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Academic literature on the topic 'Water mixed systems'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Water mixed systems"

1

Sagisaka, Masanobu, Daisuke Koike, Yasuaki Mashimo, Satoshi Yoda, Yoshihiro Takebayashi, Takeshi Furuya, Atsushi Yoshizawa, Hideki Sakai, Masahiko Abe, and Katsuto Otake. "Water/Supercritical CO2Microemulsions with Mixed Surfactant Systems." Langmuir 24, no. 18 (September 16, 2008): 10116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la8014145.

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Aldrich, Haven S., L. Chopin Cusachs, and L. P. Gary. "Hydrogen bonding in mixed dimer systems with water." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 8, S1 (June 18, 2009): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560080710.

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Zhu, Jin, Richard M. Stuetz, Lisa Hamilton, Kaye Power, and Bojan Tamburic. "Odour management in drinking water systems fed by mixed water supplies." Journal of Water Process Engineering 56 (December 2023): 104329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104329.

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Niedda, Marcello, and Giovanni M. Sechi. "Mixed Optimization Technique for Large-Scale Water-Resource Systems." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 122, no. 6 (November 1996): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1996)122:6(387).

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Donker, H. J. G. W., P. Opic, and H. P. de Vries. "P-Removal in Completely Mixed Systems." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1985): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0254.

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Ca. 60 % of the Dutch activated sludge plants consist of completely mixed systems, experiments have been carried out in completely mixed pilot plants to study the biological P-removal. The research was carried out in two pilot plants. The pilot plants consisted of: anaerobic reactor, anoxic reactor, aerobic reactor and a clarifier. All the reactors were completely mixed. Both plants were fed with settled domestic waste water at a sludge loading of 400 and 250 g COD/kg sludge.day respectively. The results are given below:sludge loading (g COD/kg sludge.day)400400250ratio Anaerobic : Anoxic : Aerobic1: 1:2,71:1:4,11:1:2,7P-removal (%)802875N-removal (%)505065COD-removal (%)858585 It has been shown that there is no significant difference between the results at the two different sludge loadings. Remarkable is the difference between the ratio 1:1:2,7 in combination with the internal recirculation flow anoxic-anaerobic of 160 % and the ratio 1:1:4,1 with a recirculation flow of 30 %. During the start-up at a sludge loading of 250 g COD/kg sludge.day and an internal recirculation flow of 30 %, bulking sludge developed almost immediately. The Premoval was completely disturbed. Increasing the internal recirculation flow to 160% had a positive effect on settling properties and P-removal. This investigation has pointed out that a completely mixed system is suitable for biological P-removal, without negatively affecting the nitrification. Important factors in the process are the ratio anaerobic:anoxic:aerobic and the recirculation flows.

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Kalita, G., N. N. Dass, and S. Mahiuddin. "Mixed anion effect in sodium thiocyanate + sodium thiosulfate + water systems." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-201.

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Densities and viscosities of R[xNaSCN + (1 - x)Na2S2O3] + (1 - R)H2O systems with R = 0.05, 0.10, 0.14, and 0.18 were measured as functions of mole fraction, x (= 0.0-1.0), and temperature (293.15 <= T/K <= 323.15). A significant mixed anion effect has been observed within the temperature range of the study. The normalized viscosity isotherms were found to detect the mixed anion effect ~1.2 to 3.7 times more than the simple viscosity isotherms. The progressive replacement of S2O32- ions by SCN- ions causes the systems to be less structured and S2O32- ions polarized Na+ ions more towards themselves than towards the SCN- ions. Both these effects govern the variation of the viscosity with mole fraction, x. The mixed anion effect was found to vanish at around R = 0.0106.Key words: mixed anion effect, sodium thiocyanate, sodium thiosulfate, viscosity.

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Misra, P. K., B. K. Mishra, and G. B. Behera. "Micellization of ionic surfactants in tetrahydrofuran-water and acetonitrile-water mixed-solvent systems." Colloids and Surfaces 57, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(91)80175-n.

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Zadeh, Sara M., Dexter V. L. Hunt, D. Rachel Lombardi, and Christopher D. F. Rogers. "Carbon costing for mixed-use greywater recycling systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 167, no. 8 (September 2014): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.12.00093.

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Suryanarayana, G., and Pallab Ghosh. "Adsorption and Coalescence in Mixed-Surfactant Systems: Air−Water Interface." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 4 (February 17, 2010): 1711–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie9012216.

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Zakharov, O. V., V. S. Erdraikh, L. G. Zadanovskii, and Yu G. Panov. "New mixed-flow pumps for water supply systems and canals." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 22, no. 4 (April 1986): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01149234.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water mixed systems"

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Nzengung, Valentine Asongu. "Organoclays as sorbents for organic contaminants in aqueous and mixed-solvent systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26460.

