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Journal articles on the topic 'Water planes'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zubeltzu, Jon, and Emilio Artacho. "Simulations of water nano-confined between corrugated planes." Journal of Chemical Physics 147, no. 19 (November 21, 2017): 194509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011468.

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2

Yu, Gang, Keeva Vozoff, and David W. Durney. "The influence of confining pressure and water saturation on dynamic elastic properties of some Permian coals." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 1 (January 1993): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443349.

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Laboratory measurements are described on Permian coals from Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia related to the dependence of ultrasonic P‐ and S‐wave velocities, attenuation, anisotropy and the dynamic elastic moduli on confining pressure, water saturation, and pore pressure. Five independent stiffness constants are used to represent the elastic anisotropy of the specimens as a function of confining pressure and water saturation. The anisotropy is believed to be controlled mainly by the internal structure of the coals, while the pressure dependence of the constants is controlled mainly by randomly oriented cracks. P‐ and S‐wave dispersions were measured on water‐saturated specimens as confining pressures increased from 2 MPa to 40 MPa. The samples represented cores taken both parallel and perpendicular to bedding planes. Velocities along bedding planes are marginally higher than those across bedding planes. This anisotropy is insensitive to confining pressure. Attenuation was also measured, both normal and parallel to bedding planes, on dry and water‐saturated specimens from 2 MPa to 40 MPa confining pressures. The experimental results show that dynamic elastic properties are potential indicators of the states of stress and saturation in coal seams, and provide necessary information for computer modeling and interpreting seismic surveys carried out to assist mine development.

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3

Mikyoung Hur, Vera. "Symmetry of steady periodic water waves with vorticity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1858 (March 13, 2007): 2203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2002.

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The symmetry and monotonicity properties of steady periodic gravity water waves are established for arbitrary vorticities if the wave profile is monotone near the trough and every streamline attains a minimum below the trough. The proof uses the method of moving planes.

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4

Pérez Blanco, Carlos Dionisio, Carlos Mario Gómez Gómez, and Alberto Del Villar García. "El riesgo de disponibilidad de agua en la agricultura: una aplicación a las cuencas del Guadalquivir y del Segura." Studies of Applied Economics 29, no. 1 (October 4, 2020): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v29i1.3942.

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Agriculture is a key sector in rural economics. In some Southern Regions of Spain capable of developing a competitive irrigation sector, agriculture is a powerful means towards development. This is the case of many comarcas of Guadalquivir and Segura River Basins, which however face a growing water scarcity and drought risk. To respond these problems in an effective manner, a series of Planes de Sequía have been approved in order to give a planned and strategic response. This paper focuses on expected impact of new decision rules established in the Planes de Sequía (which were passed without any previous economic impact analysis) and assess whether or not they contribute to irrigation sustainability and thus regional and rural economics development. This paper develops a stochastic model to assess economic loss derived from Planes de Sequía implementation over irrigated agriculture. Conclusions show that Planes de Sequía do not warrantee irrigation sustainability and priority uses water supply.

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5

Smith, Graham, Andy W. Hartono, Urs D. Wermuth, Peter C. Healy, Jonathan M. White, and A. David Rae. "5-Nitrosalicylic Acid and its Proton-Transfer Compounds with Aliphatic Lewis Bases." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 1 (2005): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04144.

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The crystal structures of the proton-transfer compounds of 5-nitrosalicylic acid (5-nsa) with morpholine (morph), hexamethylenetetramine (hmt), and ethylenediamine (en) have been determined and their solid-state packing structures described. The compounds are [(morph)+(5-nsa)–] 1, [(hmt)+(5-nsa)–·H2O] 2, and [(en)2+2(5-nsa)–·H2O] 3. In all compounds, protonation of the hetero-nitrogen of the Lewis base occurs. With 1, the 5-nsa anions and the morpholine cations lie, respectively, in or across crystallographic mirror planes and are linked within the planes by hydrogen-bonding interactions through the aminium group and the carboxylic and phenolic oxygens of the anionic 5-nsa species giving a two-dimensional sheet polymer. Compound 2 is an unusual structure with the planar 5-nsa anions lying within pseudo mirror planes and cyclically linked by duplex water bridges through a single carboxylate oxygen into centrosymmetric dimers. The hmt cation molecules are disordered across the pseudo mirror and are strongly linked by N+–H···O hydrogen bonds only to the water molecules with peripheral weak hmt C–H···O hydrogen bonds extending the dimer within and between the dimer planes. Compound 3 is a network polymer comprised of the 5-nsa anions, the en dianions, and the water molecule in an extensive hydrogen-bonded structure.

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6

Kääb, Andreas, Bas Altena, and Joseph Mascaro. "River-ice and water velocities using the Planet optical cubesat constellation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 4233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4233-2019.

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Abstract. The PlanetScope constellation consists of ∼150 optical cubesats that are evenly distributed like strings of pearls on two orbital planes, scanning the Earth's land surface once per day with an approximate spatial image resolution of 3 m. Subsequent cubesats on each of the orbital planes image the Earth surface with a nominal time lag of approximately 90 s between them, which produces near-simultaneous image pairs over the across-track overlaps of the cubesat swaths. We exploit this short time lag between subsequent Planet cubesat images to track river ice floes on northern rivers as indicators of water surface velocities. The method is demonstrated for a 60 km long reach of the Amur River in Siberia, and a 200 km long reach of the Yukon River in Alaska. The accuracy of the estimated horizontal surface velocities is of the order of ±0.01 m s−1. The application of our approach is complicated by cloud cover and low sun angles at high latitudes during the periods where rivers typically carry ice floes, and by the fact that the near-simultaneous swath overlaps, by design, do not cover the complete Earth surface. Still, the approach enables direct remote sensing of river surface velocities for numerous cold-region rivers at a number of locations and occasionally several times per year – which is much more frequent and over much larger areas than currently feasible. We find that freeze-up conditions seem to offer ice floes that are generally more suitable for tracking, and over longer time periods, compared with typical ice break-up conditions. The coverage of river velocities obtained could be particularly useful in combination with satellite measurements of river area, and river surface height and slope.

