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1
Ketchum, Lynn. "Backyard Water Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295532.
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Madigele, Patricia, Jen Snowball, and Gavin Fraser. "Water, water everywhere: is Integrated Water Resource Management the right institutional prescription for South Africa's water management challenges?" Economic Society of South Africa (ESSA), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68555.
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Publisher versionOstrom (2007) and Ostrom and Cox (2010) argue that natural resource management has been plagued by the “panacea problem": that one-size-fits-all solutions to allocation and management problems have been applied without due consideration of the specific context. The outcome has been the disappointing results of many development and management programs. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) has been recognised as a potentially effective way of allocating water where there are multiple, sometimes competing, users (Saravanan et al. 2009). It has been used successfully in a number of other developing country contexts, including Mexico, Brazil, India and Thailand (Orne-Giliemann 2008; Meinzen-Dick 2007). The principles of IWRM were also adopted in South Africa under the National Water Act (1998). Water User Associations (WUA) are seen as one of the key institutions driving IWRM, since they are designed to allow stake-holders at local level a say in the allocation and management of this important public good (Aoki 2001). However, WUAs in South Africa have mostly not been a success and are currently being reviewed at national level. For the most part, emerging black farmers and rural communities still do not have equal access to water, or a meaningful role in decision-making, and there are significant security of supply and allocation issues with regard to municipal users as well. Using the AID (Institutional Analysis and Development) framework (Ostrom 2007), with particular reference to economic theory relating to incentives and transactions costs, this paper asks if IWRM is a panacea treatment that does not fit the diagnosis of South Africa's water management problems. A case study approach is used, focusing on one of the few established WUAs in the Sundays River Valley Municipality in a rural area of South Africa.
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Ochirkhuyag, Myagmersuren. "Water Management in Mongolia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160459.
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The world experiences large-scale ecosystems degradation in an every part of the planet - in rich as well as in and poor parts. Unstable economic conditions together with weak law enforcements make low income countries face more severe forms of natural destruction. This draws the attention on the need to design economic policies that are environmentally sound and while at the same time ensuring the well-being of their inhabitants in economic, social and natural settings. A number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have experienced a unique historical period of transition from communist regimes to free democratic societies. This has been followed by numerous effects on their financial situations as economic hardships caused by the collapse of economies injected by the assistance from the Soviet and committees of socialist countries mutually aiding each other, opening up of opportunities as private ownership and market liberations. Not all countries succeeded in liberalizing their economic structures and reforming economic and political environments. Simultaneously, the natural environment underwent various effects, both positive and negative, after the Iron Curtain fell and exposed destructing effects of command and control economy. Mongolia has experienced all the hard aspects of the transition and started to climb up on the income ladder from the low income to the lower middle-income list of the World Bank, but also seen many negative price aspects of development. Water resources have been severely degraded in recent years due to anthropogenic impact. However, there are reforms taking place in water sector institutions that have recently attracted wide attention nationwide.This thesis will give detailed picture on current state of water resources in the country and the system that coordinates them. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is used as an approach to highlight the relationship between water resource quality and income per capita in Mongolia. This is followed by a detailed discussion on water institutions development and the coordinating mechanisms badly needed among sectors involved. The research suggests that collaborative actions are important if sustainable water management is to be reached. More generally, I recommend further research issues on the generated topic as my thesis is one of the first discussions coupling the EKC and institutional theory aspects together.
4
Courtis, Benjamin John. "Water quality chlorine management." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289743.
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Tobin, Brent. "Waterminer - Mine water management." Thesis, Tobin, Brent (2011) Waterminer - Mine water management. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/6868/.
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In the Australian and New Zealand gold mining industry the use of water is an integral part of the entire mining process, from the initial extraction of the ore to its final processing. The way in which water is managed on site effects the running costs, extraction rates, water usage and environmental impacts. Therefore it is crucial to implement a Water Efficiency Management Plan to optimise site water management.
This study investigates the current water management strategies at four gold mines within Australia and New Zealand operated by Newmont Asia Pacific. A review of water management at each of the gold mines indentifies areas of both good water management, as well as opportunities for improvement.
A web-based information system designed for mine water management entitled WaterMiner, has been developed by the University of Queensland. The WaterMiner program has been used in this study to explore further opportunities for improving water management at each of the mine sites. The results obtained from the WaterMiner program have identified where significant improvements to water reuse and recycling can be made, and have provided recommended flows to improve these areas.
It is recommended that the suggested improvements be implemented through the use of site water management plans, to provide a smooth transition into site practices. As current water management plans are only in place at two of the study sites, KCGM and Waihi Gold, Water Efficiency Management Plans (WEMP) have been developed for the remaining two gold mines, Jundee and Tanami.
Through implementation of the WEMP’s and the suggested new flows, significant improvements in water management can be made at each site. The concluding results for each on the gold mines are as follows:
•Through the implementation of the created WEMP and recommended flows the Newmont Jundee Operation can reduce its annual water usage by 174.99ML/year, approximately 8.01%.
•By incorporating recommended flows into its current WEMP the KCGM Operation can reduce extraction from three of its major water sources by 1,479.04ML/year, approximately 31.27%.
•Development of a WEMP for the Newmont Tanami Operation, inclusive of recommended flows produced by WaterMiner, will reduce extraction rates by 329.84ML/year, approximately 17.20%.
•Implementation of new recommended flows into the current WEMP in place at the Newmont Waihi Gold operation will decrease water extraction rates by 1,031.23ML/year, approximately 14.67%.
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Silvertooth, Jeffrey C. "Water Management for Defoliation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558526.
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Reviewed 06/2015; Originally published 02/20012 pp.
There are several factors which are important to consider in managing defoliation. Factors such as plant-water relations, Nitrogen (N) fertility status, the extent of honeydew deposits on the leaves from insects such as the sweet potato whitefly or aphids, and weather conditions following the defoliant application are all important in terms of the final defoliation results.
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Silvertooth, J. C. "Water Management for Defoliation." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147009.
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Simataa, Faith Auguste. "From water resources management to integrated water resources management : an analysis of the establishment of new water management organisations in Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9897_1308566898.
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The questions posed in this study address the different processes that were involved in the decision-making and establishment of the water management organisations, the extent of public participation, as well as features of evident governance in implementing the policies. A critical analysis of the role of stakeholders and the various influences they may have in water management will also be examined. The methodology follows a historical study approach. A thorough document review will be done of the policies and related materials around BMCs, where events will be constructed from the findings. Interviews will be conducted for verification purposes, to verify the desktop findings and to assimilate any conflicts of opinion that might have not been documented.