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Chavez, Krystle J. "Crystallization of pseudopolymorphic forms of sodium naproxen in mixed solvent systems." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29759.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Rousseau, Ronald; Committee Member: Meredith, Carson; Committee Member: Prausnitz, Mark; Committee Member: Teja, Amyn; Committee Member: Wilkinson, Angus. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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Paul, Chowdhury Madhurima. "Physicochemical studies on double-chain amphiphiles and their aggregation behavior in different media." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2692.

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NADIMPALLI, GAYATRI. "ESTIMATING LEAKS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS BY SEQUENTIAL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS FLOW READINGS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1068674771.

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Mraz, Alexis Layman. "Forecasting in the Unseeable: A Mixed Methods Model of Planktonic and Biofilm-Bound Legionella pneumophila in Building Water Systems." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu154350645678355.

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Jin, Jingzhe. "A mixed mode function : boundary element method for very large floating structure : water interaction systems excited by airplane landing impacts." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/52018/.

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This thesis develops a mixed mode function – boundary element method (BEM) to analyze the dynamics of an integrated airplane – floating structure – water interaction system subject to airplane landing impacts. The airplane and the floating structure are treated as two solid substructures of which the motions are represented by their respective modal functions. The landing gear system of the airplane is modelled with a few linear spring – damper units connecting the airplane and the floating structure. The water is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible and the fluid motion is irrotational. Under a linear potential theory, the motion of the fluid is governed by the Laplace equation and the related boundary conditions. A linearised composite free surface boundary condition and an undisturbed far field (infinity) radiation condition are considered. The Green function, or kernel, of BEM formulation is a fundamental solution of the Laplace equation assuming an infinite fluid domain. The motion of the floating structure and the surrounding fluid are coupled through the wetted surface interface conditions. The coupled equations of the airplane, the floating structure and the surrounding fluid are solved using a step by step time integration procedure based on the Newmark assumptions. A FORTRAN program MMFBEP is written to implement the proposed numerical method. A few examples are completed to validate the mathematical model and the developed computer code. In comparing the available numerical and experimental results reported in the literature, sound agreements are reached. It is hoped that the developed method and computer code may be further improved and modified to provide an engineering tool for the dynamic design of Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS).

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Bansiwal, Mukesh. "Investigation of drug ionic liquid salts for topical delivery systems." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17161.

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Pharmaceutical companies and FDA (Federal Drug Administration) rules rely heavily on crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients delivered as tablets and powders in the form of neutral compounds, salts and solvates of neutral compounds and salts. About half of all drugs sold in the market are in the form of salts which are held together by ionic bonds along with some other forces. Recently, Ionic liquids (ILs) an interesting class of chemical compounds have offered potential opportunity for exploration as novel drug ionic liquid salts, particularly in the field of transdermal/topical drug delivery. Due to the multifunctional nature of these salts they could allow generation of new pathway to manipulate the transport and deposition behaviour of the drug molecule. It is this modular approach of IL that forms the basis of the research presented here, in which pharmaceutically acceptable compounds are combined with selected drugs with known problems. IL salts were generated by combining at least one drug molecule with FDA approved compounds and were assessed for physicochemical properties, skin deposition and permeation studies. Skin deposition data suggested that these systems exhibit high skin retention, which was found to correlate with the molecular weight. On the other hand, permeation data displayed an inverse relationship between flux values and molecular weight of the permeant. Similar work was extended with ILs with mixed anions containing two drugs. The benzalkonium-sulfacetamide ILs were investigated for synergism and the biological studies data display no synergistic effect. It was also illustrated that in-situ IL based ibuprofen hydrogels systems could be manipulated via IL approach for topical application. These findings suggest the potential applicability of IL based formulations for topical delivery of drugs.

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Singh, Manish K. "Optimal Operation of Water and Power Distribution Networks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86860.

