN SPACE AND WATER QUALITY INTO RESIDENTIAL HOUSING VALUES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/63.

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This thesis investigates how proximity to parks, historic district designations, and water quality are valued at residential housing prices. The first essay argues that the negative influences of parks and historic districts, if not noticed, could promote negative externalities and unincentivized investments. I find a negative impact on housing values for a close proximity to a park, suggesting disamenities in park features. When the boundary discontinuity and park amenities are considered, I find a positive valuation for a park. Overall, these results imply a mixed influence of parks on homeowners. From the historic district standpoint, I find a positive valuation of the local historic districts over the surrounding neighborhoods. The latter findings indicate that the benefits of locally designated areas outweigh the negative impacts. The second essay researches a probable lead risk in the water supply on the residential market. I argue strongly for the possibility of hidden-type information relative to lead in water supplies. I find that the influence of lead risk in their water supply is not statistically significant. The test for asymmetric information validates the expectation that homes in the relatively high lead-risk neighborhoods might not be informed of the level of lead-risk in their water supply.
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Borisova-Kidder, Ayuna. "Meta-analytical estimates of values of environmental services enhanced by government agricultural conservation programs." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1141755971.

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Mosoa, Moleboheng Wilhelmina. "Assessment of approaches to determine the water quality status of South African catchments." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33159.

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The paradigm shift in water quality management of South African water resources was based on current international trends. This significant move was from a previous emphasis on source management to a focus on finding a balance between water resource protection and water use. The current approach requires that water quality and quantity should be maintained for sustainable functioning of both the natural aquatic environment and socioeconomic development. This approach has placed the assessment of water quality status as a key decision tool in water quality management. Various assessment tools have been utilized to quantify the quality of South African water resources. In this study we assessed the compatibility of some of the methodologies that have been used in the Department of Water Affairs to determine and report on the water quality status of the resource. During the assessment the context and manner in which these methodologies can be utilized in water quality management were also addressed The Compliance Evaluation and Fitness for use categorization methodologies are both used to describe the water quality threshold of potential concern when dealing with the resource. Compliance Evaluation methodology uses a pass or fail assessment, while the Fitness for use categorization methodology uses a scaled approach allowing for the assessment of gradual change in the system. The out puts of these two methodologies, the Resource Water Quality Objectives and Fitness for use categories/ classes have both been used in the department as benchmarks to describe the current water quality status The assessment of the two methodologies indicated that there are similarities in the approaches and the principles behind the two processes. The observation of the results, however, indicated differences in the manner of presentation of the results, the interpretation of the outcome and in how water quality management measures that needs to be implemented are linked. Both methodologies are easy to apply when conducting water quality status assessments. However, the two methodologies are not sufficient on their own when making decisions on water quality management. It was concluded that although the compliance evaluation methodology can play a pivotal role when setting end of pipe standards, the process needs to consider the gradual changes of water quality in the river system in order to enable instigation of different water quality management measures at appropriate levels. Further it was recommended that with some modification the two approaches can be applied to assess water quality to support adequate water quality management decisions at various levels.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
Unrestricted
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Ng, Sing-keung, and 伍升強. "Evaluation of recreational values of coastal areas for secondary: contact activities in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255966.

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Cervi, Eduardo Cimino. "Avaliação da qualidade de sedimentos do reservatório Billings-SP por meio de linhas de evidências químicas e ecotoxicológicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-29052017-155244/.

