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Journal articles on the topic 'Water preparation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Silviana, Silviana, Bakti Jos, Herry Santosa, and Siswo Sumardiono. "Statistical Approach for Water Glass Precursor Preparation from Bamboo Leaf Silica." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.2.52-57.

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The bamboo leaf consists of high silica content. In this study, the bamboo silica was utilized as water glass. Water glass can also be used as eco-friendly precursors for the preparation of silica aerogel. The extraction process of silica from bamboo leaf have been carried out through acid leaching and combustion process at 750°C based on thermal gravimetry analysis. This paper is aimed to assess the effect of two types of alkali hydroxide and concentrations producing water glass of bamboo leaf silica. The result was analyzed by using a 22-factorial design with six replications. The alkali hydroxide types were sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide with a concentration of 4 M and 6 M, respectively. The study was executed in several steps, i.e. pre-treatment of bamboo leaf, leaching process, combustion, purification of bamboo leaf silica and synthesis of water glass. The optimum condition of water glass products was obtained at silica concentration of 41.08 ppm and density of 1.23 g/L for potassium hydroxide, while at 40.15 ppm and 1.30 g/L for sodium hydroxide. ANOVA analysis resulted in a significant effect for type of hydroxide and concentration releasing model for silica concentration response. This study also characterized the silica structure and composition by instrumentation analysis for silica solid obtained from optimum water glass condition with potassium hydroxide. It can be denoted the physical behavior of silica solid from water glass by potassium hydroxide did not differ from previous research of water glass by sodium hydroxide.

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2

Nevedrov, A. V., N. G. Kolmakov, S. P. Subbotin, A. V. Papin, and T. G. Cherkasova. "Preparation of water for coke-plant water cycles." Coke and Chemistry 58, no. 2 (February 2015): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x15020039.

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3

Xu, Xu, Junying Zhang, Zichao Jin, and Jue Cheng. "Preparation of phenolic microspheres in water/“water” system." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 23, no. 7 (August 23, 2011): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.2010.

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4

Maltsev, Mikhail Il'ich, Elena Vladimirovna Kalyuta, Vadim Ivanovich Markin, and Igor' Borisovich Katrakov. "THE USE OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED PLANT MATERIALS AS SOIL BUILDERS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (June 7, 2019): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019046466.

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The results of studies on the effects of composite polymer preparations obtained by carboxymethylation of various types of plant materials (sawdust common pine (Pinus silvestris) (NaKMD preparation), oat flower films (Avena sativa L.) (NaKMO preparation) and sunflower husk (Helianthus annuus L.) (NaKMP preparation)), on the water resistance of soil aggregates in laboratory and field conditions of the forest-steppe of the Altai Territory are presented. The object of research is ordinary and leached medium loamy black earth. The water resistance index of soil aggregates was determined by the method of P.I. Andrianova. It was found that both in laboratory and in field conditions, soil aggregates with the use of drugs are washed out by water much more slowly than in versions without the use of drugs. The NaCMP preparation, which contains the largest amount of carboxymethylated lignin (17.1%), had the greatest influence on the resistance of soil aggregates to water. In general, the water resistance of the soil when using the studied drugs, depending on the application dose, increased 1.2–3.5 times compared to the control. The positive effect of preparations from carboxymethylated plant materials varies in the following order: NaKMP> NaKMO> NaKMD.

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5

Hisamatsu, Shin, Jun Nakagawa, Akihiro Takahash, Miki Higuchi, Tomoaki Ishikawa, Mitsuhiro Takai, Kenichi Takane, and Shigenori Sonoki. "Preparation of sterile water hyacinth." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 50, Supplement (2005): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.50.supplement_166.

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6

Jurčı́k, Václav, and René Wilhelm. "Preparation of aminals in water." Tetrahedron 60, no. 14 (March 2004): 3205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.02.021.

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7

Lu, Shaojie, Xuefeng Song, Deyong Cao, Yiping Chen, and Kangde Yao. "Preparation of water-soluble chitosan." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 91, no. 6 (2004): 3497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13537.

