Journal articles: 'Water Purification Disinfection Australia'

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Bersillon, J. L. "Water Purification and Disinfection Processes." Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 27, no. 2 (February 1999): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-401x(199902)27:2<98::aid-aheh98>3.0.co;2-e.

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Reshnyak, Valerii I., Aleksandr I. Kaliaush, and Ksenia V. Reshnyak. "DEVELOPMENT OF BALLAST WATER PURIFICATION AND DISINFECTION TECHNOLOGY." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-3-365-373.

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The technology of purification and disinfection of ballast water developed by the authors is presented in the paper. Based on the results of a systematic analysis of the problem and on research experience in this field, it has been shown that the quality of ballast water discharged overboard after its use as ballast is determined by such basic factors as purification technology and design features of treatment devices, as well as conditions for operations with ballast water. The technology of ballast water purification as a complex of operations for purification, treatment and disinfection is determined by environmental requirements for the quality of purified and discharged overboard water, as well as the properties of the initial ballast water. The analysis of modern environmental requirements for the discharge of ballast water is given. It is shown that these requirements establish the level of permissible bacteriological danger of the discharged ballast water, taking into account the dispersed characteristics of the bacteriologically dangerous substance. These requirements determine the composition of operations that should be included in the technology of purification and disinfection of ballast water. Based on the results of the analysis of environmental requirements for the quality of purified ballast water, which determine the required water quality, a number of technological solutions collectively representing the technology of water purification and disinfection are proposed and justified. As disinfection, the use of ozone as an effective oxidizer is proposed. The use of sedimentation is proposed to regulate the content of dispersed particles of pollutants. Technological solutions also take into account the need for operations with a large amount of ballast water, as well as high reception and discharge capacity. It is proposed to carry out the disinfection process in small volumes of sediment, which is a concentrated mass of bacteriological substance obtained during preliminary coagulation and sedimentation, for which ship ballast tanks can be used. The proposed technology can be applied both in ship installations and in offshore environmental protection equipment - floating or coastal, for example, port facilities.

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Dvoinikova, A. V., and O. I. Filipovskaya. "RESEARCH ON PURIFICATION, DISINFECTION AND ENRICHMENTOF NATURAL WATER." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-2-89-92.

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The article emphasizes that the proposed method of natural water purification with natural sorbents is more effective than purification with artificial sorbents. This will give the opportunity not only to get rid of contaminants, but also disinfect and enrich water with natural chemical elements.

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Matsumoto, Takahiro, Ichiro Tatsuno, and Tadao Hasegawa. "Instantaneous Water Purification by Deep Ultraviolet Light in Water Waveguide: Escherichia Coli Bacteria Disinfection." Water 11, no. 5 (May 9, 2019): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11050968.

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The necessity of small water purification equipment has been increasing in recent years as a result of frequent natural disasters. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation treatment is an effective method for the disinfection of bacterial contaminants in water. As an emerging technology, disinfection by deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) is promising. Few studies have used the point-source characteristics of LEDs and have instead replaced mercury vapor lamps with LEDs. Here, we demonstrate the instantaneous purification of contaminated water by combining the point source characteristics of DUV-LEDs with a water waveguide (WW). The principle is based on the WW region acting as an effective DUV disinfector, whereby a high UV dose in a confined WW region can be applied to bacterial contaminants in a short period of time (around one second). We demonstrate the effect of this DUV-LED WW disinfection technique by showing the results of 3-log disinfection levels of water contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria after a short treatment time. We believe that the combination of the point-source nature of DUV-LED emission, the water-waveguide effect, and a small photovoltaic cell paves the way toward environmentally friendly and emergency preparedness portable water purification equipment that instantaneously supplies clean water just before drinking.

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Pilotto, Louis S. "Disinfection of drinking water, disinfection by-products and cancer: what about Australia?" Australian Journal of Public Health 19, no. 1 (February 12, 2010): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00304.x.

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Gerba, Charles P., and Jaime E. Naranjo. "Microbiological water purification without the use of chemical disinfection." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 11, no. 1 (March 2000): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2000)011[0012:mwpwtu]2.3.co;2.

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STRUTYNSKA, Lesya. "EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF INNOVATIVE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES OF SWIMMING POOLS AND WATER PARKS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 308, no. 4 (July 28, 2022): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-308-4-32.

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Typical processes of water purification and water treatment of water park pools are considered. The method of economic estimation of efficiency of their application is offered. The methodology is based on the introduction of a number of indicators of the quality of the water treatment process of calculating the coefficient of “efficiency criterion” of water treatment of swimming pools. The purpose of this study was to develop an innovative technology of electrolytic-cavitation water treatment for swimming pools and water parks and to create a method of comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of modern water treatment technologies. A new technological scheme of electrolytic-cavitation water purification of public water bodies is proposed. A mathematical dependence has been created, which allows to objectively assess the effectiveness of various methods of water treatment and purification using the proposed indicator called “efficiency criterion” It is established that the proposed method of electrolytic-cavitation water purification has the highest values of efficiency from the considered water purification processes. This method is based on an organic combination of the advantages of such physical methods as electrolytic and cavitation disinfection of organic and biological water pollutants. The degree of purification and disinfection provided by him reaches 97-98%.

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Sobotka, J. "Application of Ultraviolet Radiation for Water Disinfection and Purification in Poland." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0724.

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A multi-disciplinary research project on water disinfection using UV radiation was carried out under laboratory conditions as well as in selected pools and waterworks. The influence of UV radiation on physical, chemical and microbiological properties of water was determined. The report describes prototype devices and disinfection systems, as well as methods of determining UV radiation dose and α absorption coefficient.

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Utsev, Terlumun Joseph, Uungwa Shachia Jude, and Peter Okah. "Suitability of Lemna Trisulca (Duckweed) in Water Purification." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 3 (March 11, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.3.270.

