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Journal articles on the topic 'Water mixed systems'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Sagisaka, Masanobu, Daisuke Koike, Yasuaki Mashimo, Satoshi Yoda, Yoshihiro Takebayashi, Takeshi Furuya, Atsushi Yoshizawa, Hideki Sakai, Masahiko Abe, and Katsuto Otake. "Water/Supercritical CO2Microemulsions with Mixed Surfactant Systems." Langmuir 24, no. 18 (September 16, 2008): 10116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la8014145.

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2

Aldrich, Haven S., L. Chopin Cusachs, and L. P. Gary. "Hydrogen bonding in mixed dimer systems with water." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 8, S1 (June 18, 2009): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560080710.

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3

Zhu, Jin, Richard M. Stuetz, Lisa Hamilton, Kaye Power, and Bojan Tamburic. "Odour management in drinking water systems fed by mixed water supplies." Journal of Water Process Engineering 56 (December 2023): 104329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104329.

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4

Niedda, Marcello, and Giovanni M. Sechi. "Mixed Optimization Technique for Large-Scale Water-Resource Systems." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 122, no. 6 (November 1996): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1996)122:6(387).

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5

Donker, H. J. G. W., P. Opic, and H. P. de Vries. "P-Removal in Completely Mixed Systems." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1985): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0254.

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Ca. 60 % of the Dutch activated sludge plants consist of completely mixed systems, experiments have been carried out in completely mixed pilot plants to study the biological P-removal. The research was carried out in two pilot plants. The pilot plants consisted of: anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and a clarifier. All the reactors were completely mixed. Both plants were fed with settled domestic waste water at a sludge loading of 400 and 250 g COD/kg sludge.day respectively. The results are given below:sludge loading (g COD/kg sludge.day)400400250ratio Anaerobic : Anoxic : Aerobic1: 1:2,71:1:4,11:1:2,7P-removal (%)802875N-removal (%)505065COD-removal (%)858585 It has been shown that there is no significant difference between the results at the two different sludge loadings. Remarkable is the difference between the ratio 1:1:2,7 in combination with the internal recirculation flow anoxic-anaerobic of 160 % and the ratio 1:1:4,1 with a recirculation flow of 30 %. During the start-up at a sludge loading of 250 g COD/kg sludge.day and an internal recirculation flow of 30 %, bulking sludge developed almost immediately. The Premoval was completely disturbed. Increasing the internal recirculation flow to 160% had a positive effect on settling properties and P-removal. This investigation has pointed out that a completely mixed system is suitable for biological P-removal, without negatively affecting the nitrification. Important factors in the process are the ratio anaerobic:anoxic:aerobic and the recirculation flows.

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6

Kalita, G., N. N. Dass, and S. Mahiuddin. "Mixed anion effect in sodium thiocyanate + sodium thiosulfate + water systems." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-201.

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Densities and viscosities of R[xNaSCN + (1 - x)Na2S2O3] + (1 - R)H2O systems with R = 0.05, 0.10, 0.14, and 0.18 were measured as functions of mole fraction, x (= 0.0-1.0), and temperature (293.15 <= T/K <= 323.15). A significant mixed anion effect has been observed within the temperature range of the study. The normalized viscosity isotherms were found to detect the mixed anion effect ~1.2 to 3.7 times more than the simple viscosity isotherms. The progressive replacement of S2O32- ions by SCN- ions causes the systems to be less structured and S2O32- ions polarized Na+ ions more towards themselves than towards the SCN- ions. Both these effects govern the variation of the viscosity with mole fraction, x. The mixed anion effect was found to vanish at around R = 0.0106.Key words: mixed anion effect, sodium thiocyanate, sodium thiosulfate, viscosity.

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7

Misra, P. K., B. K. Mishra, and G. B. Behera. "Micellization of ionic surfactants in tetrahydrofuran-water and acetonitrile-water mixed-solvent systems." Colloids and Surfaces 57, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(91)80175-n.

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8

Zadeh, Sara M., Dexter V. L. Hunt, D. Rachel Lombardi, and Christopher D. F. Rogers. "Carbon costing for mixed-use greywater recycling systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 167, no. 8 (September 2014): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.12.00093.

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9

Suryanarayana, G., and Pallab Ghosh. "Adsorption and Coalescence in Mixed-Surfactant Systems: Air−Water Interface." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 4 (February 17, 2010): 1711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9012216.

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10

Zakharov, O. V., V. S. Erdraikh, L. G. Zadanovskii, and Yu G. Panov. "New mixed-flow pumps for water supply systems and canals." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22, no. 4 (April 1986): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01149234.

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11

Hou, Zhenshan, Zhiping Li, and Hanqing Wang. "Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension in Oil-Water-Mixed Surfactant Systems." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 22, no. 2-3 (March 31, 2001): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/dis-100105212.