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8

Santi, Claudio, Benedetta Battistelli, Lorenzo Testaferri, and Marcello Tiecco. "On water preparation of phenylselenoesters." Green Chemistry 14, no. 5 (2012): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2gc16541d.

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9

Cavaca, Lídia A. S., Rafael F. A. Gomes, and Carlos A. M. Afonso. "Preparation of Thioaminals in Water." Molecules 27, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051673.

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The presence of sulfur–carbon bonds is transversal to several areas of chemistry, e.g., drug discovery, materials, and chemical biology. However, a lack of efficient and sustainable procedures for the preparation of thioaminals, the N,S-analogues of O,O-acetals, contributes to this functional group often being overlooked by the scientific community. In this work is described the formation of thioaminals in water promoted by copper(II) triflate.

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10

Skolubovich, Yuriy, Aleksander Skolubovich, Evgeniy Voitov, and Inna Makarikhina. "Technology of drinking water preparation using the reactor - clarifier." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199104006.

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Siberian surface water and groundwater are characterized by low temperatures for a long year period. Many groundwater sources’ organic composition are formed of soil and peat humus, marsh feeding of rivers, decomposition of plankton, higher water, and soil grass in reservoirs and lakes. Organic colloids in natural waters and in humic substances give the color of water. It’s yellowish coloration of varying intensity. Thus, the Om River’s water color in the city of Kuibyshev in the Novosibirsk Region is 500 degrees with feculence of less than 3 mg/l. A number of underground water sources also have an increased content of organic contaminants caused by peat bogs at great depths and high water colority with low turbidity. For example, the water color is up to 1500 degrees in the Namtsy village of the SAHA-Yakutia Republic. In addition, underground water and, to a greater extent, surface water are often characterized by a high content of iron (up to 20 mg/l), manganese (up to 4 mg/l), and other impurities of natural and anthropogenic origin. Iron and manganese are in natural waters in the form of mineral or organic complex compounds of humic or some fatty acids. In the second case, these waters are with increased oxidizability and rather aggressive nature. In particular, the iron content is 3 mg/l, manganese is 1 mg/l, the permanganate oxidizability is 50 mg/l in the water of the Om River.

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11

Xu, Zhi Zhen, Dong Sheng Wang, Rong Zhang, and Shi Chuan Tang. "Factors Affecting the Genotoxicity of Drinking Water." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.922.

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The genotoxicity of drinking water have received increased attention in recent years to assess aquatic ecosystem safety. The factors affecting the genotoxicity of drinking water, including sample preparation, the concentration of bromide and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), were investigated using umu test. The result showed that sample preparation and bromide could significantly influence the genotoxicity of drinking water. During sample preparation, 1 and 2 L waters concentrated were suitable for umu test and the highest yield for genotoxic compounds was obtained from acid solution (pH 2) when ethyl acetate served as the eluant. Bromide could substantially increase the genotoxicity of drinking water after chlorine disinfection. The genotoxicity of drinking water could not be increased with increasing NH3-N concentration.

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12

Naik, P. Siva, K. Naveen Kumar, B. Praveen, and Dr Kamalini Devi. "Desalination of Sea Water for Preparation of Drinking Water." Emperor Journal of Applied Scientific Research 02, no. 08 (2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35338/ejasr.2020.2802.

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13

Vorobyov, Yu V., A. V. Dunaev, and V. A. Malakhov. "Promising water-fuel emulsion." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2006-03.

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14

Fatur, Karsten, Matjaž Ravnikar, Vitjan Fras, and Samo Kreft. "Pipes and Potions: Testing the Efficacy of European Folk Preparation Methods for Anticholinergic Solanaceae Plants." Plants 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010126.

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The present article sought to evaluate the efficiency of various folk preparation methods commonly used in Europe for employing anticholinergic Solanaceae plants. The study aimed to uncover which folk methods were effective for the extraction of the anticholinergic tropane alkaloids of these plants, atropine and scopolamine. The folk extractions that were tested sought to simulate the preparation of teas, cold-water infusions, unguents, tinctures, fortified wines, and smoking. All preparation types and a control were then put through an extraction process to see what amount of the alkaloids had been maintained. These extractions were then analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cold- and hot-water preparations, tinctures, and fortified wines all proved to be effective means of extracting atropine and scopolamine from plant material under conditions seen in folk usage. Smoking and the oil-based unguent, however, yielded no alkaloids, suggesting a lack of efficiency for these preparations, a problem with our methodology, or possible chemical changes and losses associated with the preparation procedure.