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Under the envisioned smart city paradigm, there is an increasing demand for the coordinated operation of our infrastructure networks. In this context, this thesis puts forth a comprehensive toolbox for the optimization of electric power and water distribution networks. On the analytical front, the toolbox consists of novel mixed-integer (non)-linear program (MINLP) formulations; convex relaxations with optimality guarantees; and the powerful technique of McCormick linearization. On the application side, the developed tools support the operation of each of the infrastructure networks independently, but also towards their joint operation. Starting with water distribution networks, the main difficulty in solving any (optimal-) water flow problem stems from a piecewise quadratic pressure drop law. To efficiently handle these constraints, we have first formulated a novel MINLP, and then proposed a relaxation of the pressure drop constraints to yield a mixed-integer second-order cone program. Further, a novel penalty term is appended to the cost that guarantees optimality and exactness under pre-defined network conditions. This contribution can be used to solve the WF problem; the OWF task of minimizing the pumping cost satisfying operational constraints; and the task of scheduling the operation of tanks to maximize the water service time in an area experiencing electric power outage. Regarding electric power systems, a novel MILP formulation for distribution restoration using binary indicator vectors on graph properties alongside exact McCormick linearization is proposed. This can be used to minimize the restoration time of an electric system under critical operational constraints, and to enable a coordinated response with the water utilities during outages.
Master of Science
The advent of smart cities has promoted research towards interdependent operation of utilities such as water and power systems. While power system analysis is significantly developed due to decades of focused research, water networks have been relying on relatively less sophisticated tools. In this context, this thesis develops Advanced efficient computational tools for the analysis and optimization for water distribution networks. Given the consumer demands, an optimal water flow (OWF) problem for minimizing the pump operation cost is formulated. Developing a rigorous analytical framework, the proposed formulation provides significant computational improvements without compromising on the accuracy. Explicit network conditions are provided that guarantee the optimality and feasibility of the obtained OWF solution. The developed formulation is next used to solve two practical problems: the water flow problem, that solves the complex physical equations yielding nodal pressures and pipeline flows given the demands/injections; and an OWF problem that finds the best operational strategy for water utilities during power outages. The latter helps the water utility to maximize their service time during power outages, and helps power utilities better plan their restoration strategy. While the increased instrumentation and automation has enabled power utilities to better manage restoration during outages, finding an optimal strategy remains a difficult problem. The operational and coordination requirements for the upcoming distributed resources and microgrids further complicate the problem. This thesis develops a computationally fast and reasonably accurate power distribution restoration scheme enabling optimal coordination of different generators with optimal islanding. Numerical tests are conducted on benchmark water and power networks to corroborate the claims of the developed formulations.

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Feng, Xu. "Interaction of Na, O2, CO2 and water on MnO(100): Modeling a complex mixed oxide system for thermochemical water splitting." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77378.

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A catalytic route to hydrogen production via thermochemical water splitting is highly desirable because it directly converts thermal energy into stored chemical energy in the form of hydrogen and oxygen. Recently, the Davis group at Caltech reported an innovative low-temperature (max 850C) catalytic cycle for thermochemical water splitting based on sodium and manganese oxides (Xu, Bhawe and Davis, PNAS, 2012). The key steps are thought to be hydrogen evolution from a Na2CO3/MnO mixture, and oxygen evolution by thermal reduction of solids formed by Na+ extraction from NaMnO2. Our work is aimed at understanding the fundamental chemical processes involved in the catalytic cycle, especially the hydrogen evolution from water. In this project, efforts are made to understand the interactions between the key components (Na, O2, CO2, and water) in the hydrogen evolution steps on a well-defined MnO(100) single crystal surface, utilizing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). While some of the behavior of the catalytic system is observed with the model system developed in this work, hydrogen is only produced from water in the presence of metallic sodium, in contrast to the proposal of Xu et al. that water splitting occurs from the reaction of water with a mixture of Na2CO3 and MnO. These differences are discussed in light of the different operating conditions for the catalytic system and the surface science model developed in this work.
Ph. D.

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Mahlathi, Christopher Dumisani. "In-Stream water quality modelling and optimisation by mixed-integer programming : simulation and application in actual system." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40840.

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Water scarcity has become a global problem due to diminishing water resource and pollution of the remaining resources. The problems arising fromwater scarcity are exacerbated rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. Water quality management systems are introduced. Numerous water management methods exist some of which, if applied e ectively, can remedy these problems. In South Africa, water management systems are urgently needed to start addressing issues around the longterm sustainability of our limited water resource. Water quality modelling is one of the tools employed to assist in validating decisions made during the planning phase of a water quality management system. It also provides a means of exploring viable options to be considered when these decisions are to be made. A range of management options exist and implementing all of them may prove costly, therefore optimisation techniques are utilised to narrow down options to the most e ective and least costly among the available choices. Commonly, water quality models are used to predict concentrations in the river from which constraint equations are generated. The constraint equations are used in optimisation models to generate feasible solutions by either maximising or minimising the objective function. In this case the objective function is wastewater treatment cost. Constraints equations are based on the set in-stream water quality standard at selected theoretical measuring stations (checkpoints) in the stream and a feasible solution is one that suggests a treatment method that will ensure water quality standards are met at the lowest regional treatment cost. This study focused on the Upper Olifants river catchment near Witbank in Mpumalanga province. This catchment is subjected to extensive wastewater e uents from various mining operations and wastewater treatment plants. The aim here was to develop a water quality model for predicting dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the river, and to use a modelling approach to generate constraint equations for the system. A Streeter-Phelps stream simulation model was employed to predict DO concentration in the river. A mixed-integer programming technique was then used to evaluate the impact of nine wastewater treatment facilities discharging e uent into the river. Treatment levels were varied to test model reliability. The coupled stream simulation and optimisation model produced feasible solutions under 2 minutes, with each solution suggesting a range of treatment levels which ensured that the critical DO concentration was above 5 mg/L and the most stringent DO concentration the system could manage without violations anywhere else in the stream was obtained to be 7mg/L.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Chemical Engineering
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Books on the topic "Water mixed systems"

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(Firm), Delta Engineering. Final close-out report: Tracy water system extension project. Great Falls, Mont: Delta Engineering, 1986.