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O Complexo Billings é o maior reservatório de água da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Devido a sua importância estratégica e à degradação da qualidade de suas águas e sedimentos, a represa foi e continua sendo alvo de muitas pesquisas. No entanto, os valores-guia da qualidade de sedimentos (VGQS) adotados pelas normas nacionais vigentes, usualmente aplicados nestes estudos, baseiam-se na abordagem canadense Threshold Effect Level/Probable Effect Level (TEL/PEL), e sua interpretação quanto aos efeitos tóxicos podem divergir dos países que as originaram. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial tóxico de contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos na água e nos sedimentos do reservatório Billings por meio da utilização de diferentes VGQS empíricos e teóricos e ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Uma abordagem multi-tarefas foi conduzida através de avaliações em campo e em laboratório envolvendo extensas caracterizações químicas, físicas e toxicológicas ao longo de dez pontos do reservatório. Em cada local, os parâmetros de qualidade da água superficial foram monitorados in situ. Amostras de sedimento integral, água intersticial e superficial foram coletadas para a avaliação das propriedades físicas e químicas nestes locais, como granulometria e carbono orgânico total (COT). Os teores de sulfetos volatilizáveis por acidificação (SVA) e os metais extraídos simultaneamente (MES) foram obtidos nas amostras de sedimento integral, assim como as concentrações totais de metais (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn) e contaminantes orgânicos (pesticidas organoclorados e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos polinucleares). Os contaminantes foram então comparados a diferentes linhas de evidências (LDE), dentre elas VGQS empíricos (TEL/PEL, LEL/SEL e VRR), VGQS baseados na teoria do Equilíbrio de Partição (EqP) e ensaios ecotoxicológicos com as espécies Daphnia magna e Hyalella azteca em água superficial e sedimento integral, respectivamente. As concentrações de metais nas águas superficial e intersticial do reservatório foram relativamente baixas e ausentes de efeitos crônicos ou agudos pelos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Os teores de SVA foram superiores aos de MES quando normatizados pela fração COT. Embora a LDE baseada em EqP tenha sugerido a ausência de toxicidade nos sedimentos do reservatório Billings, a mesma ocorreu nos pontos Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira. Os resultados dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos demonstraram efeitos agudos para Hyalella azteca, com sobrevivência dos organismos de 32,5 ± 6,57% e 45 ± 5,77% nos pontos Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira, respectivamente. Efeitos crônicos também foram observados para a espécie H. azteca em ambos os pontos. Os valores de biomassa individuais dos anfípodas foram afetadas quando comparadas ao Controle (0,072 ± 0,01 mg), com valores de 0,032 ± 0,01 mg e 0,031 ± 0,01 mg no Braço do Rio Grande e Barragem de Pedreira, respectivamente. A utilização dos VGQS empíricos TEL/PEL e os Valores de Referência Regionais demonstraram ser eficazes para predição de efeitos tóxicos, visto que as concentrações dos metais Cu, Cr, Ni, e Zn presentes nos sedimentos superaram o limiar PEL em vários pontos do reservatório, indicando uma alta probabilidade de efeitos adversos à biota, comprovada pelos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. As concentrações dos pesticidas organoclorados mirex e DDT encontram-se acima de TEL, enquanto o DDE, mais persistente, demonstrou uma alta probabilidade de ocorrência de efeitos tóxicos (acima de PEL). Embora o EqP não tenha sido eficaz na predição dos efeitos tóxicos, foi imprescindível para compreender a dinâmica dos metais no reservatório, visto que os elevados teores de sulfetos e COT demonstram ser os responsáveis pelo equilíbrio dos metais neste ambiente. Dessa forma, a combinação de VGQS empíricos e teóricos pode - de maneira não regulatória - ser considerada uma solução efetiva e de baixo-custo para a tomada de decisão sobre locais passivos de contaminação.
The Billings Complex is the largest water-storage facility in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Due to its strategic importance and the deterioration in its water quality over time, the Billings reservoir was and remains subject of many researches. However, the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) adopted in Brazil and usually applied in these studies are based on the Canadian Threshold Effect Level/Probable Effect Level (TEL/PEL) and may not suitably predict ecotoxicological effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds in the overlying water, pore water and bedded sediments of the Billings reservoir through several SQGs and toxicological tests. A laboratory and field assessment was conducted involving extensive physical, chemical, and toxicological characterizations within ten stations of the Billings reservoir. At each sampling station, water quality parameters (pH, redox, DO, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature) were measured in depth (intervals of 1 meter). Bedded surface sediment, sediment pore water, and overlying water were collected to assess the physical and chemical properties at these sites, such as particle size and total organic carbon (TOC). Sediment samples were analyzed for acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extractable metals (SEM), total metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and organic contaminants (organochlorine pesticides and semivolatile organic compounds). Empirical (TEL/PEL, RRV, and LEL/SEL) and mechanistic (AVS/SEM) SQGs approaches were applied and compared with 10-d toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca for overlying water and bedded sediment, respectively. Metals in the overlying and pore water were at a relatively low concentrations and absent of chronic or acute effects. AVS concentrations was greater then SEM in every station of the reservoir, therefore suggesting the absence of toxicity. However, Hyalella azteca post-exposure survival was affected in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations (32,5 ± 6,57% and 45 ± 5,77%, respectively). Relative growth rates were also affected in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations (0,032 ± 0,01 mg and 0,031 ± 0,01 mg) when compared to Control (0,072 ± 0,01 mg). Empirical (TEL/PEL, RRV, and LEL/SEL) guidelines were more suitable for toxicity prediction. Several stations exhibit metal concentrations for Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn higher than the Canadian PEL adopted in Brazil. Organic compounds such as mirex and DDT were above TEL. Persistent DDT metabolite p,p\'-DDE were above PEL in both Rio Grande branch and Pedreira Dam stations. Although EqP was not suitable for toxicity prediction, it was important for understanding the role of sulfides and TOC for metal contamination in the reservoir. Therefore, the adoption of both empirically and mechanistic SQGs for sediment quality assessments can provide a more accurate and low cost alternative for sediment management decisions.
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Chvatík, Štěpán. "Asynchronní motor s vnějším rotorem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377075.