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The research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of duckweed as a coagulant/disinfectant in the treatment of water and wastewater. Water sample was obtained from River Benue and duckweed was harvested near a residential area in Makurdi Town, Nigeria. Laboratory experiments were carried out using dosage, pH, temperature, initial concentration and Flocculating Speed as variables for both disinfection and coagulation. Results obtained revealed that, the optimum conditions with respect to disinfection (bacteria load removal) were; Dosage=0.4ml, pH=9, Temperature=30°C, Initial concentration=300µm and Flocculating speed=90rev/min, with highest percentage removal of 91% and 82% for the filtrate and powder respectively. For coagulation (turbidity and suspended solid removal), the optimum conditions were; Dosage=0.2ml, pH=5, Temperature=30°C, Initial concentration=633FTU and Flocculating Speed=90rev/min with the highest percentage removal at 84.3% and 80.4% for duckweed filtrate and powder respectively. It is recommended that, duckweed filtrate and powder should be used in water purification for drinking and greywater respectively.

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Utsev, Terlumun Joseph, Uungwa Shachia Jude, and Peter Okah. "Suitability of Lemna Trisulca (Duckweed) in Water Purification." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 3 (March 11, 2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.3.270.

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The research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of duckweed as a coagulant/disinfectant in the treatment of water and wastewater. Water sample was obtained from River Benue and duckweed was harvested near a residential area in Makurdi Town, Nigeria. Laboratory experiments were carried out using dosage, pH, temperature, initial concentration and Flocculating Speed as variables for both disinfection and coagulation. Results obtained revealed that, the optimum conditions with respect to disinfection (bacteria load removal) were; Dosage=0.4ml, pH=9, Temperature=30°C, Initial concentration=300µm and Flocculating speed=90rev/min, with highest percentage removal of 91% and 82% for the filtrate and powder respectively. For coagulation (turbidity and suspended solid removal), the optimum conditions were; Dosage=0.2ml, pH=5, Temperature=30°C, Initial concentration=633FTU and Flocculating Speed=90rev/min with the highest percentage removal at 84.3% and 80.4% for duckweed filtrate and powder respectively. It is recommended that, duckweed filtrate and powder should be used in water purification for drinking and greywater respectively.

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Torres, Patricia, Camilo Hernán Cruz Vélez, Magally González, Héctor Mario Gutiérrez, Luz Edith Barba, Juan Carlos Escobar, and Luis Germán Delgado. "Pentachlorophenol reduction in raw Cauca river water through activated carbon adsorption in water purification." Ingeniería e Investigación 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v28n3.15126.

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Reducing chemical risk in raw water from the River Cauca (caused by the presence of pentachlorophenol and organic matter (real color, UV254 absorbance)) was evaluated at bench scale by using three treatment sequences: adsorption with powdered activated coal (PAC); adsorption – coagulation; and, adsorption – disinfection – coagulation. The results showed that although PAC is appropriate for pentachlorophenol removal, and its use together with the coagulant (aluminium sulphate) significantly improved phenolic compound and organic matter removal (promoting enhanced coagulation), the most efficient treatment sequence was adsorption – disinfection - coagulation, achieving minor pentachlorophenol levels than detection (1.56 μg/l) and WHO limits (9μg/l) due to the effect of chloride on PAC.

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Pchelnikov, Igor V., Alexey I. Vergunov, and Arkady Y. Cherkesov. "Production Tests of the Don Water Purification and Disinfection Technology." Materials Science Forum 1052 (February 3, 2022): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0a724x.

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One of the promising ways to reduce the content of organic pollutants in natural waters is the use of biological processes in combination with sorption on powdered activated carbon followed by membrane filtration and, as the final stage, disinfection of the obtained permeate by direct electrolysis. The paper presents the results of the efficiency of purification of the Don water, which underwent physicochemical treatment from halogen-organic contaminants in a biosorption-membrane reactor and the dependencies characterizing the disinfection of water by direct electrolysis in a flow-through membraneless electrolyzer. The studies were carried out using powdered active carbon, hollow fiber, and flat plate membranes. An oxide iridium-ruthenium titanium anode (OIRTA) was used as electrodes in a flow-through electrolyzer. As a result of processing the experimental results, the efficiency of removing not only the turbidity and color of water, but also organic substances, which cause high permanganate oxidizability and COD, has been established. The results of experimental studies have shown a high efficiency of purification and disinfection of natural water to the requirements of SanPiN. The efficiency of COD reduction was on average 41.2%, color - 57.3%, permanganate oxidizability - 33.3%.

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Stoeva, Donka, Hafize Fidan, and Stanislava Tasheva. "Cavitation water treatment with GE USM cleaner device." BIO Web of Conferences 45 (2022): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224503002.

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Cavitation treatment of surface and natural waters is a method for their microbiological purification. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the possibilities for the disinfection of natural waters by cavitation treatment with a Ge USM Cleaner device. A full factorial experiment of type 22 was performed. The factors influencing the water purification process were studied. Based on the obtained experimental results, the activation energy, the thermal effect due to the disinfection of the water and the rate constant of the process were calculated. The thermodynamic parameters of the transition state -Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were also calculated. The analysis of the experimental results proveеd the effectiveness of the method used for natural water treatment.

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Deng, Daosheng, Wassim Aouad, William A. Braff, Sven Schlumpberger, Matthew E. Suss, and Martin Z. Bazant. "Water purification by shock electrodialysis: Deionization, filtration, separation, and disinfection." Desalination 357 (February 2015): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.11.011.

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Koval, Iryna. "Water disinfection under the helium influence." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 3(60) (June 30, 2021): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.235933.

