Journal articles on the topic 'Water purification services'
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Yang, Xu, Ruishan Chen, Guangxing Ji, Chao Wang, Yuanda Yang, and Jianhua Xu. "Assessment of Future Water Yield and Water Purification Services in Data Scarce Region of Northwest China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 8960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178960.
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Water shortage and pollution have become prominent in the arid regions of northwest China, seriously affecting human survival and sustainable development. The Bosten Lake basin has been considered as an example of an arid region in northwest China, and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model has been used to quantitatively evaluate the future water yield and water purification services for four representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios. The results show that for the four RCP scenarios, the annual average precipitation in 2020–2050 decreases compared to that in 1985–2015; the area of cultivated land and unused land decreases, and the area of other land-use types increases from 2015 to 2050. The water yield service reduces, while the water purification service increases from 2015 to 2050 in the Bosten Lake basin. In 2050, the water yield and water purification services are the best for the RCP6.0 scenario, and are the worse for the RCP4.5 scenario and RCP8.5 scenario, respectively. The distribution of the water yield and water purification services show a gradual decline from northwest to southeast.
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Adnan, Norliyana, Mohd Parid Mamat, and Tuan Marina Tuan Ibrahim. "Assessing value of water purification services by Kelantan Forest Reserves." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1102, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1102/1/012062.
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Forest acts as natural water purification agent that is very effective in providing clean water resources to consumers, especially for domestic use. Clean water from natural purification processes would lead to a reduction in water treatment costs at treatment plants. This service is important for safety, assurance of resource availability and health. Hence, the aim of this paper is to assess the value of purification services by Kelantan forest reserves. The assessment is based on economic benefit using the benefit transfer approach of cost functions model with input for environmental values. Assessment enclosed for Kelantan main basin, namely Pergau, Lebir and Galas Basin. Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) data and forest land use information are used as the main data input for the analysis. Results show that basins with more virgin forest have lower treatment cost reduction in WTPs. Hence, the conservation of forest reserves as water catchment areas is important to ensure the availability of clean water especially for domestic uses.
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Johnstone, Nick, and Ysé Serret. "Determinants of bottled and purified water consumption: results based on an OECD survey." Water Policy 14, no. 4 (October 16, 2011): 668–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.048.
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In the face of dissatisfaction with the quality of public water supply, there is significant ‘willingness-to-pay’ for improved services. However, pressuring authorities for public sector investments in water quality services is not the only means at the disposal of households to bring about improvements in drinking water quality. On the one hand, households can invest in purification systems at the level of the individual household. On the other, they can consume bottled water for their drinking needs. Based on a survey of 10,000 households, this paper analyses the determinants of a household's decision to purchase bottled water or invest in a purification system. Negative perceptions of tap water quality (health and taste concerns) affect the decision to purchase bottled water and home purification, with much greater effect on bottled water consumption. The same is true of household income. Household size, the presence of children in the household and length of residence affects the decision to invest in purification, but not bottled water consumption. Concern about solid waste has a negative impact on bottled water consumption, and car ownership has a positive impact.
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Słodownik, Patrycja, and Krzysztof W. Opaliński. "Oxygen consumption in the sandy beaches of the Vistula River: Goods and services of the ecosystem." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.5.34.
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The research aimed to estimate the role of the beach in the process of self-purification of water in the Vistula River. The study could become a very important voice in the debate about the future of the Vistula River. A self-purification process involves the disposal of pollutants entering the water from the catchment of the River. A measure of the Vistula River water purification process of organic matter is the amount of oxygen that is consumed by the beach settlement. That is the amount of utilised organic matter by psammon during cellular respiration. Besides, the calculation of the amount of organic matter, which was worn by psammon can be the measure of “goods and services of the ecosystem” of the river.
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Liu, Mengzhu, Leilei Min, Jingjing Zhao, Yanjun Shen, Hongwei Pei, Hongjuan Zhang, and Yali Li. "The Impact of Land Use Change on Water-Related Ecosystem Services in the Bashang Area of Hebei Province, China." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020716.
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Land use change is an important scientific issue recognized for its potential to alter ecosystem services (ESs), especially water-related ecosystem services (WRESs). Using the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model, this study quantified and mapped spatiotemporal variations in land use and corresponding WRESs in the Bashang area of Hebei Province, China (BAHP) to investigate how land use change impacted WRESs by means of scenario analysis, especially, in which a new evaluation indicator, average ecology effect (AEE) was proposed and well applied. The results indicated that woodland expansion (+602.61 km2) and grassland shrinkage (−500.57 km2) dominated the land use change in the BAHP in 2000–2018, which altered local WRESs, including the moderate declines in water purification and water yield, as well as a significant enhancement in soil conservation. In scenario analysis, compared to baseline levels, riparian woodland buffer and planting trees scenarios slightly decreased water yield but strengthened water purification and soil conservation; reclaiming wasteland and integrated development scenarios significantly enhanced soil conservation but lowered water yield and water purification; fertilizer reduction scenario effectively mitigated water deterioration. According to AEE, the riparian woodland buffer (RWB) scenario performed greater than the planting trees (PT) scenario on variations of WRESs per unit area, which differed completely from the results based on total variations. Overall, a multiple-scale indicator for a comprehensive evaluation of ESs should receive more attention.
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Ho, Long, and Peter Goethals. "Sustainability of Lakes and Reservoirs: Multiple Perspectives Based on Ecosystem Services." Water 13, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192763.
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Piaggio, Matías, and Juha Siikamäki. "The value of forest water purification ecosystem services in Costa Rica." Science of The Total Environment 789 (October 2021): 147952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147952.
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Yadav, Rahul, Tara Chand, and Raman Nautiyal. "Valuation of water purification service of Renukawetland, India: A Ramsar site." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 123 (2021): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf2123219y.
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Wetlands are very important ecosystems from the ecological, productivity and conservation perspective. Economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by wetlandsquantifies the various benefits derived from wetlands and puts a value on their conservation. One such wetland of importance is the Renuka wetland, which is a natural wetland located in the Western Himalayas, in the State of Himachal Pradesh of India. The article aims to assess and evaluate the wetland for its water purification service. The study is based on multisource data and conventional evaluation method. The results show that the average depth of the Renuka wetland is 6.01 m and average volume was determined as 1072530.176 m3. The economic value of water purification service for Renuka wetland is estimated to be INR 31.9 million(0.44 million USD) thus identifying the Renuka wetland as a significant healthy ecosystem. The water purification value itself advocates its proper management and conservation.
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Cimini, Salvatore. "The Water Service in Italy." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 5 (2005): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00408.
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AbstractThis paper describes and analyses how the organisation and management of water services in Italy has changed since the reforms introduced by Law No. 36/1994 (the so-called Galli Law). These reforms recognised that the most important public objective for the Italian water services is to achieve an efficient, effective and economic management system. To reach such result, the Galli Law reunified all the different water services, such as aqueducts, purification systems and sewers in a single integrated water service based on optimum territorial domains intended to overcome the fragmentation inherent in the existing management systems. Furthermore, it made a clear distinction between the role of guiding and monitoring activities (entrusted to a domain authority) and the effective management (to be entrusted, instead, to public, private or mixed public-private companies). However, as will be noted in this paper, due to the many tensions between the national and EU rules, the transfer of the integrated water services provision to managing companies still has not been completed. Mostly for this reason, a decade after the Galli Law came into force, the reform still remains to be completed.
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Boulton, Andrew J., Graham D. Fenwick, Peter J. Hancock, and Mark S. Harvey. "Biodiversity, functional roles and ecosystem services of groundwater invertebrates." Invertebrate Systematics 22, no. 2 (2008): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is07024.