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15

Szwedziak, Katarzyna, Żaneta Grzywacz, Ewa Polańczyk, Sławomir Tomaszewski, and Wiktoria Wojtkiewicz. "Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient." Open Chemistry 18, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0045.

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AbstractNicosulfuron is a herbicide used for plant protection. This paper presents the results of research on the physicochemical properties of three herbicidal preparations containing nicosulfuron as the active substance by measuring and comparing its concentration by the chromatographic method. These preparations are in the form of a concentrated suspension intended for dilution with water, and due to the fact that nicosulfuron contained in the tested preparations is sensitive to water quality, while checking the physicochemical properties of the preparations, a dispersion for soft (pH: 5–7) and hard (pH: 8–9) water was also determined. It is important to note that high content of mineral salts in water may have a negative effect on the biological activity of the substance. In addition, the use of herbicides does not only apply to the use of appropriate dilutions, which are effective and not harmful to the environment. However, it is also important to consider specific farmer and equipment used, so that the preparation is easy to use and does not adversely affect the kit used for spraying. This study has shown that depending on the preparation used based on the amount of active substance 40 g/l, the amount of nicosulfuron varies. The test indicators in the form of pH and density are similar, while during the tested dispersion, differences depending on the tested water were observed (sediments were observed in only one preparation tested). Differences depending on the occurrence of sediments in the water used, both at 0 and 24 h, are signaling in favor of the soft water. Therefore, it is important to assess the hardness of the water, which in turn guarantees a reduction of the amount of deposits and protection of agricultural equipment used for spraying.

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16

Yamashita, Keiji, Osamu Hashimoto, Takashi Nishimura, and Mamoru Nango. "Preparation of stimuli-responsive water absorbent." Reactive and Functional Polymers 51, no. 2-3 (June 2002): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-5148(02)00025-1.

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17

Das, Sandip, Dhruba P. Chatterjee, Radhakanta Ghosh, and Arun K. Nandi. "Water soluble polythiophenes: preparation and applications." RSC Advances 5, no. 26 (2015): 20160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16496b.

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18

Ismail, Eid A. "Preparation of water-soluble polyurethane surfactants." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, no. 9 (May 31, 1998): 1531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980531)68:9<1531::aid-app16>3.0.co;2-1.

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19

Zhang, S. T. "Preparation, water absorbent and mechanical properties of water swellable rubber." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 41, no. 8 (October 2012): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743289810y.0000000012.

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20

Wang, Guojie, Min Li, and Xinfang Chen. "Preparation and water-absorbent properties of a water-swellable rubber." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, no. 8 (May 23, 1998): 1219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980523)68:8<1219::aid-app3>3.0.co;2-g.

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21

Maha, Hetty Lendora, Kasmirul Ramlan Sinaga, Kasmirul Ramlan Sinaga, Masfria Masfria, and Masfria Masfria. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MICONAZOLE NITRATE NANOEMULSION AND CREAM." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056.