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The object of research is the process of water disinfection at the influence of gas from bacteria of a particular genus with different amounts per unit volume of water. Due to the annual increase in the amount of pollutants in natural waters, new opportunities to improve microbiological indicators of water quality are being explored. There are many different ways to disinfect it, both physical and chemical. However, no single method has been found to purify aqueous media from microorganisms that would ensure their effective destruction. It is proposed to study the activity of specific microorganisms during the bubbling of inert gas through the aqueous medium. The microorganisms studied were rod-shaped sporogenic cells of Bacillus cereus bacteria type. The test gas was inert helium. The study used continuous gas bubbling throughout the process, which allowed to mix microbial water efficiently and prevent the formation of stagnant zones in the reaction medium. In particular, active gas mixing facilitates its access to each cell. The gas supply rate corresponded to 0.2 cm3/s, and its flow rate was 0.7 dm3 for one hour of bubbling through microbial water. The duration of the entire research process was 7200 s. The constant temperature of the microbial water (T=288±1 K) was maintained during the experiment by cooling the glass reactor with running water. An in-depth method of culturing bacterial cells was used. A decrease in the number of microorganisms was observed throughout the helium supply process, despite the different initial amounts in the water. The highest destruction degree of bacillus (77.06 %) was obtained at the lowest studied concentration in water (NM01=3.4·104 CFU/cm3). This is due to the fact that less microbial load provides better conditions for access of helium to the cell and their effective destruction. The proposed method of water purification allowed to achieve a sufficiently high degree of water disinfection from sporogenic rod-shaped bacteria after the action of helium alone. In particular, it has been experimentally proven that the efficiency of the water disinfection process depends on the concentration of microorganisms per unit volume of water. Due to the treatment of contaminated water with gas, it is possible to obtain high rates of its purification and the application of this method for practical purposes in water treatment technology.

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Du, Xin Yu. "Research on Swimming Pool Water Treatment Based on Embedded System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (July 2014): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.644.

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This paper mainly designs the outdoor swimming pool circulation purification system, introduced the circulation mode selection, calculation of water cycle, and we proposed water purification treatment measures. After filtration and disinfection of swimming pool water, which achieve the "Hygienic standard for swimming place" (GB9667-1996) that regulations on "the quality and hygiene standards" artificial swimming pool, which can be recycled.

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Cretikos, Michelle, Paul Byleveld, David N. Durrheim, Philippe Porigneaux, Tony Merritt, and Sandy Leask. "Supply system factors associated with microbiological drinking water safety in regional New South Wales, Australia, 2001–2007." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 2 (November 9, 2009): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.203.

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Aim: To determine factors associated with microbiological safety of public drinking water systems in regional New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: We analysed 107,000 end-user drinking water samples for an association between detection of Escherichia coli and drinking water system features, sample year and season using NSW Health Drinking Water Monitoring Program data, 2001–2007. We used negative binomial generalized estimating equations with adjustment for autocorrelation and clustering. Results: We detected E. coli in over 2% of samples from 40% (129/323) of systems. E. coli detection was significantly more common in earlier years and during summer (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis E. coli detection was significantly associated with smaller systems; watercourse sources; no disinfection or disinfection with ultraviolet only; and higher post-treatment mean turbidity (all p≤0.01). Detection was most strongly associated with lack of disinfection (incidence rate ratio 12.6, p<0.001) and smaller supply systems (1% reduction in E. coli detection for each 1,000 person increase in supply population, p=0.004). Ultraviolet disinfection alone was the least effective disinfection method (p<0.001). Conclusion: Even in developed countries, drinking water systems without disinfection or serving small populations appear vulnerable to the effects of faecal contamination, which presents a risk of waterborne disease outbreaks.

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Matsumoto, Takahiro, Tsuyoshi Hoshiai, Ichiro Tatsuno, and Tadao Hasegawa. "Action Spectra of Bacteria and Purification of Pollutant Water at Faucets Using a Water Waveguide Method." Water 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091394.

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation treatment is an effective method for purifying pollutant water contaminated with bacteria and/or chemicals. As an emerging technology, purification by deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) is promising. Few studies have used the point-source characteristics of LEDs and have instead replaced mercury vapor lamps with LEDs. Here, we show our recent progress in the instantaneous purification of contaminated water by combining the point-source characteristics of DUV-LEDs with a water waveguide (WW). Before the demonstration, we determined the efficacy of disinfection as a function of irradiation wavelength (action spectra) by constructing a wavelength tunable DUV light source. We found that, as a function of irradiation wavelength, there is a strong correlation between the dose-based inactivation rate constants and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) absorbance. Based on this correlation, the emission wavelength of 265 nm was determined as the most effective wavelength for disinfecting water contaminated with bacteria. Instantaneous 2-log disinfection levels of water contaminated with Escherichia coli O1 or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were demonstrated by using the DUV-LED WW method. We also discuss how far-UVC radiation shorter than 230 nm, which has recently been attracting attention and is known as a safe and effective disinfection wavelength for the human body, cannot give a higher-dose-based inactivation rate constant compared to that of 265 nm irradiation due to the larger absorption coefficient of water with a wavelength shorter than 230 nm.

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Arakcheev, E. N., V. E. Brunman, M. V. Brunman, A. V. Konyashin, V. A. Dyachenko, A. P. Petkova, and R. Ye Nekrasov. "EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PRACTICABILITY OF DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATERS WITH POTASSIUM FERRATE." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 3 (March 27, 2019): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-3-216-222.

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There are considered issues of the use of potassium ferrate for disinfection of drinking water, oxidation and coagulation of wastewaters, rainwater and environmental waters. Variety of realizations of technology for different water disinfection and purification using potassium ferrate is proved. Principles of composition and operation of technological flowchart of potassium ferrate producing and dosing and structural solution of complex unit for flowchart’s realization are analyzed and proved. Ecological and economic efficiencies of developed technology compared to analogs are shown. The results of approbation of the usage of electrolytic potassium ferrate for drinking water disinfection, wastewater oxidation and coagulation, including toxic, rain and environmental waters, are presented.