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Yang, Fang-Mao, and 楊芳茂. "Methods for imputing missing values in water quality database of wastewater treatment plant." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92984177876761269998.

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碩士
立德大學
資源環境研究所
95
Water qualities of the wastewater treatment plant are completely affected by its operation conditions. And thus, with regard to imputing missing values of water qualities, it's impossible to process data by simply considering the data itself and, instead by taking into account of operation conditions. An appropriate way for imputing missing values both with the statistics?{ Principal Components Analysis and computing instrument?{ Artificial Neural Networks, PCA + ANN, was developed in this study. The developed method of PCA + ANN will be used for imputing missing values in water quality database of wastewater treatment plant. Three years' data of operating and experimental water quality of the wastewater treatment plants located at the industrial park in southern Taiwan was applied in this study. Firstly, 10 variables (inflow rate, influent COD and SS concentration, MLSS, SVI, F/M ratio, HRT, COD volumetric loading rate, SRT, and pH) related operational conditions of the activated sludge system were conducted with PCA. Four principal factors?{ “water quality factor”, “water volume factor”, “MLSS factor”, and “SVI and aeration basin COD volumetric loading factor”, each combined with the 10 variables, were then simplified. Secondly, ANN training task was performed by inputting the four principal factors integrated from 720 datasets of COD and SS beforehand, and followed by ANN simulation with 180 datasets of COD and SS. Finally, to verify the simulating results, both relative coefficient (R) and relative error between experimental data and results simulated by PCA + ANN were compared with those of simulating by ANN, linear interpolation method (LIM), periodical average method (PAM). The results were shown as follows: R values of COD (= 0.736) and SS (= 0.751) by using PCA + ANN method were respectively higher than those simulated by ANN with inputting 10 variables (= 0.685 and 0.653, respectively), ANN with 4 variables?{ SVI, F/M ratio, SRT, and COD volumetric loading (= 0.666 and 0.627, respectively), LIM (= 0.723 and 0.748, respectively), and PAM (= 0.722 and 0.741, respectively). The relative errors of COD (= 0.1%) and SS (= 9.9%) by using PCA + ANN method were respectively lower than those of 2.1% and 10.4% by ANN (inputting 10 variables), 1.4% and 10.1% by ANN (inputting 4 variables), 0.7% and 12.7% by LIM, and 0.7% and 65.8% by PAM. Accordingly, PCA + ANN method should be superior in imputing missing values in water quality database of wastewater treatment plant.
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Perna, Colton Nicholas. "Impacts of agriculture and restoration of the habitat values, water quality and fish assemblages of a tropical floodplain." 2003. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1354/1/01front.pdf.