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Du, Plessis J. A. "Integrated water demand management for local water governance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5435.
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Sundberg, Maria Linnea <1993>. "Water Resource Management - A qualitative case study of Swedish municipalities water resource management." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16496.
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In recent years, water scarcity and water shortage have increased all over the world as a result
of high stress on water systems like rivers, lakes and streams. Sweden is a developed country
with plenty of available water resources but, due to droughts and less precipitation in recent
years, it has experienced enormous negative effects on their water resources. Many local
authorities have in the last years been forced to implement water irrigation prohibitions whilst
others urged their citizens to be frugal when consuming water distributed to their home in
order to not overexploit the resources. Scarce water resources is a local problem and
therefore, tools, measures and adaptive strategies needs to be implemented by municipalities. This thesis aim is to analyse what challenges Swedish municipalities face with water resource
management towards reducing the risk of water shortage and if they have implemented
adaptive strategies. To answer the research questions and to fulfill the purpose of this thesis, a
qualitative case study of two municipalities has been conducted. The theoretical framework is
based on adaptive management and the analytical tools used was a SWOT-analysis which
identifies strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The SWOT characteristics were
further used to establish the challenges that municipalities face with water resource
management. This thesis is based on a qualitative case study analysis. The result is based on an analysis of
the municipalities water supply plans, their water and waste plans, and through semi
structured interviews held with the municipalities Head of the Water and Waste department
unit and project managers in the Water and Waste department. Challenges that municipalities face with water resource management are mostly threats that
are viewed as external elements. Municipalities implementation of adaptive management
strategies due exists in some extent in both cases but seem to be related to how affected they
are by water scarcity.
11
De, Lange Willem J. "Multi-criteria decision-making for water resource management in the Berg Water Management Area /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1423.
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Carter, Richard C. "Water resources and water management in north east Nigeria." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11117.
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This thesis addresses some aspects of shallow groundwater resources, and the wider issues of water resources use and allocation, in the Yobe river basin, north east Nigeria. The studies reported here were carried out in the context of a research linkage, between a Nigerian and a British _University, set up explicitly to support a large rural development programme. This is probably the first time strategic academic research and regional development have been linked on such a scale in the region. ' Despite significant investment in the past in irrigation and other water resource developments, basic data on land and water resources, and their present use, are limited. Short term studies by Consultants have proved to be no substitute for long term routine monitoring, together with good natural and social science research. « 4 Priority research needs are identified in the sciences of climatology and hydrology, and in the use and management of water in the region. There is very limited knowledge of climatic and hydrological change over the last few decades, and almost total ignorance of the existing ' water uses, their economic value, and the efficiency or otherwise of traditional water management practices. The main issues addressed in the thesis are (i) the shallow groundwater resources of the Manga Grasslands, a upland dunefield, and the Yobe river valley floodplain or fadama, and (ii) the allocation of water resources, especially in the context of large irrigation demands. _ The thesis is presented in the form of six papers -(5 published, one submitted for publication), with a extended introduction (Chapter 1) and a short conclusion (Chapter 8). The main findings and conclusions of the work are that: (i) groundwater recharge to the upland is almost certainly much larger than present abstractions; (ii) groundwater recharge to the floodplains is small compared to present regional shallow groundwater abstraction; (iii) development of shallow groundwater resources for irrigation in the Manga Grasslands would be most inadvisable because of resource limitations and salinity hazards; (iv) limited development of small scale irrigation, together with careful monitoring and modelling should go ahead in the Yobe fadana; (v) the remaining questions concerning the mechanisms and magnitude of groundwater recharge throughout the region need to be resolved a a matter of urgency; (vi) water allocation policy can be developed rationally, based on clear objectives and criteria, a good research base, and transparency of motive.
13
Tukker, Mary Jean. "Water quality information system for integrated water resource management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52054.
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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The processes of monitoring, modelling and managing the water quality of a catchmerit system including all its unique complexities and interrelationships requires an innovative tool or set of tools to help water managers with their decision making. Numerous methods and tools have been developed to analyse and model the real world. However, many of these tools require a fair degree of technical expertise and training to operate correctly and their output may have to be translated or converted to meaningful information for decision-making using a further set of analytical and graphical display tools. A more appropriate technique for management would be to combine all these functions into a single system. The objective of this research was to develop one such tool, an integrated water quality information system (WQIS). A review of the literature revealed that there has been extensive research and development of tools for the management of individual aspects of water resource distribution, augmentation and quality. However, these tools have rarely been integrated into a comprehensive information system offering decision support to a wide variety of river users and managers. Many of the literature sources also noted that a process of interactive development and integration (i.e. including the intended users in the decision of which components to include, the interface design and the graphical display and output) was vital to ensuring the information system becomes an integral part of the users routine work and decision-making. The WQIS was developed using the recommendations from numerous knowledgeable persons in response to questionnaires, interviews and a prototype demonstration. It includes the results of hydrodynamic river and reservoir simulations and the ability to perform operational river scenario testing. However, the development process is continual and always evolving based on the current or local requirements of water managers. These further developments and research needs are discussed in more detail in the conclusion.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proses om die waterkwaliteit van 'n opvanggebied, met al die unieke kompleksiteite en onderlinge verhoudings van so 'n stelsel te monitor, modelleer en bestuur, vereis 'n innoverende instrument om waterbestuurders te ondersteun in hul besluitnemings. Talle instrumente en metodes vir die ontleding en modellering van die werklikheid is reeds ontwikkel. Die gebruik van hierdie instrumente vereis gewoonlik 'n redelike mate van tegniese kundigheid en opleiding. Dit mag verder nodig wees om die uitvoer van sulke instrumente te vertaal en/of om te skakel na betekenisvolle inligting vir besluitneming deur die gebruik van bykomende analitiese en grafiese vertoon instrumente. 'n Meer toepaslike bestuurstegniek sou wees om al die funksies in 'n enkele stelsel te kombineer. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om een so 'n instrument, naamlik 'n geïntegreerde waterkwaliteit inligtingstelsel (WQIS), te ontwikkel. 'n Hersiening van bestaande literatuur het getoon dat daar omvattende navorsing en ontwikkeling van instrumente gedoen is vir die bestuur van individuele aspekte van waterbronverspreiding, waterbronaanvulling en waterkwaliteit. Integrasie van hierdie instrumente, in 'n uitgebreide stelsel wat besluitnemingsondersteuning aan 'n verskeidenheid riviergebruikers en bestuurders bied, kom egter selde voor. Verskeie literatuurbronne het ook aangedui dat 'n proses van interaktiewe ontwikkeling en integrasie (m.a.w. in agname van die voorgenome gebruikers se behoeftes in die kense van komponente, die gebruiker raakvlak ontwerp en grafiese vertoon instrumente en uitvoer) noodsaaklik is om te verseker dat die inigtingstelsel 'n integrale deel word van die gebruiker se daaglikse roetine en besluitnemingsproses. Die WQIS is ontwikkel deur gebruikmaking van die insette en aanbevelings van verskeie kenners in reaksie op vraelyste, onderhoude en 'n demonstrasie van 'n prototype. Dit sluit in die resultate van hidro-dinamiese rivier en dam simulasies en die vermoë om operasionele rivier scenario ontledings uit te voer. Die ontwikkeling is egter 'n deurlopende proses, gebaseer op huidige of plaaslike behoeftes van waterbestuurders. Hierdie verdere ontwikkelings- en navorsingsbehoeftes word meer breedvoerig in die gevolgtrekkings bespreek.