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Zhuravlev, Igor. "Sorption Membranes and Filter for Water Purification and Disinfection in Outdoor Conditions." Colloids and Interfaces 3, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids3010035.

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The aim of this article was to develop a simple, cheap, light, highly efficient sorption membrane and filtering device for the purification of naturally polluted water with application in outdoor conditions. Sorption membranes have been prepared from cellulose pulp using paper and pulp technology. The sorbents were introduced into paper pulp as a filler (as activated carbon) or were chemically grafted to cellulose fibers. The absorption ability of such membranes assembled in a filter device has been investigated. The removal of weighted small mechanical particles, microorganisms, dissolved organic contaminants and colloids, and the undesirable ion impurities by the filter was investigated. Using a 10 × 10 cm filter, purification and disinfection of 18 liters of natural polluted water from a lake was done. Purification of dirty water occurs with gravity from a tank (bucket).

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Arakcheev, Evgeny N., V. E. Brunman, M. V. Brunman, A. V. Konyashin, V. A. Dyachenko, and A. P. Petkova. "Complex technology for water and wastewater disinfection and its industrial realization in prototype unit." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-2-137-143.

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Usage of complex automated electrolysis unit for drinking water disinfection and wastewater oxidation and coagulation is scoped, its ecological and energy efficiency is shown. Properties of technological process of anolyte production using membrane electrolysis of brine for water disinfection in municipal pipelines and potassium ferrate production using electrochemical dissolution of iron anode in NaOH solution for usage in purification plants are listed. Construction of modules of industrial prototype for anolyte and ferrate production and applied aspects of automation of complex electrolysis unit are proved. Results of approbation of electrolytic potassium ferrate for drinking water disinfection and wastewater, rain water and environmental water oxidation and coagulation are shown.

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Wati, Satiya, Bret S. Robinson, John Mieog, Judy Blackbeard, and Alexandra R. Keegan. "Chlorine inactivation of coxsackievirus B5 in recycled water destined for non-potable reuse." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 1 (September 25, 2018): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.393.

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Abstract Currently guidelines for disinfection of water with free chlorine, while primarily developed for potable water, are often used for virus disinfection of nitrified recycled water of >1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit). More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of free chlorine for viruses in waters of varying turbidity and pH due to significant reuse of treated wastewater of varying quality. In this study, disinfection efficacy in nitrified/denitrified activated sludge treated wastewater was investigated for coxsackievirus B5 (CB5), an enterovirus known to be highly resistant to free chlorine. The required chlorine contact times (CT) values (mg.min/L) for inactivation of CB5 were established in treated wastewater at 10 °C and of varying turbidity (0.2, 2, 5 and 20 NTU) and pH (7, 8 and 9). CTs were calculated to achieve 1 to 4 log10 inactivation. Robust data is presented in support of the chlorine CT values required to inactivate a chlorine-resistant virus in a range of turbidities and pHs in treated wastewaters. The testing method used a conservative approach and the data presented have been used to develop the free chlorine virus inactivation guildelines for recycled water in Victoria and South Australia, Australia.

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Jung, Y. J., B. S. Oh, J. W. Kang, M. A. Page, M. J. Phillips, and B. J. Mariñas. "Control of disinfection and halogenated disinfection byproducts by the electrochemical process." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 12 (June 1, 2007): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.409.

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The aim of this study was to investigate some aspects of the performance of electrochemical process as an alternative disinfection strategy, while minimising DBPs, for water purification. The study of electrochemical processes has shown free chlorine to be produced, but smaller amounts of stronger oxidants, such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide and OH radicals (•OH), were also generated. The formation of mixed oxidants increased with increasing electric conductivity, but was limited at conductivities greater than 0.6 mS/cm. Using several microorganisms, such as E. coli and MS2 bacteriophage, inactivation kinetic studies were performed. With the exception of free chlorine, the role of mixed oxidants, especially OH radicals, was investigated for enhancement of the inactivation rate. Additionally, the formation and reduction of DBPs was studied by monitoring the concentration of haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the process.

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Knežević, Nemanja, and Srboljub Nikolić. "Water quality monitoring after floods." Odrzivi razvoj 3, no. 1 (2021): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/odrraz2101047k.

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Safe drinking water is one of the most important conditions for a healthy life. However, in case of disasters and emergencies, the water is often contaminated with various impurities of physical, chemical and/or biological origin. These contaminations can lead to a number of health problems, including various infectious diseases. For that reason, it is important to act preventively, and to perform appropriate treatment and water purification in a timely and urgent manner, depending on the type of pollution. In order to determine the type of pollution and perform the appropriate water treatment, the precondition is arranging certain chemical analyzes and monitoring of water quality through quality parameters. Since our time and economic resources are limited in the first moments of the accident, it is not possible to monitor all the parameters, so we monitor the most important: pH value, amount of residual chlorine, color, turbidity and the presence of pathogens. However, even when the type of pollution is determined, it is sometimes not possible to do centralized water purification immediately. Therefore, it is important to know the methods that can independently, and with the help of some handy tools, be applied in our household (eg. disinfection by boiling water or using some of the chemicals for disinfection; sedimentation, etc.). Using these methods, at least a physiological minimum can be provided for family members in the first moments after the accident, until a centralized purification is performed.

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Greene, D. J., C. N. Haas, and B. Farouk. "Numerical simulation of chlorine disinfection processes." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0099.

