Dissertations / Theses: 'Water property'

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Pariyar, Bishnu. "Property rights or property wrong : do property rights matter in household access to irrigation water? : evidence from Mid-hills, Nepal." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1261/.

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Whilst the development of irrigation infrastructure has been proposed as a vehicle for poverty reduction in many developing countries, the distributional aspects of irrigation interventions, particularly households' level of access to irrigation water have rarely been explored. Furthermore, previous empirical studies on irrigation performance have been overtly objective and technical with little regard to farmers' needs and concerns. The premise of this is that 'objectivity' is a necessary but insufficient measure of access to irrigation water. In addition to this, whilst irrigation interventions have had some success in ensuring access to water for crop cultivation, the impact of such interventions have been varied amongst irrigation governed by different property right regimes. In response to these concerns, this multidisciplinary study uses mixed methodologies of data collection and analysis to explore a subjective measure of households' access to water from irrigation systems managed by different property right regimes. Using a case study approach, an in-depth institutional analysis of the three irrigation systems has been carried out to identify institutional factors which contributed to unequal level of access to irrigation water. The findings demonstrate that households' level of access to water is influenced by socio-economic status, the physical nature of the canal systems and institutional characteristics of the management regimes. The results from the quantitative analysis reveal a clear pattern of differentiated access to water in irrigation systems under different property right regimes. The results indicate that the tail-enders, female-headed households, dalits and small farmers appear to have weak access to water from the canals. However, farmers along these heterogeneities have different levels of access to water in irrigation systems governed by different property right regimes with farmers in the farmers managed irrigation system performing significantly better than the agency managed and jointly managed irrigation systems. The thesis concludes that institutional dimensions should be taken into consideration by policymakers in order to ensure better access to water in irrigation interventions.

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Stoffle, Richard W., Vlack Kathleen Van, and Richard Arnold. "Paa’oatsa Hunuvi: Water Bottle Canyon Traditional Cultural Property Study." Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/272075.

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A government-to-government consultation between the Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office (DOE/NV) and the Consolidated Group of Tribes and Organizations (CGTO) focused on the interpretation and determination of eligibility for nomination to the National Register of Water Bottle Canyon. The consultation entailed a systematic ethnographic study of the cultural resources found in the Water Bottle Canyon area. The main goal of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the cultural significance of this unique area for contemporary Indian people and its role in Numic cultural landscapes. During the field visits Native American consultants were interviewed with standardized survey instruments and they provided ethnographers with observations, comments, and recommendations regarding the various features found at Water Bottle Canyon. The project involved 10 tribes and one organization. They represent the Indian people who have aboriginal and historic ties to the lands currently under use by the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The study was originally funded as rapid cultural assessment for an environmental assessment for the proposed construction of a rocket launch facility by the Kistler Aerospace Corporation. This present report builds upon first study and the studies that have followed. The four studies expanded upon previous work conducted on the NTS and will contribute to the DOE/NV’s further understanding of and continued efforts to manage and protect American Indian cultural resources.

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Stoffle, Richard W., Vlack Kathleen Van, and Nathaniel O'Mara. "Water Bottle Canyon Traditional Cultural Property Study Photograph Collection." Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301169.

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Viney, R. D. "Structure-property relationships in water-borne pressure-sensitive adhesives." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488267.

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Allison, Nicholas J. "Transferable property rights to water: the New Zealand experience." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Resource Management, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6656.

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The report has been designed as a small input into the present review of the resource use statutes. As conflict between competing or potentially competing users of water has become more common, there is a need to review the manner in which we allocate water resources in New Zealand. An alternative resource allocation mechanism to the present administrative system is a market mechanism. The report examines theoretical literature on transferable property rights to water and the actual experience New Zealand has had with a water market. Drawn from the analysis are several policy recommendations on the form of the institutional structure a water market could take in New Zealand. The views expressed in this paper are the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the New Zealand Treasury.

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Kutney, Michael C. (Michael Charles). "Thermodynamic and transport property modeling in super critical water." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32335.

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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references.
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a thermally-based, remediation and waste-treatment process that relies on unique property changes of water when water is heated and pressurized above its critical point. Above its critical point (374.1 ⁰C and 220.9 bar), water becomes gas-like and somewhat non-polar due to the decrease in density and disruption of the hydrogen-bond network. When oxidants and organic compounds are combined with supercritical water (SCW), they rapidly form a single phase, and these organics are quickly and completely oxidized to simple molecules including water and carbon dioxide. Laboratory research is currently being conducted in order to increase the level of understanding of key SCWO areas including reaction kinetics, corrosion, and salt-related phenomena and in order to develop realistic SCWO process and fluid-dynamic simulators. Understanding the phenomena in each of these areas requires accurate thermodynamic- and transport-property predictions. However, these often do not exist. Furthermore, available correlations are often used in operating regimes where they were not originally validated, thereby potentially reducing their accuracy. This thesis focuses on the development of accurate thermodynamic-property and diffusivity- transport-property models for use at typical SCWO operating conditions, namely 25 ⁰C =/< T =/< 650 ⁰C and 1 bar =/< P =/< 300 bar, along with the measurement of molecular diffusivity, an important transport-phenomena property. These models can be incorporated into simulation tools which are used to model SCWO processes or physically simulate the flow, kinetics, corrosion, salt nucleation, and salt precipitation inside SCWO reactors.
(cont.) These large-scale SCWO simulations should ultimately lead to improved reactor designs which have less operating risk, appropriately sized reactors, optimized residence times, lower costs, fewer technical limitations, and increased destruction efficiencies. Thermodynamic-property research: Hard-sphere, volume-translated van der Waals equation of state (EOS) The hard-sphere, volume-translated van der Waals EOS is comprised of the semi-theoretical Carnahan-Starling expression that properly represents the molecular interactions between hard spheres and a simple van der Waals attraction term. It also utilizes volume translation to further improve high density predictions. The translation constant is determined by a fit to liquid and vapor coexistence density data while the Carnahan-Starling and van der Waals parameters are determined from widely available critical-point data. An analysis of several important thermodynamic properties (e.g., density, vapor pressure, and enthalpy) has been shown to fit within average deviations of 1-30% over a wide range of conditions for the selected components: ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethylene, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, and water.
(cont.) Thermodynamic-property research: An analysis of EOS Zeno behavior The behavior of the "Zeno" (Z = PVIRT = 1) line has been examined in a collaborative project in order to investigate this recently rediscovered empirical regularity of fluids and to determine if such a regularity can be utilized to improve EOSs and their predictions. For a wide range of pure fluids, this contour of unit compressibility factor in the temperature-density plane has been empirically observed to be nearly linear (and arrow-like, thus "Zeno") from the Boyle temperature of the low density vapor to near the triple point in the liquid region. Although quantitative agreement between Zeno EOS predictions and experimental data is not exact, the general trends suggest that these EOS models adequately capture the dynamic balance that exists between repulsive and attractive forces along the Zeno line. In addition, molecular simulation of Zeno behavior showed good agreement with experimental data. Transport-property research: Measurement and modeling of molecular diffusivities The transport-property research consists of measuring molecular diffusivities at SCWO operating conditions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and validating diffusivity models with these experimental and previously published results. Self-diffusivities of pure supercritical water have been previously measured and published for a limited range of conditions, but accurate SCW binary-diffusivity data are extremely limited. For this reason, diffusivities of aqueous acetone mixtures have been measured at SCWO conditions using a novel, first-of-a-kind SCW/NMR flow system and the NMR spin-echo technique.
(cont.) Experimental results are compared with predictions from kinetic-gas-theory models and hydrodynamic-theory correlations. For SCWO operating conditions, the Tracer Liu-Silva-Macedo (TLSM) and Mathur-Thodos correlations were found to provide the most accurate diffusivity predictions. The Mathur-Thodos correlation requires only critical constants and molecular weights and has an average absolute deviation (AAD) of 18% for supercritical-water self-diffusivities and supercritical tracer & infinitely dilute mutual diffusivities above 400 ⁰C. Similar results were obtained with the TLSM model (23% AAD for data above 400 ⁰C) which requires only molecular weights and two Lennard-Jones (LJ) 6-12 parameters for each pure component. Further improvement was made when mole-fraction- weighted experimental solute and LSM-provided water LJ parameters were used (20% AAD). As a result of the improved thermodynamic- and transport-property modeling capabilities along with the collection of additional aqueous supercritical diffusivities contained in this thesis, the SCWO community now has additional thermodynamic- and transport-property knowledge that leads to a greater understanding of key issues that impact the design and operation of SCWO technology.
by Michael C. Kutney.
Sc.D.

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7

Senh, Sin. "Determining sustainable groundwater withdrawal at the Cone Ranch property in south west Florida." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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8

Ge, Muyang. "Three Essays on Land Property Rights, Water Trade, and Regional Development." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7492.