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Moran, John, and Scott McDonald. Feedpads for Grazing Dairy Cows. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100947.

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This book is the first detailed and comprehensive guide to the use of feedpads in the dairy industry, from planning and construction to day-to-day management, written especially for farmers. With ongoing droughts and access to water driving up the cost of conserved forages and feeding concentrates, feedpads offer flexible and efficient systems to maximise returns on feeding expensive supplements to grazing dairy cows, and form part of the risk management strategy for dairy farms. Feedpads for Grazing Dairy Cows covers all the aspects of animal husbandry involved in running a successful system and addresses key issues such as formulating rations to balance grazed pasture, management of farm labour and effluent management. The key principles of dairy nutrition are explained along with the concept of partial mixed rations and the range of potential ingredients. The authors also cover the physical features of feedpad design and construction and provide a checklist for planning a feedpad. They discuss important issues such as cow welfare, animal health and the management of effluent, including cleaning the pad, storing and recycling these solids and liquids on farm while minimising feedpad odours, flies and vermin. This book demonstrates a wide range of long-term economic benefits and will play an important role in helping dairy farmers achieve higher farm profitability.

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Launay, Jean-Pierre, and Michel Verdaguer. Electrons in Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.001.0001.

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The book treats in a unified way electronic properties of molecules (magnetic, electrical, photophysical), culminating with the mastering of electrons, i.e. molecular electronics and spintronics and molecular machines. Chapter 1 recalls basic concepts. Chapter 2 describes the magnetic properties due to localized electrons. This includes phenomena such as spin cross-over, exchange interaction from dihydrogen to extended molecular magnetic systems, and magnetic anisotropy with single-molecule magnets. Chapter 3 is devoted to the electrical properties due to moving electrons. One considers first electron transfer in discrete molecular systems, in particular in mixed valence compounds. Then, extended molecular solids, in particular molecular conductors, are described by band theory. Special attention is paid to structural distortions (Peierls instability) and interelectronic repulsions in narrow-band systems. Chapter 4 treats photophysical properties, mainly electron transfer in the excited state and its applications to photodiodes, organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and water photolysis. Energy transfer is also treated. Photomagnetism (how a photonic excitation modifies magnetic properties) is introduced. Finally, Chapter 5 combines the previous knowledge for three advanced subjects: first molecular electronics in its hybrid form (molecules connected to electrodes acting as wires, diodes, memory elements, field-effect transistors) or in the quantum computation approach. Then, molecular spintronics, using, besides the charge, the spin of the electron. Finally the theme of molecular machines is presented, with the problem of the directionality control of their motion.

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Ely, Roger Lee. Startup and performance of a gas-permeable-membrane-supported (GPMS) biofilm system using a mixed culture of methylotrophs to degrade methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. 1986.

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Anderson, E. N. Ecologies of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090109.001.0001.

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There is much we can learn about conservation from native peoples, says Gene Anderson. While the advanced nations of the West have failed to control overfishing, deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, and a host of other environmental problems, many traditional peoples manage their natural resources quite successfully. And if some traditional peoples mismanage the environment--the irrational value some place on rhino horn, for instance, has left this species endangered--the fact remains that most have found ways to introduce sound ecological management into their daily lives. Why have they succeeded while we have failed? In Ecologies of the Heart, Gene Anderson reveals how religion and other folk beliefs help pre-industrial peoples control and protect their resources. Equally important, he offers much insight into why our own environmental policies have failed and what we can do to better manage our resources. A cultural ecologist, Gene Anderson has spent his life exploring the ways in which different groups of people manage the environment, and he has lived for years in fishing communities in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Tahiti, and British Columbia--as well as in a Mayan farmtown in south Mexico--where he has studied fisheries, farming, and forest management. He has concluded that all traditional societies that have managed resources well over time have done so in part through religion--by the use of emotionally powerful cultural symbols that reinforce particular resource management strategies. Moreover, he argues that these religious beliefs, while seeming unscientific, if not irrational, at first glance, are actually based on long observation of nature. To illustrate this insight, he includes many fascinating portraits of native life. He offers, for instance, an intriguing discussion of the Chinese belief system known as Feng-Shui (wind and water) and tells of meeting villagers in remote areas of Hong Kong's New Territories who assert that dragons live in the mountains, and that to disturb them by cutting too sharply into the rock surface would cause floods and landslides (which in fact it does). He describes the Tlingit Indians of the Pacific Northwest, who, before they strip bark from the great cedar trees, make elaborate apologies to spirits they believe live inside the trees, assuring the spirits that they take only what is necessary. And we read of the Maya of southern Mexico, who speak of the lords of the Forest and the Animals, who punish those who take more from the land or the rivers than they need. These beliefs work in part because they are based on long observation of nature, but also, and equally important, because they are incorporated into a larger cosmology, so that people have a strong emotional investment in them. And conversely, Anderson argues that our environmental programs often fail because we have not found a way to engage our emotions in conservation practices. Folk beliefs are often dismissed as irrational superstitions. Yet as Anderson shows, these beliefs do more to protect the environment than modern science does in the West. Full of insights, Ecologies of the Heart mixes anthropology with ecology and psychology, traditional myth and folklore with informed discussions of conservation efforts in industrial society, to reveal a strikingly new approach to our current environmental crises.