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7

Nagy, Laszlo, Keisuke Ishii, Ayse Karatas, Hu Shen, Janos Vajda, Mika Niemelä, Juha Jääskeläinen, Juha Hernesniemi, and Szabolcs Toth. "Water dissection technique of Toth for opening neurosurgical cleavage planes." Surgical Neurology 65, no. 1 (January 2006): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2005.08.025.

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8

Mohammadian, E., SE Ghasemi, H. Poorgashti, M. Hosseini, and DD Ganji. "Thermal investigation of Cu–water nanofluid between two vertical planes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 229, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408913509089.

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9

Wen, Guanping, Jianhua Hu, Yabin Wu, Zong-Xian Zhang, Xiao Xu, and Rui Xiang. "Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Dry and Water-Saturated Foliated Phyllite under Uniaxial Compression." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 8962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248962.

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Phyllite is widely distributed in nature, and it deserves to be studied considering rock engineering applications. In this study, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on foliated phyllite with different foliation angles under dry and water-saturated conditions. The impacts of water content and foliation angle on the stress–strain curves and basic mechanical properties of the Phyllite were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress and peak strain decrease first and then increase with increasing foliation angle as a U-shape or V-shape, and the phyllite specimens are weakened significantly by the presence of water. Moreover, an approach with acoustic emission, digital image correlation, and scanning electron microscopic is employed to observe and analyze the macroscopic and mesoscopic failure process. The results show that tensile microcracks dominate during the progressive failure of phyllite, and their initiation, propagation, and coalescence are the main reasons for the failure of the phyllite specimens. The water acts on biotite and clay minerals that are main components of phyllite, and it contributes to the initiation, propagation, and coalescence of numerous microcracks. Finally, four failure modes are classified as followed: (a) for the specimens with small foliation angles α = 0° or 30° (Saturated), both shear sliding and tensile-split across the foliation planes; (b) for the specimens with low to medium foliation angles α = 30° (Dry) or 45°(Saturated), shear sliding dominates the foliation planes; (c) for the specimens with medium to high foliation angles α = 45° (Dry) or 60°, shear sliding dominates the foliation planes; (d) for the specimens with high foliation angles α = 90°, tensile-split dominates the foliation planes.

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10

Sylla-Gueye, Rokhaya, Ibrahima Elhadji Thiam, James Orton, Simon Coles, and Mohamed Gaye. "Crystal structure of N′-[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]furan-2-carbohydrazide monohydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 76, no. 5 (April 9, 2020): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698902000465x.

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The condensation of 2-furoic hydrazide and 4-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde in ethanol yielded a yellow solid formulated as the title compound, C14H15N3O2·H2O. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular O(water)—H...O,N(carbohydrazide) and N—H...O(water) hydrogen bonds, which form a two-dimensional network along the bc plane. Additional C—H...O interactions link the molecules into a three-dimensional network. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene and the furan ring is 34.47 (6)°. The carbohydrazide moiety, i.e., the C=N—N—C=O fragment and the benzene ring are almost coplanar, with an angle of 6.75 (9)° between their mean planes.

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11

Abdiev, Umirbek Begmatovich, and Boysori Abdikholikovich Yuldoshov. "INSPECTION ELECTRICAL AND HEAT PARAMETERS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC-THERMAL BATTERY, STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/5/1.

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Introduction. The article discusses increasing the intensity of light incident on the surface of a photovoltaic battery (PVB) based on semiconductor solar battery, methods of cooling the PVB and protecting the surface from contamination have been investigated. To do this, the PVB is the planes that reflect light to the long sides, and a polycarbonate collector with a parallel channel on the back, this device looks like a photovoltaic-thermal battery (PVT). The article presents the results of the study of electrical and thermal parameters of PVT when changing (increasing) the intensity of solar radiation using reflective planes and cooling by means of a collector. The effects of cold water temperature, environmental characteristics, and atmospheric dust on PVT efficiency have been studied. Research methods and materials. The experiment compared the power of ordinary PVB, collector PVT, and PVTs with reflective planes and collectors. The temperature of the hot water in the collector PVT and the reflective planes and in the PVT with the collector is compared. Experiments have also been carried out to protect the surface of the PVB from dust. Initial measurements were made using PVBs with the same electrical parameters. PVBs are set horizontally, one of which is closed with a lid during the day. In the next experiment, it was studied that the degree of contamination of PVBs depends on the angle of installation. Two of them are horizontal, and the other three are at angles of 300, 450 and 600, respectively. Results and discussions. According to the measurement results, ordinary PVBs, PVBs with collector reflectors and PVTs with collectors have the highest electric power. The difference between the PVB with the collector and the reflection planes and the hot water outlet from the PVT with the collector was 200C. It was determined that the hot water temperature would not exceed 40°C in the absence of reflective planes. Besides, most of the dust on the surface of the PVB falls at night and the level of contamination of the PVB for the city of Termez has been determined. PVBs installed at different slope angles were tested for PVBs installed below 450 with moderate levels of contamination and high electrical parameters. Conclusion. The PVT was found to produce 1,5-1,6 times more electricity in the southern regions of the country than the traditional PVB. It has been shown that hot water can be obtained at temperatures above 40ºC in winter. Research and experiments conducted in the conditions of Termez have shown that it is possible to get the necessary amount of electricity and hot water throughout the year to create good conditions in a rural home. Besides, at night the surface of the PVBs was closed to prevent contamination.