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Fish assemblages in two floodplain sub-catchments of the Burdekin River, north Queensland, were examined over two years, in relation to habitat condition water quality and the effects of habitat rehabilitation. The main study sites were located along Sheep Station Ck and Warren’s Gully which are overflow channels or sub-catchments of the Burdekin delta. Artificially high flows are maintained in these streams as water from the Burdekin River is pumped through them to supply downstream irrigation needs. In general, the study sites were moderately to highly impacted by riparian clearing, modified flow regimes and weed infestations. Weed infestations appeared to be linked with the imposition of a modified flow regime as remnant sites had far less cover of weeds than sites with modified flow. Sites in the upper floodplain, Burdekin River and Barratta Ck had highest habitat values. Water quality was highly variable across sites, streams and over time. Oxygen concentration was identified as a major determinant of fish diversity, so the dynamics of dissolved oxygen were a major focus of this study. Flow, habitat condition and weed infestation were identified as the main drivers of oxygen in the streams. The introduced Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) had a major impact on oxygen as it essentially blocks oxygen exchange with the water. Modified flows appear to benefit weed growth, through continuous nutrient supply. Loss of riparian habitat improves growing conditions for weeds and increases water temperature, further impacting oxygen content in the water. Habitat condition had a major influence on fish assemblages. Species richness and abundance were highest in sites of good habitat condition. Sites within the distribution systems (Sheep Station Ck and Warren’s Gully) had the most impacted fish assemblages. The abundances of exotic species (both real and relative) decreased with increase in habitat condition. The most abundant fish species were (i) small, highly tolerant gudgeons, (ii) the introduced Mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) and (iii) larger Tarpon (Megalopes cyprinoides), which is a facultative air breather. The small species appeared to favour degraded lagoon habitats but it appears that as habitat condition improves and more predatory species occur, the abundance of these small species decreases. During the sampling period a local project was initiated using an aquatic weed harvester to remove weed infestations from lagoons on Sheep Station Ck Weeds were harvested from Payard’s Lagoon in August 2000. Three samples were taken before weed removal and six after weed removal to examine temporal changes in fish assemblages and water quality. There was an immediate improvement in oxygen content in the month after weed removal and this improvement persisted for a further year. The abundance of native fish species increased rapidly after weed removal. Gudgeons were the most abundant. Over the study period these abundances gradually declined due largely to the re-colonisation by predators, previously excluded from the lagoon by poor habitat and water quality condition. A number of species moved into the experimental site from a refuge site in the inlet and during a flood event. The most notable of these species is Bony bream (Nematalosa erebi), a species that is very intolerant of hypoxia. As more natural native habitat conditions re-established, the abundance of exotic species (G. holbrooki) decreased. However, fish assemblages could not fully return to natural because of combined barriers to access by estuarine species (e.g., flow control devices, bund walls and hypoxic lagoons), and poor linkage to remnant refuges.
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Books on the topic "Water quality guideline values"

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Stidwill, J. Water quality guideline and water monitoring tools for residential water reuse systems. [Ottawa]: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2000.

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International, Conference on Water Values and Rights (2nd 2009 Ramallah Palestine). Water: Values & rights. Ramallah, Palestine: Palestine Academy Press, 2009.

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Strang, Veronica. Evaluating water: Cultural beliefs and values about water quality, use and conservation. Hadleigh: Water UK Publications, 2001.

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Alberta. Alberta Environmental Protection. Environmental Regulatory Services, ed. Alberta water quality guideline for the protection of freshwater aquatic life: Dissolved oxygen. Edmonton: Alberta Environmental Protection, Environmental Regulatory Service, Environmental Assessment Division, Standards and Guidelines Branch, 1997.

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Agency, Ireland Environmental Protection, ed. Towards setting guideline values for the protection of groundwater in Ireland: Interim report. Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.