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This dissertation explores how property rights to a natural resource affect economic decisions for investment or sale, and how these decisions may in turn impact other areas of the economy. The first essay focuses on how incomplete land ownership on Indian Reservations in the United States affects landowner incentives to engage in agricultural production. The second essay explores how the transfer of water in arid regions via water right sales affects local labor markets and environmental outcomes. The third essay seeks to understand how shale-gas drilling has affected organic food production. This dissertation provides several policy implications. First, the findings suggest that the key to improving lagging agricultural development on American Indian land is to improve tribal farmers’ access to capital, so they can invest in agricultural systems (including irrigation) at the level of their neighbors enjoying fee-simple title. Second, while a potentially effective solution to reduce costly water shortfalls among high-value urban users, water sales from agricultural to urban users appear to simultaneously decrease employment and environmental quality in the water exporting region. Third, Drilling activities appear to discourage organic farming in Colorado. While farmers with mineral ownership benefit, identifying the direct causes of lost organic certification can inform policy that regulates negative externalities on organic farms caused by drilling.

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Errington, Nicola. "Structure-property relationships in water-borne, crosslinked, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594755.

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Five series of acrylic water-borne pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA's) were prepared with controlled particle morphologies, including core-shell and continually-varying composition. All latex adhesives were prepared at 50 % solids content by emulsion polymerisation of n-butyl acrylate (BA) and acrylic acid (AA) as the main monomers and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDA) as a crosslinking agent. Seed particles of poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) were grown by an in-situ batch process to produce a particle of diameter 110 nm. Direct growth of these particles by a semi-continuous process under monomerstarved conditions was employed to give a final particle diameter of approximately 310 nm. Preliminary investigations were aimed at preparation of a latex with a narrow particle size distribution and a low level of coagulum. Initial work using 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) as the main monomer was not successful because a stable 50 % solids latex could not be produced with controlled particle growth. Hence a formulation was developed using BA and AA. Three series of latexes were prepared with a core-shell particle morphology. Series 1 involved the investigation of the level of crosslinker in the core, at fixed 45:55 core:shell weight ratio, with HDA levels ranging from 0 to 37.5 mol%. Series 2 investigated the volume fraction of crosslinked core (containing 33.3 mol% HDA) over the range 55:45 to 15:85 core:shell weight ratio. Series 3 investigated the effects of the thickness of a crosslinked shell (9.1 mol% HDA) for core-shell particles with a noncrosslinked core (at 55:45, 75:25 and 90:10 core:shell weight ratios). Series 4 latexes were prepared using power-feed processes, one linear power-feed and three based on Series 1 and 2 core-shell adhesive compositions. An additional latex was prepared with a particle profile in which the composition changed linearly with particle radius. Series 5 adhesives were blends of two latexes, such that the mixture had the same composition as Series 2 core-shell adhesives and consisted of the 'core' of the core-shell adhesive blended with a latex with the same composition as the shell of the respective core-shell adhesive. Latex preparation was controlled and monitored by measuring the particle size and the conversion of monomer to polymer at intervals during the preparation. Thermal properties of the adhesives were investigated for thick film samples by dynamic mechanical analysis {DMA}to measure the glass transition temperature {Tg}. Differential scanning calorimetry {DSC}was also used to measure Tgfor comparison. DMA showed two Tg's corresponding to the core and the shell. As the level of crosslinker was increased, the two Tg's became more discrete due to the Tg of the crosslinked phase increasing. The magnitude of the peaks in loss tangent {tan 5} for the core and shell material changed in accordance with the ratio of core:shell. Power-feed adhesives showed a broad glass transition region, which spanned the regions between the Tg's of the equivalent core-shell adhesive. The peaks in tan 5 for the blended systems were more discrete than for the equivalent core-shell adhesives. Adhesive properties were assessed using shear resistance and 1800 peel adhesion tests. Static shear tests were inadequate for testing highly-crosslinked adhesives; hence a dynamic shear resistance test was developed. In comparison to a uniform {noncrosslinked} poly(butyl acrylate-eo-acrylic acid} (PBAlAA) latex, inclusion of crosslinker led to vastly reduced peel adhesion. However, as the level of crosslinker was increased in the Series 1 adhesives, both the peel adhesion and the shear resistance increased. Series 2 and 3 latexes showed that the peel adhesion increases as the amount of non-crosslinked phase is increased. Series 2 adhesives exhibited a maximum in the shear resistance, while Series 3 adhesives showed a decreased in shear resistance as amount of non-crosslinked! ehe core was increased. Adhesive properties of Series 4 power-feed latex polymers showed no dependence on overall crosslink density, but revealed that there is a dependence on the distribution of crosslinker through the particle.

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Roy, Abhishek. "Structure Property Relationships of Proton Exchange Membranes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26365.

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The major challenge of the research was to characterize and develop concepts for establishing structure/property relationships between the functionality of the polymer backbone, the states of water and the membrane transport properties. Most of the hydrocarbon based random copolymers reported in the literature show reduced proton conductivity at low water content. This was attributed to the formation of an isolated morphology. Over the last few years our group has synthesized thermally stable multiblock copolymers with varying chemical structures and compositions. Block copolymers consist of two or more incompatible polymers (i.e. blocks) that are chemically conjoined in the same chain. The transport properties of the multiblock copolymers showed a strong dependence on the morphology in contrast to the random copolymers. Irrespective of the nature of the backbone, the transport properties scaled with the block lengths of the copolymers. An increase in block length for a given series of block copolymer was associated with improved proton conduction, particularly under partially hydrated conditions compared to the random copolymers. The structure-property relationship of the proton conductivity and self-diffusion coefficient of water was obtained as a function of the volume fraction of water for all the random and block copolymers. At a given volume fraction, the block copolymers displayed both higher self-diffusion coefficients of water and proton conductivities relative to the random copolymers. This improvement in transport properties indicates the presence of desired and favorable morphology for the blocks. For DMFC applications, the block copolymers also showed low methanol permeability and high selectivity. The states of water in the copolymers were characterized using DSC and NMR relaxation techniques. At similar ionic contents, the free water concentration increased with increasing block lengths. The distribution of the states of water in the copolymers correlates to transport properties. This knowledge, coupled with the state of water experiments, transport measurements, and chemical structure of the copolymers provided a fundamental picture of how the chemical nature of a phase separated copolymer influences its transport properties. The experimental procedure involved impedance spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, FTIR, DMA, pulse gradient stimulated echo (PGSE) NMR, NMR relaxation experiments and various electrochemical fuel cell performance experiments.
Ph. D.

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Xiao, Kexing. "Deprotonation Property of Polyoxometalates with Different Lacunary Metal Ions." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron155534024745702.

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Kotálová, Radka. "Social Entrepreneurship - Just Add Water." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81866.

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This work deals with the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in the context of the African continent. First of all, it concentrates on the situation in Africa with respect to water and then on the importance of property rights in the resolving of the situation. Subsequently it discusses one of the common attempts to solve the water crisis, i.e. aid. The second part of the thesis is concerned with social entrepreneurship only. Firstly, from the theoretical point of view (definition, typology) and secondly, from the practical point of view (case studies of enterprises that are trying to push Africa closer to achieving the Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water).

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Ferreti, Meza Joana Jacqueline. "Water Quality and Property Value on the Lower Cuyahoga River: A Hedonic Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1394720001.

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Rungvichaniwat, Adisai. "The structure-property relationships of water-dispersed polyurethanes based on tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27146.

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Novel water-dispersed polyurethanes based on tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), polycaprolactone or polytetramethylene glycols and alipbatic diamine chain extenders were synthesised. 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (DMPA) and triethylamine (TEA) were used respectively as potential carboxylic anionic emulsifying centres and neutralising agent in the resulting aqueous phase to form pendent quaternary ammonium salts. These were necessary to provide high hydrophilicity to the polyurethanes sufficient to make the polyurethanes easily dispersed in water without the assistance of organic solvent.

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Xiao, Feng. "Hydrodynamic property and breakage behavior of particle aggregates in water theoretical modeling, CFD simulation and PIV investigation /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4284146X.

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Bao, Yan, Lu Gao, and Jianzhong Ma. "Hygienic Property and Water Resistance of Waterborne Polyacrylate/Flower-like ZnO Composite Coatings - 197." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34258.