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Recent surveys of groundwater invertebrates (stygofauna) worldwide are yielding rich troves of biodiversity, with significant implications for invertebrate systematists and phylogeneticists as well as ecologists and groundwater managers. What is the ecological significance of this high biodiversity of invertebrates in some aquifers? How might it influence groundwater ecosystem services such as water purification or bioremediation? In terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity is typically positively correlated with rates of ecosystem functions beneficial to humans (e.g. crop pollination). However, the links between biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem services in groundwater are unknown. In some aquifers, feeding, movement and excretion by diverse assemblages of stygofauna potentially enhance groundwater ecosystem services such as water purification, bioremediation and water infiltration. Further, as specific taxa apparently play ‘keystone’ roles in facilitating ecosystem services, declines in abundance or even their extinction have serious repercussions. One way to assess the functional significance of biodiversity is to identify ‘ecosystem service providers’, characterise their functional relationships, determine how service provision is affected by community structure and environmental variables, and measure the spatio-temporal scales over which these operate. Examples from Australian and New Zealand alluvial aquifers reveal knowledge gaps in understanding the functional importance of most stygofauna, hampering effective protection of currently undervalued groundwater ecosystem services.
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Liu, Yang, Jun Bi, and Jianshu Lv. "Future Impacts of Climate Change and Land Use on Multiple Ecosystem Services in a Rapidly Urbanizing Agricultural Basin, China." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 4575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124575.
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Ecosystem services (ESs) in rapidly urbanizing agricultural basins are vulnerable to environmental changes. Adequately understanding the driving forces and the dynamics of ESs related to water quantity and quality can provide a basis for making sound management decisions on the development of basins. Here, we explored the impacts of future land use and climate changes on four ESs: nitrogen and phosphorous purification, water supply, and soil retention services in the Taihu Basin region of eastern China. Spatially explicit methods, a cellular automata-Markov (CA-Markov) model and the delta downscaling method were used to quantify the ESs, simulate land use changes, and project future climate changes, respectively. We built a business-as-usual land use scenario, representative concentration pathways (RCPs) scenarios for climate change, as well as a combined land use and climate change scenario to analyze the changes in the drivers and the responses of ESs. The results showed the following: (1) future land use changes would significantly enhance the nitrogen purification service while reducing the phosphorus purification service compared to other services; (2) climate change would have substantial effects on water supply and soil retention, but these impacts would vary with different RCPs scenarios during three future periods; and (3) the combined scenarios of both drivers would obviously influence all ESs and lead to a nitrogen purification service that was different from the other three services. Moreover, the policy implications of the results were discussed. The findings can help guide the creation of policies for land structure and patterns, climate change adaptation, and ecosystem-based management to promote the sustainable development of watersheds at the regional scale.
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Voronov, A. A., S. V. Maksimova, and E. Yu Osipova. "Purification of urbanized melt water with plant sorbents." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-2-105-117.
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The article deals with the problem of purification of melt water generated by the urbanized territories. It is proposed to use wood residue from sawing of plantings to obtain relatively inexpensive sorption material for the contamination extraction from surface wastewater. The aim of this work is to study the sorption properties of the material obtained by sawing of plantings. Experimental modeling of sorption of dissolved petroleum products and copper ions from an aqueous solution of milled branches of black poplar is carried out under static conditions. The sorption process is studied in accordance with a three-factor design experiment. Laboratory modeling determines the optimum parameters of water purification and the degree of mutual influence of contaminants on the sorption process. Natural material obtained from the poplar components shows the sorption properties in relation to oil products and copper ions in the water environment. The filters made of milled branches and used in local treatment plants will allow solving the problems of municipal services, namely utilization of wood residue from sawing of plantings and effective melt water purification due to the low-cost filtering materials.
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Sudia, La Baco Baco. "Sebaran Dan Nilai Indeks Jasa Ekosistem Pengaturan Kualitas Udara, Iklim Dan Air Di Kabupaten Konawe." Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah 6, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jpw.v6i2.20401.
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Ecosystem services to regulate air quality, climate, water system and water purification are important ecosystem services for human life and other living things. The objective of the research was to analyze the distribution and value of ecosystem services index of air quality, climate, water system and water purification of Konawe Regency. This research was conducted through the study of ecoregion characteristics, covering landforms, natural vegetation types and land cover. Data analysis includes the calculation of ecosystem services index and spatial distribution of ecosystem services index. The results showed that the dominant type of landform in Konawe Regency was the structural hills of metamorphic rock material with natural vegetation in the form of forests and the dominant land cover was primary dry land forests.The average value of the Ecosystem Services Index (ESI) of air quality regulation were 2.88 (medium), climate regulation and water system arrangements were 3.18 (medium) and 3.12 (medium) and water purification settings was 2.12 (low). The average value of the ecosystem services index of the four types of regulatory services was 2.83 with a moderate category. The average ESI value of Sub District of Latoma, Asinua, Routa, Abuki and Meluhu were 3.92, 3.65, 3.62, 3.51 and 3.49 with high categories, respectively. The performance of environmental services of air quality regulation is dominated by a high category of 221,489.56 hectares or 41.99 percent, while climate regulation was dominated by a very high category of 243,516.50 hectares or 46.17 percent. The performance of ecosystem services of water system and water purification arrangements reached an area of 235,459.44 hectares or 44.64 percent and 32,723.16 hectares or 43.04 percent respectively.Keywords: ecoregion, ecosystem services index, regulating ecosystem services,spatial distributionJasa ekosistem pengaturan kualitas udara, iklim, tata air dan pemurnian air merupakan jasa ekosistem penting terhadap kehidupan manusia dan mahluk hidup lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sebaran dan nilai indeks jasa ekosistem pengaturan kualitas udara, iklim, tata air dan pemurnian air Kabupaten Konawe. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui kajian karakteristik ekoregion, mencakup bentang lahan, tipe vegetasi alami dan tutupan lahan. Analisis data meliputi perhitunganindeksjasaekosistem dan sebaranspasialindeksjasaekosistem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tipe bentang lahan yang dominan di Kabupaten Konawe adalah perbukitan structural lipatan bermaterial batuan metamorfik dengan vegetasi alami berupa hutanpamah (non dipterokarpa) dan tutupan lahan dominan adalah hutan lahan kering primer. Rata-rata nilai Indeks Jasa Ekosistem pengaturan kualitas udara adalah 2,88 (sedang), pengaturan iklim dan pengaturan tata air masing-masing sebesar 3,18 (sedang) dan 3,12 (sedang) dan pengaturan pemurnian air adalah 2,12 (rendah). Nilai rata-rata indeks jasa ekosistem dari empat jenis jasa pengaturan tersebut adalah 2,83 dengan kategori sedang. Nilai IJE rata-rata Kecamatan Latoma yakni 3,92, Kecamatan Asinua sebesar 3,65, KecamatanRouta sebesar 3,62, serta KecamatanAbuki dan KecamatanMeluhu masing-masing 3,51 dan 3,49 dengan kategori tinggi. Kinerja jasa lingkungan pengaturan kualitas udara didominasi oleh kategori tinggi seluas 221.489,56 hektaratau 41,99%, sementara itu pengaturan iklim didominasi oleh kategori sangat tinggiseluas 243.516,50 hektaratau 46,17%. Kinerja jasa ekosistem pengaturan tata air dan pengaturan pemurnian air mencapai luas masing-masing 235.459,44 hektaratau 44,64% dan 32.723,16 hektaratau 43,04%.Kata Kunci:ekoregion, jasa ekosistem pengaturan, indeks jasa ekosistem, sebaran spasial
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Wang, Lina, Enyi Yu, Shuang Li, Xiao Fu, and Gang Wu. "Analysis of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Synergies in Ulansuhai Basin." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2021): 9839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179839.