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The efficacy of disinfection processes in water purification systems is governed by several key factors including reactor hydraulics, disinfectant chemistry and microbial inactivation kinetics. The objective of this work was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict flow structure, mass transport and chlorine decay in a continuous flow pilot scale reactor. These predictions were compared with experimental measurements for model validation. The current research demonstrates that inlet configurations can significantly impact reactor hydrodynamics.

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Mizgirev, Dmitriy S., and Nikolay M. Guryanov. "ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR SHIP POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 63 (June 1, 2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi63.79.

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The article provides an overview and analysis of all main types of potable water systems currently used on inland and mixed navigation vessels: without potable water treatment; with elements of potable water disinfection and conditioning; with complete purification and disinfection of potable water. The operation principles of potable water systems of all types and designs are considered in detail, all the advantages and disadvantages of these systems are noted. Special attention is paid to stations for preparing potable water by using UV lamps, which essentially differ in the technological process from most of the stations used, and provide guaranteed high-quality disinfection of potable water, which allows to choose the most promising station type and outline a plan for further work on creating new and improving existing stations.

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Heydarifard, Solmaz, Yuanfeng Pan, Huining Xiao, Mousa M. Nazhad, and Oleg Shipin. "Water-resistant cellulosic filter containing non-leaching antimicrobial starch for water purification and disinfection." Carbohydrate Polymers 163 (May 2017): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.063.

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Naumova, Olga Valerievna, Elena Vladimirovna Spiridonova, and Danila Sergeevich Katkov. "Device for water treatment and water purification." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp89-91.

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The article is devoted to the problems of water purification and organization of water treatment for engineering systems. Well-known methods of water treatment, such as mechanical, electrophysical, chemical, are not always able to ensure the quality of water in heat supply systems. Modern trends in the development of industry are aimed at the modernization of technological equipment in terms of the implementation of new progressive technologies. For the efficient operation of water heaters and to reduce heat losses in the heating and water supply system of the building, it is necessary to minimize scale deposits on the inner surface of the pipes. The article describes the principle of operation of an energy-combined liquid treatment device that can intensify the process of activation, disinfection and water purification. It is possible to improve the water quality by using a combined system that includes the effect of a high-voltage discharge pulse, cavitation and a magnetic field. Exposure to the liquid by a discharge pulse leads to the death of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as to ensure the emancipation of impurity ingredients. During magnetic treatment, the calcium, silicon and magnesium ions dissolved in water lose their ability to salt formation, and the impurities in the water are present in a suspended state. The magnetic field combines the suspensions contained in the water, the process of coagulation of impurity inclusions is observed, which after processing do not settle on the surfaces of pipelines, heat exchangers and other equipment. It is worth noting the high efficiency in cleaning and filtering various particles of polluting impurities, despite the fact that in most cases these impurities consist of completely non-magnetic materials. The use of the proposed method is of great interest in obtaining water of a high degree of purification for the chemical, microbiological and electronic industries.

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29

Naumova, Olga Valerievna, Elena Vladimirovna Spiridonova, and Danila Sergeevich Katkov. "Device for water treatment and water purification." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 20, 2022): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2022i4pp89-91.

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The article is devoted to the problems of water purification and organization of water treatment for engineering systems. Well-known methods of water treatment, such as mechanical, electrophysical, chemical, are not always able to ensure the quality of water in heat supply systems. Modern trends in the development of industry are aimed at the modernization of technological equipment in terms of the implementation of new progressive technologies. For the efficient operation of water heaters and to reduce heat losses in the heating and water supply system of the building, it is necessary to minimize scale deposits on the inner surface of the pipes. The article describes the principle of operation of an energy-combined liquid treatment device that can intensify the process of activation, disinfection and water purification. It is possible to improve the water quality by using a combined system that includes the effect of a high-voltage discharge pulse, cavitation and a magnetic field. Exposure to the liquid by a discharge pulse leads to the death of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as to ensure the emancipation of impurity ingredients. During magnetic treatment, the calcium, silicon and magnesium ions dissolved in water lose their ability to salt formation, and the impurities in the water are present in a suspended state. The magnetic field combines the suspensions contained in the water, the process of coagulation of impurity inclusions is observed, which after processing do not settle on the surfaces of pipelines, heat exchangers and other equipment. It is worth noting the high efficiency in cleaning and filtering various particles of polluting impurities, despite the fact that in most cases these impurities consist of completely non-magnetic materials. The use of the proposed method is of great interest in obtaining water of a high degree of purification for the chemical, microbiological and electronic industries.

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Iannelli, R., S. Ripari, B. Casini, A. Buzzigoli, G. Privitera, M. Verani, and A. Carducci. "Feasibility assessment of surface water disinfection by ultrafiltration." Water Supply 14, no. 4 (January 30, 2014): 522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.003.

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Ultrafiltration (UF) has been presented as an alternative to chemical disinfection to obtain safe drinking water, for its ability to remove microbiological contamination. Hollow-fiber UF membranes are designed as an effective barrier to microorganisms, for their high manufacturing integrity and for the ‘potting’ method adopted to seal fibers to the feeding/extraction manifold. While the main advantage over chemical disinfection is the drastic reduction of disinfection-by-product (DBP) formation, some chemicals are still required to control fouling and related sanitary risks. This study aims at an up-to-date assessment of UF use for surface water disinfection by compact, minimally-attended, automated plants. A 3.5 m3/h automated UF pilot-plant was run for 8 months for drinking quality purification of surface water from Pescia stream. Standard drinking water parameters, as well as specific microbiological parameters (Legionella, Mycobacterium, Adenovirus, coliphage) and DBP formation were monitored. Final results highlighted that the plant could reach a good removal of bacteria and a significant reduction of viruses. However, the adopted operation/maintenance policies had a strong impact on energy and water consumption, efficacy of bacterium/virus barrier and DBP formation. Hence, an accurate and competent operation, as well as the assistance of chemical disinfection, are still required for safe drinking water production.