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Content: Polyacrylate as film-forming materials has been widely used in leather finishing, but its compactness significantly obstructs the hygienic property of upper leather. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to endow polyacrylate with required properties. In this study, we demonstrated a facile and rapid sonochemical process to synthesis the flower-like ZnO nanostructures. The related morphology and structure of product were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, flower-like ZnO were introduced into the polyacrylate matrix by physical blending method, whose morphology, latex stability, water vapor permeability and water resistance were measured. The results showed that flower-like ZnO assembled by ellipsoid-like nanorods with the length of about 600 nm was successfully fabricated. The sizes of flower-like ZnO were 1.2 μm. According to SEM images, flower-like ZnO evenly dispersed were observed in composite matrix. Compared with pure polyacrylate, polyacrylate/flower-like ZnO composites exhibited the superior stability. Meanwhile, its water vapor permeability and water resistancewere increased by 52.91% and 53.13%, severally. The reason for this is that ZnO with rough structure can increase voids in polyacrylate film and thus improving hygienic property of polyacrylate film. Additionally, the hydrophilic groups on surface of ZnO can product the crosslinking with polyacrylate chains, which contributed to the enhancement of water resistance. Thus, a promising coating with hygienic property and water resistance for leather finishing agent was approved. Take-Away: 1. Polyacrylate/flower-like ZnO composites exhibited excellent hygienic property. 2. This composite coating achieves simultaneous enhancement in water vapor permeability and water resistance. 3. The morphology of ZnO can effect the properties of polyacrylate.

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Moore, Niels E. "Alternative Management Programs Within the Atlantic Sea Scallop Placopecten magellanicus Fishery: Property Rights, Transferable Quotas and Fishing Effort." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617668.

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Walsh, Patrick. "Hedonic Property Value Modeling of Water Quality, Lake Proximity, and Spatial Dependence in Central Florida." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3212.

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Hedonic property value analysis is one of the leading methods of environmental valuation. This non-market technique uses variation in home sales to infer the values of amenities or disamenities. While there have been numerous studies about air quality and hazardous waste, the number of papers focusing on water quality is much smaller. Consequently, there are still many unanswered questions about the proper handling of water quality through hedonic methods. Furthermore, estimates from hedonic property price analyses are rarely used in government cost benefit analyses. This dissertation investigates several important hedonic issues in a large analysis of water quality in central Florida. The first chapter of this paper explores the extent of water quality benefits. Almost all past studies have focused exclusively on waterfront homes. The present paper includes non-waterfront homes and investigates three hypotheses about the marginal impact of water quality. The first hypothesis is that non-waterfront homes are positively affected by water quality, but by a smaller amount than waterfront homes. The second hypothesis is about the effect of lake distance on the relationship between water quality and property prices: this relationship should be negative. The third hypothesis states that properties near larger lakes have a higher implicit price for water quality than homes around smaller lakes, all else constant. These three hypotheses are investigated in each chapter of the dissertation, and provide a unifying theme to the paper. Results from Chapter 1 support all three hypotheses. Most importantly, the empirical estimates indicate that water quality benefits extend beyond the waterfront in a declining gradient. Excluding non-lakefront homes from the analysis can therefore substantially underestimate the total benefits of a water quality improvement. Estimates of the total property price benefits from a one foot increase in water quality were found to double with the addition of non-waterfront homes. The second chapter examines the sensitivity of results to several spatial specifications. Spatial issues can be a problem in analyses of real estate data because of spatially correlated variables, unobservable neighborhood codes and covenants, identical or similar builders, and property appraisal valuation techniques. The focus of the chapter is on the spatial weights matrix (SWM). Six different SWM's are constructed, which are based on popular specifications encountered in the current spatial hedonic literature. An out-of-sample forecasting exercise is used to compare multiple spatial specifications. Results indicate that certain spatial models may be sensitive to the specification of the weights matrix. Furthermore, many popular models currently used in the literature could be improved by allowing more non-zero elements in the SWM. The third chapter investigates the definition of "water quality" and uses several additional quality indicators. Choosing the proper pollution indicator is an issue that has plagued many areas of the valuation literature. While clarity indicators have become popular in hedonic property price analysis, they are not used for the purposes of regulation by many state environmental departments. This chapter uses several indicators that are used by the state of Florida to classify lakes and implement policy. Implicit prices are computed for all of the indicators and issues of benefit extent and total benefits are explored. Instead of finding an optimal indicator for all situations, results indicate that the use of at least two types of indicators may capture a larger range of the true total benefits. The final chapter uses a repeat sales model to address potential problems with omitted variable bias. Due to the size of the data set in this paper, there are a substantial number of homes that have sold more than once. The repeat sales model analyzes differences in property sales prices for the same home over time. The three hypotheses of the first chapter are explored in this alternative model. The implicit price obtained from the repeat sales model is much larger than the regular hedonic model. However, there are some concerns with the smaller population of repeat sales.
Ph.D.
Department of Economics
Business Administration
Economics PhD

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Behra, Juliette Sylviane. "Structure-property relationships of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na CMC) in pure water and formulated solutions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22935/.

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Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na CMC) is used for its thickening and swelling properties in a wide range of applications including pharmaceutical, food, home and personal care products, as well as in paper, water treatment and mineral processing industries. Despite its broad industrial use, Na CMC structure-property relationships in solution are known to be highly complex and influenced by a number of parameters. The focus of this thesis was to expand fundamental understanding of its solution characteristics. The behaviour of salt-free semi-dilute aqueous Na CMC solutions was investigated over a wide range of concentrations using rheology as well as Light Scattering (LS). The concentration dependence of the solution specific viscosities could be described using an approach which interpolates between two power law regimes and introduces one characteristic crossover concentration. This behaviour was interpreted as a transition from the semi-dilute non-entangled to the entangled concentration regimes, and was not observed in the solution structure, as determined using Static Light Scattering (SLS). Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) revealed three relaxation modes. The two faster relaxations were assigned as the 'fast' and 'slow' relaxation modes typically observed in salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions within the semi-dilute concentration range. The third, typically weak mode, was attributed to the presence of a small amount of poorly dissolved cellulose residuals. Since filtration altered the solution behaviour, without sufficiently removing the residuals, data collection and processing were adapted to account for this, which facilitated a detailed light scattering investigation of the original solutions. The relaxation time of the slow mode demonstrated a similar crossover behaviour as observed for the specific viscosity, further demonstrating the crossover dynamic nature. Sonication led to a decrease in the solution shear-thinning behaviour and viscosity. The relaxation time of the slow relaxation was also found to decrease, consistent with the previously established correlation between solution viscosity and the slow relaxation mode. SLS did not probe any change in the structure. Additional LS and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) suggested that there was no significant Na CMC chain breakage, if any, and that the proportion of Na CMC chains involved in the domains decreased. Hence, it was proposed that the shear forces applied during sonication were strong enough to remove some Na CMC chains from the domains, while the domain sizes remained constant. These looser domains would be more deformable under flow, leading to the observed decrease in the viscosity and shear-thinning behaviour. A partial or full recovery of the slow relaxation mode was also observed after a month, supporting the hypothesis that domains could correspond to a metastable equilibrium, while sonication had no effect on the solutions with added salt, suggesting that electrostatic forces could be responsible for the cohesion of the domains.

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Xiao, Feng, and 萧峰. "Hydrodynamic property and breakage behavior of particle aggregates in water: theoretical modeling, CFD simulationand PIV investigation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4284146X.

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Little, Steven. "INTEGRABILITY OF A SINGULARLY PERTURBED MODEL DESCRIBING GRAVITY WATER WAVES ON A SURFACE OF FINITE DEPTH." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3285.

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Our work is closely connected with the problem of splitting of separatrices (breaking of homoclinic orbits) in a singularly perturbed model describing gravity water waves on a surface of finite depth. The singularly perturbed model is a family of singularly perturbed fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations, parametrized by an external parameter (in addition to the small parameter of the perturbations). It is known that in general separatrices will not survive a singular perturbation. However, it was proven by Tovbis and Pelinovsky that there is a discrete set of exceptional values of the external parameter for which separatrices do survive the perturbation. Since our family of equations can be written in the Hamiltonian form, the question is whether or not survival of separatrices implies integrability of the corresponding equation. The complete integrability of the system is examined from two viewpoints: 1) the existence of a second first integral in involution (Liouville integrability), and 2) the existence of single-valued, meromorphic solutions (complex analytic integrability). In the latter case, a singular point analysis is done using the technique given by Ablowitz, Ramani, and Segur (the ARS algorithm) to determine whether the system is of Painlevé-type (P-type), lacking movable critical points. The system is shown by the algorithm to fail to be of P-type, a strong indication of nonintegrability.
M.S.
Department of Mathematics
Sciences
Mathematical Science MS

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Ranjan, Pranay Ranjan. "Institutions, Property Rights, and Innovations in Agricultural Drainage: Insights from the Western Lake Erie Basin of Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471221739.

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Stoffle, Richard W. "Paa’oatsa Hunuvi (Water Bottle Canyon)- A Traditional Cultural Property, Presentation for the Great Basin Anthropological Conference." Bureau of Applied Research in Applied Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305107.