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12

Reddy, S. M., and Pallab Ghosh. "Adsorption and coalescence in mixed surfactant systems: Water−hydrocarbon interface." Chemical Engineering Science 65, no. 14 (July 2010): 4141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.04.036.

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13

Fatemi, S. Mobeen, and Mehran Sohrabi. "Experimental Investigation of Near-Miscible Water-Alternating-Gas Injection Performance in Water-Wet and Mixed-Wet Systems." SPE Journal 18, no. 01 (January 24, 2013): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/145191-pa.

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Summary Laboratory data on water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection for non-water-wet systems are very limited, especially for near-miscible (very low IFT) gas/oil systems, which represent injection scenarios involving high-pressure hydrocarbon gas or CO2 injection. Simulation of these processes requires three-phase relative permeability (kr) data. Most of the existing three-phase relative permeability correlations have been developed for water-wet conditions. However, a majority of oil reservoirs are believed to be mixed-wet and, hence, prediction of the performance of WAG injection in these reservoirs is associated with significant uncertainties. Reliable simulation of WAG injection, therefore, requires improved relative permeability and hysteresis models validated by reliable measured data. In this paper, we report the results of a comprehensive series of coreflood experiments carried out in a core under natural water-wet conditions. These included water injection, gas injection, and also WAG injection. Then, to investigate the impact of wettability on the performance of these injection strategies, the wettability of the same core was changed to mixed-wet (by aging the core in an appropriate crude oil) and a similar set of experiments were performed in the mixed-wet core. WAG experiments under both wettability conditions started with water injection (I) followed by gas injection (D), and this cyclic injection of water and gas was repeated (IDIDID). The results show that in both the water-wet and mixed-wet cores, WAG injection performs better than water injection or gas injection alone. Changing the rock wettability from water-wet to mixed-wet significantly improves the performance of water injection. Under both wettability conditions (water-wet and mixed-wet), the breakthrough (BT) of the gas during gas injection happens sooner than the BT of water in water injection. Ultimate oil recovery by gas injection is considerably higher than that obtained by water injection in the water-wet system, while in the mixed-wet system, gas injection recovers considerably less oil.

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14

Shamsher Ali, Shamsher Ali, Shabir Hussain Shabir Hussain, and Irfan Ali and Syed Azhar Ali Irfan Ali and Syed Azhar Ali. "Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters from the Dissolution of Strontium Hydroxide in Water and Mixed Solvent Systems by pH-Metric Method." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 1 (2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000621.

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In this study, saturated solutions of Sr(OH)2 in pure water and in mixed solvent systems (methanol - water, ethanol - water, 1-propanol - water, and 2-propanol - water) at two temperatures were prepared and titrated with standard HCl solution by using pH metry. Using these titration data, the molar solubility (s), solubilty product (Ksp) and Gibbs free energy (Go), entropy change (ΔSand#176;) and enthalpy change (ΔHand#176;) for dissolution of strontium hydroxide was determined. At room temperature (20and#176;C), the s, Ksp, ∆Go were found to be 4.28 x 10-2 mol L-1, 3.13 x 10-4 mol3L-3 and 19.70 kJ mol-1 respectively. The ΔHand#176; and ΔSand#176; of the reaction is 2.90 kJ mol-1 and – 60.80 J. mol-1 K-1. With increasing percentage content of organic solvent in mixed solvents, the molar solubility and Ksp decreased and ∆Go, ΔHand#176; and ΔSand#176; values increased. The results were correlated with the dielectric constant value of the solvents used in the study.

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15

Shamsher Ali, Shamsher Ali, Shabir Hussain Shabir Hussain, and Irfan Ali and Syed Azhar Ali Irfan Ali and Syed Azhar Ali. "Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters from the Dissolution of Strontium Hydroxide in Water and Mixed Solvent Systems by pH-Metric Method." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 1 (2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000621/jcsp/42.01.2020.

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In this study, saturated solutions of Sr(OH)2 in pure water and in mixed solvent systems (methanol - water, ethanol - water, 1-propanol - water, and 2-propanol - water) at two temperatures were prepared and titrated with standard HCl solution by using pH metry. Using these titration data, the molar solubility (s), solubilty product (Ksp) and Gibbs free energy (Go), entropy change (ΔSand#176;) and enthalpy change (ΔHand#176;) for dissolution of strontium hydroxide was determined. At room temperature (20and#176;C), the s, Ksp, ∆Go were found to be 4.28 x 10-2 mol L-1, 3.13 x 10-4 mol3L-3 and 19.70 kJ mol-1 respectively. The ΔHand#176; and ΔSand#176; of the reaction is 2.90 kJ mol-1 and – 60.80 J. mol-1 K-1. With increasing percentage content of organic solvent in mixed solvents, the molar solubility and Ksp decreased and ∆Go, ΔHand#176; and ΔSand#176; values increased. The results were correlated with the dielectric constant value of the solvents used in the study.