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Ortiz, Roderick F. Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Ortiz, Roderick F. Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Perry, Charles A. Estimates of flow duration, mean flow, and peak-discharge frequency values for Kansas stream locations. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Perry, Charles A. Estimates of flow duration, mean flow, and peak-discharge frequency values for Kansas stream locations. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Miller, W. Gregory. Preparation and testing of reagent water in the clinical laboratory: Approved guideline. 4th ed. Wayne, Pa: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water quality guideline values"

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Zaman, Mohammad, Shabbir A. Shahid, and Lee Heng. "Irrigation Water Quality." In Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 113–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_5.

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Liu, Zhengtao. "WQC Threshold Values for Representative Pollutants." In Water Quality Criteria Green Book of China, 79–146. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7270-9_4.

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Wheeler, William J. "Benefit Transfer for Water Quality Regulatory Rulemaking in the United States." In Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values, 101–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9930-0_6.

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Vanderpoorten, Alain. "Hydrochemical Determinism, Ecological Polymorphism, and Indicator Values of Aquatic Bryophytes for Water Quality." In Modern Trends in Applied Aquatic Ecology, 65–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0221-0_4.

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Goulter, I. C., A. Kusmulyono, and D. P. Irwin. "Improved Predictions of Water Quality Values and Design of Sampling Strategies Based on Entropy Theory." In Integrated Approach to Environmental Data Management Systems, 89–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5616-5_9.

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Bellissimo, Giancarlo, Benedetto Sirchia, and Vincenzo Ruvolo. "Assessment of the ecological status of Sicilian coastal waters according to a macroalgae based index (CARLIT)." In Proceedings e report, 519–28. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.52.

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In the frame of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC), a macroalgae based index (CARLIT) was applied along the Sicilian coastal water bodies (WBs) in order to assess for the first time their ecological status and collect accurate information on the distribution and abundance of shallow-water communities, especially of those most sensitive. The ecological quality ratio values, sensu WFD, showed “high”/“good” levels in all WBs with lushy forests of Cystoseira amentacea except two with “moderate” level due to the presence of stress-tolerant species related to local factors.
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Rangeti, Innocent, and Bloodless (Rimuka) Dzwairo. "uMngeni Basin Water Quality Trend Analysis for River Health and Treatability Fitness." In River Basin Management - Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94844.

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One of the main challenges facing the potable water production industry is deterioration of the quality of raw water. Drinking water that does not meet quality standards is unfit for consumption. Yet, this quality is a function of various factors, key among them being quality of the raw water from which it is processed. This is because costs related to potable water treatment are related to the nature of raw water pollutants and the degree of pollution. Additionally, survival of aquatic species depends on self-purification of the water bodies through attenuation of pollutants, therefore, if this process is not efficient it might result in dwindling of the aquatic life. Hence, this chapter presents spatial and temporal water quality trends along uMngeni Basin, a critical raw water source for KwaZulu-Natal Province, in South Africa. As at 2014 the basin served about 3.8 million people with potable water. Results from this study are discussed in relation to uMngeni River’s health status and fitness for production of potable water treatment. Time-series and box plots of 11 water quality variables that were monitored at six stations over a period of eight years (2005 to 2012), were drawn and analysed. The Mann Kendall Trend Test and the Sen’s Slope Estimator were employed to test and quantify the magnitude of the quality trends, respectively. Findings showed that raw water (untreated) along uMngeni River was unfit for drinking purposes mainly because of high levels of Escherichia coli. However, the observed monthly average dissolved oxygen of 7 mg/L, that was observed on all stations, suggests that the raw water still met acceptable guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. It was noted that algae and turbidity levels peaked during the wet season (November to April), and these values directly relate to chlorine and polymer dosages during potable water treatment.
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Balkis, Neslihan, Benin Toklu-Alicli, and Muharrem Balci. "Evaluation of Ecological Quality Status with the Trophic Index (TRIX) Values in the Coastal Waters of the Gulfs of Erdek and Bandırma in the Marmara Sea." In Ecological Water Quality - Water Treatment and Reuse. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/33698.