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Bajracharya, Asnika Bajracharya. "Removal of Microcystin-LR Using Powdered Activated Carbon: Effects of Water Quality and Activated Carbon Property." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500594334891353.

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Li, Xin. "Mechanical properties and water resistance of cellulosic fiberboards with soybean protein based adhesives." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13539.

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Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Xuzhi Susan Sun
Large amount of fiberboard are used for packaging applications every year, which generate a large amount of solid wastes causing environmental pollution if these packaging materials are not recycled. Also, a large amount of wood are needed for making fiberboard, which is limited resource in the earth. Reducing the weight of fiberboard and recycling the fiberboard materials are two methods to save quantities of wood fiber in fiberboard manufacture, which benefit the environment and economy. Besides, most adhesives used for producing the fiberboard contain environmental hazardous chemicals. It is necessary to develop new technology to produce cellulosic fiberboards with environmental friendly bio-based adhesives. The soybean is an agricultural product, and its resource is abundant. Soybean protein is a bio- material that offers an alternative to the existing synthetic adhesives to reduce petroleum dependence of the U.S. energy strategy. The newly developed soy-based adhesive is also competitive in cost. Material cost based on food-grade soybean protein is around 20 cents/Lb. The cost of commercial PF resin is about 14 ~ 17 cents/Lb. Price of hot-melt adhesive for fiberboard is around $6/Lb. In this study, soybean protein was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate as an adhesive for two bio-based fiberboards products, medium density fiberboard by dry processing and light weight cardboard by wet processing. The mechanical and water soaking properties of these cellulosic fiberboards were stronger than or as same as commercial solid fiberboard. This research suggests that these cellulosic fiberboards with modified soybean protein based adhesive have great potential as alternative to current commercial fiberboard.

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Enman, Lisa. "Structure-Property Relationships in Mixed-Metal Oxides and (Oxy)Hydroxides for Energy Applications." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24227.

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Metal oxides and (oxy)hydroxides, particularly those containing two or more metals have many uses as electronic materials and catalyst, especially in energy applications. In this dissertation, the structure-property relationships of these mixed-metal materials are explored in order to understand how these materials work and to guide design of materials with even higher efficiency for a given application. Chapter I introduces the materials and studies undertaken. Chapter II presents a fundamental analysis of the electronic and local atomic properties of mixed-transition-metal aluminum oxide thin films. The final three chapters focus on water electrolysis for hydrogen production, which is limited in part by the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Nickel-iron and cobalt-iron (oxy)hydroxides have been shown to be the most active in alkaline conditions. Although it is evident that Fe is essential for high activity, its role is still unclear. Chapter III investigates the role of Fe in NiOOH by comparing the effects of Ti, Mn, La, and Ce incorporation on the OER activity of NiOOH in base. Chapter IV evaluates the OER activity and Tafel behavior of Fe3+ impurities on different noble metal substrates. Chapter V describes the results of in situ and in operando X-ray spectroscopy experiments, which shows that the local structure around Fe atoms in Co(Fe)OOH changes during OER while that of Co stays the same. This work adds to the growing body of literature that suggests Fe is essential to the catalytic active site for the OER on transition-metal (oxy)hydroxides. This dissertation contains previously published and un-published coauthored material.
2020-01-11

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27

Roy, Choudhury Shreya. "Synthesis, Characterization and Structure - Property Relationships of Post - sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Membranes for Water Desalination." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99381.

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Clean water is critical to the safety, security and survivability of humankind. Nearly 41% of the Earth's population lives in water-stressed areas, and water scarcity will be exacerbated by an increasing population. Over 96% of the total water is saline and only 0.8% is accessible fresh water. Thus, saltwater desalination has emerged as the key to tackle the problem of water scarcity. Our current work deals with the membrane process of reverse osmosis. Sulfonated polysulfones are a potential alternative to state-of-the-art thin film polyamides. Synthesized by step growth polymerization, polysulfone membranes have smooth surfaces and they are more chemically resistant relative to polyamides. Previously studied sulfonated polysulfone membranes were synthesized by direct copolymerization of pre-disulfonated comonomer and the sulfonate ions were placed on adjacent rings of bisphenol moiety. This study focuses on placing the sulfonate ions differently along the polysulfone backbone on isolated rings of hydroquinone moiety, and on adjacent rings of biphenol moiety- and its effect on the transport and hydrated mechanical properties of the membranes. Selective post sulfonation of poly(arylene ether sulfone) in mild conditions was also found to be an effective way to strategically place the sulfonate ions along the backbone of the polymer chain without the need to synthesize a new monomer. Hydroquinone based, amine terminated oligomers were synthesized with block molecular weights of 5000 and 10,000 g/mol. They were post-sulfonated and crosslinked at their termini with epoxy reagents. Such crosslinked and linear membranes had sulfonate ions on isolated rings of hydroquinone moiety. Synthesis and kinetics of controlled post-sulfonation of poly(arylene ether sulfones) that contained biphenol units were also reported. The sulfonation reaction proceeded only on the biphenol rings. The linear membranes had sulfonate ions on adjacent rings of biphenol moieties. The tensile measurements were performed on the membranes under fully hydrated conditions. All membranes remained glassy at values of water uptake. It was found that elastic moduli and yield strengths in the hydroquinone- based linear and crosslinked membranes increased with decrease in water uptakes in the membranes. The effect of plasticization of water superseded the effect of block length and degree of sulfonation in the membranes. The highest elastic modulus of 1420 MPa at lowest water uptake of 18% was observed in cross linked membrane with 50% repeat units being sulfonated (50% repeat units contain hydroquinone)and target molecular weight of 5000 g/mol. However, the hydroquinone membranes broke at low strains of < 20%. The hydrated mechanical properties could be improved by replacing the hydroquinone with biphenol moieties. The biphenol based post-sulfonated membrane showed high elastic modulus that was comparable to the hydroquinone-based counterparts at similar values of water uptake. The biphenol based membrane broke at higher strains of >80%. The post-sulfonated membranes- hydroquinone-based linear and crosslinked membranes and biphenol-based linear membranes had better transport properties than the previously studied sulfonated polysulfones that were synthesized by disulfonated comonomers.The post sulfonated hydroquinone-based membranes did not show a compromise in the rejection of monovalent ions in the presence of divalent ions in mixed feed water. The superior properties of the post-sulfonated membranes can potentially be attributed to the kinked backbone that potentially increased the free volume in the membranes and the sulfonate ions were spaced apart to potentially reduce their chelation with calcium (divalent) ions in mixed feed water. Interestingly, the biphenol based post-sulfonated membranes also did not have any compromise in the rejection of monovalent ions in the presence of divalent ions. This was potentially because the sulfonate ions were spaced far apart on the non-planar biphenol rings.
PHD

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28

Aldous, Michael Geoffrey. "The perceived economic impact of the city of Johannesburg's storm water attenuation policy on private property developers." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/765.

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Stormwater attenuation policy has, over recent years, become a highly contentious issue for the property development community. Increased urbanisation, locally and internationally, has forced municipal authorities to reconsider the role of stormwater management in this evolving urban landscape. It is within this context that the legislative support and municipal policy for stormwater management in the City of Johannesburg has been explored, particularly in terms of the economic impact on property developers. The research aimed to explore the relationship between stormwater attenuation policy and the economic impact thereof on private property developers. Consideration was given to the cost, risk and time factors of legislative and policy requirements within the development process. Further consideration was given to the physical environment that has brought about current pressures. Based upon research of international issues highlighted in countries with well developed attenuation policy, a questionnaire was constructed to evaluate the response of local private property developers to selected issues as key sub-problems. The responses were tested against the developed set of hypotheses. The research indicated that developers had a generally poor level of knowledge with regard to the stormwater management policy of the City of Johannesburg, as well as the supporting legislative requirements of provincial and national policy documents. The results of the survey also indicated that developers were strongly opposed to the loss of developable area, but indicated a limited financial impact of the current stormwater attenuation policy. The risk inherent in incorporating an attenuation facility within a development was identified as being low with little perceived impact. Developers further indicated that the inclusion of attenuation facilities was seen as a significant contributing factor in the delay, approval and acceptance of new developments in which attenuation facilities were required, while maintenance costs were indicated to be of a low level of importance. Recommendations in response to the research findings included the establishment of detailed policy documentation and support for effective distribution channels in conjunction with industry and public focused information campaigns, improved municipal capacity and a greater level of technical support. A need for additional stormwater research and an increase in the capture of relevant data for GIS purposes was identified.

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Meeks, Robyn. "Essays on the Economics of Household Water Access in Developing Countries." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10367.