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Benjamin, Earl, Aron Reznik, Ellis Benjamin, Saroj K. Pramanik, Louise Sowers, and Arthur L. Williams. "Mathematical models for Enterococcus faecalis recovery after microwave water disinfection." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.132.

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Microwave water disinfection is a rapid purification technique which can give billions of people access to clean drinking water. However, better understanding of bacterial recovery after microwave heating over time is necessary to determine parameters such as delayed bacterial growth rates and maximum bacterial yields. Mathematical models for Enterococcus faecalis recovery after microwave treatment in optimum growth conditions were developed for times up to 5 minutes using an optical absorbance method. Microwave times below 3 minutes (2,450 MHz, 130 W) showed that bacterial recovery maintained a time-dependent sigmoidal form which included a maximum value. At microwave times greater than three minutes, bacterial recovery, with a time-dependent exponential form, significantly decreased and did not reach the maximum value within the interval of observance (0–8 hours). No bacterial growth was found after 6 minutes of microwave treatment. The prepared mathematical models were produced by transforming the given variables to the logistic or exponential functions. We found that time-dependent maximum growth rates and lag times could be approximated with second order polynomial functions. The determined models can be used as a template to illustrate bacterial survival during water purification using microwave irradiation, in both commercial and industrial processes.

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Arora, Bharti, and Pankaj Attri. "Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): A Potential Nanomaterial for Water Purification." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030135.

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Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as an excellent material for catalysis, separation, adsorption and disinfection processes. CNTs have grabbed the attention of the scientific community and they have the potential to adsorb most of the organic compounds from water. Unlike, reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes aligned CNT membranes can act as high-flow desalination membranes. CNTs provide a relatively safer electrode solution for biosensors. The article is of the utmost importance for the scientists and technologists working in water purification technologies to eliminate the water crisis in the future. This review summarizes about the application of CNTs in water purification.

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Hillebrand, Theodor, Yannik Auth, David Horch, Maike Taddiken, and Konstantin Tscherkaschin. "SCIPIO—Scientific Purification Indicator." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 6, 2018): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130960.

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This paper presents a new way of dealing with drinkable water shortness all over the world. The developed devices’ functionality is based on the well-known and established SODIS (SOlar DISinfection) method. The whole device, Scipio—Scientific Purification Indicator, is designed in a way, that it is self-powered by solar cells and can be placed inside a bottle in order to provide best measurements. The device is capable of communicate via Bluetooth with other devices. Thus, an observation or control of the correct application of the SODIS method can be established. The paradigm shift we offer in terms of development aid not to simply help the people but to empower them to care for themselves. It is a very important that everyone can purify their own drinking water without the need of subsequent supplies.

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34

Shao, Ai Jun, Shi Wen Wang, Lin Lin Chai, Qiang Wang, Ying Liu, and Song Yang. "Utilization of Coal Mine Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.202.

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China is a big country of coal production, in the coal mining process, the great massive mine drainage has caused not only the waste of groundwater resource, but also environmental pollution. On the other hand, mining production and life supply water is very scarce. According to the mine water features, the majority of mine drainage water belonging to the mine water containing suspended, the mine water needs to do the necessary purification then can be used. What the purification mainly eliminates is the suspended. In this paper, the method of purification and the technological process about mine water are discussed. The main methods of handling are coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. According to different characteristics of water quality, different ways of handling and technological processes have to be chosen. Finally, the purification and utilization of mine water are shown through practical examples, Pingdingshan Coal Group Company, Wannian Coal Mine of Fengfeng Group Limited Company and Tangshan Coal Mine of Kailuan Group Company, to have obvious social, economic and environmental benefits.

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35

Ihekweme, Gina O., Ifeyinwa I. Obianyo, Esther N. Anosike-Francis, Victoria N. Anyakora, O. S. Odusanya, and Azikiwe P. Onwualu. "Expanded clay aggregates multi-functionality for water purification: Disinfection and adsorption studies." Cogent Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1883232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2021.1883232.

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36

Toui, Syuji. "The Oxidation of Manganese and Disinfection By Ozonation in Water Purification Processing." Ozone: Science & Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 1991): 623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.1991.10555706.

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37

Darabee, Sonia, Mohammad Hamdan, Hadi Daghari, and Salman Ajib. "Enrichment of the Usage of Solar Purification of Water by Employing Hybrid Nanofluid Mixtures." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 5983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165983.

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In terms of human needs, water has traditionally been regarded as the most significant bioresource. However, there are still limitations on the quality and mobility of drinking water. Renewable energy technologies are at the forefront of research to bridge the gap between conventional fuels and renewable energy systems. Currently, the main objective is to speed up the solar water disinfection process of contaminated water when hybrid nanofluid mixtures are added. Five hybrid nanofluid mixtures containing different amounts of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were used in this study, focusing on how they affected the solar disinfection of polluted water. Five hybrid nanofluid mixtures of different volumes and volume concentrations were used for this purpose; each one was introduced into a contaminated water-contained glass container with a volume of 500 mL. Additionally, a sixth container, used exclusively for comparison, was filled with tainted water. All containers were installed next to each other and exposed to solar radiation for simultaneous measures under identical metrological conditions. During the experimental time, and after exposure to sun radiation for one, two, and three hours, samples were taken from each bottle. to gauge the toll of Total coliforms and E. coli by using the IDEXX setup. It was found that adding a hybrid nanofluid mixture of any composition speeds up the disinfection process. Additionally, it was found that the optimal concentration of the hybrid nanofluid mixture to cut down the Total Coliform was with a volume concentration of 250 mL of Al2O3 and 250 mL of TiO2, while that to cut down the E. coli count was 400 mL of Al2O3 and 100 mL of TiO2. Finally, it may be concluded that among all hybrid mixtures used, the hybrid nanofluid with a volume concentration of 250 mL of Al2O3 and 250 mL of TiO2 is the most efficient in the solar water disinfection process.