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16

Nasr, Abdelaziz, and Abdulmajeed S. Al-Ghamdi. "Liquid Nanofilms’ Condensation Inside a Heat Exchanger by Mixed Convection." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 11190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111190.

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Liquid nanofilm is used in industrial applications, such as heat exchangers, water desalination systems, heat pumps, distillation systems, cooling systems, and complex engineering systems. The present work focuses on the numerical investigation of the condensation of falling liquid film containing different types of nanoparticles with a low-volume fraction. The nanofluid film falls inside a heat exchanger by mixed convection. The heat exchanger is composed of two parallel vertical plates. One of the plates is wetted and heated, while the other plate is isothermal and dry. The effect of the dispersion of the Cu or Al nanoparticles in the liquid on the heat exchange, mass exchange, and condensation process was analysed. The results showed that the heat transfer was enhanced by the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the water. The copper–water nanofluid presented the highest efficiency compared to the aluminium–water nanofluid and to the basic fluid (pure water) in terms of the heat and mass exchange.

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17

Hiyama, T., T. Suzuki, M. Hanamura, H. Mizuochi, J. R. Kambatuku, J. N. Niipele, Y. Fujioka, T. Ohta, and M. Iijima. "Evaluation of surface water dynamics for water-food security in seasonal wetlands, north-central Namibia." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (September 16, 2014): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-380-2014.

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Abstract. Agricultural use of wetlands is important for food security in various regions. However, land-use changes in wetland areas could alter the water cycle and the ecosystem. To conserve the water environments of wetlands, care is needed when introducing new cropping systems. This study is the first attempt to evaluate the water dynamics in the case of the introduction of rice-millet mixed-cropping systems to the Cuvelai system seasonal wetlands (CSSWs) in north-central Namibia. We first investigated seasonal changes in surface water coverage by using satellite remote sensing data. We also assessed the effect of the introduction of rice-millet mixed-cropping systems on evapotranspiration in the CSSWs region. For the former investigation, we used MODIS and AMSR-E satellite remote sensing data. These data showed that at the beginning of the wet season, surface water appears from the southern (lower) part and then expands to the northern (higher) part of the CSSWs. For the latter investigation, we used data obtained by the classical Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB) method at an experimental field site established in September 2012 on the Ogongo campus, University of Namibia. This analysis showed the importance of water and vegetation conditions when introducing mixed-cropping to the region.

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18

Esan, Olaseni Segun, Medinat Olubunmi Osundiya, Christopher Olumuyiwa Aboluwoye, Owoyomi Olanrewaju, and Jide Ige. "Thermodynamic and Interfacial Properties of DTABr/CTABr Mixed Surfactant Systems in Ethanolamine/Water Mixtures: A Conductometry Study." ISRN Thermodynamics 2013 (December 17, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/280101.

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Mixed-micelle formation in the binary mixtures of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTABr) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) surfactants in water-ethanolamine mixed solvent systems has been studied by conductometric method in the temperature range of 298.1 to 313.1 K at 5 K intervals. It was observed that the presence of ethanolamine forced the formation of mixed micelle to lower total surfactant concentration than in water only. The synergistic interaction was quantitatively investigated using the theoretical models of Clint and Rubingh. The interaction parameter β12 was negative at all the mole fractions of DTABr in the surfactant mixtures indicating a strong synergistic interaction, with the presence of ethanolamine in the solvent system resulting in a more enhanced synergism in micelle formation than in water only. The free energy of micellization ΔGM values was more negative in water-ethanolamine mixed solvent system than in pure water indicating more spontaneity in mixed micelle formation in the presence of ethanolamine than in pure water.

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19

ALEMAYEHU, MENGISTU, TILAHUN AMEDE, DON PEDEN, TESFAYE KUMSA, MICHAEL H. BÖHME, and KURT J. PETERS. "ASSESSING LIVESTOCK WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN MIXED FARMING SYSTEMS OF GUMARA WATERSHED, ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 5 (July 13, 2017): 684–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000321.

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SUMMARYA monitoring study was carried out in Gumara watershed, upper Blue Nile basin, with the objective of evaluating livestock water productivity (LWP) using a life cycle assessment method. Sixty two smallholder farmers were selected for the study implemented between November 2006 and February 2008. Data on crop and livestock production were collected to allow assessment of livestock water productivity. Study sites were situated in three different rainfed mixed crop/livestock farming systems; barley/potato based system (BPS), tef/finger-millet based system (TMS), and rice/noug based system (RNS). LWP was found to be significantly lower (p < 0.01) in RNS (0.057 USD m−3 water) than in TMS (0.066 USD m−3 water) or in BPS (0.066 USD m−3 water). Notably, water requirement per kg live weight of cattle increased towards the lower altitude area (in RNS) mainly because of increased evapo-transpiration. As a result, 20% more water was required per kg live weight of cattle in the low ground RNS compared to BPS situated in the upstream parts of the study area. Cattle herd management that involved early offtake increased LWP by 28% over the practice of late offtake. Crop water productivity expressed in monetary units (0.39 USD m−3 water) was higher than LWP (0.063 USD m−3 water) across the mixed farming systems of Gumara watershed. Strategies for improving LWP, from its present low level, could include keeping only the more productive animals, increasing pasture productivity and linking production to marketing. These strategies would also ease the imbalance between the existing high livestock population and the declining carrying capacity of natural pasture.