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12

Kuznietsova, Yana, and . "World Experience of Using Water Reservoirs in the Structure of Basic Horizontal Planes of an Architectural Object." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14604.

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The aim of the article is to popularize the ecological approach in building both in Ukraine and states of the former Soviet Union. Previously the author studied issues of using water as a natural component on local and object levels in the structure of basic horizontal planes as connecting and outer spaces. This article deals with basic horizontal planes of buildings. The author analyzed architectural objects containing water as a natural component in their structure, and considered quality features of this approach. Firstly, these features influence psychology and physiology of a person, aesthetic perception of architectural objects and secondly, they have ecological aspects such as solving problems of heat isolation, precipitation cleansing, reducing the level of air pollution, atmospheric dispersion, etc. The article is based on the world experience of using water reservoirs in the structure of an architectural object. The author determined methods of water use and its influence on architectural form making. Watermorphic approach in architecture is defined as self-sufficient.

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13

Tan, Tong Ling, Poovarasi A/P Krusnamurthy, Hideki Nakajima, and Suraya Abdul Rashid. "Adsorptive, kinetics and regeneration studies of fluoride removal from water using zirconium-based metal organic frameworks." RSC Advances 10, no. 32 (2020): 18740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01268h.

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14

Hyde, S. T. "Interfacial architecture in surfactant-water mixtures: Beyond spheres, cylinders and planes." Pure and Applied Chemistry 64, no. 11 (January 1, 1992): 1617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199264111617.

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15

Li, Dongsheng, Hailong Wang, Dongdong Xiao, Miao Song, Benjamin Legg, and Jaehun Chun. "Investigating the magnitude and source of orientation-dependent interactions between TiO2 crystal surfaces." Nanoscale 9, no. 29 (2017): 10173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr03535g.

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16

Smiljanić, Milče, Žarko Lazić, Branislav Radjenović, Marija Radmilović-Radjenović, and Vesna Jović. "Evolution of Si Crystallographic Planes-Etching of Square and Circle Patterns in 25 wt % TMAH." Micromachines 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10020102.

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Squares and circles are basic patterns for most mask designs of silicon microdevices. Evolution of etched Si crystallographic planes defined by square and circle patterns in the masking layer is presented and analyzed in this paper. The sides of square patterns in the masking layer are designed along predetermined <n10> crystallographic directions. Etching of a (100) silicon substrate is performed in 25 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) water solution at the temperature of 80 °C. Additionally, this paper presents three-dimensional (3D) simulations of the profile evolution during silicon etching of designed patterns based on the level-set method. We analyzed etching of designed patterns in the shape of square and circle islands. The crystallographic planes that appear during etching of 3D structures in the experiment and simulated etching profiles are determined. A good agreement between dominant crystallographic planes through experiments and simulations is obtained. The etch rates of dominant exposed crystallographic planes are also analytically calculated.

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17

Lu, Yunhu, Lingping Zeng, Yan Jin, Guanglei Chen, Junfan Ren, Hon Chung Lau, and Quan Xie. "Effect of Shale Anisotropy on Hydration and Its Implications for Water Uptake." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224225.

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Water uptake induced by fluid–rock interaction plays a significant role in the recovery of flowback water during hydraulic fracturing. However, the existing accounts fail to fully acknowledge the significance of shale anisotropy on water uptake typically under in situ reservoir temperature. Thus we investigated the shale-hydration anisotropy using two sets of shale samples from the Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, China, which are designated to imbibe water parallel and perpendicular to shale bedding planes. All the samples were immersed in distilled water for one to five days at 80 °C or 120 °C. Furthermore, samples’ topographical and elemental variations before and after hydration were quantified using energy-dispersive spectroscopy–field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that shale anisotropy and imbibition time strongly affect the width of pre-existing micro-fracture in hydrated samples. For imbibition parallel to lamination, the width of pre-existing micro-fracture initially decreases and leads to crack-healing. Subsequently, the crack surfaces slightly collapse and the micro-fracture width is enlarged. In contrast, imbibition perpendicular to lamination does not generate new micro-fracture. Our results imply that during the flowback process of hydraulic fracturing fluid, the shale permeability parallel to bedding planes likely decreases first then increases, thereby promoting the water uptake.

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18

Salah Uddin, K., and Bernhard Middendorf. "Reactivity of Different Crystalline Surfaces of C3S During Early Hydration by the Atomistic Approach." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091514.

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Early hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S) has received great attention over the years due to the increased use of composite cement with a reduced number of clinker phases, especially the addition of what should be very reactive C3S to guarantee early strength. Although many mechanisms have been proposed, the dissolution of polygonal C3S at the material interface is not yet fully understood. Over the last decade, computational methods have been developed to describe the reaction in the cementitious system. This paper proposes an atomistic insight into the early hydration and the dissolution mechanism of calcium from different crystalline planes of C3S using reactive force field (ReaxFF) combined with metadynamics (metaD). The reactivity and thermodynamic stability of different crystal planes were calculated from the dissolution profile of calcium during hydration at 298 K. The simulation results, clearly describe the higher reactivity of ( 0 1 ¯ 1 ¯ ), (011), (100), and ( 1 ¯ 00 ) surfaces of C3S due to the strong interaction with the water, whereas, the dissolution profile explains the lower reactivity of ( 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 ), (110), ( 0 1 ¯ 0 ) and the effect of water tessellation on the (001), (010) planes.