14
Carter, R. "Water resources and water management in North East Nigeria." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11117.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis addresses some aspects of shallow groundwater resources, and the wider issues of
water resources use and allocation, in the Yobe river basin, north east Nigeria. The studies
reported here were carried out in the context of a research linkage, between a Nigerian and a
British
_University, set up explicitly to support a large rural development programme. This is
probably the first time strategic academic research and regional development have been linked
on such a scale in the region. '
Despite significant investment in the past in irrigation and other water resource developments,
basic data on land and water resources, and their present use, are limited. Short term studies
by Consultants have proved to be no substitute for long term routine monitoring, together with
good natural and social science research. « 4
Priority research needs are identified in the sciences of climatology and hydrology, and in the
use and
management of water in the region. There is very limited knowledge of climatic and
hydrological change over the last few decades, and almost total ignorance of the existing '
water uses, their economic value, and the efficiency or otherwise of traditional water
management practices.
The main issues addressed in the thesis are (i) the shallow groundwater resources of the
Manga Grasslands, a upland dunefield, and the Yobe river valley floodplain or fadama, and
(ii) the allocation of water resources, especially in the context of large irrigation demands. _
The thesis is
presented in the form of six papers -(5 published, one submitted for publication),
with a extended introduction (Chapter 1) and a short conclusion (Chapter 8).
The main
findings and conclusions of the work are that: (i) groundwater recharge to the
upland is almost certainly much larger than present abstractions; (ii) groundwater recharge to
the
floodplains is small compared to present regional shallow groundwater abstraction; (iii)
development of shallow groundwater resources for irrigation in the Manga Grasslands would
be most inadvisable because of resource limitations and salinity hazards; (iv) limited
development of small scale irrigation, together with careful monitoring and modelling should
go ahead in the Yobe fadana; (v) the remaining questions concerning the mechanisms and
magnitude of groundwater recharge throughout the region need to be resolved a a matter of
urgency; (vi) water allocation policy can be developed rationally, based on clear objectives
and criteria, a good research base, and transparency of motive.
15
Zonde, Memory. "Empowered women in water management." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9523_1258026827.
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Following South Africa's independence from apartheid rule, there has been progressive developments in policies that promote equity in all spheres including the water sector. Equality in the water sector is not only limited to water access, but also management of the water. This study investigated the factors that empower women in the water sector as an example of gender equity.
16
Milutinovic, Milan M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Water demand management in Kuwait." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34590.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-91).
Kuwait is an arid country located in the Middle East, with limited access to water resources. Yet water demand per capita is much higher than in other countries in the world, estimated to be around 450 L/capita/day. There are several reasons for such a high demand, but one is certainly the price. Water does have its pricing schedule in Kuwait, but in reality water bills are not collected. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the impact of water pricing as a tool for managing water demand. The original idea, to construct a water demand model for Kuwait, was modified because of the lack of data about the effect of price increases and household water consumption characteristics in Kuwait. So, water demand models described in the literature for several arid regions were adapted and recalibrated for Kuwait. Simulations describing the influence of block tariffs, constant prices, free allowances followed by various pricing schemes were conducted. A pricing schedule has been proposed that consists of a free allowance followed by a constant price. The proposal has the following logic: if water is consumed wisely, only to satisfy vital needs, it should be free.
(cont.) However, to limit over consumption, the quantity of water over the allowance should be priced. The results showed that this kind of pricing schedule would be efficient in significantly reducing demand. The models show that a price of water of $1/m3, after a 150L/capita/day allowance, would reduce the demand by about 35 percent (with a range of around 20-40 percent, depending on the demand model used).
by Milan Milutinovic.
M.Eng.
17
Putnam, Douglas Alan. "Forecasting for local water management." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3540.
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Forecast models are investigated and developed for use in local water management to aid in determining short term water requirements and availability. The forecast models include precipitation occurrence and depth using a Markov chain model, temperature and solar radiation with a multivariate autoregressive model, and streamflow with autoregressive-moving average models. The precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation forecasts are used with a soil moisture model to determine water demands. A state space approach to the Muskingum-Cunge streamflow routing technique is developed. The forecast water demands and streamflow forecasts are used as inputs to this routing model. Forecast model errors and propagation of these errors from one model into the next are investigated.
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Marchiori, Giovanni <1991>. "Water Quality Management in China." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13022.
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The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view of surface water and groundwater quality management as in these recent years it has been a widely discussed topic of international relevance, with a particular focus on China's legislative and regulatory developments that had an impact on water quality related issues.