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As an important grain production base and ecological barrier zone in China, Ulansuhai Basin provides a variety of important ecosystem services and ensures human well-being, and it is essential to maintain the sustainable development of the regional ecology–economy–society. Therefore, in order to explore the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services in Ulansuhai Basin, we first evaluated the spatio-temporal characteristics of five ecosystem services in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 based on the InVEST model, including soil conservation, carbon storage, water production, water purification, and food supply. We then further analyzed the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in Ulansuhai Basin and in different functional areas through using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The results show that different ecosystem services had obvious regional differences due to different land-use types in Ulansuhai Basin. Soil conservation, carbon storage, and water production were higher in the eastern region and lower in the central and western regions, while water purification and food supply were higher in the central region and lower in the eastern and western regions. Ecosystem services showed an overall increasing trend from 2000 to 2018. Moreover, trade-off was the dominant relationship between different ecosystem services, and trade-offs and synergies showed strengthening trends to a certain extent. The trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in different functional areas were obviously different. Our study aimed to clarify the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and to propose ecological protection and management countermeasures and suggestions, which can provide decision-making reference for regional ecological protection and management.
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Knowler, Duncan, Ashley Page, Andrew Cooper, and H. Andres Araujo. "Valuing a Logging Externality: Loss of the Water Purification Service of Temperate Coastal Rainforests." Water Economics and Policy 03, no. 02 (April 2017): 1650032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500326.
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In many biodiversity rich watersheds, there is a lack of understanding concerning the trade-offs between timber harvesting and maintaining the watershed’s other ecosystem services, where losses of these services can occur as an externality from timber harvesting. As a result, the potential benefit from an appropriate mix of activities in multiple-use watersheds frequently remains unrealized. Our study provides insight into such trade-offs by estimating the value of a loss in a forest’s water purification/filtration service due to sedimentation caused by logging (the externality). More specifically, we develop a model to quantify the economic impact of increased sedimentation from forest roads on the quality of raw water withdrawn by a municipal water utility. Our approach is novel in several ways. First, we recognize the complex response of the water treatment plant to elevated sedimentation (turbidity) by considering a stochastic environmental influence on water system performance; to accommodate this complexity, we estimate the number of times turbidity exceeds an acceptable threshold by using a count data estimation procedure. Second, we generate alternative time series for turbidity that vary according to assumptions about forest management (logging versus no logging), traffic volume (road use intensity) and aggregate road length. We find that reductions in the economic value of the water purification/filtration service is more sensitive to traffic volume than other considerations but only when the road use is High, as the welfare effect in other cases is modest. Our analysis will be helpful to forest planners who must consider the trade-offs in forest management when timber harvesting can have harmful impacts on important ecosystem services, such as water purification/filtration.
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Rebelo, Alanna J., Willem-Jan Emsens, Karen J. Esler, and Patrick Meire. "Quantification of water purification in South African palmiet wetlands." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 5 (September 5, 2018): 1199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.389.
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Abstract Despite the importance of water purification to society, it is one of the more difficult wetland ecosystem services to quantify. It remains an issue in ecosystem service assessments where rapid estimates are needed, and poor-quality indicators are overused. We attempted to quantify the water purification service of South African palmiet wetlands (valley-bottom peatlands highly threatened by agriculture). First, we used an instantaneous catchment-scale mass balance sampling approach, which compared the fate of various water quality parameters over degraded and pristine sections of palmiet wetlands. We found that pristine palmiet wetlands acted as a sink for water, major cations, anions, dissolved silicon and nutrients, though there was relatively high variation in these trends. There are important limitations to this catchment-scale approach, including the fact that at this large scale there are multiple mechanisms (internal wetland processes as well as external inputs) at work that are impossible to untangle with limited data. Therefore, secondly, we performed a small field-scale field survey of a wetland fragment to corroborate the catchment-scale results. There was a reasonable level of agreement between the results of the two techniques. We conclude that it appears possible to estimate the water purification function of these valley-bottom wetlands using this catchment-scale approach.
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Li, Xiufen, Yichen Tian, Tian Gao, Lei Jin, Shuangtian Li, Dan Zhao, Xiao Zheng, Lizhong Yu, and Jiaojun Zhu. "Trade-Offs Analysis of Ecosystem Services for the Grain for Green Program: Informing Reforestation Decisions in a Mountainous Headwater Region, Northeast China." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114762.
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The effects of forest restoration on ecosystem services and their trade-offs are increasingly discussed by environmental managers and ecologists, but few demonstrations have analyzed ecosystem service trade-offs with a view to informing afforestation choices. Here, we examined how the Grain for Green Program (GGP), an ambitious reforestation program in China, affected ecosystem services. We quantified regulating services and provisioning service in the potential scenarios, which were developed to improve ecosystem services better. The results indicated the GGP drove 14.5% of land-use/land-cover from 2000 to 2015, and all the regulating services increased. Prioritizing reforestations in steep-sloped and riparian farmlands can promote flood mitigation, water purification, and soil retention services by 62.7%, 25.5%, and 216.1% as compared with 2015 levels, respectively, suggesting that the improvements strongly depend on afforestation locations. Driven by the new GGP policy, a high proportion of economic forest increased provisioning service (272.2%), but at the expense of decreases in soil retention (−25.1%), flood mitigation (−11.4%), water purification (−36.6%), and carbon storage (−48.5%). We identified a suitable scenario that would reduce the trade-offs, which associated with afforestation types and their spatial allocation. Identifying priority areas of afforestation types can inform the GGP policy to assure sustainable and broader benefits.
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Bai, Shuting, Jiuchun Yang, Yubo Zhang, Fengqin Yan, Lingxue Yu, and Shuwen Zhang. "Evaluating Ecosystem Services and Trade-Offs Based on Land-Use Simulation: A Case Study in the Farming–Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China." Land 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11071115.
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Evaluating the impacts of land-use change (LUC) on ecosystem services (ESs) is necessary for regional sustainable development, especially for the farming–pastoral ecotone of northern China (FPENC), an ecologically sensitive and fragile region. This study aimed to assess the impacts of LUC on the ESs and provide valuable information for regional planning and management in the FPENC. To accomplish this, we assessed LUC in the FPENC from 2010 to 2020 and simulated land-use patterns in 2030 under three plausible scenarios: the business as usual scenario (BAUS), economic development scenario (EDS), and ecological protection scenario (EPS). Then, we quantified five ESs (including crop production, water yield, soil retention, water purification, and carbon storage) for 2020–2030 and analyzed the trade-offs and synergies among ESs in all scenarios. The results show that FPENC experienced expanding farming land and built-up land throughout 2010–2020. Under the BAUS and EDS from 2000 to 2030, especially EDS, the increase in farming land and built-up land will continue. As a result, crop production and water yield will increase, while soil retention, water purification, and carbon storage will decrease. In contrast, EPS will increase soil retention, water purification, and carbon storage at the cost of a decline in crop production and water yield. These results can provide effective reference information for future regional planning and management in the farming–pastoral ecotone.
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Vollmer, Derek, Kremena Burkhard, Blal Adem Esmail, Paulina Guerrero, and Nidhi Nagabhatla. "Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Water Resources Management—Tools, Policies, Promising Pathways." Environmental Management 69, no. 4 (April 2022): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01640-9.
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AbstractEcosystems provide a range of services, including water purification, erosion prevention, and flood risk mitigation, that are important to water resource managers. But as a sector, water resources management has been slow to incorporate ecosystem protection and restoration, for a variety of reasons, although related concepts such as nature-based solutions and green infrastructure are gaining traction. We explain some of the existing challenges to wider uptake of the ecosystem services concept in water resources management and introduce some promising avenues for research and practice, elaborated in more detail through 12 papers, spanning five continents and a variety of contexts, which make up a Special Issue on “Incorporating Ecosystem Services into Water Resources Management”. Cross-cutting themes include (A) ecosystem services as a flexible concept to communicate with stakeholders; (B) participatory processes to involve stakeholders in research; (C) multiple values, and valuation methods, of water-related services; and (D) applications of decision-support tools. We conclude with a summary of research gaps and emphasize the importance of co-producing knowledge with decision makers and other stakeholders, in order to improve water resources management through the integration of ecosystem services.