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Objective: The present study is to determine the evaluation profile of the preparations nanoemulsion and cream of miconazole nitrate.Methods: Preparation of nanoemulsi with concentrations 1%, 1.5%, and 2% using the principle of low-energy emulsification and miconazole nitrate cream was then performed physical evaluation of the preparation which included organoleptic test, pH measurement, viscosity test, emulsion type, cycling test, centrifugation test, particle size measurement with particle size analyzer, and homogeneity test of cream preparations.Result: Based on organoleptic test, it can be seen that the miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion preparations produced are clear, colored weak yellow, and the cream is white. The average pH of the nanoemulsion preparations ranged from 6.01 to 6.25, while the cream preparations were 5.95–6.52. The average viscosity values of nanoemulsion preparations were 1707 cps, 1920 cps, and 1987 cps, respectively. In the cycling test, the nanoemulsion preparation remained weak yellow and odorless, and the cream preparation remained white and did not experience phase separation. In the centrifugation test, the nanoemulsion preparation and the cream were centrifuged at a rate of 3800 for 5 h, after centrifugation tests, both the nanoemulsing and cream preparations did not show any phase separation, in the nanoemulsion preparation possibly due to the high viscosity of the preparation. On the type nanoemulsi test, by dripping methylene blue on the formula. After observed, the blue methylene is evenly dispersed into the formula, indicating that all four formulas have an oil-in-water emulsion type (o/w). The particle size of the nanoemulsion preparation ranged from 102.36 nm to 309.11 nm.Conclusion: The results of evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion preparations were better than cream preparations.

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22

Didenko, Kateryna, Natalia Kozak, and Valerii Klepko. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOL SORBENTS BASED ON KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN AND WATER-SOLUBLE BLOCKED ISOCYANATES." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 11, no. 3 (August 28, 2017): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht11.03.270.

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23

McCrone, Walter C. "Another Way To Prepare Permanent Mounts for Light Microscopy." Microscopy Today 7, no. 4 (May 1999): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500064233.

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Having read John Kiernan's contribution in the January 1999 issue of Microscopy Today, I decided to add my two-cents worth (ignoring inflation), I have water-mounted preparations older than 5 years with no indications of threats to their permanence. The procedure is so simple it hardly bears writing about much less printing it for others to read.I simply make sure any aqueous coversiip preparation on a microscope slide be dry at the edges of an otherwise full (of water) coverslip preparation, I simply add tiny amounts of water to completely fill the space between slide and coversiip, then wait a minute or two for the excess water on the slide outside the coversiip to evaporate. I can speed this step by wicking any excessive excess into a forceps-held small square of filter paper.

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24

Glotova, Valentina N., Tatyana V. Ushakova, and Viktor T. Novikov. "PREPARATION OF LACTIC ACIDOLIGOMER." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196206.5859.

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The process of obtaining of lactic acid oligomer as by-product for synthesis of biodegradable polylactide was investigated. Synthesis of oligomer was carried out by azeotropic distillation of water. Aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene were used. They form heteroazeotropes. This allowed to control the volume of distilled water. The time of obtaining of oligomer of lactic acid in presence aromatic hydrocarbons and without them was compare in the article. The reaction of obtaining of oligomer was carried out in a rotary vacuum evaporator and in laboratory distillation installation in presence of catalyst (ZnO in the amount of 1.5% by weight) for reaction assessment. It was shown that the using of azeotropic distillation of water from reaction mass allow to reduce the time of oligomer synthesis compared to standard distillation of water from the lactic acid solution. It implements by reducing of viscosity of reaction mass that improves heat and mass transfer in the reactor. These factors contribute to increase rate of distillation of solution water and water which release in the process of polycondensation of lactic acid. The oligomer yield also increases. The actual control of concentrating of the aqueous solution of lactic acid and the oligomer obtaining reaction carried out according to the rate of distillation of the water from the reactor. Also the control was carried out by changing the molecular weight of the oligomer. The molecular weight of the oligomers obtained was determined by gel permeation chromatography. It reached 1600 g/mol. Lactic acid oligomer of a linear structure was obtained under these conditions. IR spectra of the oligomer of lactic acid indicate the simultaneous process of concentration of the lactic acid solution and polycondensation of lactic acid.

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25

Surh, Jeonghee, Goran T. Vladisavljević, Saehun Mun, and D. Julian McClements. "Preparation and Characterization of Water/Oil and Water/Oil/Water Emulsions Containing Biopolymer-Gelled Water Droplets." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, no. 1 (January 2007): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf061637q.

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26

TANAKA, Masato, Katsunori SATO, and Isao KIMURA. "Preparation of Microcapsules containing Water-Absorbent Polymer." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 64, no. 3 (1991): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.64.140.