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19

Mahatabuddin, Sheikh, Daichi Fukami, Tatsuya Arai, Yoshiyuki Nishimiya, Rumi Shimizu, Chie Shibazaki, Hidemasa Kondo, Motoyasu Adachi, and Sakae Tsuda. "Polypentagonal ice-like water networks emerge solely in an activity-improved variant of ice-binding protein." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (May 7, 2018): 5456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800635115.

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Polypentagonal water networks were recently observed in a protein capable of binding to ice crystals, or ice-binding protein (IBP). To examine such water networks and clarify their role in ice-binding, we determined X-ray crystal structures of a 65-residue defective isoform of a Zoarcidae-derived IBP (wild type, WT) and its five single mutants (A20L, A20G, A20T, A20V, and A20I). Polypentagonal water networks composed of ∼50 semiclathrate waters were observed solely on the strongest A20I mutant, which appeared to include a tetrahedral water cluster exhibiting a perfect position match to the (101¯0) first prism plane of a single ice crystal. Inclusion of another symmetrical water cluster in the polypentagonal network showed a perfect complementarity to the waters constructing the (202¯1) pyramidal ice plane. The order of ice-binding strength was A20L < A20G < WT < A20T < A20V < A20I, where the top three mutants capable of binding to the first prism and the pyramidal ice planes commonly contained a bifurcated γ-CH3 group. These results suggest that a fine-tuning of the surface of Zoarcidae-derived IBP assisted by a side-chain group regulates the holding property of its polypentagonal water network, the function of which is to freeze the host protein to specific ice planes.

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20

Novina, J. Josephine, G. Vasuki, M. Suresh, and M. Syed Ali Padusha. "Crystal structure of (E)-3-{[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)hydrazin-1-yl]carbonyl}pyridinium chloride trihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): o105—o106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015000286.

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In the title hydrated salt, C13H10Cl2N3O+·Cl−·3H2O, the organic cation exhibits a dihedral angle of 8.26 (14)° between the mean planes of the pyridinium and benzene rings, and dihedral angles of 8.70 (15) and 15.93 (5)° between the mean planes of the hydrazide group and the benzene and pyridinium rings, respectively. In the crystal, N—H...O, N—H...Cl, C—H...O, C—H...Cl, O—H...O, O—H...N and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds link the complex cations, chloride anions and solvent water molecules into a three-dimensional network.

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21

WONG, TOMMY S. W., and YUNJIE LI. "Determination of equilibrium detention storage for a series of planes." Hydrological Sciences Journal 45, no. 5 (October 2000): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626660009492378.

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22

Reddy, C. Malla. "Plasticity enhancement in pharmaceutical drugs by water of crystallization: unusual slip planes." IUCrJ 6, no. 4 (June 28, 2019): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205225251900890x.

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23

Pasc-Banu, Andrea, Claudia Sugisaki, Thierry Gharsa, Jean-Daniel Marty, Ignacio Gascon, Michael Krämer, Gianluca Pozzi, et al. "Monolayers of Salen Derivatives as Catalytic Planes for Alkene Oxidation in Water." Chemistry - A European Journal 11, no. 20 (October 7, 2005): 6032–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.200500527.

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24

Zinni, Edward V. "Subsurface fault detection using seismic data for hazardous‐waste‐injection well permitting: An example from St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 2 (March 1995): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443784.

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The Covington aquifer is used as a major source of drinking water for east St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana. A recent subsurface geologic study in Herbert and Hanson (1991) suggested that the Covington aquifer might communicate hydrologically with two hazardous‐waste‐injection reservoirs, thus putting the fresh‐water Covington aquifer in danger of contamination. A case history shows how seismic‐reflection and electric well‐log data were used to determine the possibility of hydrologic communication between the Covington aquifer and the hazardous‐waste‐injection reservoirs. Cross‐sections, net‐sand isopachs, and structure maps are constructed for three hazardous‐waste‐injection reservoirs and the Covington aquifer. Four previously undetected normal faults bisect the three injection reservoirs and the Covington aquifer. The presence of these faults significantly increases the possibility of communication by acting as conduits and allowing vertical migration of fluids along the fault planes, or by causing juxtaposition of sand against sand and allowing leakage to occur across the fault planes. In addition, the upper injection reservoir is part of a fluvial system that occasionally scours down into the Covington aquifer, depositing sand from the injection reservoir interval directly on the Covington aquifer sand. Because of this stratigraphic contact, the injection reservoir is possibly in hydrologic communication with the Covington aquifer. The injection of liquid‐hazardous‐waste into these reservoirs could jeopardize not only the water quality of the Covington aquifer, but possibly the quality of other shallow freshwater aquifers, should vertical migration occur along the fault planes. Without the use of seismic data, the risk of contaminating underground sources of drinking water would not have been properly assessed.

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25

Yamuna, Thammarse S., Jerry P. Jasinski, Brian J. Anderson, H. S. Yathirajan, and Manpreet Kaur. "4-Hydroxy-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2,2′-bipyrimidin-6(5H)-one dihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 69, no. 11 (October 26, 2013): o1707—o1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536813028900.