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Malik, Fasih Munir, Syed Faiz Ali, Burak Bal, and Emin Faruk Kececi. "Determination of Optimum Process Parameter Values in Additive Manufacturing for Impact Resistance." In Additive Manufacturing Technologies From an Optimization Perspective, 221–34. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9167-2.ch011.

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3D printing as a manufacturing method is gaining more popularity since 3D printing machines are becoming easily accessible. Especially in a prototyping process of a machine, they can be used, and complex parts with high quality surface finish can be manufactured in a timely manner. However, there is a need to study the effects of different manufacturing parameters on the materials properties of the finished parts. Specifically, this chapter explains the effects of six different process parameters on the impact resistance. In particular, print temperature, print speed, infill ratio, infill pattern, layer height, and print orientation parameters were studied, and their effects on impact resistance were measured experimentally. Moreover, the optimum values of the process parameters for impact resistance were found. This chapter provides an important guideline for 3D manufacturing in terms of impact resistance of the printed parts. Furthermore, by using this methodology the effects of different 3D printing process parameters on the other material, properties can be determined.
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Beerala, Arun Kumar, Gobinath R., Shyamala G., and Siribommala Manvitha. "Water Quality Prediction Using Statistical Tool and Machine Learning Algorithm." In Waste Management, 609–23. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch029.

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Water is the most valuable natural resource for all living things and the ecosystem. The quality of groundwater is changed due to change in ecosystem, industrialisation, and urbanisation, etc. In the study, 60 samples were taken and analysed for various physio-chemical parameters. The sampling locations were located using global positioning system (GPS) and were taken for two consecutive years for two different seasons, monsoon (Nov-Dec) and post-monsoon (Jan-Mar). In 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 pH, EC, and TDS were obtained in the field. Hardness and Chloride are determined using titration method. Nitrate and Sulphate were determined using Spectrophotometer. Machine learning techniques were used to train the data set and to predict the unknown values. The dominant elements of groundwater are as follows: Ca2, Mg2 for cation and Cl-, SO42, NO3− for anions. The regression value for the training data set was found to be 0.90596, and for the entire network, it was found to be 0.81729. The best performance was observed as 0.0022605 at epoch 223.
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Conference papers on the topic "Water quality guideline values"

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Han, Xiao, and Ning Zhang. "Impacts of Industrial Fresh Water Withdrawals on Calcaiseu Lake Hydrodynamics and Salinity Concentration." In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-7902.

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In the authors’ previous study, vegetation information was utilized into a hydrodynamic model to predict the flooding coverage and damage to the wetlands in a major water system in southwest Louisiana, the Calcasieu Lake water system. In this study, the target area is extended, ranging from the city of Lake Charles as the north end to the Gulf of Mexico as the south end, including Lake Charles, Calcasieu Lake, Prien Lake, Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW) and the entire Calcasieu Ship Channel. Measured vegetation data is utilized in the vegetated areas and appropriate friction values are assigned to different types of non-vegetated areas. Salinity is important to aquatic life. It can impact agricultural production, water quality and streams, biodiversity and infrastructure. In this study, both hydrodynamic and salinity transport simulations are conducted. Measurement data from NOAA and USGS are used as boundary conditions. Simulation results were compared with NOAA and USGS data in several other locations. Lake Charles is one of the largest petrochemical industry centers in the country. Numerous plants use tremendous amount of fresh surface water in the area. Recent expansions of several companies increase the fresh water withdraws from the system significantly. One of the purposes of the study is to investigate the effects of increased water withdraw on the hydrodynamics and salinity in the system. The industrial water withdrawals could be from the Calcasieu River in the north of Lake Charles, which is the north boundary of the simulation domain. Cases of different reduced flow rates at Lake Charles were tested, and the effects on hydrodynamics and salinity concentrations and distributions were analyzed. The results can be used as a guideline for industrial and city development in the areas.
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Langenstein, Magnus. "Power Recapture and Power Uprate in NPPs With Process Data Reconciliation in Accordance With VDI 2048." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89025.