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Book chapters on the topic "Water mixed systems"

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Fu, Edward, P. Somasundaran, and Qun Xu. "Thermodynamic Study of Adsorption of Anionic—Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures at the Alumina—Water Interface." In Mixed Surfactant Systems, 366–76. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0501.ch025.

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Simon, Sandrine. "A mixed heritage of traditional water management systems." In Reviving Indigenous Water Management Practices in Morocco, 24–41. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Earthscan studies in water resource management: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003104179-4.

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Kawaguchi, M. "Interfacial Properties of Mixed Polymer Films Spread at the Air/Water Interface." In Ordering in Macromolecular Systems, 323–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78893-2_27.

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Chen, Kai, Ian C. Parmee, and Chris R. Gane. "A Genetic Algorithm for Mixed-Integer Optimisation in Power and Water System Design and Control." In Intelligent Hybrid Systems, 311–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6191-0_13.

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Saitoh, Y., Y. Midorikawa, T. Kikuchi, and T. Sakai. "Effects of Mixed Metal Addition on Surface Film and Corrosion Prevention of Stainless Steel in BWR Water." In Ninth International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-Water Reactors, 501–9. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118787618.ch52.

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Gritzner, Gerhard. "Reference Redox Systems in Nonaqueous Systems and the Relation of Electrode Potentials in Nonaqueous and Mixed Solvents to Standard Potentials in Water." In Handbook of Reference Electrodes, 25–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36188-3_2.

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Ma, Xin, Yaan Hu, and Zhonghua Li. "Comparative Study of the Hydraulic Characteristics of Stratified Energy Dissipators in In-Chamber Longitudinal Culvert Systems." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 324–33. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_29.

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AbstractThe study of energy dissipation characteristics of stratified energy dissipators in the lock chamber is carried out by numerical simulation. Discussed the hydraulic characteristics of different energy dissipators in the lock chamber and open channel area (e.g., flow field in the lock chamber, flow distribution in the branch holes and energy dissipation mechanism). The results show that the stratified energy dissipation makes the water flow in the open ditch area more fully mixed; the flow distribution in the branch holes is more balanced; the maximum flow velocity into the bottom of the lock chamber is reduced. The in-chamber longitudinal culvert system with open channel + cover has the best flow conditions, followed by open channel + grating, both of the above are better than the traditional open ditch energy dissipator.

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Soetaert, Karline, and Jack J. Middelburg. "Modeling eutrophication and oligotrophication of shallow-water marine systems: the importance of sediments under stratified and well-mixed conditions." In Eutrophication in Coastal Ecosystems, 239–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3385-7_20.

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Kumari, Shweta, and K. B. V. N. Phanindra. "Comparison of Flux Footprint Models to a Mixed Fetch Heterogeneous Cropland System." In Water Resources Management and Reservoir Operation, 91–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79400-2_8.

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Curti, E., E. Vittadini, A. Di Pasquale, L. Riviera, F. Antoniazzi, and A. Storci. "Water Properties in Bread Produced with an Innovative Mixer." In Water Properties in Food, Health, Pharmaceutical and Biological Systems: ISOPOW 10, 605–11. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958193.ch56.

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Conference papers on the topic "Water mixed systems"

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Lee, Yu-Chen, and Fernanda Leite. "Mixed Reality Promoting Circular Economy in Urban Water Systems." In ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering 2023. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784485248.013.

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León, Arturo S., Mohamed S. Ghidaoui, Arthur R. Schmidt, and Marcelo H. García. "A Finite Volume Model for Mixed Surface-Pressurized Flows in Drainage Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)671.