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This dissertation focuses on the economics of household water access in developing countries. The first paper explores whether improvements in water technology enable changes in household time allocation and, thereby, productivity gains. To do so, it exploits differences in timing of shared water tap construction across Kyrgyz villages. Households in villages that received the drinking water infrastructure are more likely to have water close to their homes. This reduced the time intensity of home production activities impacted by water. Village-level incidence of acute intestinal infections fell amongst children. Although adults show no signs of health improvements, they do benefit from reductions in the time spent caring for sick children. Individuals reallocate time savings to additional leisure and market labor, primarily work on the household farm, and the returns to the additional farm labor approximately equal the hourly farm wage. Time intensive water collection can be a source of gender inequality in households lacking water infrastructure. The second paper uses a natural experiment to investigate culture as a source of gender inequality and its role in determining gender roles for activities, such as water collection. Using exogenous variation in district-level cultural composition due to events in Kyrgyzstan during Soviet rule, I estimate the persistence of differences in gender equality between traditional sedentary farming cultures and nomadic herding cultures. Results indicate that Soviet institutions increased educational attainment in both cultures. Other cultural differences - such as gender of household water collector and perceptions of domestic violence - persist. One impediment to the construction of water infrastructure is insecure land tenure or property rights. The third paper explores whether alleviating this impediment through a program providing land titles in rural Peru is associated with improvements in water access. Utilizing the phased in timing, I exploit the differences in project implementation timing between households that held property titles prior to the project and those that did not. Results indicate that land titling is associated with increases in water access. Supporting evidence suggests that either the government or a utility might be responsible for the improvements.

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30

Thunberg, Eric M. "Willingness to pay for property and nonproperty flood hazard reduction benefits: an experiment using the contingent value survey method." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87675.

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The Water Resources Development Act of 1986 has increased attention to the ability of flood control benefit assessment methods to serve the joint need of assessing the economic and financial feasibility of a project. The Contingent Value Method is identified as an alternative flood control benefit assessment method. The findings of a case study to test the potential for the Contingent Value Method to be used in future flood control benefit assessment studies is presented. An empirical analysis of willingness to pay offers is conducted to determine the importance of property and nonproperty considerations in willingness to pay is also presented. The study findings suggest that landowners are willing to pay for the property effects and the effects of flood control on the community at large. The study findings do not support a relationship between willingness to pay for flood control and the landowner's level of anxiety over the prospect of future flooding. The findings do suggest that the contingent value method has the potential to be applied to flood control. Prior to any such application, however, several survey design and implementation issues need to be addressed.
Ph. D.

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31

Siengchin, Suchart [Verfasser], and Jozsef [Akademischer Betreuer] Karger-Kocsis. "Water-Mediated Melt Compounding to Produce Thermoplastic Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: Structure-Property Relationships / Suchart Siengchin ; Betreuer: József Karger- Kocsis." Kaiserslautern : Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1138630497/34.

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32

Rantlo, Montoeli. "The role of property rights to land and water resources in smallholder development: the case of Kat River Valley." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/386.

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Property rights are social institutions that define and delimit the range of privileges granted to individuals of specific resources, such as land and water. They are the authority to determine different forms of control over resources thus determining the use, benefits and costs resulting from resource use. That is, they clearly specify who can use the resources, who can capture the benefits from the resources, and who should incur costs of any socially harmful impact resulting from the use of a resource. In order to be efficient property rights must be clearly defined by the administering institution whether formal or informal and must be accepted, understood and respected by all the involved individuals and should be enforceable. These institutions influence the behaviour of individuals hence the impact on economic performance and development. The thesis has attempted to determine how the situation of property rights to land and water affects the development of smallholders in the Kat River Valley. Data was collected from 96 households who were selected using random sampling. To capture data, a questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. Institutional analysis and ANOVA were used for descriptive analysis to describe the property rights situation, security of property rights and the impact of property rights on the development of smallholder farming. The results show that individual land rights holders have secure rights to land and water resources while communal smallholders and farmers on the invaded state land have insecure rights to land and water resources. The results from institutional analysis show that the situation of property rights negatively affects development of all smallholder farmers in the Kat River Valley. There are various institutional factors that negatively affect development of smallholder farmers in the Kat River Valley. Based on the research findings, some policy recommendations are made. These include consideration of the local context and strengthening of the protection of property rights.

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33

Bonetto, Diego. "The impact of bottling : access to water and commodification : a comparative legal analysis." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0004.

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L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'impact du phénomène de mise en bouteille sur l'accès à l'eau. En effet, l’eau en bouteille influence non seulement la façon dont les gens boivent, mais elle affecte aussi leur possibilité d’accéder à la ressource, économiquement ou physiquement. L'objectif du projet est dès lors de comprendre quel rôle joue le droit dans la production de ce phénomène et dans la distribution de l'eau. En effet, la réglementation de la mise en bouteille se caractérise par une tension dans la conceptualisation juridique de l'eau en tant que ressource vitale ou comme marchandise. Ce travail repose sur une analyse comparative des régimes juridiques régissant l’eau en bouteille en Europe. Les recherches portent principalement sur la comparaison des régimes français, britannique et italien. Ce travail a pour but de montrer comment l’embouteillage produit, même dans ce contexte, de la rareté et / ou une inégalité dans l’accès à l’eau. L'enjeu de l'accès à l'eau et de sa distribution en bouteille est déterminé par la structure de la propriété, une institution construite autour de la terre, pour régir l'exploitation de l'eau. En effet, la plupart des systèmes juridiques européens, malgré leurs différences, ont élaboré un régime de réglementation de l’eau fondé sur le paradigme de la propriété. C’est le recours à ce paradigme qui entraîne la tension qualificative entre bien économique et ressource vitale. Cette tension est susceptible de permettre au phénomène d'embouteillage de réallouer de facto les prérogatives sur l'eau, malgré le régime juridique formel
The purpose of this work is to investigate the impact of the bottling phenomenon on access to water. In fact, bottled water not only influences the way people drink, but it also affects their possibility of access the resource, either economically or physically. The aim of the project is then to understand what role law plays in the production of this phenomenon and in water distribution. Indeed, bottling regulation is characterized by a tension in legal conceptualisation of water as an essential resource or as a commodity. This work relies on a comparative analysis of the legal regimes governing bottled water in Europe. In particular, the research focuses on the comparison of the French, the British, and the Italian regimes. This work intends to point out how bottling produces scarcity and/or inequality in access to water even in this context. The challenge to water access and distribution constituted by bottled water is determined by the structure of property, an institution constructed around land, to govern water exploitation. Indeed, most of European legal systems, despite their differences, constructed a water regulatory regime that is based on the paradigm of property. The reliance on this paradigm brought about the qualificatory tension mentioned above. This tension is susceptible of enabling the bottling phenomenon to produce a de facto reallocation of water prerogatives despite the formal legal regime

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Collentine, Dennis. "Policies and tools for catchment management of water resources : field management, tradable permits and stakeholder participation /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a433.pdf.

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35

Liu, Xin. "Numerical Modelling of Shallow Water Flows over Mobile Beds." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35131.