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Hursky, V., N. Kovalchuk, and M. Semashko. "CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 10 (December 11, 2019): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2019-10-94-105.
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The article studies the features of the functioning of water supply and sanitation sectors, characterizing it as a relatively independent administrative and economic sector in the housing and communal services system of the Republic of Belarus. A study was made of the distinctive features of the water supply and utilities sector from other sectors of the public utilities sector of the Republic of Belarus: the heterogeneity and complexity of the technological processes for the preparation and purification of water, the territorial unevenness of residence of consumers of services, state-regulated tariffs for water supply and sewage, arising from the social significance of this strategic resource
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ISSHIKI, Keisuke, Ryoichi YAMANAKA, Yasunori KOZUKI, Kohei OGUMA, Yasuhiro KUTSUKAKE, Sayaka MORI, Yoichi KAKUMOTO, Hiroshi KAWAI, Takashi NAKANISHI, and Makoto HASHIOKA. "ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION OF NEW BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION FACILITY IN AMAGASAKI CANAL FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF WATER PURIFICATION AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 71, no. 2 (2015): I_1489—I_1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.71.i_1489.
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Chen, Yue, Weili Kou, Xianguang Ma, Xiaoyan Wei, Maojia Gong, Xiong Yin, Jingting Li, and Jianqiang Li. "Estimation of the Value of Forest Ecosystem Services in Pudacuo National Park, China." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710550.
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Forest ecosystems play an important role in maintaining the stability of the biosphere and improving the ecological environment. The valuation of forest ecosystem services provides data to support the implementation of forest ecosystem conservation and the development of ecological-compensation standards. We used multiple sources of data, such as remote-sensing and ground data, and we employed the methods of substitute market, shadow project, and contingent valuation. We valued the forest ecosystem services of Pudacuo National Park in Shangri-La, China, which consisted of six functions: soil conservation, forest nutrient retention, water conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen released, forest health care, and atmospheric environmental purification. The results showed that: the value of forest ecological services in Pudacuo National Park was 4.49 × 109 yuan·a−1, with higher values of carbon fixation and oxygen released, water conservation, and forest health care, in the following order: carbon fixation and oxygen released (3.85 × 109 yuan·a−1), water conservation (3.40 × 108 yuan·a−1), forest health care (1.44 × 108 yuan·a−1), soil conservation (1.15 × 108 yuan·a−1), forest nutrient retention (3.29 × 107 yuan·a−1), and atmosphere environmental purification (1.17 × 107 yuan·a−1). In addition, the value of services per stand and unit area is discussed, and the results of the study will inform the government’s ecological-compensation criteria in high-quality environmental areas.
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Pappalardo, S. E., H. Mohammad Saad Ibrahim, S. Cerinato, and M. Borin. "Assessing the water-purification service in an integrated agricultural wetland within the Venetian Lagoon drainage system." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 12 (2017): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16083.
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Wetlands are a cornerstone of beneficial ecosystem services, especially in intensive agricultural landscapes characterised by nutrient loss, and shallow and surface water bodies. Water-purification services can trap 80–90% of the sediments and eliminate 70–90% of the entering nitrogen. An experimental wetland of 3.2ha was created within the Venetian drainage system to control nutrient loss from croplands and protect surface water bodies. The aims of the present study were to assess the water-purification service by monitoring nutrient runoff and testing the adaptability of seven macrophyte species in a floating treatment wetland system. Results showed that median concentrations of total nitrogen were 2.43ppm at the inlet and 1.79ppm at the outlet, whereas after an extreme rainfall event, total nitrogen concentrations were 6.34ppm at the inlet and 1.29ppm at the outlet. Carex spp. adapted best to the floating wetlands (433.13gm–2 of biomass production), followed by Lythrum salicaria (210.32gm–2). Carex spp. had the highest total nitrogen uptake (4.84gm–2), mostly in roots (3.19gm–2), followed by L. salicaria with 2.35gm–2. Constructed wetlands could, therefore, play a crucial role in integrated agro-environmental management to control nutrient runoff from intensive cropping systems.
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Zhang, Hongjuan, Qian Pang, Huan Long, Haochen Zhu, Xin Gao, Xiuqing Li, Xiaohui Jiang, and Kang Liu. "Local Residents’ Perceptions for Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Fenghe River Watershed." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193602.
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To make environmental management decisions more executive and targeted, it is essential for decision-making to include local residents’ perceptions and preferences for ecosystem services (ES) and biodiversity (BD). This study conducted a questionnaire survey with 386 local residents to explore social perceptions for ES and BD in the Fenghe River watershed. ES contain food from agriculture (AGR), food from livestock (LIV), fresh water (FW), air purification (AP), water purification (WP), water retention (WR), soil retention (SR), aesthetics (AES), recreation (RE), and spirit (SP) in this study. Ranking and Likert scales are combined to identify residents’ preferences for ES and BD. The hypothetical market method is used to identify the willingness to pay for BD and ES. Independent sample T-test, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman correlation are used to analyze preference heterogeneity. The results show that: (1) residents prefer WP, AP, AGR, and FW; (2) 51.3% of respondents are willing to pay a fee for improving ES while 48.7% of respondents are unwilling to pay; (3) residents’ personal and residential factors affect preference heterogeneity. Last, we put forward three management suggestions on controlling environmental pollution, improving residents’ awareness of ES, and establishing a multi-channel fund based on government financial resources for improving ES in the Fenghe River watershed. Integrating stakeholders’ perceptions for ES into decision-making can promote the sustainable development in Fenghe River watershed.
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La Notte, Alessandra, Joachim Maes, Bruna Grizzetti, Faycal Bouraoui, and Grazia Zulian. "Spatially explicit monetary valuation of water purification services in the Mediterranean bio-geographical region." International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 8, no. 1-2 (February 15, 2012): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2011.645557.
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Zheng, Hua, Lijuan Wang, Wenjia Peng, Cuiping Zhang, Cong Li, Brian E. Robinson, Xiaochen Wu, et al. "Realizing the values of natural capital for inclusive, sustainable development: Informing China’s new ecological development strategy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 17 (April 5, 2019): 8623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819501116.
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A major challenge in transforming development to inclusive, sustainable pathways is the pervasive and persistent trade-off between provisioning services (e.g., agricultural production) on the one hand and regulating services (e.g., water purification, flood control) and biodiversity conservation on the other. We report on an application of China’s new Ecological Development Strategy, now being formally tested and refined for subsequent scaling nationwide, which aims to mitigate and even eliminate these trade-offs. Our focus is the Ecosystem Function Conservation Area of Hainan Island, a rural, tropical region where expansion of rubber plantations has driven extensive loss of natural forest and its vital benefits to people. We explored both the biophysical and the socioeconomic options for achieving simultaneous improvements in product provision, regulating services, biodiversity, and livelihoods. We quantified historic trade-offs between rubber production and vital regulating services, finding that, over the past 20 y (1998–2017), there was a 72.2% increase in rubber plantation area, leading to decreases in soil retention (17.8%), water purification [reduced retention of nitrogen (56.3%) and phosphorus (27.4%)], flood mitigation (21.9%), carbon sequestration (1.7%), and habitat for biodiversity (6.9%). Using scenario analyses, we identified a two-pronged strategy that would significantly reduce these trade-offs, enhancing regulating services and biodiversity, while simultaneously diversifying and increasing product provision and improving livelihoods. This general approach to analyzing product provision, regulating services, biodiversity, and livelihoods has applicability in rural landscapes across China, South and Southeast Asia, and beyond.
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Bhandari, Ananta Ram, Udhab Raj Khadka, and Keshav Raj Kanel. "ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE MID-HILL FOREST OF WESTERN NEPAL: A CASE OF PANCHASE PROTECTED FOREST." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v23i1.22146.