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León, Arturo S., Xiaofeng Liu, Mohamed S. Ghidaoui, Arthur R. Schmidt, and Marcelo H. García. "Boundary Conditions for Simulating Complex Storm-Sewer Systems in Free Surface, Pressurized, and Mixed Flow Conditions." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)565.

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Tian, Wenxi, Guanghui Su, Suizheng Qiu, Gaopeng Wang, and Qing Lu. "Water Hammer Characteristics for Parallel Pumps Water Supply Systems." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48528.

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The water hammer induced by abrupt velocity change of fluid flow is inevitable for nuclear power plant systems because of the sudden opening or closing of valves, the sudden startup or shutdown of the pumps and the rupture of pipes. The water hammer pressure wave can damage the pipes and cause the abnormal shutdown of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The object of this study is a Parallel Pumps Water Supply system (PPWS) adopted in a NPP. The PPWS is composed of two parallel mixed-flow pumps connected with a check valve separately, a container, a throttle flap and pipe lines. The Method of Characteristic line (MOC) was adopted to evaluate the water hammer behaviors of the PPWS during the alternate startup and shutoff conditions of two parallel pumps. A code was developed using Fortran language to compute the transient behaviors including he peak pressure, the flow velocity and the movement of the valve plate. The results indicate that the water hammer behaviors under low speed startup condition differ from that of high speed startup condition. The maximum pressure vibration amplitude is up to 5.0MPa occurring under high-high speed startup condition. The computation results are instructive for the optimization design of the PPWS so as to minimize the damage potential induced by water hammer.

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Zaborowski, M., B. Jaroszewicz, D. Tomaszewski, P. Prokaryn, E. Malinowska, E. Grygolowicz-Pawlak, and P. Grabiec. "Fabrication of MOS - Compatible Ion - Sensitive Devices for Water Pollution Monitoring (Warmer)." In 2007 14th International Conference on Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mixdes.2007.4286208.

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Fatemi, S. Mobeen, Mehran Sohrabi, Mahmoud Jamiolahmady, Shaun Ireland, and Graeme Robertson. "Experimental Investigation of Near-Miscible Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) Injection Performance in Water-wet and Mixed-wet Systems." In SPE Offshore Europe Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/145191-ms.

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Li, Li Xin, and Wang Juanjuan Wang. "Fire and water mixed system frequency regulation based on fuzzy PID optimization research." In International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Communications, and Computer Networks (ISCCN 2023), edited by Lin Wang and Xiaogang Liu. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2680684.

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Joly, Etienne, Ian M. Bell, Ahmed Fallatah, Gillian M. Greenway, Stephen J. Haswell, Andrew J. Wade, and Richard A. Skeffington. "Design and Test Issues for Lab-on-Chip Ion Separation for In-Situ Water Quality Monitoring." In 2012 18th International Mixed-Signals, Sensors and Systems Test Workshop (IMS3TW 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ims3tw.2012.16.

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W Razak, W. N. Adyani, Nor Idah Kechut, and Samuel Krevor. "Investigating Water Trapping Effects During Tertiary Gas Injection in Mixed-Wet Rocks." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215383-ms.

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Abstract Gas trapping induced oil recovery has been explored in the past and has known to have occurred particularly in water-wet systems during tertiary gas injection. As the gas is the most non-wetting phase in a three-phase system (water-wet), the gas notably has the highest capacity to get trapped within the pore space. However, trapping of the intermediate wetting phase (i.e., water in a mixed-wet system during three-phase flow) is also possible and can be quite substantial under certain circumstances. In this work, we have carried out three displacement experiments on mixed-wet Berea rocks utilizing X-ray microtomography to assist visualization of pore scale mechanisms and fluid occupancies in order to illuminate the potential trapping of the intermediate wetting phase during tertiary gas injection. The experiments began with waterflooding followed by gasflooding and another waterflood on mm-scale sandstone cores. Mixed-wet rocks were aged with crude oil for 40 days and were initialized with different connate water saturation ranging between 0.15 to 0.18 fraction. The oil-water contact angle measured manually during waterflooding ranged around 100 to 130 degrees. During gasflooding in mixed-wet rocks, water occupied all pore sizes, instigated by the double displacement mechanism of gas displacing oil, that in turn displaces water. We also observed a significant water trapping in large pores, leading to the gas invading the pores via squeezing in between oil and water phases. Water trapping also increases the oil recovery. Hence, an engineering design to optimize the water trapping during tertiary gas injection will significantly stimulate the incremental oil recovery in field development projects. The outcome of this research will influence the method to model the hysteresis of water relative permeability for mixed-wet rocks.

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Hunt, Dexter, Sara Zadeh, Diane Lombardi, and Christopher Rogers. "Greywater Recycling Systems in Urban Mixed-Use Regeneration Areas: Economic Analysis and Water Saving Potential." In The 2nd World Sustainability Forum. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wsf2-01021.