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Colvin, Jamie Cameron. "Water markets : factors in efficient water allocation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50546.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water is essential for life. Like the very air that surrounds us the omnipresent and indispensable qualities of water pervade throughout all of our lives. For reasons of health, community and trade the beginnings of all civilisations were proximate to the mighty rivers of the world. In a rapidly expanding global village, the priority for our future is to secure the management of increasing levels of water demand, given the finite natural cycle that all water is subject to and derived from; the hydrological cycle. The focus of this papers investigation is how best to allocate the value of water through the relatively nascent developments of water markets. The premise of utilising markets for allocative efficiency is suitably ingrained in the workings of many societies today, and the need to treat water with commensurate value and avoid waste is encapsulated in the Dublin Principles, where #4 states; 'Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good'. Which in isolation has merit, the legacy of state water management is usually associated with underperformance at best or incompetence and corruption at worst, and therefore the introduction of market mechanisms to provide water with allocative efficiency and true value, should be a positive undertaking for change. However the requisite conditions for proficient markets and perfect competition; which primarily include, that all agents are buyers and sellers, for a homogeneous product, with perfect information, without externalities, after the full and fair assignment of property rights, where all goods and services are private goods, and where transaction costs remain close to zero; would seldom be applicable to water. The many idiosyncrasies of water inhibit the application of competitive markets. Water could easily be defined as a public good with riparian rights, subject to a range of social and environmental externalities, whilst incurring high structural entry costs and remaining subject to the problematic vagaries of the natural supply cycle. Demand profiles also give water a heterogeneous definition, as domestic uses include both sanitation and drinking water, whilst various levels of quality are required for industry and agriculture, and even recreation. This paper seeks to define those factors that both warrant and limit the introduction of market functions to water management. The premise of this paper remains the search for better ways of valuing water, and how to incorporate fully the foundations of the environment and social criteria of health, and poverty reduction within these economic considerations. The conclusion defines a premium / discount solution to market traded water prices, which internalises these factors.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water is noodsaaklik vir lewe. Net soos die lug wat ons omring het water ook alomteenwoordige eienskappe wat In onskeibare deel van ons lewens vorm. Die ontstaan van alle beskawings is te vinde in die nabyheid van groot en gevestigde riviere vir redes van gemeenskaplikheid, gesondheid en handel. Vandag se geintegreerde en snel-groeiende samelewing met sy toenemende vraag na water, noodsaak 'n toekomsgerigte benadering om waterbronne te bestuur gegewe die vaste water natuursiklus waar water vandaan kom en bewaar word in. Die fokus van hierdie studie is om die beste metodes te vind vir waterallokasie met verwysing na die ontwikkeling van water markte oor die eeue. Die gebruik van die markstelsel om water effektief te allokeer is die grondslag van baie samelewings vandag. So erken die Dublin beginsels die noosaaklikheid om 'n waarde te plaas op water beklemtoon dat dit nie vermors moet word nie. Beginsel #4 bepaal: "Water het 'n ekonomiese waarde in al sy vele gebruike en moet ooreenkomstig erken word as ekonomiese saak". Die bestuur van waterbronne deur 'n owerheid word gewoonlik vereenselwig met 'n nie-optimale of selfs korrupte onbevoegdheid. Hier behoort die bekendstelling van mark beginsels om 'n waarde en nut op water te plaas dus 'n positiewe ontwikkeling te wees. Tog is dit ook duidelik dat die vereistes vir 'n effektiewe mark; alle agente is kopers en verkopers, 'n eenvormige produk, deursigtigheid in informasie, geen eksternaliteite, erkenning van besitreg, alle goedere en dienste is privaat goedere, transaksie koste is naby aan nul; nie volkome toepasbaar is op water nie. Die eenvoudige asook komplekse aard van water verhoed dat standaard markstelsel en beginsels van kompetisie eenvormig toepasbaar is. Water kan ook maklik gekategoriseer word as publieke goedere met gemeenskapsregte, wat dit dan onderhewig sal maak aan verskeie maatskaplike en omgewingsmaatreëls, hoë toetrede kostes, en logistieke probleme van die verskaffingsiklus. Dit is egter die vraag na water wat defineer dit as heterogene produk met huishoudelike gebruike vir beide persoonlike verbruik asook sanitasie, terwyl doelgerigte gebruike in landbou, handel en nywerheid ook spesifieke kwaliteite kan vereis. Hierdie werkstuk beoog om die faktore te defineer wat die bekendstelling van 'n mark stelsel vir water bestuur daarstel en ook beperk. Die uitgangspunt van hierdie studie was om maniere te vind vir beter ekonomiese waardasie van water en dit dan te kombineer met die fondasies van die omgewing, maatskaplike & gesondheidsmaatreëls, asook die toeganklikheid van basiese dienste aan almal.
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Andrews, Mary Allison. "South Florida water management : attitudes and priorities governing management." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1231.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
21
Qureshi, Suhail Ahmad. "Soil water balance of intercropped corn under water table management." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23289.
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A one year water table management field study was conducted on a Soulanges sandy loam soil in Soulanges county, Quebec. Two controlled water table levels, i.e. 0.5 m and 0.75 m from the soil surface, as well as free outlet conventional drainage treatments were established in monocropped corn (Zea mays L.) and corn intercropped with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) plots.Cropping system showed no significant effects on evapotranspiration, and on soil moisture distribution. It was observed that the 0.5 m and 0.75 m controlled water tables (CWT) provided the same soil moisture trends in both cropping systems. The soil moisture was always higher in controlled water table plots compared to freely drained plots. The water use efficiency of 0.75 m CWT in both cropping systems was high compared to 0.5 m CWT.
The soil moisture contents at three depths were only 2% to 10% less in intercropped plots compared to monocropped plots. The soil moisture was 12 to 13% higher in CWT plots compared to freely drained plots for both cropping systems. The soil moisture in 0.5 m CWT and 0.75 m CWT plots was not significantly different. The average water table levels in monocropped plots were not significantly different from intercropped plots.
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Dabbagh, Deema. "The Kingdom of Jordan's Water Scarcity| Understanding Water Demand Management." Thesis, Tufts University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1589414.
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The Kingdom of Jordan is one of the world's most water poor countries suffering from physical water scarcity, a growing population, regional instability, poor water infrastructure, inefficient water sector management and high water misuse. Through conducting a content analysis of 73 USAID reports, focusing on water demand management, this paper aims to understand how water demand is managed in the Kingdom, in addition to understanding the role of international aid in transforming Jordan's water sector. A greater understanding of the crisis and actions taken to mitigate the impacts were revealed by examining specific water polices and laws, the role of government structures and water sectors, and implemented projects. It was found that Jordan has taken significant efforts to sustainably manage water resources and to address growing water demand. Reallocating water among various sectors, reducing non-revenue water, and decentralizing water provision are key priorities outlined in the Kingdom's water strategy.
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Peng, Yang Amy, and 彭阳. "Living with water: decentralized storm water management in urban village." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50707048.
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Saleh, Mohamed Al-Azhari M. "Modelling irrigation water management under water shortage and salinity conditions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11348.