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The title compound, C15H12N4O4·2H2O, crystallizes with two independent water molecules in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the benzene and pyrimidine rings and that of the pyrimidin-4-one ring are 85.1 (9) and 82.1 (1)°, respectively. The mean plane of the pyrimidine ring is twisted by 12.8 (8)° from that of the pyrimidin-4-one ring. The dihedral angles between the benzene ring and the mean planes of the pyrimidine and pyrimidin-4-one rings are 85.1 (9) and 82.1 (1)°, respectively.In the crystal, N–H...O, O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds involving both water molecules are present; these link the molecules into a two-dimensional network parallel to (010). In addition, weak C—H...π and π–π [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6183 (8) Å] interactions occur.

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26

Fisher, P., R. E. M. Vickers, and D. C. Lau. "Bulk Homogeneous Uniaxial Stress Arising from Surface Damage of Crystalline Silicon and Germanium." Surface Review and Letters 10, no. 02n03 (April 2003): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x03005190.

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Abrasion of two opposing surfaces of either crystalline Si or Ge produces a compressive, homogeneous, uniaxial stress extending throughout the bulk perpendicular to the surfaces. This is concluded by analyzing the splittings, intensities, and polarizations of the sharp Lyman absorption lines of bulk shallow impurities in the abraded materials. This effect so far has been observed for samples of thickness, t, from 0.4 to 5 mm for Si ground with water slurries of SiC or alumina with optical faces coplanar with {100} and {111} planes while {100}, {110}, {111}, and {112} planes of Ge have been abraded with SiC in water and examined over the range 0.8 ≤ t ≤ 3.0 mm. For both materials, the internal stress is found to be inversely proportional to t. Controlled etching indicates the damaged layers producing the bulk stress to be < 0.5 μm thick.

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27

Xu, Jie, Pei Liang, Dongmei Zhang, Cunyuan Pei, Zongping Zhang, Shuyue Yang, and Shibing Ni. "A reverse-design-strategy for C@Li3VO4 nanoflakes toward superb high-rate Li-ion storage." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 32 (2021): 17270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta05662j.

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C@LVO nanoflakes with tailored crystallographic planes of LVO were reversely designed and prepared for the first time via a water-etching strategy, showing outstanding high-rate and long-life performance outperforming most of the LVO-based electrodes.

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28

Castro, Julia, Maria P. Asta, Jorge P. Galve, and José Miguel Azañón. "Formation of Clay-Rich Layers at The Slip Surface of Slope Instabilities: The Role of Groundwater." Water 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092639.

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Some landslides around the world that have low-angle failure planes show exceptionally poor mechanical properties. In some cases, an extraordinarily pure clay layer has been detected on the rupture surface. In this work, a complex landslide, the so-called Diezma landslide, is investigated in a low- to moderate-relief region of Southeast Spain. In this landslide, movement was concentrated on several surfaces that developed on a centimeter-thick layer of smectite (montmorillonite-beidellite) clay-rich level. Since these clayey levels have a very low permeability, high plasticity, and low friction angle, they control the stability of the entire slide mass. Specifically, the triggering factor of this landslide seems to be linked to the infiltration of water from a karstic aquifer located in the head area. The circulation of water through old failure planes could have promoted the active hydrolysis of marly soils to produce new smectite clay minerals. Here, by using geophysical, mineralogical, and geochemical modelling methods, we reveal that the formation and dissolution of carbonates, sulfates, and clay minerals in the Diezma landslide could explain the elevated concentrations of highly plastic secondary clays in its slip surface. This study may help in the understanding of landslides that show secondary clay layers coinciding to their low-angle failure planes.

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Balmes, Olivier, Jan-Olle Malm, Niklas Pettersson, Gunnel Karlsson, and Jan-Olov Bovin. "Imaging Atomic Structure in Metal Nanoparticles Using High-Resolution Cryo-TEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, no. 2 (December 9, 2005): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606060119.

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It has been shown, by imaging gold (200) planes, that it is possible to achieve better than 0.20-nm structural resolution in cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). This has been done using commercially available cryo equipment and using a 300-kV field emission gun (FEG) TEM. The images of 15-nm gold particles embedded in amorphous frozen water clearly show the (111) planes (separated by 0.235 nm) in gold. Fourier transform demonstrates the presence of (200) planes in the image, proving a resolution of better than 0.20 nm. The experimental results are supported by image simulations using the multislice method. These simulations suggest that it should be possible to achieve the same resolution even in smaller particles and particles of lighter elements. The crucial experimental problem to overcome is keeping the thickness of the amorphous film low and to work at low electron dose conditions.

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30

Mambetov, E. M., K. K. Beishekeev, and I. R. Karypbaev. "ABOUT THE DEVICES CONNECTING LEVEL WELLS OF FIXED CANAL AS «FIXED LINE» WITH TRAPEZOIDAL CANALS." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 1-2021 (March 22, 2021): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2021.1.137-141.

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The article is devoted to a sensitive and poorly studied element of a “Fixed Line” as watermeasuring structure - a tube connecting level-gauge wells with watercourses in which water resources are counted. It is shown how these tubes are placed in the walls of the canals in their vertical planes and if they are incorrectly placed - how this can affect the accuracy of the measured water flow rates.

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31

Akhter, Toheed, Humaira Masood Siddiqi, Zareen Akhter, and Vickie McKee. "4-Phenethoxyaniline hemihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 6 (May 26, 2012): o1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812022994.

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The crystal structure of the title compound, C14H15NO·0.5H2O, features N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds between the amino group and water molecule of crystallization, which generate a chain along the c axis. The water molecule lies on a twofold rotation axis. A C—H...π interaction is observed between the phenyl and aniline rings. The angle between the mean planes of the phenyl rings is 72.51 (7)°.