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This paper identified ecosystem services of Panchase Protected Forest (PPF) in the mid-hills of western Nepal using the Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity (TEEB) framework. Transect walk, focus group discussion, key informants interview and expert’s consultation were used. This study revealed that PPF offered wide range of ecosystem services including provisioning, regulating habitat, and cultural and amenity services. Provisioning services offered by PPF included food (35 species), raw materials (22 species), energy (17 species), medicines (40 species), ornamental resources (3 species) and water resources. The forest was also a source of water for irrigation and domestic consumption. The regulating services offered by PPF included water flow regulation, erosion prevention, water purification, soil fertility maintenance, air quality regulation and climate regulation. PPF provided habitat for 589 species of flowering plants, 24 species of mammals and 262 species of birds maintaining life cycles and genetic diversity. By maintaining landscape integrity and heritages, PPF provided opportunities for recreation and tourism. A total of 3,600 tourists and 25,340 pilgrims visit PPF every year. The beneficiary of ecosystem services from PPF ranged from local level to sub-national, national and global levels.
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Wang, Lijuan, Hua Zheng, Stephen Polasky, and Yanxu Long. "Spatial priorities for biodiversity and ecosystem services considering theoretical decision-makers’ attitudes to risk." Environmental Research Communications 3, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 115007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac34c6.
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Abstract Choosing appropriate spatial priorities for protected areas (PAs) to conserve ecosystem services (ESs) and biodiversity is a challenge for decision makers under limited land resources, especially when facing uncertain protection consequences or conflicting protection objectives. Attitudes toward risk will influence actions, which will, in turn, impact consequences. To understand how theoretical decision-makers’ attitudes towards risk impact protection effectiveness for biodiversity and ESs (e.g., water retention, soil retention, flood mitigation, water purification and carbon sequestration) and how this information can be integrated into effective PAs management, we examined Hainan Island as a case study. We used the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) algorithm to assess the impact of attitude towards risk in PA management. Decision-makers’ attitude towards risk scenarios (from risk-averse and risk-taking) showed higher mean protection effectiveness (2.41–2.85) than existing PAs (2.37), indicating that there is still room for improvement in biodiversity and ESs conservation in existing PAs. In addition, among the seven examined risk scenarios, the higher risk aversion scenario showed the best outcome. In comparison to existing PAs, this scenario improved mean protection effectiveness (20.13%) as well as the protection effectiveness of water retention (24.84%), water purification (11.46%), flood mitigation (8.84%), soil retention (16.63%), carbon sequestration (5.31%), and biodiversity (12.84%). Thus, our research shows that the influence of theoretical decision-makers’ attitudes towards risk could be considered by OWA method which could provide a normative model of what the right choice given theoretical risk attitudes is while selecting priority area for biodiversity and ESs.
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Guo, Hongwei, Ji Han, Lili Qian, Xinxin Long, and Xiaoyin Sun. "Assessing the Potential Impacts of Urban Expansion on Hydrological Ecosystem Services in a Rapidly Urbanizing Lake Basin in China." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 4424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084424.
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Hydrological ecosystem services (HESs) such as water purification and water supply are important for providing other ecosystem services such as drinking water, recreation, and human health. Land use change caused by urbanization is a direct driver affecting the provision of HESs. The quantification and integration of HES into watershed management and urban planning have become increasingly important. In this study, we highlighted an integration of the InVEST and CLUE-S models to simulate and predict future changes of HES in a rapidly urbanizing lake basin, namely the Nansihu Lake basin of China. The spatiotemporal patterns of HESs including water yield, water purification, and sediment export in the past five decades (from 1980 to 2015) have been revealed through our integrated modeling approach. Furthermore, urbanization and land use change scenarios till 2030 were developed using land use, topography, climate, and soil data. It is found that due to the rapid expansion of urban land, water yield, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) export has increased by 5.5%, 7.38%, and 7.02%, respectively, while the sediment export has decreased by 4%. As a result, the risks of flooding and water quality degradation increased. Under a hybrid ecological and farmland redline policy (EFRP) scenario, the HESs have all been significantly improved compared to the level in 2015. This research can help to predict the future changes in HESs for land use management and ecological and environmental protection in the Nansihu Lake basin.
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Li, Ruida, Ruonan Li, Hua Zheng, Yanzheng Yang, and Zhiyun Ouyang. "Quantifying Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs to Inform Spatial Identification of Forest Restoration." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050563.
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Specific forest restoration aims to maximum ecosystem services (ESs); however, the complex trade-offs among ecosystem services pose considerable challenges for fulfilling such goals. Based on forest restoration on Hainan Island, China, we integrated spatially explicit models of ecosystem services and spatial prioritization techniques based on the efficiency frontier between habitat quality and plantation revenue to analyze the impacts of decision-makers’ preferences on optimal configurations of forest restoration. We then investigated the effects of different optimal restoration schemes on water purification, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and coastal hazard mitigation. Based on our results, plantation revenue and habitat quality exhibited an obvious trade-off during the process of restoration. Forest restoration patterns also varied with the degree of preference for plantation yield or habitat quality, indicating that understanding ecosystem service tradeoffs can support the optimal selection of forest restoration schemes under different preferences. However, when the values of multiple ecosystem services associated with forest restoration were considered (e.g., water purification, soil retention, carbon sequestration, and coastal hazard mitigation), the optimal solution choice varied. Our results suggest the application of the efficiency frontier can deepen quantitative understanding of ecosystem service trade-offs, and the addition of multi-benefit evaluation based on optimal solutions can provide a more detailed and broader picture of forest restoration plans. Integrated efficiency frontier assessment with the valuation of ecosystem services associated with forest restoration provides a quantitative approach for optimal forest restoration, which can be applied in broad forest restoration programs.
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Francini, Alessandra, Daniela Romano, Stefania Toscano, and Antonio Ferrante. "The Contribution of Ornamental Plants to Urban Ecosystem Services." Earth 3, no. 4 (December 2, 2022): 1258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3040071.
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Urban areas can be differently anthropized; often, high-density populations lead to higher amounts of pollution. Nowadays, ornamental plants can represent important living components of urban areas, and if appropriate species are used, they can provide important ecosystem services. The relationships between green infrastructures and ecosystem services have been recognized for a long time, but the role of ornamental plant species has not been studied as much. In this frame, the different ecosystem services of ornamental plants, i.e., provisioning (e.g., food, air, and water cleaning), regulating (e.g., rain water, climate, nutrient recycling, pollination, and the formation of fertile soils), and cultural (e.g., recreation opportunities or the inspiration we draw from nature) will be critically analyzed to select the most suitable ornamental plant species able to assure the better performance. The action mechanisms will also be analyzed and discussed to individuate the best ideotypes of plant species able to better assure water purification, air quality, space for recreation, climate mitigation and adaptation, human wellbeing, and health. This information is suitable to ensure that the protection, restoration, creation, and enhancement of green infrastructure become integral parts of urban spatial planning and territorial development.
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Gebreegziabher, Kinfe, and Tewodros Tadesse. "Household demand for improved water supply services in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia." Water Policy 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.095.
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With population growth and urbanization, demand for improved water services has been growing. It is imperative therefore to examine different factors that influence demand for improved water services and the resultant welfare changes. Using cross-sectional household survey data collected through structured questionnaire from ten administrative units in Mekelle City, we estimate household willingness to pay models and identify major determinant factors of demand for improved water service. In order to help us do this, we considered selection issues and estimated models using the Heckman Two-Step Estimator. Our results show that the amount of bid (amount of money households would be willing to pay) that households (already connected to private taps) would be willing to pay is positively associated with household income, ownership of the house, price of vended water and the practice of water purification. For households who are not connected to private taps, the amount they would be willing to pay for (improved) private tap connection is positively associated with formal education, housing status and gender. We also investigate the welfare gains and losses as a result of improved water service. Analytical results show that, as the number of households who subscribe to improved water service increases, there is a gain in surplus for households and revenue (producer surplus) for the municipality.