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The usefulness of mathematical models in identifying efficient management strategies under uncertain conditions is, however limited by the theories used in models as well as by the availability and quality of field data that can be used in the calibration and validation of these models. Many models have been developed and used to simulate water and solute flux in the crop rootzone. This thesis describes the development and application of two different models, the WAVE and UNSATCHEM models to simulate water and solute transport in the vadose zone and their effect on crop transpiration and yield. The WAVE model was modified to include the effect of salinity on crop transpiration, and used to simulate soil water balances, to investigate long-term salinity build-up in the root zone, and in conjunction with a crop yield response model to assess their effect on crop yield. The practicality of the modelling approach in the establishment of optimal irrigation and drainage practices is considered through application to the Makhtaaral region of South Kazakhstan. The impact of several irrigation and drainage scenarios was evaluated. Optimal irrigation and drainage strategies for sustainable crop production have been derived. The application of the UNSATCHEM model as a multi-species model to the Makhtaaral region is also demonstrated for the evaluation of the current irrigation and drainage practices. For the problem considered in this study, the WAVE model along with the crop yield response model can be used as a tool for assessing the impact of different irrigation and drainage scenarios on crop yield. The results demonstrate that the modelling approach is robust and applicable under arid and semi-arid conditions and to a wide range of water shortage and salinity.
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Al, Omari Hanan. "Water Management in Jordan and its Impact on Water Scarcity." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40227.
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Jordan is among the poorest countries in the world with respect to water resources. Water scarcity in Jordan is an alarming problem that can jeopardize the economy and the stability of the country. It is a multidimensional problem caused by many factors such as the fluctuation of annual precipitation rates, the rapid change in population caused by the refugee influx from neighbouring countries, and the economic situation of the country. The water scarcity problem is aggravated by limitations in water management. This research investigated the shortcomings of water management that contribute to water scarcity. It involves a literature review, a survey questionnaire and interviews. These methods aim to assess the current challenges that prompt water scarcity, understand the water management shortcomings and their causes, identify the existing government solutions for water scarcity, and propose a sustainable solution for this problem.
The research finds that water management in Jordan has several shortcomings such as the lack of monitoring and controlling water resources and preventing illegal drilling, the incapability of the government to reduce the non-revenue water as a result of aged water network and water theft, and illegal practices of the agricultural and industrial sectors. This research proposed a solution that aim to mitigate water scarcity in Jordan by enhancing several management practices. Moreover, the proposed solution calls for efficient managerial practices to be adopted by decision makers and the public. I argue that the proposed solutions are sustainable and cheaper than the existing government solutions that rely on searching for new water resources rather than improving water management.
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Strand, Anders. "Urban Rain Water Harvesting and Water Management in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20589.
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Denna fältstudie kommer att undersöka betydelsen av regnvattenanvändning som vattenförsörjnings alternativ. Hur kan hållbara innovativa lösningar tas fram för att lösa vattenförsörjningen på Sri Lanka? Efter lidandet av mer än 30 års inbördeskrig och efter de omfattande skadorna från tsunamin 2004, står nu Sri Lanka inför många utmaningar rörande landets återuppbyggnad. Tillgången till vatten är den viktigaste grundläggande förutsättningen för ett fungerande samhälle. I landets torra zon är det långa perioder av torka då vattenkällor sinar och inget naturligt vatten finns att tillgå. Detta trots att det under monsunen kommer tillräckligt med regn för att täcka vattenbehovet om det skulle samlas på ett optimalt sätt. Avrinningskoefficienten är här mer än 60% outnyttjat regnvatten. I ett flertal lyckade projekt har man samlat regnvatten i RWH system för senare användning. Människor i dessa områden saknar kranvatten eftersom detta område ej är täckt av vattenförsörjningsnätet. Detta gör att dessa människor har en positiv inställning till att ha RWH system..I den våta zonen, och då speciellt i Colombos stadsmiljö som denna studie handlar om, är situationen annorlunda. Här har de flesta invånare kranvatten. Det kommunala kranvattnet är högt subventionerat av regeringen vilket gör att kostnaden är låg för användarna samt ökar vattenkonsumtionen. Invånarna känner inget ansvar för vattenresurserna eftersom den gemena uppfattningen är att det är en evig källa. Majoriteten av hushållen ser inget skäl till att installera RWH på grund av den låga lönsamheten. Trots att det finns ett förordnande att det ska ingå ett RWH system, så följs inte detta. Saknande av uppföljningsplikt anges som orsak av vatten styrelsen. Kostnaden för att behandla och leverera vatten till invånarna är väldigt hög och är mycket energi krävande. Det finns ett behov av enorma investeringar för att rusta upp och bygga ut både vattenverken och vattennätet för att klara av att möta det växande invånarantalet i Colombo området. Ett annat problem är att 40% av hushållen i Colombo saknar avloppsanslutning. De leder sitt avloppsvatten direkt eller efter en septi-tank ut i jorden eller havet.Om medvetenheten kring dessa frågor ökar, samt att förhållandet mellan kranvattnets kostnad och RWH justeras med ändringar i subventionerna, kunde en hållbar lösning på vattensituationen med såväl ekonomiska som miljövinster ske.Resultatet av denna studie är att RWH får ses som ett komplement när det gäller vattenförsörjningen för hushållens del. Fokus bör istället ligga på industrier, sjukhus, skolor, kommunala byggnader och andra byggnader med stora vattenbehov och med de största möjligheterna att uppnå optimalt resultat.Studien visar också på en hållbar lösning på avloppshanteringen. Den visar DWWT och dess fördelar.The field study will investigate the importance of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) as a water supply option. How can sustainable innovative solutions be developed to solve the water problem of Sri Lanka? Suffering from more than 30 years of civil war and damages after being struck by the tsunami 2004, Sri Lanka faces many challenges to recover and rebuilt the country. The access to water is the most important need for a civilization´s existence. In the dry zones of the island people suffer from long drought periods with dried up wells and no natural sources for water. However the rainfall during the monsoon, even in these areas, is more than enough to provide the water needs if properly collected, thus the run-off coefficient is more than 60%. Several projects with rain water harvesting in so called RWH systems have been implemented with success. Because these areas are not covered by the water supply net and therefore have no tap water, the people are very positive to having the RWH system. In the wet zones and especially in the urban environment of Colombo the situation is different. Here most of the people have treated pipe-borne tap water. The metered tap water is highly subsidized by the government which makes the cost low for the users and increases the water consumption. The citizens do not feel a responsibility to be careful with resources since the common opinion is that water is a never ending source. The majority of the households find no reasons for installing a RWH system because it´s low economic profits. Even if there is a legislation that demands all new buildings should have a RWH system not many households have installed these systems. However the cost to deliver and treat this water is very expensive for the government and demands a lot of energy. Huge investments need to be done in both the treatment plants and the pipe-line net to meet the growing population in Colombo area. Another problem is that 40% of the households today in Colombo have no sewage connection but lead their wastewater directly or after a septic tank into the ground or the sea. If the awareness regarding these concerns could be improved and the conditions between tap water costs and RWH be adjusted with changes in the subsidized system, a sustainable solution to the water situation in Colombo with both economic and environmental benefits could be found. The result from the case study is a recommendation about installing RWH as a complimentary source of water for the households. And investments in RWH systems should be focused to industries, hospitals, schools, municipal buildings and other public buildings with a high water demand and with the best possibilities for optimal results. Further the case study treats a sustainable solution to the sewage situation. It shows the Decentralized waste water treatment plant (DWWT) and its advantages.