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27

Morris, W. M., and B. R. S. Simpson. "Preparation of solid water-equivalent radioactive standards." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 60, no. 2-4 (February 2004): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2003.11.077.

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28

Gellermann, R., I. Börner, T. Franke, and K. Fröhlich. "Preparation of Water Samples for 32Si Determinations." Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 24, no. 3 (January 1988): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256018808623917.

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29

Sessler Jonathan, L., W. Hemmi Gregory, and D. Mody Tarak. "5569759 Water soluble texaphyrin metal complex preparation." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 15, no. 4 (January 1997): XIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0730-725x(97)89051-0.

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30

Tseluikin, V. N. "Preparation of fullerene С60 dispersions in water." Colloid Journal 78, no. 5 (September 2016): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061933x16050215.

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31

Zeng, Huiting, Xiaoqing Wu, Honghu Zeng, Hua Zhang, and Asfandyar Shahab. "Preparation and characteristics of magnetic water hyacinth." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 295 (July 25, 2019): 032062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/295/3/032062.

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32

ACOTT, K. M., and T. P. LABUZA. "Microbial growth response to water sorption preparation." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 10, no. 6 (June 28, 2007): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb00068.x.

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33

Zhang, Yuhong, Peixin He, Qichao Zou, and Benqiao He. "Preparation and properties of water-swellable elastomer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 93, no. 4 (2004): 1719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20633.

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34

Liu, Haiqing, and You-Lo Hsieh. "Preparation of Water-Absorbing Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibrous Membrane." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 27, no. 2 (January 23, 2006): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200500691.

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35

Lee, Sang Yup, Jeong Sam Lee, and Byung Kyu Kim. "Preparation and Properties of Water-borne Polyurethanes." Polymer International 42, no. 1 (January 1997): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199701)42:1<67::aid-pi660>3.0.co;2-a.

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36

Santi, Claudio, Benedetta Battistelli, Lorenzo Testaferri, and Marcello Tiecco. "ChemInform Abstract: On Water Preparation of Phenylselenoesters." ChemInform 43, no. 40 (September 7, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201240205.

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37

Kang, Eui-Chul, Atsuhiko Ogura, Kazunori Kataoka, and Yukio Nagasaki. "Preparation of Water-soluble PEGylated Semiconductor Nanocrystals." Chemistry Letters 33, no. 7 (July 2004): 840–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2004.840.

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38

Gao, Haifeng, Changchun Wang, Wuli Yang, and Shoukuan Fu. "Preparation of a Water‐Soluble Fluorescent Polymer." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 41, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-120028472.

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39

Hu, Xiaohong, Xiaohan Ma, Huaping Tan, and Dan Li. "Preparation of water‐soluble and biocompatible graphene." Micro & Nano Letters 8, no. 6 (June 2013): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2013.0017.

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40

Kang, Shi‐Zhao, Dieer Yin, Xiangqing Li, Qiang Zhang, and Jin Mu. "Preparation of water‐dispersible TiO 2 nanoparticles." Micro & Nano Letters 9, no. 12 (December 2014): 940–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2014.0305.

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41

Ni'mah, Yatim Lailun, Harmami Harmami, Ita Ulfin, Suprapto Suprapto, and Clarissa Welny Saleh. "Water-soluble chitosan preparation from marine sources." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2.971.

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Water-soluble chitosan (WSC) has been derived from different marine sources such as squid pen, shrimp, mussel, and crab shells. Chitosan was obtained by deacetylation of chitin. Degradation of chitosan by hydrogen peroxide would produce WSC. Demineralization process was optimized by varying incubation time and temperature to minimize the mineral content in chitin. WSC that obtained was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to calculate the deacetylation degree. Deacetylation degree of WSC was also studied by titrimetric method. The ash content of chitin from marine sources was measured to obtain the optimum demineralization incubation time. The optimum incubation time for demineralization process was 12 hours and stirred at 50 rpm. Recovery and deacetylation degree of WSC were found to be varied and depended on the source of WSC. Each sample of WSC from shrimp shell, mussel shell, squid pen and crab shell has the degree of deacetylation of 64.18%, 35.03%, 58.04% and 53.91% respectively. The presence of amine group was confirmed from FTIR spectra ofsynthesized WSC.