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20

Balabaev, N. K., G. M. Agayan, and M. N. Rodnikova. "Describing Mixed Networks of Hydrogen Bonds in 1,3-Propanediol–Water Systems." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 96, no. 5 (May 2022): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024422050041.

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21

Slobodyan, Anatoliy V. "Modeling of Cargo Transportation in Direct Mixed Railway-Water Communication." Journal of Automation and Information Sciences 35, no. 6 (2003): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jautomatinfscien.v35.i6.80.

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22

Li, Min, Bing Bu, Yifei Wang, and Huan Zhang. "Optimizing energy conservation of central heating systems based on temperature stratified water tank." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2358, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2358/1/012006.

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In this paper, the central heating system is taken as the main research object. The finite volume method was used to optimize the number of internal partitions, the height of the partitions, and the position of the partitions in the hot water storage water tank. The influence of temperature stratified water tank with optimized structure and fully mixed water tank on the central heating system is also analyzed. The results show that the temperature stratified water tank is more energy efficient in heating than the fully mixed water tank. The study enriches the relevant part of energy storage in central heating systems and is of guidance for heating engineering projects.

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23

Bedford, W., and H. Melcer. "Fate of Trichloroethylene in Activated Sludge Systems." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.031.

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Abstract This study was undertaken to investigate the fate of a volatile organic priority pollutant, trichloroethylene (TCE), in activated sludge systems treating municipal wastewater. Batch stripping tests were carried out in a 2 L glass vessel to develop sampling techniques for vapour and liquid phases and to refine analytical protocols. The vapour sampling technique found to be most reliable involved collection of all exhaust vapours in a 40 L Tedlar bag. Equipment which was impervious to the volatile characteristics of TCE was imperative. Continuous flow experiments were carried out in a 15 L gas-tight bench-scale activated sludge system. Experiments were conducted for influent TCE concentrations ranging from 20 to 150 Mg/L and at aeration rates of 0.13 and 0.26 volume of air/volume of mixed liquor-minute. Mass balances for TCE were carried out when the TCE adsorbed by the biomass had reached an equilibrium concentration. A minimum of four hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were required before constant biomass TCE concentrations were observed. Subsequently, grab samples of influent, effluent and mixed liquor were taken within a discrete time interval during which a volume of exhaust gas was collected in a Tedlar bag. The mass balances were based upon TCE analysis of these samples. The first experiments were carried out without mixed liquor to eliminate possible loss of TCE by biodegradation. Approximately 10% of the influent TCE could not be accounted for in these experiments. This loss was attributed to sampling and analytical errors. With mixed liquor present, 60 to 70 % mass balance closures were achieved. Approximately 20 to 30 % of the TCE losses were attributed to biodegradation.

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24

Maya, G., P. V. Lalitha, and R. Ramaswamy. "The oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction with flavones in batch systems using aqueous–DMF mixed medium." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-191.

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Oscillatory systems of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky type with flavones as substrates are described for the first time. Since quercetin and morin are water insoluble, a mixed medium containing DMF and water was used with one of the three catalysts Ce(III), ferroin, or Mn(II). The oscillatory behaviour of a water-soluble substrate (gallic acid) was studied in nine different aqueous–organic mixed media as well as in pure aqueous medium in the bromate–Ce(III) system. The results obtained from a catalyzed system with quercetin or morin as the substrate in an aqueous–organic mixed medium are in agreement with the accepted (FKN) mechanism for an aqueous system.

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25

Vaičiukynienė, Danutė, Aras Kantautas, Simona Tučkutė, Fallon Manhanga, Eugenijus Janavičius, Ernestas Ivanauskas, Žymantas Rudžionis, and Aloyzas Gaudutis. "The Using of Concrete Wash Water from Ready Mixed Concrete Plants in Cement Systems." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102483.