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Santato, Silvia <1982>. "Reforming water resource allocation: climate change adaptation in water management." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15029.
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The thesis analyses economic, institutional and legal aspect of water allocation and sharing in Italy. The first part reviewed the water allocation license regimes across the administrative regions comprising the Po River Basin District, the largest and economically most important in Italy. The study demonstrated that there are some deficiencies in water management in Italy that may compromise both the integrity of riverine and water dependent ecosystems and the economic uses of water. The second part analysed transaction costs for the case study of the Drought Steering Committee and their influence on effective organisation and institutional management of scarce resources. The study measured and tracked these transaction costs with respect to drought periods and identifies a loose downward trend over the course of several recent drought events. By modelling different scenarios of income the third part aims to track how an aquifer recharge method named Forested Infiltration Area respond to alternative states of water availability (drought and normal) thus providing insights for local drought risk management in Italy.
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Fox, Hanna, Ellinor Axelsson, and Tilma Lundkvist. "Are Companies Prepared for Water Scarcity? : A Study on Strategic Water Resource Management in Water-Dependent Companies." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49091.
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Purpose: The aim of this research is firstly to find out whether or not companies have strategies to address future scenarios of water scarcity. It is of importance to find out what they are doing to mitigate the issues they already have or will encounter in the future. Secondly, motivational drivers who have affected their decision-making are discussed in order to fully understand the process of working with water scarcity. Method: The qualitative research paper is based on five in-depth interviews with open-ended questions. The interviewee was able to explain the processes and strategic decision-making of the company. Follow-up questions were sent via email to complement these. Findings: The study declares that the majority of the companies had vague strategies to minimize water consumption and mitigate the issues they would encounter in a situation of water scarcity. They were more like visions or intentions. The motivational drivers and pressures companies have encountered and which have initiated the process and developing strategies were primarily the four following: (1) economic, (2) environmental, (3) social, and (4) impact from authorities.
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Tang, Sidney. "Substainable water resource management in Singapore." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envt164.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 61-64. This thesis reviews the sustainability of water resource management in Singapore and adequacy of the water conservation efforts put up by its government, population and industries. The write-up deliberates on the various trans-national water issues faced by the small Republic, interactions within its water sector and with the rest of the economy, management of its water supply and demand, as well as the various problems and challenges confronted by the country. This study is intended to highlight the relative wisdom of reducing water demand over pursuing supply solutions.
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Martinez, Vila, and Martin Alvaro. "Integrated water resources management: restoration of water quality in water resources from developing countries." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31626.
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Water is most essential but scarce resource in developing countries. Presently the quality & the availability of the fresh water resources is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges on the national horizon. The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the impacts can take diverse forms. Geometric increase in population coupled with rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water in developing countries. The situation warrants immediate redressal through radically improved water resource and water quality management strategies.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31626
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Livingston, Daniel John Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Institutions and decentralised urban water management." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41336.
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Physically decentralised water management systems may contribute to improving the sustainability of urban water management. Any shift toward decentralised systems needs to consider not just physical system design but also social values, knowledge frames, and organisations, and their interconnections to the physical technology. Four cases of recent Australian urban water management improvement projects were researched using qualitative methods. Three cases were of decentralised water management innovation. The other was of a centralised system, although decentralised options had been considered. These cases were studied to identify institutional barriers and enablers for the uptake of decentralised systems, and to better understand how emerging environmental engineering knowledge might be applied to overcome an implementation gap for decentralised urban water technologies. Analysis of each case focused on the institutional elements of urban water management, namely: the values, knowledge frames and organisational structures. These elements were identified through in-depth interviews, document review, and an on-line survey. The alignment of these elements was identified as being a significant contributor to the stability of centralised systems, or to change toward decentralised systems. A new organisational home for innovative knowledge was found to be common to each case where decentralised innovation occurred. ??Institutional entrepreneurs??, strong stakeholder engagement, and inter-organisational networks were all found to be linked to the creation of shared meaning and legitimacy for organisational and technological change. Existing planning frameworks focus on expert justification for change rather than institutional support for change. Institutional factors include shared understandings, values and organisational frameworks, and the alignment of each factor. Principles for, and examples of, appropriate organisational design for enabling and managing decentralised technological innovation for urban water management are proposed. This research contributes to the understanding of the institutional basis and dynamics of urban water management, particularly in relation to physical centralisation and decentralisation of urban water management technologies and, to a lesser extent, in relation to user involvement in urban water management. Understanding of factors that contribute to enabling and constraining decentralised technologies is extended to include institutional and organisational factors. New and practical pathways for change for the implementation of decentralised urban water systems are provided.
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Goemans, Christopher. "Three essays on water resource management." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219027.
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Seager, John. "Environmental standards for water quality management." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302181.
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Walker, L. M. "Water table management in wildlife habitats." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341493.
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Sharafdzhon, Boboev. "Problems of water management in Tajikistan." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8084.
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Siddeek, Fathima Zeena. "Water management for lowland rice irrigation." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71183.
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A procedure was developed to estimate optimum irrigation requirements for lowland rice cultivation in Southeast Asia. The procedure uses a water balance equation of semi-stochastic nature to maintain minimum desired water depths in paddy fields at the end of each irrigation period. The procedure estimates weekly pan evaporation (EV) and rainfall (RF) at different probability levels, which is then used to determine weekly irrigation requirements at different probability levels.