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42

Pickford, John. "Water supply and sanitation project preparation handbook." Habitat International 9, no. 1 (January 1985): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(85)90042-6.

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43

Huang, Hua-Pin, and Isaac Ghebre-Sellassie. "Preparation of microspheres of water-soluble pharmaceuticals." Journal of Microencapsulation 6, no. 2 (January 1989): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02652048909098024.

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44

Thonglerth, P., P. Sujaridworakun, and O. Boondamnoen. "Preparation of ZnO Nanoparticles Water-based Dispersion." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012029.

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Abstract In this work, an attempt was made to stabilize ZnO NPs as water-based dispersion. The dispersing agents used are 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and oleic acid (OA). These dispersing agents were combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to facilitate better dispersion stability. Different wt% content of modified ZnO NPs such as 0.2, 0.4, 1 and 3% w/v was used at a fixed ratio of ZnO NPs:SDS:dispersing agent. The highest dispersion stability was achieved at 1% w/v content of modified ZnO NP, whereas some precipitate was observed at 3% w/v. The result reveals that sonication at 30 minutes produced the highest dispersion stability whereas extended sonication led to re-agglomeration of ZnO NPs. The optimum ratio of ZnO NPs:SDS:dispersing agent which produced about 98% dispersion stability was at 1:0.25:0.2. The zeta potential (ZP) values of ZnO NPs/GPTMS, ZnO NPs/PVA, and ZnO NPs/OA dispersions are -51, -29 and -15 mV, respectively. The ZP values was influenced by the electrical charge surrounding the particles which was also caused by the functional group of the dispersing agents. However, the stabilization mechanisms of modified ZnO NPs in water was complicated. It did not only depend on the electrostatic value but also on electrosteric stabilization caused by the steric effects hindering the dispersing agents. Interactions between the dispersing agents and ZnO NPs was confirmed through FTIR analysis.

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Aslam, Mian Muhammad-Ahson, Hsion-Wen Kuo, Walter Den, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Sultan, and Hadeed Ashraf. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105717.

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As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibility of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied.

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Contu, A., N. Sechi, G. Sarritzu, A. Loizzo, L. Volterra, and M. Schintu. "Eutrophication in Water Supply Reservoirs: General Impacts on Potable Water Preparation." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0009.

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Umar, Datin Fatia, Hiromoto Usui, Yoshiyuki Komoda, and Bukin Daulay. "Preparation of Carbonized Biomass Water Mixture and Upgraded Coal Water Mixture." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 39, no. 11 (2006): 1206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.39.1206.

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Dickinson, Eric, Jane Evison, and Richard K. Owusu. "Preparation of fine protein-stabilized water-in-oil-in-water emulsions." Food Hydrocolloids 5, no. 5 (December 1991): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-005x(09)80106-9.

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Červín, R., and T. Matuška. "Waste Water Recovery System with Heat Pump for Hot Water Preparation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 290 (June 21, 2019): 012091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/290/1/012091.

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50

Boaden, Elizabeth, Lois Thomas, Susan Caroline, and Higham Watkins. "Microbiological analysis of water and thickeners used for people with dysphagia." British Journal of Community Nursing 25, Sup8 (August 1, 2020): S16—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.sup8.s16.

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Thickened fluids are a recognised intervention strategy in use for people with dysphagia. However, their bacterial profile has not previously been examined. Aims: To identify bacteria and changes in bacterial profiles in a range of water sources and thickener preparations over a 5-day period. Methods: Nine experiments were performed using a range of preparations (sterile, drinking, non-drinking tap water) and a thickening agent (sterile sachet and a used tin). Findings: No bacteria were grown on serial subcultures of sterile water, both with and without thickener. Drinking, tap and thickened water left at room temperature for 24 hours may become contaminated with environmental organisms. Conclusions: The growth of bacteria in preparations of thickening agent appears to be dependent upon water quality, while the proliferation of bacteria is dependent upon the length of time the preparation is allowed to stand at room temperature.

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