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Smirnova, Elena, Yuliya Larionova, and Arkadij Larionov. "Sewer system optimization in housing and communal services." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015702002.
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The purpose of the article is to present the design decisions used in the construction of the extended main trunk sewer of the North in St Petersburg. One of its key elements is the siphon, a unique structure in engineering practice for optimal and safe water disposal system. Its special feature is in the arrangement of connections in the pits of the trunk sewer header portion. For the purpose of investigation it had to describe the general situation relative to sewerage network in the city. Following this, a precondition, which determined the structure design as the optimum for movement of effluent, is presented. Further, author concludes that the new pit structures using composite materials made it possible to complete construction of the trunk sewer on schedule and by means of it to move to purification works practically all of the city’s effluents (98, 4%) and realize the goal of steady economic development. Then author shows that it is necessary source control techniques be designed to counter increased discharge of water. It should to provide in the buildings power saving technologies, the hot water recirculation systems, modernize the existing hot water supply facilities, and to install low-cost highly efficient small heat exchangers instead of obsolete locally based boilers and just only of increasing the norms, coefficients and tariffs. Hence it appears that the multi-objective sewer system optimization provides more rational and practical solutions to avoid sewer overflows, reduce risks to public health and to protect the environment from water pollution.
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Chen, Junyu, Tao Cui, Huimin Wang, Gang Liu, Mat Gilfedder, and Yang Bai. "Spatio-temporal evolution of water-related ecosystem services: Taihu Basin, China." PeerJ 6 (June 22, 2018): e5041. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5041.
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Water-related ecosystem services (WESs) arise from the interaction between water ecosystems and their surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. They are critical for human well-being as well as for the whole ecological circle. An urgent service-oriented reform for the utilization and supervision of WESs can assist in avoiding ecological risks and achieving a more sustainable development in the Taihu Basin, China (THB). Spatially distributed models allow the multiple impacts of land use/land cover conversion and climate variation on WESs to be estimated and visualized efficiently, and such models can form a useful component in the toolbox for integrated water ecosystem management. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model is used here to evaluate and visualize the spatio-temporal evolution of WESs in the THB from 2000 to 2010. Results indicate that water retention service experienced a decline from 2000 to 2005 with a recovery after 2005, while there was ongoing water scarcity in urban areas. Both the water purification service and the soil retention service underwent a slight decrease over the study period. Nutrients export mainly came from developed land and cultivated land, with the hilly areas in the south of the THB forming the primary area for soil loss. The quantity and distribution of WESs were impacted significantly by the shrinkage of cultivated land and the expansion of developed land. These findings will lay a foundation for a service-oriented management of WESs in the THB and support evidence-based decision making.
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Wang, Rui Jie, Lian Wei Yang, and Miao Jia. "The Assessment of Grassland Ecosystem Services Value with GIS Technology in HulunBuir City of China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 1742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.1742.
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The grassland ecosystem of HulunBuir city is an important component of ecology security system in Northeast China. In this study, net primary productivity (NPP), as an improtant ecological parameter, was used to estmate the services value. Considering the characteristic of satellite imagery, it is difficult to calculate some functions. So we calculated the services value from 6 aspects, including soil erosion control, water conservation, direct production, gas regulation, nutrient recycling and atmospheric environment purification. The total services value of grassland ecosystem was estimated in RMB to be aproximately 18.47×109Yuan in 2006, the average economic value of unit area was 15.4×104Yuan/km2. The direct production value was 1.23×109Yuan/year; and the contribution rate to total value was 6.66%. The water regulation value was the maximum, 9.09×109Yuan/year. Gas regulation value was 5.25×109Yuan/yea. The purify atmosphere value was minimal.
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Reis, Josimar Vieira dos, Mario de Miranda Vilas Boas Ramos Leitão, and Josicleda Domiciano Galvincio. "Willingness to pay for water ecosystem services in a river basin of the in South America largest semi-arid region." Nova Economia 32, no. 1 (April 2022): 293–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/6797.
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Abstract This study presents the result on the Willingness To Pay (WTP) of Ecosystem Services (ES) regulating water a Brazilian watershed. The Brazilian semi-arid region is the largest semi-arid region in South America, this area is ranked as the most populated semi-arid region in the world. 393 questionnaires were applied using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Of the respondents in the basin territory, over (77.9%) expressed a positive WTP for maintaining the (SE) of Water. The payment for the conservation of the (ES) water regulators was R$10.00/month, the quality of water purification seemed to be an important aspect in terms of the value assigned in the payment. On the other hand, the protest votes for non-payment, which were (22.1%), pointed to the payment of too many taxes. The (WTP) for water conservation was defined by environmental interest and the loss of the (SES) provided Caatinga.
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Mau Dung, Nguyen, and Nguyen Phuong Le. "Economic Valuation of Regulating Ecosystem Services of Thai Thuy Wetland in the Red River Delta of Vietnam." Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54609/reaser.v23i1.115.
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The ecosystem in Thai Thuy wetland plays a significant role in providing goods and regulating services such as disaster risk reduction, carbon storage and water purification. This study aims to estimate the value of the major regulating ecosystem services of Thai Thuy wetland. Based on information collected through FGDs, supported by information from available literature sources, the key regulating ecosystem services of Thai Thuy wetland were identified for estimating their economic value. The main methods used for valuing these services are the benefit transfer and replacement cost methods. The total economic value of regulating services in the Thai Thuy wetland is estimated at US$6.1 mil. per year in the 2016 price. This could help to raise the awareness of the wetland importance for local people and policy makers so that more consideration should be given to better wetland conservation and management.
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Komeil, Jahanifar, Amirnejad Hamid, Abedi Zahra, and Vafaeinejad Alireza. "Estimation of the value of forest ecosystem services to develop conservational strategy management (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats)." Journal of Forest Science 63, No. 7 (July 28, 2017): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/137/2016-jfs.
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Forests ecosystems provide several undisputable benefits which policy-makers blink since these values do not record in conventional markets or are difficult to measure. This paper indicates that the annual value of the ecosystem services such as water conservation, soil protection, carbon fixation, nutrient cycling, water purification, air pollution absorption and recreation provided by forests is not only worth millions of dollars, but also in per hectare terms much more than hitherto known. After estimating the value of ecosystem services, results are available to policy-makers and experts at a brainstorming and by using SWOT, conservational strategies for long-term management based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were developed. Ecosystem services value for the Mazandaran Forest Reserve ranged from 14.2 to 14.8 million USD or about 6,676.9–6,785.6 USD·ha<sup>–1</sup>. Given these results, raising the society awareness of the negative impact of forest land use changes based on the functional value were proposed as conservational strategies to prevent the forest land use change. If these are accounted for, then governments and societies faced with the development versus conservation dilemma can create more understanding decisions and policies that will assist to conserve forests and the ecosystem services they provide, and thereby promulgate human well-being and sustainable development.
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Janse, T., and P. Wiers. "The climate footprint: a practical tool to address climate change." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.547.