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32

Hillier, Jean. "Liquid Spaces of Engagement: Entering the Waves with Antony Gormley and Olafur Eliasson." Deleuze Studies 6, no. 1 (February 2012): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dls.2012.0051.

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Antony Gormley's Another Place and Olafur Eliasson's Your watercolour machine exemplify passages and combinations of smooth and striated space as beings of sensation on planes of technical and aesthetic composition. They are frames which striate the smoothness of light, water, molten iron, etc., using scientific planes of reference. Smooth and striated mix as boundaries between visitors’ bodies and installation become permeable. Optic becomes tactile, becomes haptic, generative engagement. Both artists experiment with the interface between striated and smooth to encourage visitors to experiment and experience sensation. The installations are liquid spaces; forms of perpetual non-permanence which affect and react with others’ behaviours in processes of co-emergence.

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Chandrasekaran, Thangayyah, Mani Suresh, John Josephine Novina, Mohamed Khan Syed Ali Padusha, Gopalsamy Vasuki, and Balasubramani Kasthuri. "Crystal structure of 3-({[(thiophen-2-yl)methylidene]hydrazinyl}carbonyl)pyridinium chloride dihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 9 (August 6, 2014): o976—o977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814017565.

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In the title compound, C11H10N3OS+·Cl−·2H2O, the organic cation exhibits a dihedral angle of 21.26 (8)° between the mean planes of the pyridine and thiophene rings, and dihedral angles of 15.11 (9) and 6.49 (9)° between the mean planes of the hydrazide moiety and the pyridine and thiophene rings, respectively. In the crystal, the organic cation, the chloride counter-anion and the two water molecules of crystallization are linked through an intricate hydrogen-bonding network consisting of O—H...O, O—H...N, N—H...Cl, C—H...Cl, C—H...O, N—H...O, O—H...Cl and C—H...S interactions that consolidate a three-dimensional network.

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34

Zhang, Ya-Jie, Yan Sun, Shu-Mei Gao, Xiao-Qing Jiang, and Yu-Heng Deng. "3,3,3′,3′-Tetramethyl-6,6′-bis[(pyridin-4-yl)methoxy]-1,1′-spirobiindane monohydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 6 (May 16, 2012): o1763—o1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812021289.

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The asymmetric unit in the title compound, C33H34N2O2·H2O, consists of a V-shaped molecule and a water molecule to which it is hydrogen bonded. The angle between the mean planes of the two spiro-connected indane groups is 77.06 (5)°. The two five-membered rings of the indane groups have envelope conformations with the methylene atoms adjacent to the spiro C atom forming the flaps. They have deviations from the mean plane of the other four atoms in the rings of 0.374 (4) and 0.362 (4) Å. In the crystal, molecules are linked to form inversion dimers via O—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the pyridine N atoms and the solvent water molecule. The dimers are linked into a chain along the b axis by π–π stacking interactions between a pyridine ring and its centrosymmetrically related ring in an adjacent dimer. The centroid–centroid distance between the planes is 3.7756 (17) Å, the perpendicular distance is 3.4478 (11) Å and the offset is 1.539 Å.

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35

Yin, Qian, Hongwen Jing, Tantan Zhu, Lizhou Wu, Haijian Su, and Liyuan Yu. "Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics of Fluid Flow through Large-Scale 3D Rock Mass Containing Filling Joints: An Experimental and Numerical Study." Geofluids 2021 (January 2, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8883861.

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This study analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of seepage through a large-scale rock mass containing a filling joint. Firstly, a conceptual model was established to characterize the geomechanical occurrence of a typical water-resistant slab adjacent to a water-bearing structure. Then, a special apparatus was developed to conduct a hydromechanical test of a 3D large-scale rock mass. For a certain boundary stress and inlet water pressure, the pore water pressure in the joint first experiences a dramatic increase before approaching a constant value, and the steady pore water pressure presents a linear decrease along the joint length. A water inrush phenomenon happens as a result of connected flowing channels induced by migration of fillings. Using the finite element of COMSOL multiphysics, the influences of filling joint permeability, matrix permeability, and joint thickness as well as the inlet water pressure on seepage evolution in the jointed rock mass were, respectively, investigated. The pore water pressure increases with all these factors, and the stable pressure values increase with the inlet water pressure but decrease along the joint length. The flow velocity undergoes an increase with both the joint permeability and inlet water pressure but presents constant values independent on the matrix permeability or joint thickness. The water pressure contour planes distributed along the flowing path generally transfer from a “long funnel” shape to a “short funnel” shape before reaching a series of parallel pressure planes perpendicular to the joint direction. By using the genetic algorithm, the coupling influences of these factors on the pore water pressure and flow velocity were investigated, and the decision parameters were optimized. The calculated values show a good agreement with the numerical results, indicating a good prediction of the seepage evolution through the filling joint.

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36

YANAGISAWA, Kenji, Wataru IWASHITA, and Norihiro OKUMURA. "Analysis of Sliding Behavior Water Droplets on Inclined Planes Using Equation of Motion." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2019 (2019): J16405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2019.j16405.

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37

Weller, Matthew B., and Timothy G. Fisher. "Feasibility Study of Mapping Continuous Water Planes Along the Southeast Lake Agassiz Basin." Journal of Maps 5, no. 1 (January 2009): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4113/jom.2009.1056.