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The determination of the thermal reactor power is traditionally done by establishing the heat balance: • for a boiling water reactor (BWR) at the interface of reactor control volume and heat cycle; • for a pressurized water reactor (PWR) at the interface of the steam generator control volume and turbine island on the secondary side. The uncertainty of these traditional methods is not easy to determine and it can be in the range of several percent. Technical and legal regulations (e.g. 10CFR50) cover an estimated instrumentation error of up to 2% by increasing the design thermal reactor power for emergency analysis to 102% of the licensed thermal reactor power. Basically, the licensee has the duty to warrant at any time operation inside the analysed region for thermal reactor power. This is normally done by keeping the indicated reactor power at the licensed 100% value. A better way is to use a method which allows a continuous warranty evaluation. The quantification of the level of fulfilment of this warranty is only achievable by a method which: • is independent of single measurements accuracies; • results in a certified quality of single process values and for the total heat cycle analysis; • leads to complete results including 2-sigma deviation especially for thermal reactor power. This method, which is called ‘process data reconciliation based on VDI 2048 guideline’, is presented here [1, 2]. The method allows to determine the true process parameters with a statistical probability of 95%, by considering closed material, mass- and energy balances following the Gaussian correction principle. The amount of redundant process information and complexity of the process improves the final results. This represents the most probable state of the process with minimized uncertainty according to VDI 2048. Hence, calibration and control of the thermal reactor power are possible with low effort but high accuracy and independent of single measurement accuracies. Furthermore, VDI 2048 describes the quality control of important process parameters. Applied to the thermal reactor power, the statistical certainty of warranting the allowable value can be quantified. This quantification allows keeping a safety margin in agreement with the authority. This paper presents the operational application of this method at an operating plant and describes the additional use of process data reconciliation for acceptance tests, power recapture and system and component diagnosis.
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Shatat, M. I. M., K. Mahkamov, and K. Johnson. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Performance of Multi-Stage Solar Still Water Desalination Unit Coupled With an Evacuated Tube Solar Collector." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54253.

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At present scarcity of potable and drinking water is a pressing issue in certain parts of the Middle East region. Important advances have been made in desalination technologies but relatively high capital and running costs restrict their wide application even in cases when solar energy is used. Flat-plate solar collectors mainly have been employed in the past to distill water in compact desalination systems. Currently, it is possible to replace the above collectors by more advanced evacuated tube ones, which are available on the market at a similar price. This paper describes results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the operation of a solar still desalination system coupled with a heat pipe evacuated tube collector with the aperture area of about 1.7 m2. A multi-stage solar still water desalination system was designed to recover latent heat from evaporation and condensation processes in four stages. The variation in the solar radiation (insolation) during a typical mid-summer day in the Middle East region was simulated using an array of 110 halogen flood lights covering the area of the solar collector. The synthetic brackish lab water solution was used for experiments and its total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity and pH were measured prior to and after the distillation process. The system’s operation was numerically simulated using a mathematical model based on the system of ordinary differential equations describing mass and energy conservation in each stage of the system. The experimental and theoretical values for the total daily distillate output were found to be in good agreement. The results of tests demonstrate that the system produces about 6.5 kg of clean water per day and have the distillation efficiency equal to 76%. However, the overall efficiency of the laboratory test rig at this stage of investigations was found to be low at the level of 26% and this is due to excessive heat losses in the system. The analysis of the distilled water shows that its quality is within the World Health Organization guidelines. Further research is being performed to improve the performance of the installation.
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"Meeting water quality and quantity standards to sustain cultural values." In 21st Century Watershed Technology Conference and Workshop Improving Water Quality and the Environment. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/wtcw.2014-016.

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Blansett, K. L., and J. M. Hamlett. "Measured Event Water Quality Levels in Urban Karst Watersheds Compared to Standard Reference Values." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.314.

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Veesommai, Chalisa, and Yasushi Kiyoki. "River water-quality analysis: “critical contaminate detection”, “classification of multiple-water-quality-parameters values” and “real-time notification” by rspa processes." In 2015 International Electronics Symposium (IES). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elecsym.2015.7380842.