To illustrate the use of the method, the Kalawewa irrigation scheme in Sri Lanka was selected for demonstration purposes. Different transformations were applied to Rf and EV data in an attempt to normalize these variates and to obtain a unique distribution to describe their variations. Statistical analysis of weekly EV arid RF showed that the power transformation was best able to transform the weekly RF and EV data to normality.
Comparison of the use of the model and current system practices showed that a significant amount of water could be saved even when the system was operated at high probability levels (90% reliability). The irrigation water required when the system was operated at the 72% probability level was about 21% less than the amount required when the system was operated at 90% probability level during some weeks.
The EXTRAN flow routing model was used to simulate water flow in the upper reaches of the main canal system for varying discharges at the head gate each day. The simulated water depths were used to determine the gate settings required at the turnout structures to divert the desired amount of irrigation water into the turnout areas.
The flow simulation for the demonstration area, showed that it was not possible to regulate irrigation water from the main reservoir to meet daily demands at all the turnouts. This was due to the large distances between the regulating reservoir and turnouts that caused appreciable time lag for the flow to reach the turnouts farthest from the regulating reservoir.Ph. D.
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Babu, Abisekaraj Sharon. "Knutsford redevelopment: Water quality and management." Thesis, Babu Abisekaraj, Sharon (2019) Knutsford redevelopment: Water quality and management. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/54833/.
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Knutsford redevelopment is part of the Local Government’s agenda to incorporate sustainable living into the residential sector at affordable prices. This development follows on from the newly established White Gum Valley (WGV) and currently constructing East Village. Both of the sites have newly developed technology to demonstrates sustainable living in a density wise design. East Village is being developed to show similar results with more sustainable and saving initiatives such as the use of solar energy, rainwater harvesting on a lot scale, and a community battery to provide for the residents. Knutsford is stage 4 of the development plan that is occurring in Fremantle. This site will follow along the footsteps of previous establishments with improvements to show better results. In order to achieve this, the site needs to meet specific criteria that allow the usage of the natural resources, and if those are not met, the savings initiatives will need to be reconsidered to the basic options that are used by the homes around Perth.
Perth is one of the top cities per capita that has the highest usage and consumption of water in Australia with 123000 L/person (Water Corporation 2019). The Water Corporation is currently working on ways to reduce water usage by 15% before 2030 in order to ensure we have a healthy supply of water for future generations. The Water Balance Model that will be developed for the site at Knutsford needs to show and demonstrate that the reduction in consumption can occur not just in a household scale but a community-wide scale in Perth and that it is readily achievable when specific steps are taken into consideration.
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Brown, Paul. "Phoenix Area Turf Water Management Information." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144816.
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2 pp.Phoenix area turf managers now have access to FREE turf water use information via fax, email or the Internet. This free service is provided by the Arizona Meteorological Network (AZMET) which generates turf water use estimates using data collected from a network of automated weather stations located in the Phoenix area. Signing up for this free service is very easy. This publication provides the details you need to sign up for this free turf water use information service in the Phoenix area.
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Thiouf, Alassane 1959. "Water management for agriculture in Senegal." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191941.
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Water problems in the Sahel region have lead to a study of water management in one country of the area, Senegal. Farming systems, human resources, and livestock production of the country have been analysed. Natural resources, water, soil, topography, and vegetation have also been studied. The study of the different resource shows the potential of improvement in water management. A specific location in Senegal, Kedougou, is chosen and a water management pilot project is designed. The Gambia river and rainfall are the main sources of water for the project. The project is used for different purposes among which are agricultural production, research, and economic improvement. The project is suitable technically, and social, political and economic environments are favorable. The pilot project demonstrates the adequacy of the technologies used for the project. A preliminary estimation of the costs gives an acceptable financial input for such a system.
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Topaloglu, Ece. "Privatization Of Water Utilities From And Integrated Water Resources Management Perspective." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609172/index.pdf.
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This submission reviews the two successful examples of water markets, one in the developed world, the Murray Darling Basin in Australia and other in the developing world, the Limari Basin case in Chile respectively. Of central importance, we find the commodification of a natural resource, water, through a process of the progressing neoliberal agenda. As regards the outcome of this process in these two caseswhile on the one hand the water markets have contributed to a more efficient allocation of water resources from less efficient to more efficient uses, on the other hand, problems related to environmental degradation in the former case and the social inequity in the latter have been unable to be solved.
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Coltman, Kenna Maria. "Water table management effects on water quality: a soil column study." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1195165287.
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Coltman, Kenna Marie. "Water table management effects on water quality : a soil column study /." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195165287.
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Ali, Syed Mahtab. "Climate change and water management impacts on land and water resources." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/202.
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This study evaluated the impacts of shallow and deep open drains on groundwater levels and drain performance under varying climate scenarios and irrigation application rates. The MIKE SHE model used for this study is an advanced and fully spatially distributed hydrological model. Three drain depths, climates and irrigation application rates were considered. The drains depths included 0, 1 and 2 m deep drains. The annual rainfall and meteorological data were collected from study area from 1976 to 2004 and analysed to identify the typical wet, average and dry years within the record. Similarly three irrigation application rates included 0, 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum. All together twenty seven scenarios (3 drains depths, 3 climates and 3 irrigation application rates) were simulated. The observed soil physical and hydrological data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Mean square error (R[superscript]2) of the simulated and observed water table data varied from 0.7 to 0.87. Once validated the MIKE SHE model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of 1 and 2 metre deep drains. The simulated water table depth, unsaturated zone deficit, exchange between unsaturated and saturated zones, drain outflow and overland flow were used to analyse their performance. The modeling results showed that the waterlogging was extensive and prolonged during winter months under the no drainage and no irrigation scenario. In the wet climate scenario, the duration of water logging was longer than in the average climate scenario during the winter months. In the dry climate scenario no waterlogging occurred during the high rainfall period. The water table reached soil surface during the winter season in the case of wet and average climate. For the dry climate, the water table was about 0.9 metres below soil surface during winter.One and 2 metre deep drains lowered the water table up to 0.9 and 1.8 metres in winter for the wet climate when there was no irrigation application. One metre deep drains proved effective in controlling water table during wet and average climate without application of irrigation water. One metre deep drains were more effective in controlling waterlogging a in wet, average and dry years when the irrigation application rate was 10 ML/ha-annum. With 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains did not perform as efficiently as 2 metre deep drains in controlling the water table and waterlogging. In the dry climate scenario, without irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains were not required as there was not enough flux from rainfall and irrigation to raise the water table and create waterlogging risks. Two metre deep drains lowered the water table to greater depths in the wet, average and dry climate scenarios respectively when no irrigation was applied. They managed water table better in wet and average climate with 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Again in the dry climate, without irrigation application 2 metre deep drains were not required as there was a minimal risk of waterlogging. The recharge to the groundwater table in the no drainage case was far greater than for the 1 and 2 metre deep drainage scenarios. The recharge was higher in case of 1 metre deep drains than 2 metre deep drains in wet and average climate during winter season.There was no recharge to ground water with 1 and 2 metre deep drains under the dry climate scenarios and summer season without irrigation application as there was not enough water to move from the ground surface to the unsaturated and saturated zones. When 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation rate was applied during wet, average and dry climate respectively, 1 metre deep drains proved enough drainage to manage the recharge into the groundwater table with a dry climate. For the wet and average climate scenarios, given a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate, 2 metre deep drains managed recharge better than 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains with a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in the dry climate scenario. Two metres deep drains managed recharge better with a 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate in the wet and average climate scenarios than the 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains again led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in dry climate. In brief, 1 metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with and without a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. One metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario. Two metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Two metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario.