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Concrete plants accumulate large amounts of concrete wash water. This water, which pH is highly alkaline, has a negative impact on the environment. Its reuse in fresh concrete slightly reduces its mechanical properties. The combination of concrete wash water and zeolitic by-product led to an increase of 4.6% in the compressive strength at 7 days hydration and up to 30% at 28 days hydration. The same combination led to the denser microstructure compared to the samples made with concrete wash water. This could be explained by the pozzolanic reaction of the zeolitic by-product. The complex chemical reactions of cement, zeolitic by-product, and fines presented in the concrete wash water occurred. Therefore, it was suggested the reusing method of concrete wash water together with zeolitic by-product in the fresh concrete mixtures by substituting some amount of tap water with concrete wash water. In this way, the consumption of tap water is possible to reduce in cement systems.

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26

Ambrosio, Julia K., Bruno M. Brentan, Manuel Herrera, Edevar Luvizotto, Lubienska Ribeiro, and Joaquín Izquierdo. "Committee Machines for Hourly Water Demand Forecasting in Water Supply Systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (January 8, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9765468.

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Prediction models have become essential for the improvement of decision-making processes in public management and, particularly, for water supply utilities. Accurate estimation often needs to solve multimeasurement, mixed-mode, and space-time problems, typical of many engineering applications. As a result, accurate estimation of real world variables is still one of the major problems in mathematical approximation. Several individual techniques have shown very good estimation abilities. However, none of them are free from drawbacks. This paper faces the challenge of creating accurate water demand predictive models at urban scale by using so-called committee machines, which are ensemble frameworks of single machine learning models. The proposal is able to combine models of varied nature. Specifically, this paper analyzes combinations of such techniques as multilayer perceptrons, support vector machines, extreme learning machines, random forests, adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems, and the group method for data handling. Analyses are checked on two water demand datasets from Franca (Brazil). As an ensemble tool, the combined response of a committee machine outperforms any single constituent model.

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27

Minami, Takayuki, Hiroyuki Mayama, and Kaoru Tsujii. "Spontaneous Formation of Super Water-Repellent Fractal Surfaces in Mixed Wax Systems†." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112, no. 46 (November 20, 2008): 14620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp802268j.

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28

Liu, T. "Formation process of mixed fouling of microbe and CaCO3 in water systems." Chemical Engineering Journal 88, no. 1-3 (September 28, 2002): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(02)00021-9.

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29

Joshi, Tejas, Jitendra Mata, and Pratap Bahadur. "Micellization and interaction of anionic and nonionic mixed surfactant systems in water." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 260, no. 1-3 (June 2005): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.03.009.

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30

Díaz, Sarai, Roberto Mínguez, and Javier González. "Topological State Estimation in Water Distribution Systems: Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming Approach." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 144, no. 7 (July 2018): 04018026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000934.

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31

Fatemi, S. Mobeen, and Mehran Sohrabi. "Relative permeabilities hysteresis for oil/water, gas/water and gas/oil systems in mixed-wet rocks." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 161 (February 2018): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.11.014.

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32

Lee, Seungjun, Jeffrey R. Potts, Junghoon Oh, Jongwoo Han, Gyutae Park, and Sungjin Park. "Colloidal suspensions of N-modified graphene nano-platelets in water and organic solvent/water mixed systems." Solid State Sciences 27 (January 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2013.10.009.

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33

Bhattarai, Ajaya. "Studies of the Micellization of Cationic–Anionic Surfactant Systems in Water and Methanol–Water Mixed Solvents." Journal of Solution Chemistry 44, no. 10 (October 2015): 2090–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10953-015-0391-4.

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34

Logsdon, S. D., J. K. Radke, and D. L. Karlen. "Comparison of alternative farming systems. I. Infiltration techniques." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 8, no. 1 (March 1993): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004860.

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AbstractQuantitative data are needed to understand how alternative farming practices affect surface infiltration of water and associated surface soil properties. We used a rainfall simulator, double ring infiltrometer, small single ring infiltrometers, and tension infiltrometers to measure water infiltration for Clarion loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll) and for Webster silty clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) soils located on a conventionally-managed and an alternatively-managed farm in central Iowa. Steady-state measurements suggested that infiltration rates were somewhat higher for the alternative farming system. Bulk densities were sometimes lower, and volume of large pores was a little higher for the alternative farming system. Small single rings were more reproducible than rainfall simulators or double ring infiltrometers, and data trends were the same as for rainfall simulators.

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35

Suriadna, N. M., G. I. Mykytynets, M. Pupiņš, and V. Y. Gasso. "Population systems of Eurasian water frogs (Pelophylax) in the south of Ukraine." Biosystems Diversity 28, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012021.