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This Ph.D. thesis aims to develop numerical models for two-dimensional and three-dimensional shallow water systems over mobile beds. In order to accomplish the goal of this dissertation, the following sub-projects are defined and completed. 1: The first sub-project consists in developing a robust two-dimensional coupled numerical model based on an unstructured mesh, which can simulate rapidly varying flows over an erodible bed involving wet–dry fronts that is a complex yet practically important problem. In this task, the central-upwind scheme is extended to simulation of bed erosion and sediment transport, a modified shallow water system is adopted to improve the model, a wetting and drying scheme is proposed for tracking wet-dry interfaces and stably predict the bed erosion near wet-dry area. The shallow water, sediment transport and bed evolution equations are coupled in the governing system. The proposed model can efficiently track wetting and drying interfaces while preserving stability in simulating the bed erosion near the wet-dry fronts. The additional terms in shallow water equations can improve the accuracy of the simulation when intense sediment-exchange exists; the central-upwind method adopted in the current study shows great accuracy and efficiency compared with other popular solvers; the developed model is robust, efficient and accurate in dealing with various challenging cases. 2: The second sub-project consists in developing a novel numerical scheme for a coupled two-dimensional hyperbolic system consisting of the shallow water equations with friction terms coupled with the equations modeling the sediment transport and bed evolution. The resulting 5*5 hyperbolic system of balance laws is numerically solved using a Godunov-type central-upwind scheme on a triangular grid. A spatially second-order and temporally third-order central-upwind scheme has been derived to discretize the conservative hyperbolic sub-system. However, such schemes need a correct evaluation of local wave speeds to avoid instabilities. To address such an issue, a mathematical result by the Lagrange theorem is used in the proposed scheme. Consequently, a computationally expensive process of finding all of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices is avoided: The upper/lower bounds on the largest/smallest local speeds of propagation are estimated using the Lagrange theorem. In addition, a special discretization of the bed-slope term is proposed to guarantee the well-balanced property of the designed scheme. 3: The third sub-project consists in designing a novel scheme to estimate bed-load fluxes which can produce more accurate results than the previously reported coupled model. Using a pair of local wave speeds different from those used for the flow, a novel wave estimator in conjunction with the central upwind method is proposed and successfully applied to the coupled water-sediment system involving a rapid bed-erosion process. It was demonstrated that, in comparison with the decoupled model, applying the proposed novel scheme to approximate the bed-load fluxes can successfully avoid the numerical oscillations caused by simple and less stable schemes, e.g. simple upwind methods; in comparison with the coupled model using same flux-estimator for both hydrodynamic and morphological systems, the proposed numerical scheme successfully prevents excessive numerical diffusion for prediction of bed evolution. Consequently, the proposed scheme has advantages in terms of accuracy which are shown in several numerical tests. In addition, analytical expressions have been provided for calculating the eigenvalues of the coupled shallow-water-Exner system, which greatly enhances the efficiency of the proposed method. 4: The fourth sub-project consists in developing a three-dimensional numerical model for the simulation of unsteady non-hydrostatic shallow water flows on unstructured grids using the finite volume method. The free surface variations are modeled by a characteristics-based scheme which simulates sub- and super-critical flows. Three-dimensional velocity components are considered in a collocated arrangement with a sigma coordinate system. A special treatment of the pressure term is developed to avoid the water surface oscillations. Convective and diffusive terms are approximated explicitly, and an implicit discretization is used for the pressure term. The unstructured grid in the horizontal direction and the sigma coordinate in the vertical direction facilitate the use of the model in complicated geometries. 5: The fifth sub-project consists in developing a well-balanced three-dimensional shallow water model which is able to simulate shock waves over dry bed. Due to the hydrostatic simplification of the vertical momentum equation, the governing system of equations is not hyperbolic and can not be solved using standard hyperbolic solvers. That is, one can not use a high-order Godunov-type scheme to compute all fluxes through cell-interfaces. This may cause the model to fail in simulations of some unsteady-flows with discontinuities, e.g., dam-break flows and floods. To overcome this difficulty, a novel numerical scheme for the three-dimensional shallow water equations is proposed using a relaxation approach in order to convert the system to a hyperbolic one. Thus, a high-order Godunov-type central-upwind scheme based on the finite volume method can be applied to approximate the numerical fluxes. The proposed model can also preserve the ``lake at rest'' state and positivity of water depth over irregular bottom topographies based on special reconstruction of the corresponding parameters. 6: The sixth sub-project consists in extending the result of the fifth sub-project to development of a three-dimensional numerical model for shallow water flows over mobile beds, which is able to simulate morphological evolutions under shock waves, e.g. dam-break flows. The hydrodynamic model solves the three-dimensional shallow water equations using a finite volume method on prismatic cells in sigma coordinates based on the scheme prposed in sub-project 5. The morphodynamic model solves an Exner equation consisting of bed-load sediment transportation. The performance of the proposed model has been demonstrated by several laboratory experiments of dam-break flows over mobile beds.

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36

Schultz, Alison. "Functional Block Copolymers via Anionic Polymerization for Electroactive Membranes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51115.

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Ion-containing block copolymers blend ionic liquid properties with well-defined polymer architectures. This provides conductive materials with robust mechanical stability, efficient processability, and tunable macromolecular design. Conventional free radical polymerization and anion exchange achieved copolymers containing n-butyl acrylate and phosphonium ionic liquids. These compositions incorporated vinylbenzyl triphenyl phosphonium and vinylbenzyl tricyclohexyl phosphonium cations bearing chloride (Cl), or bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (Tf2N) counteranions. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis provided corresponding thermomechanical properties. Factors including cyclic substituents, counteranion type, as well as ionic concentration significantly influenced phosphonium cation association. 1, 1\'-(1, 4-Butanediyl)bis(imidazole) neutralized NexarTM sulfonated pentablock copolymers and produced novel electrostatically crosslinked membranes. Variable temperature FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed neutralization. Atomic force microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering studied polymer morphology and revealed electrostatic crosslinking characteristics. Tensile analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and vapor sorption thermogravimetric analysis investigated polymer properties. The neutralized polymer demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, decreased water adsorption, and well-defined microphase separation. These findings highlight NexarTM sulfonated pentablock copolymers as reactive platforms for novel, bis-imidazolium crosslinked materials. 4-Vinylbenzyl piperidine is a novel styrenic compound that observably autopolymerizes. In situ FTIR spectroscopy monitored styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl piperidine thermal polymerizations. A pseudo-first-order kinetic treatment of the thermal polymerization data provided observed rate constants for both monomers. An Arrhenius analysis derived thermal activation energy values. 4-Vinylbenzyl piperidine exhibited activation energy 80 KJ/mol less than styrene. The monomer differs from styrene in its piperidinyl structure. Consequently, in situ FTIR spectroscopy also monitored styrene thermal polymerization with variable N-benzyl piperidine concentrations. Under these circumstances, styrene revealed activation energy 60 KJ/mol less than its respective bulk value. The similarities in chemical structure between styrene and 4-vinylbenzyl piperidine suggested thermally initiated polymerization occurred by the Mayo mechanism. The unique substituent is proposed to offer additional cationic effects for enhancing polymerization rates. Living anionic polymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl piperidine achieved novel piperidinyl-containing polymers. Homopolymer and copolymer architectures of this design offer structural integrity, and emphasize base stability. Sequential anionic polymerization afforded a 10K g/mol poly(tert-butyl styrene-co-4-vinylbenzyl piperidine) diblock and a 50K poly(tert-butyl styrene-co-isoprene-co-4-vinylbenzyl piperidine) triblock. Alkylation studies involving a phosphonium bromide salt demonstrated the future avenues for piperidinium based polymer designs. These investigations introduce piperidinyl macromolecules as paradigms for a new class of ammonium based ionic materials.
Master of Science

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37

Heinrich, Sonja [Verfasser], Helmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Willems, and Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Henrich. "Dinoflagellate proxies for surface water property changes in the Miocene Atlantic Ocean / Sonja Heinrich. Gutachter: Helmut Willems ; Rüdiger Henrich. Betreuer: Helmut Willems." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/107204594X/34.

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Fields, Jeb Stuart. "Soilless Substrate Hydrology and Subsequent Impacts on Plant-Water Relations of Containerized Crops." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74925.

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Freshwater is a finite resource that is rapidly becoming more scrutinized in agricultural consumption. Specialty crop producers, especially ornamental crop producers, must continually improve production sustainability, with regards to water resource management, in order to continue to stay economically viable. Soilless substrates were initially developed to have increased porosity and relatively low water holding capacity to ensure container crops would not remain overhydrated after irrigations or rain events. As a result, substrates were selected that are now considered to be in efficient in regards to water resource management. Therefore, to provide growers with additional means to improve production sustainability, soilless substrate hydrology needs be innovated to provide increased water availability while continuing to provide ample air filled porosity to ensure productive and efficient water interactions. Historically, soilless substrates have been characterized using "static" physical properties (i.e. maximum water holding capacity and minimum air-filled porosity). The research herein involves integrating dynamic soilless substrate hydraulic properties to understand how substrate hydrology can be manipulated to design sustainable substrates. This task involved adapting new technologies to analyze hydrological properties of peat and pine bark substrates by employing evaporative moisture characteristic measurements, which were originally designed for mineral soils, for soilless substrate analyses. Utilizing these evaporative measurements provide more accurate measures of substrate water potentials between -10 and -800 hPa than traditional pressure plate measurements. Soilless substrates were engineered, utilizing only three common substrate components [stabilized pine bark (Pinus taedea L.), Sphagnum peatmoss, and coconut coir fiber], via particle fractionation and fibrous additions. The engineering process yielded substrates with increased unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, pore connectivity, and more uniform pore size distributions. These substrates were tested in a greenhouse with irrigation systems designed to hold substrates at (-100 to -300 hPa) or approaching (-50 to -100 hPa) water potentials associated with drought stress. Substrate-water dynamics were monitored, as were plant morphology and drought stress indicators. It was determined that increased substrate unsaturated hydraulic conductivity within the production water potentials, allowed for increased crop growth, reduction in drought stress indicators, while producing marketable plants. Furthermore, individual plants were produced using as low as 5.3 L per plant. Increased production range substrate hydraulic conductivity was able to maintain necessary levels of air-filled porosity due to reduced irrigation volumes, while providing water for plants when needed. The substrates were able to conduct water from throughout the container volume to the plant roots for uptake when roots reduced substrate water potential. Furthermore, increased substrate hydraulic conductivity allowed plants within the substrate to continue absorbing water at much lower water potentials than those in unaltered (control) pine bark. Finally, HYDRUS models were utilized to simulate water flux through containerized substrates. These models allowed for better understanding of how individual hydraulic properties influence substrate water flux, and provided insight towards proportions of inaccessible pores, which do not maintain sufficient levels of available water. With the models, researchers will be able to simulate new substrates, and utilize model predictions to provide insight toward new substrates prior to implementing production tests. It has been determined, that increasing substrate hydraulic conductivity, which can be done with just commonly used components, water requirements for production can be reduced, to produce crops with minimal wasted water resources. Concluding, that re-engineering substrate hydrology can ameliorate production sustainability and decrease environmental impact.
Ph. D.