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38

Hawley, A. L., and H. J. Fallowfield. "Pond walls: inclined planes to improve pathogen removal in pond systems for wastewater treatment?" Water Science and Technology 78, no. 1 (June 14, 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.269.

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Abstract Attenuation of sunlight in wastewater treatment ponds reduces the depth of the water exposed to disinfecting irradiances. Shallow pond depth with paddlewheel rotation increases exposure of pathogens to sunlight in high rate algal ponds. Generation of thin films, using pond walls as inclined planes, may increase inactivation of pathogens by increasing sunlight exposure. The performance of a laboratory based model system incorporating an inclined plane (IP) was evaluated. F-RNA bacteriophage, in tap water or wastewater, was exposed to sunlight only on the IP with the bulk water incubated in the dark. MS2 inactivation was significantly higher when the IP was present (P < 0.05) with a 63% increase observed. Prolonged exposure increased MS2 die-off irrespective of IP presence. Versatility of the IP was also demonstrated with faster inactivation observed in both optically clear tap water and wastewaters. IPs of different surface areas produced similar inactivation rates when operated at similar hydraulic loading rates regardless of slope length.

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39

Zhao, Hong. "1-Benzyl-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 6 (May 14, 2009): o1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680901678x.

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In the title compound, C11H11N3O2·H2O, the planes of the triazole and phenyl rings are almost perpendicular to each other [dihedral angle 89.5 (3)°]. The crystal packing is stabilized by strong intermolecular O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule as both donor and acceptor.

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40

Bosak, Mykola, Ivan Matlai, Oleksandr Hvozdetskyi, and Taras Sydor. "THE USE OF AN ULTRASONIC FLOW METER IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF INDIRECT SECTIONS OF THE WATER PIPELINE." Theory and Building Practice 2022, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2022.02.017.

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The accuracy of water flow rate measurement with an ultrasonic flow meter (UFM) is affected by pipeline conditions. On water pipelines, there is often no the required length of direct section, required by the device passport or regulatory documents. Therefore, we conducted experiments using UFM to measure water flow rate in the zone of influence of non-direct sections of the water pipeline. The flow rate was measured in two planes of the pipeline with an offset of 90 o and the average value was taken. Thus, it was expected to take into account the average water velocity for the asymmetric velocity profile. The results of water flow rate measuring with UFM on short direct sections of the water pipeline, limited by pipeline bends sudden constriction of the pipeline, are presented. The greatest influence on the UFM measurement error is the 90 o pipeline bends.

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41

Harvey, Miguel Angel, Sebastián Suarez, Fabio Doctorovich, Fabio D. Cukiernik, and Ricardo Baggio. "The structure of {[Co(pht)(bpy)(H2O)]·3H2O} n (pht is phthalate and bpy is 4,4′-bipyridine) and the role of solvent water clusters in structure stability." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 5 (April 9, 2014): 440–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614006950.

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The CoII cation in poly[[aqua(μ-benzene-1,2-dicarboxylato-κ3 O 1,O 2:O 1)(μ-4,4′-bipyridine-κ2 N:N′)cobalt(II)] trihydrate], {[Co(C8H4O4)(C10H8N2)(H2O)]·3H2O} n , is octahedrally coordinated by two N atoms of two 4,4′-bipyridine ligands, three O atoms from phthalate anions and a fourth O atom from a coordinated water molecule. The packing consists of planes of coordination polymers linked by hydrogen bonds mediated by three solvent water molecules; the linkage is achieved by the water molecules forming intricate oligomeric clusters which also involve the O atoms of the phthalate ligands.

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42

Gao, Qin, and Gui He Wang. "Numerical Simulation of Fractured Rock Slope with Shear-Slip Behavior." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.673.

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The development of shear-slip cracks and motion trend of fracture water were presented for discussing the shear-slip behavior and analyzing the stability of fractured rock slope under hydraulic action. Seepage behavior of epigenetic cracks and the positions of slip or collapse were also investigated by monitoring pore water pressure using DEM. The analysis method of discrete element simulation for fractured rock slope was proposed. The results of numerical simulation indicated that interpenetrating fractures are more likely to be slip planes.

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43

Yoshinari, Nobuto, and Takumi Konno. "Crystal structure ofS,N-dibenzyl-D-penicillamine monohydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 11 (October 29, 2014): o1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814023459.

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In the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H23NO2S·H2O, there are two independent organic molecules and two water molecules. Both organic molecules exist as the zwitterionic form. The dihedral angles between the planes of the rings in the organic molecules are 86.84 (10) and 88.77 (11)°. An intramolecular N—H...S hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, organic and water molecules are linked by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating a tape structure running along theb-axis direction.

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44

Choudhury, Chirantan Roy, Subrata Kumar Dey, Sutapa Sen, Bappaditya Bag, Samiran Mitra, and Volker Gramlich. "A Pyrazine-Bridged Ni(II) Coordination Polymer." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 57, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2002-1101.

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The single pyrazine-bridged polymeric complex {[Ni(pyz)(H2O)4](NO3)2.2H2O}n has been synthesised and characterised by elemental analyses, IR and UV-vis spectra, and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The coordination around the Ni centre is perfectly octahedral. The Ni(H2O)4 coordination planes are bridged by pyrazine ligands forming an infinite chain structure. Two nitrate anions and two water molecules exist in the lattice and are linked by intermolecular hydrogen bonds to the coordinated water molecules.

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45

Bagwell, Roger B., Jürgen Sindel, and Wolfgang Sigmund. "Morphological evolution of barium titanate synthesized in water in the presence of polymeric species." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 5 (May 1999): 1844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0248.