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Singh, Rekha, Chloe Rento, Veronica Son, Sydney Turner, and James A. Smith. "Optimization of Silver Ion Release from Silver-Ceramic Porous Media for Household Level Water Purification." Water 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040816.

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A novel method has been developed to produce zerovalent silver nanopatches in a porous ceramic tablet using only clay, sawdust, water, and silver nitrate as precursors. When placed in 10 L of water, the silver nanopatches (2 to 3 nm diameter per patch) are gradually oxidized to produce silver ions, which diffuse out of the tablet into the bulk solution. The objective of this work is to optimize the silver-ceramic design to increase the rate of silver ion release from the tablet to further improve disinfection kinetics. To meet this objective, ceramic tablets were fabricated in different ways and tested for silver ion release into water over 8 to 24 h periods. Silver addition had an approximately linear effect on silver ion. Grinding the tablet into different particle sizes (4–60 mesh) had the most significant effect on silver release. However, if this ground fraction is compartmentalized into a fabric bag, silver levels produced in the water drop back to levels comparable to the single tablet form. Based on these results, 1 and 2 cm ceramic cubes were manufactured and represented a reasonable compromise between silver release and usability. Disinfection experiments on these silver-ceramic cubes resulted in effective disinfection of E. coli in laboratory experiments.

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39

Gong, Mingfu, Shilin Xiao, Xian Yu, Chencheng Dong, Jiahui Ji, Dong Zhang, and Mingyang Xing. "Research progress of photocatalytic sterilization over semiconductors." RSC Advances 9, no. 34 (2019): 19278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra01826c.

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With increasingly serious environmental issues, practical applications of semiconductor photocatalysts for environmental purification have attracted broad attention. Semiconductor photocatalysts for the disinfection of soil surfaces, air and water are of great interest.

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Reshnyak, Valeriy Ivanovich, Alexander Ivanovich Kalyaush, and Dmitry Igorevich Rochev. "Technology of purifying and disinfecting ballast water." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-1-32-38.

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The paper considers the problem of transferring microorganisms with ballast water used in the ship operation. It is noted that the search for a solution to the above problem takes a significant amount of time and requires developing special purifying equipment for disinfecting ballast water. Currently, there are various plants ensuring the decreased number of microorganisms in the process of disinfection. There has been proposed a new technology for ballast water treatment and decontamination that involves depositing microorganisms, removing them from the total volume of ballast water followed by ozone treatment. Actually, the volume of water containing sediment and decontaminated with ozone is significantly less than the total volume of ballast water and makes up about 3-5% of it. Microorganisms depositing takes place due to coagulation and sedimentation. The diagram of the ballast water purification and disinfection technology has been presented. The basic circuit of the ballast water disinfection plant includes a ship's ballast tank, receiving pipeline, reagent tank, metering pump, coagulant, collector, bulkhead, contact column, ozone generator, dehydration device and ultraviolet lamps. The operating conditions of the ship plants have space and time limits. The above technological solutions infer carrying out some operations (coagulation, sedimentation) and disinfection by using the ultraviolet lamps inside the ballast tanks for saving space. The proposed technology can be applied both on board a ship and in the floating or onshore environmental protection equipment, for example, in the port facilities.

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41

Boyko, N. I., and A. V. Makogon. "THE MICRO- AND NANOSECOND DISCHARGES IN GAS BUBBLES FOR WATER DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 3 (June 25, 2019): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2019.3.08.

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42

Ain, Qurat-Ul, Muhammad Umar Farooq, and Muhammad Irfan Jalees. "Application of Magnetic Graphene Oxide for Water Purification: Heavy Metals Removal and Disinfection." Journal of Water Process Engineering 33 (February 2020): 101044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101044.

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43

Berberidou, Chrysanthi, George Z. Kyzas, Ioannis Paspaltsis, Theodoros Sklaviadis, and Ioannis Poulios. "Photocatalytic disinfection and purification of water employing reduced graphene oxide/TiO 2 composites." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 94, no. 12 (October 3, 2019): 3905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6188.

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44

Maciel, Paulo Marcos Faria, Natália de Melo Nasser Fava, Antônio Wagner Lamon, Pilar Fernandez-Ibañez, John Anthony Byrne, and Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz. "Household water purification system comprising cartridge filtration, UVC disinfection and chlorination to treat turbid raw water." Journal of Water Process Engineering 43 (October 2021): 102203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102203.

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45

Suh, In-Yong, Dong-Min Lee, and Sang-Woo Kim. "Self-Powered Water Disinfection System Acheving a Novel Oxidation-Assisted Electroporation Mechansim with Rotational Triboelectric Nanogenerator." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 36 (October 9, 2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02361298mtgabs.

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In world, one of three people lack reliable access to clean water and water-borne diseases resulting from pathogenic microbescontaminated water remain a great threat to public health. Disinfection is an effective drinking water purification method; however, the most commonly used water disinfection method, chlorination, is limited by carcinogenic disinfection byproducts formation. Alternative methods such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and membrane filtration suffer from drawbacks such as pathogen regrowth, low throughput, and intensive energy/chemical consumption. In addition, the methods have a limited disinfecting capacity and may be inadequate during a crisis like in cases of a severe epidemic outbreak, such as coronavirus disease 2019. Here, we report a rapid, self-powered water disinfection system for both bacterial and viral inactivation based on a novel oxidation-assisted electroporation mechanism powered by a supercoiling-mediated rotational TENG (S-TENG) that converts the periodic hand stretching/releasing into high-speed rotation. Owing to a rational design of the S-TENG that yields an ultrafast rotation (≈7500 rpm), we successfully overcame the insufficient output limitations of TENG caused by the low-frequency stimuli ambient energy harvesting. The S-TENG with sufficient voltage and current output can generate an NW-enhanced localized electric field and oxidative species simultaneously, and therefore achieving high disinfection efficiency. More than 99.9999% of bacteria and viruses were inactivated at a high flux of 15 m3 h–1 m–2. Our work presented an efficient enlarged demonstrator wherein 1 L of natural water can flow through the whole system within 1 min solely driven by gravity, and achieve complete disinfection, confirming the feasibility of this method for water disinfection in areas with an inadequate power supply. Figure 1

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46

Shao, Ai Jun, and Zhi Guang Li. "New Technologies of Purification and Utilization on Mine Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.543.