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Ecological and evolutionary consequences of population-genetic processes that occur because of natural cross-species hybridization can show mechanisms of overcoming the reproductive barrier and obtaining the species status by a hybrid taxon. This is clearly seen in the population systems of Eurasian water frogs – Pelophylax esculentus complex. The P. esculentus (E) hybrid usually discards one of the parental genomes of P. lessonae (L) or P. ridibundus (R) and reproduces semi-clonally. The genetic structure and direction of gene flows precisely depend on the type and distribution of mixed or pure population systems of water frogs. Three population systems in the south of Ukraine were identified and confirmed as RR, RE and REL. The populations of P. ridibundus are most common (76.2%). A mixed population systems of P. ridibundus and P. esculentus (20.0%) are concentrated in the floodplains of large rivers where triploids were found and the unisexual hybrids (1.0♂ : 0.1♀) were proved. Parent species populations having different ploidy of P. esculentus such as 3n and for the first time 4n were found. A mixed system of three taxa (REL) is rare (3.8%) and locally concentrated in the lower Danube and Dnieper with the smallest proportion of P. lessonae. We did not find populations of P. lessonae (LL), P. esculentus (EE, very rare system of hybrids only), and two mixed populations of parental species RL and semi-clonal LE in the south of Ukraine, but they are known for northern areas. The high number of P. ridibundus tends to decrease; the scarce P. esculentus and the extremely rare P. lessonae require special conservation measures. P. ridibundus (RR) occupies a wide range of diverse natural, permanent, temporary, coastal, continental, and artificial freshwater bodies, including synanthropic ecosystems. Mixed population systems inhabit willow and poplar forests in the floodplains of large rivers. In the south of Ukraine rare and isolated populations of the water frogs occurring outside the main range can be relict. Biotopic preferences, ratio and number of constituent taxa are crucial for an adequate assessment of biological (taxonomic) diversity and development of an appropriate strategy for the population systems’ conservation. Such characteristics as unisexuality of hybrids, their spreading patterns, specific sex structure and ploidy in different population systems of the P. esculentus complex contribute to the understanding of the hybridogenetic dynamics; produce new tendencies of becoming independent hybridogenous taxa and emergence of new evolutionary relationships.

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DENEKE, TILAYE TEKLEWOLD, EVERISTO MAPEDZA, and TILAHUN AMEDE. "INSTITUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF GOVERNANCE OF LOCAL COMMON POOL RESOURCES ON LIVESTOCK WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000864.

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SUMMARYImproving water productivity depends on how local communal water and grazing resources are governed. This involves institutional and organizational issues. In the mixed farming systems of the Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, non-participatory water users’ associations, neglect of traditional water rights, corruption, village power relations, inequitable allocation of irrigated land and free-grazing practice impact the governance of local common pool resources (CPR). Indigenous governance structures for CPR such as the kire are participatory and effective in terms of rule enforcement. Externally initiated governance structures lack acceptance by farmers and sufficient support from local government. In order to improve water productivity in the mixed farming systems, institutional deficiencies need attention and existing indigenous governance structures require recognition and support.

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37

Aihara, Yoko, Sadhana Shrestha, Sudarshan Rajbhandari, Arun Prasad Bhattarai, Niranjan Bista, Futaba Kazama, and Junko Shindo. "Resilience in household water systems and quality of life after the earthquake: a mixed-methods study in urban Nepal." Water Policy 20, no. 5 (June 28, 2018): 1013–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.117.

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Abstract Building resilience into water systems is very important in urban areas, particularly in less-developed countries, as poor-quality systems have adverse effects on human development and poverty reduction. This mixed-methods study aims to assess the resilience of household water systems and their impact on the quality of life (QOL) after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Data were obtained from 1,500 households using a questionnaire and six focus group discussions. The resilience of each household's water system was assessed in terms of residents' pre- and post-earthquake perceptions of water security. Approximately 60% of the households considered their water systems to be resilient. Piped water and wells were associated with stronger perceptions of water system resilience. Participants who considered their household water system to be resilient had higher QOL than those who considered their water systems vulnerable after the earthquake. Qualitative data showed that both the quality and quantity of water deteriorated due to an earthquake. To mitigate the adverse effects of natural disasters on water security, we recommend strengthening the water system infrastructure and operations as well as implementing collaboration between governments and local people.

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Kenney, Erica L., James G. Daly, Rebekka M. Lee, Rebecca S. Mozaffarian, Katherine Walsh, Jill Carter, and Steven L. Gortmaker. "Providing Students with Adequate School Drinking Water Access in an Era of Aging Infrastructure: A Mixed Methods Investigation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010062.

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Ensuring students’ access to safe drinking water at school is essential. However, many schools struggle with aging infrastructure and subsequent water safety problems and have turned to bottled water delivery systems. Little is known about whether such systems are feasible and effective in providing adequate student water access. This study was a mixed-methods investigation among six schools in an urban district in the U.S. with two types of water delivery systems: (1) tap water infrastructure, with updated water fountains and bottle fillers, and (2) bottled water coolers. We measured students’ water consumption and collected qualitative data from students and teachers about their perceptions of school drinking water. Student water consumption was low—between 2.0 (SD: 1.4) ounces per student and 2.4 (SD: 1.1) ounces per student during lunch. Students and teachers reported substantial operational hurdles for relying on bottled water as a school’s primary source of drinking water, including difficulties in stocking, cleaning, and maintaining the units. While students and teachers perceived newer bottle filler units positively, they also reported a distrust of tap water. Bottled water delivery systems may not be effective long-term solutions for providing adequate school drinking water access and robust efforts are needed to restore trust in tap water.