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The synthesis of barium titanate (BaTiO3) was investigated in water at 90 °C in the presence of polymeric additives. Homopolymers (polyacrylic acid) and block copolymers (polyethylene oxide-block-polymethacrylic acid) were added during synthesis to influence particle morphology and size distribution. The polymers affected the morphological evolution of the forming powder by adsorbing preferentially on specific planes. The polymeric species additionally slowed the formation of barium titanate. The barium concentration also changed the morphology, particle size, and other powder characteristics.

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46

Robertson, Ellen J., Yijing Y. Stehle, Xiaoyu Hu, Luke Kilby, Katelyn Olsson, Minh Nguyen, and Rebecca Cortez. "Al3+ Modification of Graphene Oxide Membranes: Effect of Al Source." Membranes 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121237.

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Graphene oxide (GO) membranes are promising materials for water filtration applications due to abundant nanochannels in the membrane structure. Because GO membranes are unstable in water, metal cations such as Al3+ are often introduced to the membrane structure to promote cross-linking between individual GO sheets. Here, we describe a simple yet versatile method to incorporate Al3+ into GO membranes formed via a slow self-assembly process. Specifically, we directly added aluminum to acidic GO sheet solutions from a variety of sources: Al2O3, AlCl3 and Al foil. Each species reacts differently with water, which can affect the GO solution pH and thus the density of carboxylate groups on the sheet edges available for cross-linking to the Al3+ cations. We demonstrate through characterization of the GO sheet solutions as well as the as-formed membranes’ morphologies, hydrophobicities, and structures that the extent to which the Al3+ cross-links to the GO sheet edges vs. the GO sheet basal planes is dependent on the Al source. Our results indicate that greatest enhancements in the membrane stability occur when electrostatic and coordination interactions between Al3+ and the carboxylate groups on the GO sheet edges are more extensive than Al3+–π interactions between basal planes.

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47

Chen, Guo Xing, Xi Zuo, Zhi Hua Wang, Xiu Li Du, and Cheng Zhi Qi. "Spatial Effect Analysis on Shaking Table Tests of Subway Station Structure in Liquefiable Ground." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1771.

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Based on the test data of shaking table tests of subway station structure in liquefiable ground under both near-field and far-field earthquakes, the spatial effects of dynamic pore water pressure (PWP)and peak ground acceleration (PGA)of liquefiable ground as well as peak strain response of the subway station structure are analyzed. The results show that there exists time-lag phenomenon of dynamic PWP ratio of each measuring point on different observation planes. The characteristic of input ground motion has a noticeable influence on the spatial effect of dynamic PWP ratio. The PWP ratio obtained on the major observation plane presents to be larger than that on the minor one when under far-field Songpan wave. Meanwhile, the peak acceleration of measuring points on both major and minor planes increase with the growing peak acceleration of earthquake. The law of PGA and frequency spectral character of measuring points on different observation planes or at different depth varies with each other, and there present remarkable spatial effect. The peak strain of central cylinders at the top and middle floors on the major plane appear larger than that on the minor planes. However, the peak strain of central cylinders at the bottom floor are more remarkable than that of the top and middle floors, There are sharp contrasts among the peak strain responses in different spatial positions of the station structure.

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48

Pan, Uday Narayan, Thangjam Ibomcha Singh, Dasu Ram Paudel, Chandan Chandru Gudal, Nam Hoon Kim, and Joong Hee Lee. "Covalent doping of Ni and P on 1T-enriched MoS2 bifunctional 2D-nanostructures with active basal planes and expanded interlayers boosts electrocatalytic water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 37 (2020): 19654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05865c.

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Fabrication of 1T-Ni_0.2Mo_0.8S_1.8P_0.2 nanoflowers and 1T-Ni_0.2Mo_0.8S_1.8P_0.2 freestanding nanosheets with active basal planes and expanded interlayers as superior bifunctional electrocatalysts for water splitting.

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49

Shah, D. S., M. B. Thomas, S. Phillips, D. A. Cisneros, A. P. Le Brun, S. A. Holt, and J. H. Lakey. "Self-assembling layers created by membrane proteins on gold." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 3 (May 22, 2007): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350522.

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Membrane systems are based on several types of organization. First, amphiphilic lipids are able to create monolayer and bilayer structures which may be flat, vesicular or micellar. Into these structures membrane proteins can be inserted which use the membrane to provide signals for lateral and orientational organization. Furthermore, the proteins are the product of highly specific self-assembly otherwise known as folding, which mostly places individual atoms at precise places in three dimensions. These structures all have dimensions in the nanoscale, except for the size of membrane planes which may extend for millimetres in large liposomes or centimetres on planar surfaces such as monolayers at the air/water interface. Membrane systems can be assembled on to surfaces to create supported bilayers and these have uses in biosensors and in electrical measurements using modified ion channels. The supported systems also allow for measurements using spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy. By combining the roles of lipids and proteins, highly ordered and specific structures can be self-assembled in aqueous solution at the nanoscale.

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50

Revathi, B. K., D. Reuben Jonathan, S. Sathya, K. Prathebha, and G. Usha. "Crystal structure of 4-methyl-N-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl]benzamide monohydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 5 (April 30, 2015): o359—o360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015007653.

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In the title compound, C15H22N2O·H2O, the dihedral angle between the planes of the piperidine and benzene rings is 31.63 (1)°. The piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. The water solvent molecule is involved in interspecies O—H...O, O—H...N, N—H...O and weak C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, giving rise to chains extending along [010].

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