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Reports on the topic "Water mixed systems"

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Shimizu, Y. Computation Results from a Parametric Study to Determine Bounding Critical Systems of Homogeneously Water-Moderated Mixed Plutonium--Uranium Oxides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/777699.

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Moghissi. L51914 Interdependent Effects of Bacteria Gas Composition and Water Chemistry on Internal Corrosion. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010433.

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A recent Office of Pipeline Safety survey found that corrosion caused 17 to 20 percent of pipeline failures. Of those corrosion failures, roughly half resulted from internal corrosion. In pipelines, internal corrosion is caused by produced (carry-over) or condensed water that contains dissolved gas and/or bacteria. In many cases, chemicals with inhibiting or biocidal properties are added to mitigate corrosion. The internal corrosion in many systems occurs under slowly flowing conditions at ambient temperatures (e.g., relatively low temperature of about 15.5�C (60�F)). The overall objectives of this project were to determine the influence of microbial consortia typically found in condensed water, produced water, and hydrocarbons on the internal corrosion of steel pipeline exposed to CO2, H2S, and O2. To accomplish these objectives, a multi-year project was planned. For the first year, the specific objectives were to assemble a chemostat system capable of maintaining a mixed biofilm consortium of bacteria implicated in MIC of steels under the pressures encountered in gathering lines, identify the type of microbial populations inside pipelines and conditions under which internal MIC has been observed, and perform a limited number of corrosion tests to evaluate the effects of these bacteria on corrosion.

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Vonk, Jaynie. Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Sierra Leone: Impact evaluation of the ‘Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts’ project. Oxfam GB, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8401.

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Between October 2016 and March 2019, the Freetown WASH Consortium, led by Oxfam with Against Hunger, Concern Worldwide and Save the Children as members, carried out the 'Improved WASH Services in Western Area Urban (WAU) and Western Area Rural (WAR) Districts' project. Broadly, the project aimed to improve the availability, accessibility, affordability and sustainability of integrated water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, in alignment with the Government of Sierra Leone's national agenda on Ebola recovery and increased preparedness against possible future outbreaks. This Effectiveness Review evaluates the success of this project to increase the sustainability of water and sanitation systems and services. Using a quasi-experimental, mixed method evaluation design, impact is assessed among individuals, households and communities in intervention and comparison areas. Community-level factors contributing to better individual- and household-level outcomes are explored. Find out more by reading the full report now.

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Jones, Sara, Rebecca Ellis, Susan Dvorak, Abbie Dolling, Tara McNamara, Daisy Bradford, Amy Brown, et al. Exploring the safety of at home powdered formula preparation. Food Standards Agency, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.zhk828.

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Infant formula is a breastmilk substitute fed to babies when mums are unable or do not want to breastfeed. In the UK, almost three quarters of babies will have consumed infant formula by six weeks of age, and almost all will have by six months (McAndrew et al., 2012). Formula fed babies are at greater risk of gastrointestinal infections than breastfed babies because breastfeeding is protective against infections as it helps babies’ immune systems develop, and because bottles of formula are at risk of bacterial contamination. Bacterial contamination is thought to occur in two ways; first, powdered infant formula (PIF) is not sterile and can contain harmful bacteria, including Salmonella and Cronobacter if not prepared properly (Crawley, Westland & Sibson, 2022), and second, bottles and teats are vulnerable to contamination during preparation (Redmond et al., 2009; Cho et al., 2019). It is estimated that in the UK over 3,000 babies end up in hospital each year, and a further 10,000 are reviewed by GPs, due to gastrointestinal infections which may be attributed to formula feeding (Renfrew et al., 2012). NHS (2019) guidance states that PIF must be mixed with water at a temperature of 70o Celsius (oC) or greater, to kill any bacteria which may be present in the PIF. The use of boiled water from a kettle cooled to at least 70oC is recommended, which is then mixed with the PIF before allowing it to cool further before feeding. This should be repeated every time a bottle is needed to ensure the formula is safe. Bacteria can survive and multiply in formula, even if it is stored in a fridge. NHS guidance also contains steps to minimise contamination of baby feeding equipment, including washing hands, disinfecting preparation surfaces, and washing and sterilising all baby feeding equipment. However, research shows many parents do not carry out all these steps, and a third of parents do not feel confident about preparing PIF (Brown, Jones and Evans, 2020). Furthermore, there has been an increase in UK parents using formula preparation machines and their efficacy has not yet been sufficiently investigated.

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Kampa, Eleftheria, Eduard Interwies, and R. Andreas Kraemer. The Role of Tradable Permits in Water Pollution Control. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011164.