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39

Sithole, Pinimidzai. "A Comparative Study of Rural Water Governance in the Limpopo Basin." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1684_1319187072.

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In this thesis I examine and explore whether and if Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) inspired water reforms respond to- and address the diverse realities of women and men in informal (and formal) rural economies of Sekororo, South Africa and Ward 17 in Gwanda, Zimbabwe which are both in the Limpopo basin. South Africa and Zimbabwe, like other southern African countries, embarked on IWRMinspired water reforms, culminating in the promulgation of the National Water Acts in 1998, four years after the attainment of South Africaâs democracy in 1994 and 18 years after Zimbabwe attained independence in 1980. I argue that the adoption of IWRM, which emphasises second generation water issues such as demand management, water quality, environmental flow requirements etc, and not the development of water infrastructure, begs the question whether such reforms can make a meaningful contribution to the development agenda in countries where, during apartheid and colonialism, the water rights (among other rights) of millions of blacks were compromised because of unjust legislation and skewed underinvestment in water infrastructure

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40

Gathuka, Lincoln Waweru. "Performance of sandy soil mixed with calcium-magnesium composite as attenuation layer for geogenic contaminants." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253455.

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41

Venter, Claudia Beryl. "Water use rights as an estate asset : an examination of the valuation and transferability of water use rights / C.B. Venter." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4929.

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The main purpose of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 is to provide for fundamental reform of the law relating to water resources in South Africa. Section 3(1) of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA) stipulates that the national government, as the public trustee of the nation's water resources, must ensure the protection, use, development, conservation and management of water. Water must also be controlled in a sustainable and fair manner, to the advantage of all persons and in accordance with the national government`s constitutional mandate. Subsection (2) stipulates that the Minister is ultimately responsible to ensure that water is allocated and used in a fair manner, for the benefit of the public interest, while promoting environmental values. Subsection (3) further stipulates that the national government also has to regulate the use, flow and control of all water in the Republic. These provisions of the NWA gave birth to the concept of public trusteeship in the South African law. The NWA provides for a number of different water us rights; from water use rights for domestic purposes to water use rights for the purpose of agriculture. Considering the extent of the study of all the water use rights that exist within the provisions of the NWA, this research will focus on licensed water use rights intended for agriculture. In this study it will be determined whether these licensed water use rights form part of a person's estate. Furthermore, it will also be determined whether these rights are transferable and whether a value can be attached to these rights in the estate of a person.
Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

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42

Scare, Roberto Fava. "Escassez de água e mudança institucional: análise da regulação dos recursos hídricos no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-25072003-174434/.

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A crescente demanda por recursos hídricos, tanto em quantidade como em qualidade, aumenta a disputa dos usuários pela sua utilização. A percepção da escassez faz com que a água passe a ser considerada um recurso natural com valores econômico, estratégico e social. Segundo Alston & Mueller (2002), quando os recursos se tornam mais escassos, o regime de direitos de propriedade vigente pode reduzir o valor do ativo. As perdas incentivam os envolvidos a mudar esses os direitos procurando uma forma mais ajustada à realidade. A percepção da escassez tem levado governos do mundo todo a reorganizar o ambiente institucional e definir novos direitos de propriedade por meio de um sistema de gestão participativo e descentralizado que estimule a utilização do recurso de forma racional. Contudo, esse processo não é homogêneo e simultâneo. O momento de institucionalização e o grau de complexidade de cada ambiente variam muito, tanto nacional como internacionalmente. Neste estudo, busca-se identificar as causas da variação entre os ambientes institucionais em diversos países, bem como identificar a relação entre a escassez e a modificação na regulação do ambiente em estados brasileiros. Apoia-se o estudo no aporte teórico da evolução do ambiente institucional apresentado por North (1990; 1994), na definição de direitos de propriedade proposta por Eggertsson (1990), no surgimento e na análise econômica dos direitos de propriedade apresentados por Barzel (1997) e no modelo de oferta e demanda de direitos de propriedade proposto por Alston, Libecap & Mueller (1999). A pesquisa foi dividida em dois momentos. Primeiro, realiza-se uma pesquisa qualitativa do histórico da evolução do ambiente institucional internacional, buscando apoio para o entendimento das mudanças ocorridas no Brasil e da evolução do caso brasileiro até chegar ao sistema atual de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Segundo, apresenta-se a análise quantitativa da influência da escassez nos momentos de proposição e promulgação das leis estaduais. Busca-se, ainda, identificar a influência da escassez na velocidade de tramitação das leis e na complexidade do ambiente institucional. Conclui-se que, apesar de o processo de modificação do ambiente não ocorrer de forma linear, a escassez tem significativa influência na velocidade de mudança do ambiente e no seu grau de complexidade.
The growing demand for water resources, both in aspects of quantity and quality, increases the dispute of users for utilization of the good. The perception of scarcity causes water to be considered a natural resource with economic, strategic, and social value. Alston & Mueller (2002) state that when resources become more or less scarce, the reigning regime of property rights can reduce the value of the asset. The losses encourage those involved to change the property rights, seeking a form more adjusted to reality. This perception has led governments around the world to reorganize the institutional environment and redefine new property rights through a system of participative and decentralized management that stimulates the utilization of the resource in a rational manner. However, this process is not homogeneous and simultaneous. The moment of institutionalization and the degree of complexity of each environment, both nationally and internationally, vary greatly. This study seeks to identify the causes of the variation among the institutional environments in various countries and identify the relation between scarcity and modification in the regulation of the environment in Brazilian states. The study is based on the theoretic approach of evolution analysis of the institutional environment presented by North (1990; 1994), on the definition of property rights proposed by Eggertsson (1990), on the emergence and economic analysis of property rights presented by Barzel (1997), and on the model of supply and demand of property rights proposed by Alston, Libecap & Mueller (1999). To this end the study is divided in two parts. First, a qualitative study is conducted of the history of the evolution of the international institutional environment, seeking an understanding of the changes that occurred in Brazil and the evolution of the Brazilian case until reaching the present system of water resource management. Second, a quantitative analysis is done of the influence of scarcity on the proposing and passing of state laws. The study further seeks to identify the influence of water scarcity on the velocity with which laws go through the system and on the complexity of the institutional environment. The study concludes that while the process of environment modification does not occur in a linear fashion, scarcity possesses a significant influence on the velocity of environmental change and on its degree of complexity.

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43

MacKinnon, Anne [Verfasser], Konrad [Akademischer Betreuer] Hagedorn, Insa [Akademischer Betreuer] Theesfeld, and William [Akademischer Betreuer] Blomquist. "Laying a net across mountain valleys and plains : managing water through distributed property rights, Wyoming 1890 - 2010 / Anne Mackinnon. Gutachter: Konrad Hagedorn ; Insa Theesfeld ; William Blomquist." Berlin : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052060625/34.