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Waternet supplies clean and safe drinking water to the homes of almost one million Amsterdam citizens, and also collects and treats the resulting wastewater, ensuring its safe discharge back into the water system. Climate change poses a growing challenge. Firstly Waternet is affected by the consequences of climate change, such as longer periods of drought and heavier bursts of rainfall. Secondly, the company also plays a role in causing climate change, as emissions from the Amsterdam water chain contribute to global warming. This paper aims to focus attention on mitigation as an inseparable part of adaptation-programmes. The Climate Footprint methodology is applied to the integrated Amsterdam water chain: from the point of withdrawing water from the surface/groundwater water system for drinking water production, to the point of returning the purified wastewater to the surface water/groundwater system. In-between, the water is pre-treated with chemicals, transported, purified by dune-filtration, again treated for drinking water quality, distributed over the area of Amsterdam, used in households and industries, collected from there by sewers and pumps, transported to purification plants and finally again treated with chemicals and purified to end with acceptable surface water quality. The whole process generates CO2-emissions in three different ways: Sewage treatment transforms the remains of human food consumption into CO2. These emissions do not originate from fossil fuels, but from food. They remain in a short carbon cycle and do not contribute to global warming. In fact, the sludge remaining from the purification plant is an important energy source. Transport and purification processes require energy; this results in direct emissions e.g. in the case of fuel or natural gas use, and indirect emissions in the case of electricity. The use of chemicals and materials for construction, transport systems, and all other facilities and services to keep the system running does require suppliers of these goods and services to consume energy and thus causes indirect emission. An inventory of these three different types of emissions is made for the (about) 1990 situation, the 2004 situation, and prognosticated for the 2007 situation. The 2004 situation reveals a 0.16 ton CO2 equivalent emission per person. Compared to the worldwide 4 ton emission per person, this would mean a 4% contribution from the urban water system. With all the improvements scheduled, a 50% elimination of greenhouse gas emissions looks attainable for the 2007 situation. Further possibilities for emission reductions may be found by talking to suppliers about the indirect emissions.
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Cai, Wenbo, Tong Wu, Wei Jiang, Wanting Peng, and Yongli Cai. "Integrating Ecosystem Services Supply–Demand and Spatial Relationships for Intercity Cooperation: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104131.
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Transboundary environmental problems caused by urban expansion and economic growth cannot be solved by individual cities. Successful intercity environmental cooperation relies on the clear identification and definition of the rights and obligations of each city. An Ecosystem services (ES) approach not only budgets the ES supply and demand of a city, but also defines the spatial relationships between Services Provisioning Areas (SPA) and Services Benefiting Areas (SBA). However, to date, quantitative studies integrating ES budgets and spatial relations have been scarce. This study integrates ecosystem services supply–demand budgeting with flow direction analysis to identify intercity environmental cooperation in the highly urbanized Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China for water-related ecosystem services (flood protection, erosion regulation and water purification). The results demonstrated that there were significant spatial mismatches in the supply and demand of three water-related ES among 16 core cities in the YRD region: five to six cities in the southern part of the region had significant service surpluses, while ten to 11 cities in the north–central part had significant service deficits. We then went on to offer definitions for Ecosystem Services Surplus City, Ecosystem Services Deficit City and Ecosystem Services Balance City, as well as Service Provisioning City, Service Benefiting City and Service Connecting City in which to categorize cities in the YRD Region. Furthermore, we identified two intercity cooperation types and two non-cooperation types. This framework can be used to promote ecological integration in highly urbanized regions to advance sustainable development.
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Solayman, HM, Md Abdul Baten, and Md Badiuzzaman Khan. "Status and economic valuation of ecosystem services of Tanguar haor: A wetland of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 2 (August 23, 2018): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i2.37968.
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Tanguar haor wetland is one of the listed Ramsar sites enrich with biodiversity variety and provides several ecosystem services with significant contribution to the national economy of Bangladesh. But these services were decreasing day by day due to natural and anthropogenic activities. The purposes of this study were to identify the utilized ecosystem services by communities, economic values of utilized ecosystem services and the basic reasons for depleting of ecosystem services. Data were collected through baseline survey, checklists, face to face questionnaire survey and focus group discussion (FGD) from 120 residential respondents and 50 tourist respondents by accepting random sampling techniques during November, 2016 to September, 2017. Physiochemical characteristics of the water were determined where the mean temperature and pH were 28.26°C and 7.72 respectively. The highest TDS, EC, DO, NO3 and PO4 values were 1020 (mg L−1), 1460 (μS cm−1), 8.56 (mg L−1), 1.769 (mg L−1) and 0.078 (mg L−1), respectively. Commonly utilized ecosystem services were crops, vegetables, fuel, fresh water, fishes and migratory birds, climate regulation, water purification, natural hazards protection, aesthetic, social relations, recreation & tourism, health benefit, primary production, nutrient cycling, water cycling habitats for species and provision of habitat etc. Market Value Method (MVM) and Contingent Value Method (CVM) were applied to measure the economic value of Tanguar haor wetland services. DPSIR framework and Impact Matrix (IM) were applied for conceptual analysis to identify the effects on ecosystem services. Total economic value of 39 ecosystem services of Tanguar haor was estimated at 174039980 BDT year−1. Mismanagement of biodiversity, over exploitation, sedimentation of haor, climate change, illegal hunting, land use changes and habitat changes were the responsible factors for depleting ecosystem services. The impact factor (4.161) was identified by natural and anthropogenic factors on ecosystem services. There have a vast prospect of the Tanguar haor wetland services for near communities. Finally the research suggested several sustainable management approaches which have the potentiality to protect the services of the wetland.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(2): 237-243, August 2018
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Yihui, Wen, Liu Guihuan, and Wu Rui. "Eco-Compensati on in Guanting Reservoir Watershed Based on Spatiotemporal Variations of Water Yield and Purification Services." Journal of Resources and Ecology 9, no. 4 (July 2018): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2018.04.009.
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Li, Huiqin, Cuimei Lv, Minhua Ling, Changkuan Gu, Yang Li, Zening Wu, and Denghua Yan. "Emergy Analysis and Ecological Spillover as Tools to Quantify Ecological Compensation in Xuchang City, Qingyi River Basin, China." Water 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040414.
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As an effective means to coordinate cost–benefit allocation of ecological protection between upstream and downstream cities, ecological compensation is often used to improve collaborative basin-wide freshwater resources management. Yet, due to the complex relationships between upstream and downstream ecosystem services, calculating eco-compensation is not an easy task. We used ecological spillover (the amount of local ecosystem services not used in the region and thus flows to downstream areas) and emergy analysis to determine the amount of eco-compensation that the city of Xuchang should pay to the upstream city of Xinzheng (Qingyi River Basin, China) from 2010 to 2014. Eco-compensation was determined by deducting the emergy of the local, self-supplied ecosystem services of Xuchang City, calculated using an ecological-water-footprint-based analysis, from the emergy of the total ecosystem services used in Xuchang, and monetized accordingly. The results showed that the self-supplied ecosystem services decreased from 2010 to 2014 and, thus, Xuchang relied more on the ecological spillover services flowing from Xinzheng. As a result, eco-compensation increased from 990 million Chinese Yuan (¥) in 2010 to ¥509 billion in 2014, mostly due to increased demands for water purification and reduced precipitation around Xuchang. This method can be further enhanced by introducing larger datasets and can be replicated elsewhere to accurately determine ecological compensation, ensuring basin-wide collaboration towards the sustainable management of freshwater resources.
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Rankinen, Katri, Maria Holmberg, Mikko Peltoniemi, Anu Akujärvi, Kati Anttila, Terhikki Manninen, and Tiina Markkanen. "Framework to Study the Effects of Climate Change on Vulnerability of Ecosystems and Societies: Case Study of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Southern Finland." Water 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040472.
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Climate change may alter the services ecosystems provide by changing ecosystem functioning. As ecosystems can also resist environmental perturbations, it is crucial to consider the different processes that influence resilience. Our case study considered increased NO3− concentration in drinking water due to the climate change. We analyzed changes in ecosystem services connected to water purification at a catchment scale in southern Finland. We combined climate change scenarios with process-based forest growth (PREBAS) and eco-hydrological (PERSiST and INCA) models. We improved traditional model calibration by timing of forest phenology and snow-covered period from network of cameras and satellite data. We upscaled the combined modelling results with scenarios of population growth to form vulnerability maps. The boreal ecosystems seemed to be strongly buffered against NO3- leaching by increase in evapotranspiration and vegetation NO3- uptake. Societal vulnerability varied greatly between scenarios and municipalities. The most vulnerable were agricultural areas on permeable soil types.