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China is a big country of coal production, in the coal mining process, the great massive mine drainage has caused not only the waste of groundwater resource, but also environmental pollution. On the other hand, mining production and life supply water is very scarce. According to the mine water features, the majority of mine drainage water belonging to the mine water containing suspended, the mine water needs to do the necessary purification then can be used. That purification mainly eliminates is the suspended. In this paper, the method of purification and the technological process about mine water are discussed. The main methods of handling are coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. According to different characteristics of water quality, different ways of handling and technological processes have to be chosen. Finally, the purification and utilization of mine water are shown through practical examples, Pingdingshan Coal Group Company, Wannian Coal Mine of Fengfeng Group Limited Company and Tangshan Coal Mine of Kailuan Group Company, to have obvious social, economic and environmental benefits.

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47

Geldreich, Edwin. "Control of Microorganisms of Public Health Concern in Water." Journal of the IEST 29, no. 2 (March 1, 1986): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.29.2.8273n444t436513k.

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The concept of microbial barriers in water supply and wastewater treatment involves a variety of processes other than disinfection. Many of these treatment processes have evolved from the enhancement of some factors associated with natural self-purification (sedimentation, aeration, nutrient limitations, water pH, etc.). Utilizing the multiple barrier concept in treatment of wastes before discharge to receiving waters and the further refinement possible by natural self-purification processes in the stream are beneficial in optimizing the quality of this raw water resource prior to further processing into drinking water supplies. A flow diagram based on typical percent removals in various treatment processes illustrates how water contaminated with fecal wastes can be improved in quality to protect downstream users from microbial hazards.

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Lebedev, N. M., V. A. Grachev, O. V. Plyamina, O. Yu Lebedev, D. S. Lukichyova, V. A. Doilnitsyn, A. A. Akatov, and L. V. Leonov. "Testing Combined Application of Ultraviolet and Ultrasonic Disinfection of Wastewater." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-7-26-30.

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The article presents the results of an industrial test of a new technique for wastewater disinfection that combines ultrasonic and ultraviolet methods at the final stage of water purification in order to destroy pathogenic microorganisms, and thereby prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The new method was developed and patented by the authors; it has been tested at one of the most advanced water utilities in Russia, SUE “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg”. The combined ultraviolet and ultrasonic wastewater treatment proved to be effective.

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Matoh, Lev, Boštjan Žener, and Boštjan Genorio. "Green Synthesis of Immobilized CuO Photocatalyst for Disinfection of Water." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 10581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710581.

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A green method for depositing a CuO layer with good adhesion and a large surface area on a support of activated alumina (Al2O3) was evaluated. The relatively simple method consists of adsorption of a copper salt on the surface of Al2O3, formation of Cu(OH)2, and subsequent decomposition of the hydroxide to CuO. The XRD confirmed that the deposited photocatalyst crystalized at low temperatures (80 °C). Furthermore, BET measurements show a surface area of about 90 m2/g. The large surface area is the result of the speed of the conversion and decomposition reactions. The photokilling properties of the prepared photocatalyst were evaluated using E. coli cells and the leaching of copper ions was determined using ICP-MS. The photocatalytic efficiency was also evaluated by the degradation of an organic azo dye. The prepared photocatalyst shows good activity in the purification and disinfection of treated water. The described method is economical, fast, and can be considered green, since the only byproducts are water and NaCl.

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Salama, Ahmed, Ragab Abouzeid, Wei Sun Leong, Jaison Jeevanandam, Pieter Samyn, Alain Dufresne, Mikhael Bechelany, and Ahmed Barhoum. "Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Water Treatment: Adsorption, Photocatalytic Degradation, Disinfection, Antifouling, and Nanofiltration." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11113008.

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Nanocelluloses are promising bio-nano-materials for use as water treatment materials in environmental protection and remediation. Over the past decades, they have been integrated via novel nanoengineering approaches for water treatment processes. This review aims at giving an overview of nanocellulose requirements concerning emerging nanotechnologies of waster treatments and purification, i.e., adsorption, absorption, flocculation, photocatalytic degradation, disinfection, antifouling, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Firstly, the nanocellulose synthesis methods (mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological), unique properties (sizes, geometries, and surface chemistry) were presented and their use for capturing and removal of wastewater pollutants was explained. Secondly, different chemical modification approaches surface functionalization (with functional groups, polymers, and nanoparticles) for enhancing the surface chemistry of the nanocellulose for enabling the effective removal of specific pollutants (suspended particles, microorganisms, hazardous metals ions, organic dyes, drugs, pesticides fertilizers, and oils) were highlighted. Thirdly, new fabrication approaches (solution casting, thermal treatment, electrospinning, 3D printing) that integrated nanocelluloses (spherical nanoparticles, nanowhiskers, nanofibers) to produce water treatment materials (individual composite nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, sponges, membranes, and nanopapers) were covered. Finally, the major challenges and future perspectives concerning the applications of nanocellulose based materials in water treatment and purification were highlighted.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water Purification Disinfection Australia'

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