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39

Kyselka, Petr, Zdeněk Havlas, and Ivo Sláma. "Ion solvation in mixed solvents. An ab initio study." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 1 (1987): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19870014.

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The paper is concerned with the solvation of Li+, Be2+, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+ ions in the mixed solvents acetonitrile···water, dimethyl sulphoxide···water, and dimethylformamide···water. The complexes acetonitrile···ion···acetonitrile are also studied. The ab initio quantum chemical method with the minimal STO-3G basis set was used to calculate the equilibrium distances, solvation energies, three-particle energy contributions, charge distributions, and overlap populations for the above systems. Optimum structures of the 1 : 1 : 1 complexes were determined on the basis of the results obtained.

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40

Lorenz, Imke-Sophie, and Peter Pelz. "Optimal Resilience Enhancement of Water Distribution Systems." Water 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 2602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092602.

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Water distribution systems (WDSs) as critical infrastructures are subject to demand peaks due to daily consumption fluctuations, as well as long term changes in the demand pattern due to increased urbanization. Resilient design of water distribution systems is of high relevance to water suppliers. The challenging combinatorial problem of high-quality and, at the same time, low-cost water supply can be assisted by cost-benefit optimization to enhance the resilience of existing main line WDSs, as shown in this paper. A Mixed Integer Linear Problem, based on a graph-theoretical resilience index, is implemented considering WDS topology. Utilizing parallel infrastructures, specifically those of the urban transport network and the water distribution network, makes allowances for physical constraints, in order to adjust the existing WDS and to enhance resilience. Therefore, decision-makers can be assisted in choosing the optimal adjustment of WDS depending on their investment budget. Furthermore, it can be observed that, for a specific urban structure, there is a convergence of resilience enhancement with higher costs. This cost-benefit optimization is conducted for a real-world main line WDS, considering also the limitations of computational expenses.

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41

Petallidou, Klito C., Kyriaki Polychronopoulou, and Angelos M. Efstathiou. "Novel Catalytic Systems for Hydrogen Production via the Water-Gas Shift Reaction." Conference Papers in Energy 2013 (May 29, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/426980.

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The present work reports on the development of new catalysts for the production of hydrogen via the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. In particular, the effect of Ce/La atom ratio on the catalytic performance of 0.5 wt% Pt supported on Ce1−xLaxO2−δ (x=0.0,0.2,0.5,0.8,1.0) mixed metal oxides for the WGS reaction was investigated. It was found that the addition of 20 at.% La3+ in CeO2 lattice increased significantly the catalytic activity and stability of 0.5 wt% Pt/Ce0.8La0.2O2−δ solid. More precisely, a lower amount of “carbon” was accumulated on the catalyst surface, whereas surface acidity and basicity studies showed that Ce0.8La0.2O2−δ had the highest concentration of labile oxygen and acid sites, and the lowest concentration of basic sites compared to the other Ce1−xLaxO2−δ mixed metal oxide supports (x=0.2,0.5,0.8).

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Chudoba, Jan, Petra Straková, and Masao Kondo. "Compartmentalized versus completely-mixed biological wastewater treatment systems." Water Research 25, no. 8 (August 1991): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(91)90146-h.

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43

Mitchell, G., S. Gray, B. Shipton, R. Woolley, J. Erbacher, G. Egerton, and J. McKnoulty. "Evaluating integrated urban water systems alternatives for Brisbane, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0664.

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The Brazil Development Study investigates the feasibility of alternative approaches to providing sustainable water services to a 226 ha mixed residential and industrial greenfield development within the city of Brisbane, Australia. The alternatives include techniques such as the use of rainwater tanks, water use efficiency, a local wastewater treatment plant for recycling of reclaimed water and composting toilets amongst others. This paper evaluates a series of urban development scenarios against the objectives of the study. The insights gained into the drivers for cost and environmental impact for this particular site are discussed as well as a number of issues of concern and challenges to Council and the community.

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Lalitha, Punchayil Velayudhan Nair, and Renganathan Ramaswamy. "A Novel Approach to the Study of Briggs-Rauscher Reaction." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 11 (1992): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19922235.

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The Briggs-Rauscher reaction with substrates containing acidic hydrogen such as malonic acid, acetonyl acetone has been studied. The employment of mixed media involving an organic solvent and water enabled the study of water-insoluble substrates. The present communication reports the oscillatory behaviour of malonic acid in the iodate system in different mixed media (5 vol.% of the organic solvent) as well as the oscillatory behaviour of seven substrates in acetonitrile-water mixed medium of which two are new substrates hitherto unreported in any of the oscillatory systems.