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Delle Grazie, Fabio M., and Laurence W. Gill. "Review of the Ecosystem Services of Temperate Wetlands and Their Valuation Tools." Water 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091345.
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Wetlands constitute important habitats that provide several ecosystem services (ES). Wetlands have been termed the kidneys of the world for their water purification services and contain 20–25% of total soil organic carbon. This paper is a review of published studies dealing with the ES of temperate wetlands. Wetlands are among the ecosystems with the most valuable ES, with regulating services being the most important for inland wetlands. While the number of articles on the ES of wetlands has increased exponentially over the past 10 years, more research is needed to achieve a methodological homogenisation in the quantification and valuation of the ES of wetlands. More attention should also be targeted to specific ES of wetlands, and for the geographical distribution of studies. It is also evident that ES have not been valued for some categories of wetlands, such as intermittent karst lakes (poljes/turloughs) which may require more bespoke methodologies to quantify certain aspects of their ES due to their unique annual flooding behaviour.
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Nortjé, Gerhardus Petrus, and Michiel Christiaan Laker. "Factors That Determine the Sorption of Mineral Elements in Soils and Their Impact on Soil and Water Pollution." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080821.
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Soil is an essential ecosystem, delivering valuable services such as the provision of food, energy and raw materials, carbon sequestration, water purification and infiltration, nutrient regulation, pest control and recreation. Therefore, soil is crucial for fighting climate change, protecting human health, safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystems and ensuring food security. Pollution of the soil by organic and inorganic substances is, therefore, detrimental to ecosystem services and/or human health. Heavy metals at harmful concentrations are highly detrimental, and here, mining activities are one of the main sources of soil pollution. According to studies conducted, some of the major soil factors affecting mineral (including P) sorption are time, soil pH, soil organic matter and iron and aluminum oxides of soils. This paper looks at sources of mineral element pollution, including heavy metals, as heavy metals are toxic to all living organisms, including humans. This paper also reviews both cationic heavy metals and inorganic anionic pollutants, such as phosphate and arsenic, as well as cationic, non-heavy-metal pollutants such as nitrogen and potassium.
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Liu, Qing, Guoming Du, and Haijiao Liu. "A Quantitative Study on the Identification of Ecosystem Services: Providing and Connecting Areas and Their Impact on Ecosystem Service Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 7904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137904.
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The spatial location relations between service-providing areas and service-demand areas determine the effective provision level of ecosystem services. Some scholars use the term ecological service flow to conceptualize the transmission path, transmission characteristics, and service benefits of the provision-oriented service type between service-providing areas and service-demand areas. A few scholars have characterized the transmission range and spatial unit characteristics of single or several ecosystem service types, such as production services and regulation services between the providing area and demand area based on landscape, region and global scale. The current literature lacks quantitative studies on the spatial location relations between providing areas and demand areas of ecosystem services and the actual level of ecosystem service provision at the municipal scale based on the demand for ecosystem services faced by cities. This study takes Jinan, China, as the research area, quantifies the providing areas, connecting areas and demand areas of seven services—namely, the air purification service, climate regulation service, flood prevention service, water pollution prevention service, water supply service, soil erosion prevention service, and habitat supply service—and analyzes the spatial relation characteristics of each element. On this basis, the Hellwig model is used to quantitatively analyze the impact of service-providing area and service-connecting area on regional overall ecosystem service assessment. The results prove that service-providing areas and service-connecting areas are the key units that affect the level of regional ecosystem service provision. The evaluation of regional ecosystem service provision level is inseparable from the identification of service-providing areas and service-connecting areas and the study of their attributes, characteristics, and spatial relations. Service-providing areas and service-connecting areas should be differentiated when developing strategies to optimize and improve the level of regional ecosystem service provision. Different optimization measures should be formulated according to the differences in unit attributes and service barriers in different areas. The results provide guidance for the optimization of ecosystem services to ensure the efficient and sustainable provision of regional ecosystem services and improve the actual benefits of service-demand groups or service-demand areas.
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Asbjornsen, H., V. Hernandez-Santana, M. Liebman, J. Bayala, J. Chen, M. Helmers, C. K. Ong, and L. A. Schulte. "Targeting perennial vegetation in agricultural landscapes for enhancing ecosystem services." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29, no. 2 (February 7, 2013): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000385.
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AbstractOver the past century, agricultural landscapes worldwide have increasingly been managed for the primary purpose of producing food, while other diverse ecosystem services potentially available from these landscapes have often been undervalued and diminished. The incorporation of relatively small amounts of perennial vegetation in strategic locations within agricultural landscapes dominated by annual crops—or perennialization—creates an opportunity for enhancing the provision of a wide range of goods and services to society, such as water purification, hydrologic regulation, pollination services, control of pest and pathogen populations, diverse food and fuel products, and greater resilience to climate change and extreme disturbances, while at the same time improving the sustainability of food production. This paper synthesizes the current scientific theory and evidence for the role of perennial plants in balancing conservation with agricultural production, focusing on the Midwestern USA as a model system, while also drawing comparisons with other climatically diverse regions of the world. Particular emphasis is given to identifying promising opportunities for advancement and critical gaps in our knowledge related to purposefully integrating perennial vegetation into agroecosystems as a management tool for maximizing multiple benefits to society.
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Salazar, R., A. Rojano, and I. López. "Energy and environmental costs related to water supply in Mexico City." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.051.
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Water and energy are critical resources that are essential and interdependent. Satisfying consumers' water needs requires energy for supply, purification, distribution, and treatment of water and wastewater. This energy consumption to provide water is linked with negative environmental externalities. This paper provides an overview of the energy and environmental costs related to water supply services in Mexico City, one of the largest cities in the world; this city is heading towards a major water crisis, more than 30% of its water supply comes from external sources. The internal groundwater sources are overexploited between 9 and 12 m3/s generating 6–28 cm of sinking every year. The current water availability is 130 lt/person/day, which is below the minimum requirements. Also, half of Mexico City's water supply is lost through poor infrastructure alone and mismanagement of water resources. The external and internal sources of water supply are analyzed in terms of the energy consumption and costs as well as the generation of contaminants in the atmosphere such as CO2, SO2, N2O. Finally, some opportunity areas are provided to reduce energy use and contamination of the non-sustainable water consumption pattern of Mexico City.
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Dieter, Matthias. "Umweltökonomische Gesamtrechnung für den Wald: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0032.
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Environmental and economic accounting for forests: feasibilities and limits The European Parliament and the Council of the Member States of the European Union point out the need to further develop a system of environmental accounts, including physical and monetary accounts for natural capital and ecosystem services. For the forestry sector such a system already exists. The European framework for integrated environmental and economic accounting for forests (IEEAF) consists of a series of logically ordered tables. Basically it shows the flow of wood from the forest to the different intermediate and final use purposes in a consistent manner. Supplementary, IEEAF provides tables that present production and generation of income in the forestry sector, inform about defoliation, and show the key figures on forest carbon balances. The economic key figures of IEEAF are broadly in accordance with the European system of national accounting, and hence comparable with the respective overall economic key figures. In contrast, ecological indicators are not yet appropriately developed. Hence, ecosystem services on the whole are insufficiently accounted for. Provision with wood as well as carbon sequestration are the only ecosystem services which are covered rather comprehensively. Table systems or at least appropriate indicators for other ecosystem services like water purification and fresh water supply, biodiversity or recreation in forests are missing and deserve recording in the IEEAF framework. Natural capital and its ecosystem services on the whole can hardly be meaningfully evaluated in monetary terms. Changes, though, can. For this purpose it would be sufficient to include above mentioned ecosystem services into the IEEAF in physical terms only. Monetary evaluations could then be conducted for the changes of the services between the individual years.