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This working paper first introduces tradable permits as part of an overall taxonomy of economic instruments in the field of water management. In this context, three fundamentally different fields of application of tradable permits systems relating to water are presented: tradable water abstraction rights, tradable rights to water-based resources and tradable water pollution rights. Next, the authors provide literature-based empirical evidence of the international experience with tradable water pollution rights (case studies from the US and Australia). Subsequently, the authors make recommendations on the strategies for introducing tradable water pollution rights, they point out opportunities and limitations and discuss the instrument's compatibility in instrument 'mixes'. This paper was prepared for the Technical Seminar on the Feasibility of the Application of Tradable Water Permits for Water Management in Chile, organized by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the National Environment Commission of Chile (CONAMA) held on November 13th and 14th, 2003 in Santiago de Chile.

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Jung, Carina, Karl Indest, Matthew Carr, Richard Lance, Lyndsay Carrigee, and Kayla Clark. Properties and detectability of rogue synthetic biology (SynBio) products in complex matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45345.

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Synthetic biology (SynBio) aims to rationally engineer or modify traits of an organism or integrate the behaviors of multiple organisms into a singular functional organism through advanced genetic engineering techniques. One objective of this research was to determine the environmental persistence of engineered DNA in the environment. To accomplish this goal, the environmental persistence of legacy engineered DNA building blocks were targeted that laid the foundation for SynBio product development and application giving rise to “post-use products.” These building blocks include genetic constructs such as cloning and expression vectors, promoter/terminator elements, selectable markers, reporter genes, and multi-cloning sites. Shotgun sequencing of total DNA from water samples of pristine sites was performed and resultant sequence data mined for frequency of legacy recombinant DNA signatures. Another objective was to understand the fate of a standardized contemporary synthetic genetic construct (SC) in the context of various chassis systems/genetic configurations representing different degrees of “genetic bioavailability” to the environmental landscape. These studies were carried out using microcosms representing different environmental matrices (soils, waters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) liquor) and employed a novel genetic reporter system based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) detection to assess proliferation and persistence of the SC in the matrix over time.

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Leshikar, G. A. Acceptance test report for 241-AN-107 mixer pump water flush system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/443109.

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8

Swan, Megan, and Christopher Calvo. Site characterization and change over time in semi-arid grassland and shrublands at three parks?Chaco Culture National Historic Park, Petrified Forest National Park, and Wupatki National Monument: Upland vegetation and soils monitoring 2007?2021. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301582.

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This report presents results of upland vegetation and soil monitoring of semi-arid grasslands at three Parks by the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network (SCPN) from 2007?2021. The purpose is to compare and contrast five grassland ecological sites and examine how they have changed during the first 15 years of monitoring. Crews collected data on composition and abundance of vegetation, both at the species level and by lifeform (e.g., perennial grass, shrub, forb) and soil aggregate stability and soil texture at 150 plots within five target grassland/shrubland communities delineated using NRCS ecological site (ecosite) classification (30 plots per ecosite). Soils in plots at Petrified Forest NP and Chaco Culture NHP were deeper than those at Wupatki NM. Undifferentiated soil crust comprised the largest component of the soil surface, except at Wupatki where surface gravel dominated. Cover of biological soil crust (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss) was low. Soil aggregate stability was moderate. From 2007?2021, SCPN crews identified 283 unique plant species. Overall live foliar cover ranged from 12-24%. Four of five ecological sites were dominated by C4 grass species (>70% of total live foliar cover). Shrubs co-dominated at one site (WUPA L) and forbs were an overall small component of total vegetation cover but contributed most of the diversity in these sites. Less than 4% of species detected were nonnative. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) was the most frequently sampled nonnative, occurring in > 50% of plots at Wupatki in the volcanic upland ecological site. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) was the second most common invasive species but occurred in < 10% of the plots at all ecological sites. Vegetation cover was modeled using Bayesian hierarchical models and included seasonal climatic water deficits, year effects and topographic variables as covariates. Models revealed significant negative time trends (i.e., changes over time that were not explained by changes in seasonal deficit covariates included) in some modeled responses, particularly in the cover of perennial grass at all five ecological sites. Time trends in shrub and forb responses were mixed. Species richness showed variable effects by ecosite, decreasing at CHCU S, and increasing at PEFO S and WUPA V. Modeled responses were influenced by climate covariates, but direction of these effects varied. The most consistent effects were that greater July water stress and higher accumulated growing degree days (i.e., warmer spring temperatures) increased cover of perennial grasses and shrubs during the same year. However, greater water stress in the spring had a negative effect on many responses as expected. Decreasing cover of perennial grass and increasing cover of shrubs and weedy forbs has been predicted for southwestern grasslands in response to increasing aridification due to anthropogenic climate change. Perennial grass trends reported here correspond with these predictions with mixed results on shrub and forb community trends. Continued drought conditions will likely exacerbate negative changes in these systems.

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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.

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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.

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10

Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.

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Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.

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