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Yum, Seungshic, Bong Gil Hyun, Kitae Rhie, and Kyoungsoon Shin. "ATP assay for rapid onboard testing to detect living microorganisms in Ballast Water." In IMarEST Ballast Water Technology Conference. IMarEST, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/bwtc6.2017.012.

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Rapid and simple analytical methods for viable microorganism detection in ballast water are required to evaluate the efficiency of ballast water treatment system. During the course of systematic investigation of the cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays, it was found that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and luminescence based cell viability assay, in other word, an ATP assay was the most sensitive and applicable to ballast water management (BWM). The assay was applied to cultured microalgae samples, and it could detect the existence of 5 viable cells in 100 μl. Comparably low luminescent values were detected in two cultured diatom species than in cultured dinoflagellates. This result might be caused by the small cell volume in diatom species. Following a regression model between ATP concentration and cell volume, an ATP guideline (876 – 109246 relative luminescence units: RLU) was developed for the evaluation of treated ballast water. ATP assay was also applied to the evaluation of ballast water treatment system (BWTS). The luminescence value which obtained from the ATP assay also showed a good correlation with the presence of living natural plankton cells with comparably low luminescence values than the cultured species. The low ATP concentration in natural plankton cells may reflect a decline in their biological activity because of extended exposure to dark conditions. ATP assay could be a suitable method for the monitoring of ballast water management compliance even though the results of this study need further validation.
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Aksoy, Sıdıka, Nesil Ertorun, and M. Burçin Mutlu. "Effect of Water Quality Values on Gammaridae and Ephemeroptera Biodiversity in Mezit River (Bilecik-Turkey)." In The 3rd World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/awspt18.102.

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Pantelic, Nebojša Đ., Jana S. Štrbacki, Goran Markovic, and Jelena B. Popovic-Đorđevic. "SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE ZAPADNA MORAVA RIVER WATER QUALITY." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.357p.

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The water samples collected from four localities of the middle course of the Zapadna Morava River during 2020 were analyzed via the selected physico-chemical parameters with the aim to estimate the quality of surface water. According to the results of selected physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand), analyzed surface water show a good chemical status, while the values of nutrient content (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium ion, total phosphorus) indicated the poor chemical status especially at the locality 4 probably due to the outflow of wastewater from the city of Čačak as well as from the influence of the polluted water of the Čemernica River.
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Kawakami, Damien T., Qiao Qin, and Roger Arndt. "Water Quality and the Periodicity of Sheet/Cloud Cavitation." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77114.

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Cloud cavitation is the rapid formation and shedding of vaporous clouds from a cavitating hydrofoil. This type of cavitation occurs under certain conditions that are characterized by the cavitation number [σ] and the angle of attack [α]. Associated with cloud cavitation are large, abrupt changes in surface pressure caused by the shedding of the attached cavity. Our experimental data display trends that are contained in the linearized flat plate theories of Acosta and Tulin. Near values of σ/2α equal to 4, a singularity exists in the flat plate theory. Experimental results and numerical simulations indicate that in this region a transition between competing mechanisms of cavity shedding occurs. A new finding is that water quality appears to have a significant effect on cavitation behavior. It is well known that nuclei content plays an important role in cavitation inception. However, a recent investigation made possible by high-speed video reveals that the cloud shedding is periodic and that, for each cycle, the cavitating surface becomes fully wetted. Thus, inception physics come into play for a fraction of each cycle. Experimental data shows that the fraction of time in each period that the hydrofoil is fully wetted varies with gas content. In addition, the spectral characteristics of lift and surface pressure measurements show a strong dependence on gas content. Numerical simulations made to incorporate gas content effects show surprisingly close agreement with experimental data. This is also factor that may be of importance in comparing the results from different experimental facilities since comparisons are often made without considering gas content as a factor.
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Reports on the topic "Water quality guideline values"

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Eddy, P. A., S. S. Teel, J. R. Raymond, and W. H. Bierschenk. Water quality: Historic values and impact of drilling activities during FY 1988 at the reference repository location in southeastern Washington. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5034631.

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Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97. US Geological Survey, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri004170.

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