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Mizgirev, Dmitriy S., and Nikolay M. Guryanov. "ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR SHIP POTABLE WATER SYSTEMS." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 63 (June 1, 2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi63.79.

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The article provides an overview and analysis of all main types of potable water systems currently used on inland and mixed navigation vessels: without potable water treatment; with elements of potable water disinfection and conditioning; with complete purification and disinfection of potable water. The operation principles of potable water systems of all types and designs are considered in detail, all the advantages and disadvantages of these systems are noted. Special attention is paid to stations for preparing potable water by using UV lamps, which essentially differ in the technological process from most of the stations used, and provide guaranteed high-quality disinfection of potable water, which allows to choose the most promising station type and outline a plan for further work on creating new and improving existing stations.

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Mohamed, A. Belhadj, Walid Hdidi, and Iskander Tlili. "Evaporation of Water/Alumina Nanofluid Film by Mixed Convection Inside Heated Vertical Channel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072380.

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In industrial devices like heat recovery systems, heat pumps, as well as symmetric and complex engineering systems, a nano fluid mixture is used. Regarding the nature of the energy sources (thermal or thermal and electrical), many physical systems could represent possible applications in manufactural activities. The presence of nanoparticles inside a solvent is of great interest in order to optimize the efficacy of the nano-technology systems. The present work deals with heat and mass transfer through a vertical channel where an alumina/water film mixture flows on one of its plates. For simulation, we use a numerical method under mixed convection during water/alumina nano fluid evaporation. We heat the flown plate uniformly while the other is dry and exchange heat with a constant coefficient. The gas mixture enters channel with a constant profile. Results show that an augmentation of the volume rate of the nanoparticle disadvantages evaporation if the heating is absent. Otherwise, if the heating exists, an increasing volume rate of the nanoparticle advantages evaporation. We found also that the film velocity behavior when the volume rate of the nanoparticle varies, independent of the heating.

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ANSARI, MAHZBEEN, and JUZER ALI RANGWALA. "Several Properties Viscosities and Densities of Ethanolamine - water systems at 25ºC." Journal of Ultra Chemistry 18, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22147/juc/180101.

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Precise Viscosities and Densities for Ethanolamine-water mixtures containing 15, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80 % by weight have been determined at 25ºC where possible the data are compared with previously reported values. The use of mixed solvents enables the variation in properties such as dielectric constant and Viscosity and therefore, the ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions can be better studied.

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Hernández-Antonio, A., J. Mahlknecht, C. Tamez-Meléndez, J. Ramos-Leal, A. Ramírez-Orozco, R. Parra, N. Ornelas-Soto, and C. J. Eastoe. "Groundwater flow processes and mixing in active volcanic systems: the case of Guadalajara (Mexico)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2015): 1599–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-1599-2015.

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Abstract. Groundwater chemistry and isotopic data from 40 production wells in the Atemajac and Toluquilla Valleys, located in and around the Guadalajara metropolitan area, were determined to develop a conceptual model of groundwater flow processes and mixing. Multivariate analysis including cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to elucidate distribution patterns of constituents and factors controlling groundwater chemistry. Based on this analysis, groundwater was classified into four groups: cold groundwater, hydrothermal water, polluted groundwater and mixed groundwater. Cold groundwater is characterized by low temperature, salinity, and Cl and Na concentrations and is predominantly of Na-HCO3 type. It originates as recharge at Primavera caldera and is found predominantly in wells in the upper Atemajac Valley. Hydrothermal water is characterized by high salinity, temperature, Cl, Na, HCO3, and the presence of minor elements such as Li, Mn and F. It is a mixed HCO3 type found in wells from Toluquilla Valley and represents regional flow circulation through basaltic and andesitic rocks. Polluted groundwater is characterized by elevated nitrate and sulfate concentrations and is usually derived from urban water cycling and subordinately from agricultural practices. Mixed groundwaters between cold and hydrothermal components are predominantly found in the lower Atemajac Valley. Tritium method elucidated that practically all of the sampled groundwater contains at least a small fraction of modern water. The multivariate mixing model M3 indicates that the proportion of hydrothermal fluids in sampled well water is between 13 (local groundwater) and 87% (hydrothermal water), and the proportion of polluted water in wells ranges from 0 to 63%. This study may help local water authorities to identify and quantify groundwater contamination and act accordingly.

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Bousso, Samba, Mathurin Daynou, and Musandji Fuamba. "Numerical Modeling of Mixed Flows in Storm Water Systems: Critical Review of Literature." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 139, no. 4 (April 2013): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000680.

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Fanun, Monzer. "Liquid Crystal Structural Variability on Water/Mixed Nonionic Surfactants/Caprylic-Capric Triglyceride Systems." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (March 2009): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932690802537349.

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