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44

BEZERRA, Cidney Barbosa. "Latossolo húmico sob diferentes usos no agreste meridional de Pernambuco : atributos químicos, físico-hidricos e biológicos." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6523.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The South Agreste Pernambucano has an agricultural and very large land diversification, but the management of the soil used in the production is mostly inadequate, resulting in economic and low productivity losses, allied to it have weather conditions quite different typical of a transitional environment . However the city of Brejão has a special condition with cooler and rainy weather and deeper soils and well structured, with occurrence horizon latosols with the humic something characteristic in this swamp of altitude. So the aim of this study was to investigate the changes in chemical, physical and water attributes of the surface horizon humic an Oxisol subjected to different forms of management in the Swamp region of South Agreste Altitude Pernambuco, and investigate the soil repellency water. The disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in a native forest (MN), pasture 5 years (PA5) and grazing 30 (PA30) in three layers 0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm and 20 to 30 cm and evaluated the chemical, biological, physical and water attributes, as was also done an infiltration test with simple ring. Chemical attributes presented typicality dystrophic yellow latosols, and attributes related to the acidity showing significant results mainly in the surface layer. For biological attributes your changes are more significant in macroaggregates. Have the physical attributes that most change with inadequate management are the bulk density (Ds) and porosity consequently these physical attributes are linked to water retention in the soil and all water dynamics. For the infiltration test it is clear the presence of soil water repellency.
O Agreste Meridional pernambucano possui uma diversificação agropecuária e de solos muito grande, porém o manejo do solo empregado na produção é em sua maioria inadequado, acarretando em perdas econômicas e baixa produtividade, aliadas a isso temos condições climáticas bastante diferentes típicas de um ambiente de transição. No entanto a cidade de Brejão possui uma condição especial, com clima mais frio e chuvoso e solos mais profundos e bem estruturado, com ocorrência de latossolos de horizonte com A húmico algo característico nesse brejo de altitude. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações nos atributos químicos, físicos e hídricos do horizonte superficial A húmico de um Latossolo Amarelo submetido a diferentes formas de manejo na região do Brejo de Altitude do Agreste Meridional pernambucano, e investigar a repelência do solo a água. As amostras deformadas e indeformadas do solo foram coletadas em uma área de mata nativa (MN), pasto de 5 anos (PA5) e pasto de 30 anos (PA30), em três camadas 0 a 10 cm, 10 a 20 cm e 20 a 30 cm e foram avaliados os atributos químicos, biológicos, físicos e hídricos, como também foi realizado um teste de infiltração com anel simples. Os atributos químicos apresentaram tipicidade de latossolos amarelo distróficos, e atributos relacionados com a acidez apresentando resultados significativos principalmente na camada superficial. Para os atributos biológicos suas alterações são mais expressivas nos macroagregados. Já os atributos físicos que mais sofreram alterações com o manejo inadequado são a densidade do solo (Ds) e a porosidade, consequentemente esses atributos físicos estão ligados a retenção de água no solo e toda dinâmica hídrica. Pelo teste de infiltração fica claro a presença de repelência do solo a água.

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45

Czajkowski, Jeffrey Robert. "Essays in Environmental Economic Valuation and Decision Making in the Presence of an Environmental Disaster." FIU Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/49.

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The first essay developed a respondent model of Bayesian updating for a double-bound dichotomous choice (DB-DC) contingent valuation methodology. I demonstrated by way of data simulations that current DB-DC identifications of true willingness-to-pay (WTP) may often fail given this respondent Bayesian updating context. Further simulations demonstrated that a simple extension of current DB-DC identifications derived explicitly from the Bayesian updating behavioral model can correct for much of the WTP bias. Additional results provided caution to viewing respondents as acting strategically toward the second bid. Finally, an empirical application confirmed the simulation outcomes. The second essay applied a hedonic property value model to a unique water quality (WQ) dataset for a year-round, urban, and coastal housing market in South Florida, and found evidence that various WQ measures affect waterfront housing prices in this setting. However, the results indicated that this relationship is not consistent across any of the six particular WQ variables used, and is furthermore dependent upon the specific descriptive statistic employed to represent the WQ measure in the empirical analysis. These results continue to underscore the need to better understand both the WQ measure and its statistical form homebuyers use in making their purchase decision. The third essay addressed a limitation to existing hurricane evacuation modeling aspects by developing a dynamic model of hurricane evacuation behavior. A household’s evacuation decision was framed as an optimal stopping problem where every potential evacuation time period prior to the actual hurricane landfall, the household’s optimal choice is to either evacuate, or to wait one more time period for a revised hurricane forecast. A hypothetical two-period model of evacuation and a realistic multi-period model of evacuation that incorporates actual forecast and evacuation cost data for my designated Gulf of Mexico region were developed for the dynamic analysis. Results from the multi-period model were calibrated with existing evacuation timing data from a number of hurricanes. Given the calibrated dynamic framework, a number of policy questions that plausibly affect the timing of household evacuations were analyzed, and a deeper understanding of existing empirical outcomes in regard to the timing of the evacuation decision was achieved.

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46

Lu, Yan Jiun, and 盧晏君. "Electrical property of SiC nanoparticle in D.I. water." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76511592119121961613.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
製造科技研究所
90
The electrical properties of SiC nanoparticles are investigated in this research. Different acid-base solutions and voltages are our recipes which can observe SiC nanoparticles with electrified property and precipitate phenomenon. Additionally, the transparent thin film is also studied found in the anode with an experiment of pH2 solution. From our investigation, if found that SiC nanoparticles in D.I. water can resist oxidation and have an excellent chemical stability. NaOH and H2SO4 in nanoparticle solution are mixed to generate pH7, pH10 and pH2 solution respectively. At different voltages, Cu electrode inserts into solution to observe the status of particle around electrode and to monitor phenomenon for SiC precipitates solution by particle size analyzer. Furthermore, a transmission electron microscope is need to observe the status of powder in the different solutions and a XRD for analysis of the compositions about SiC particle. In the acid-base solution, three-electrode makes the curve of anodic polarization for SiC particle that finds the potential of positive pole reduction to get electrical property of SiC particle fully. In the other way, after pH2 reaction, a transparent film on the Cu electrode was found. The transparent film is observed in a microhardness test. A field emission scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometers analyze the substance of film’s surface to gain compositions and characters. The charge of SiC nanoparticles in D.I. water is negative. The collect scale is larger when the voltage is higher. The pH10 solution make the charge of the surface of SiC nanoparticles more strong. In the other way, a transparent film isn’t SiC. the time of reaction is longer and then the thickness of the transparent film is much more; when the voltage is higher and the transparent film is denser.

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Wu, Hsin-Pei, and 吳欣蓓. "The Property of River Water Quality Variables by Multivariate Analysis." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93400073685876537837.

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48

"Markets for Water Quantity and Quality: Addressing Water Scarcity and Pollution in Southern Alberta." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-09-1204.

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Where water resources are scarce and water quality is diminishing, market–based instruments have better potential than government regulation alone to increase the efficiency of resource use, to reallocate water to other uses and to improve water quality in an efficient and equitable manner. The SSRB is a region in Southern Alberta known for water scarcity, growing competition for water and, an increasing threat of pollution by point and non-point sources. This research has addressed the perceptions of stakeholders about proposed system of water quality trading to supplement the existing system of government regulation and water trading. A survey was structured to examine stakeholders’ perceptions about (1) resource status; (2) their rights and responsibilities under current system of administration, and (3) their rights and responsibilities under the proposed system. Survey results revealed stakeholders concerns about the ability of both existing and proposed systems to secure their access to water if annual water supply continues to decrease. Despite concerns about increasing scarcity respondents did not perceive transferability of water licences as important due to lack of trading experience and existence of regulatory barriers that impede markets and discourage participation. Reluctance to explore markets could have been as well related to the high risk of losing the unused water. Under the proposed system stakeholders’ perceptions of their abilities to secure rights pertaining to water quality improved. However, obtained data were insufficient to judge with certainty the applicability of the proposed system in the region. Results were inconclusive to determine the extent and origin of non-point source pollution by agriculture. Also, research is needed to determine how elimination of potential institutional barriers, i.e. a risk to lose water and inability to maintain private licences to instream flow, would influence stakeholders’ perceptions about their rights and responsibilities under proposed system.

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Pashanasangi, Ghazal. "Modeling the Influence of Drinking Water Quality on Residential Property Value." Thesis, 2013. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/977858/1/Pashanasangi_MASc_F2013.pdf.

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ABSTRACT Modeling the Influence of Drinking Water Quality on Residential Property Value Ghazal Pashanasangi This thesis is an endeavor to study the influence of drinking water quality on residential property value in the United States. Bayesian inference method is used to model the influence of water pollution on property value. Hierarchical Bayesian inference method is used when different levels of pollution are considered. Number of types of chemicals detected in water utilities of each state, amount of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and total haloacetic acids (HAAs) in big cities drinking water, average property value in each state and big cities, and population are the data used in analyses. Results show that water pollution has a negative impact on the average property price in state level. Both TTHMs and HAAs, which are the most important pollutants in big cities, also have negative impact on residential property price in big cities. The impact of TTHMs pollution is more than HAAs pollution. Results of the hierarchical analyses show the state that each big city belongs to, determines the effect of TTHMs and HAAs pollution on residential property price.

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Chao, Yu-En, and 趙譽恩. "The Study on Water-Repellent Property of Concrete with Pozzolanic Materials." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59449909992585204884.

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碩士
東南技術學院
防災科技研究所
96
The object of this research is mainly to study the influence of permeability properties of concrete on pozzolanic materials, and further investigate the relationship of Engineering and permeability properties of concrete. The experimental results show that the concrete with the lower water/cement ratio has a decrease in permeability coefficient. The water/cement ratio is found to be proportional to the compressive strength of concrete and inversely proportional to the Log (K). The w/c concrete of 0.68 has a permeability coefficient of 1.8×10-11cm/s. The change rate of permeability coefficient increases with lower w/c of concrete loaded. With the increase in the permeability coefficient, the surface resistance of concrete decreases.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water property'

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