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Ali, Syed Mahtab. "Climate change and water management impacts on land and water resources." Curtin University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18688.
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This study evaluated the impacts of shallow and deep open drains on groundwater levels and drain performance under varying climate scenarios and irrigation application rates. The MIKE SHE model used for this study is an advanced and fully spatially distributed hydrological model. Three drain depths, climates and irrigation application rates were considered. The drains depths included 0, 1 and 2 m deep drains. The annual rainfall and meteorological data were collected from study area from 1976 to 2004 and analysed to identify the typical wet, average and dry years within the record. Similarly three irrigation application rates included 0, 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum. All together twenty seven scenarios (3 drains depths, 3 climates and 3 irrigation application rates) were simulated. The observed soil physical and hydrological data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Mean square error (R[superscript]2) of the simulated and observed water table data varied from 0.7 to 0.87. Once validated the MIKE SHE model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of 1 and 2 metre deep drains. The simulated water table depth, unsaturated zone deficit, exchange between unsaturated and saturated zones, drain outflow and overland flow were used to analyse their performance. The modeling results showed that the waterlogging was extensive and prolonged during winter months under the no drainage and no irrigation scenario. In the wet climate scenario, the duration of water logging was longer than in the average climate scenario during the winter months. In the dry climate scenario no waterlogging occurred during the high rainfall period. The water table reached soil surface during the winter season in the case of wet and average climate. For the dry climate, the water table was about 0.9 metres below soil surface during winter.One and 2 metre deep drains lowered the water table up to 0.9 and 1.8 metres in winter for the wet climate when there was no irrigation application. One metre deep drains proved effective in controlling water table during wet and average climate without application of irrigation water. One metre deep drains were more effective in controlling waterlogging a in wet, average and dry years when the irrigation application rate was 10 ML/ha-annum. With 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains did not perform as efficiently as 2 metre deep drains in controlling the water table and waterlogging. In the dry climate scenario, without irrigation application, 1 metre deep drains were not required as there was not enough flux from rainfall and irrigation to raise the water table and create waterlogging risks. Two metre deep drains lowered the water table to greater depths in the wet, average and dry climate scenarios respectively when no irrigation was applied. They managed water table better in wet and average climate with 10 and 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Again in the dry climate, without irrigation application 2 metre deep drains were not required as there was a minimal risk of waterlogging. The recharge to the groundwater table in the no drainage case was far greater than for the 1 and 2 metre deep drainage scenarios. The recharge was higher in case of 1 metre deep drains than 2 metre deep drains in wet and average climate during winter season.
There was no recharge to ground water with 1 and 2 metre deep drains under the dry climate scenarios and summer season without irrigation application as there was not enough water to move from the ground surface to the unsaturated and saturated zones. When 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation rate was applied during wet, average and dry climate respectively, 1 metre deep drains proved enough drainage to manage the recharge into the groundwater table with a dry climate. For the wet and average climate scenarios, given a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate, 2 metre deep drains managed recharge better than 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains with a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in the dry climate scenario. Two metres deep drains managed recharge better with a 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate in the wet and average climate scenarios than the 1 metre deep drains. Two metres deep drains again led to excessive drainage of water from the saturated zone in dry climate. In brief, 1 metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with and without a 10 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. One metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario. Two metre deep drains performed efficiently in the wet and average climate scenarios with 16 ML/ha-annum irrigation application rate. Two metre deep drains are not required for the dry climate scenario.
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Edwardes, Katherine. "Water management: distilling criteria for effective management at catchment level." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19746.
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Includes bibliographic referencesOf all the natural resources available on earth, it could be argued that water is the most important and essential to human health and well - being. Water is a scarce and finite resource and must therefore be used in such a manner as to preserve and protect it. Statistically, South Africa is a water scarce country and water demand is on the increase due to an increase in population, economic development and living standards. The scarcity creates a need to protect the little water South Africa has and so various policies, laws, guidelines and entities exist to control the use and management of water. South Africa has recently put plans into action to establish nine catchment management agencies, as provided for in the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998), to deal with the management of water at a catchment level. The establishment and operation of these nine institutions are behind schedule and the outcome of the process thus far is below the desired level. Management of natural resources is done by a wide range of institutions with a variety of management styles according to certain management principles and plans. These management styles can be adjusted to suit the management of most types of natural resources, and because of the interdisciplinary nature of water management, elements from all the management styles can be drawn from to suit water management. Three management and governance styles or concepts were identified for this study. The characteristics and principles of these concepts have been divided into different aspects or broad themes of water management. The National Water Act 36 of 1998, specifically the sections related to catchment management agencies, is reviewed to identify the provisions that might be preventing them from adopting the principles of successful management as suggested by the three governance and management styles.
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Goeft, Ute. "Water centrality for water and society." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/21.
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The current approach to water management in Western societies, including Australia, is based on allocating water between different users. Appropriate for commercial uses, this commodity view of water has proved difficult for the inclusion of environmental and social concerns. Issues, such as which aspects have precedence, how much water should be allocated to each and how to make trade-offs in cases of insufficient water, pose problems that are yet to be worked out. In addition, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the identification of environmental as well as social water needs. The latter has prompted the writing of this thesis. A closer look at the neglected social water needs reveals the complete permeation of water into all areas of human life, from the basics of survival and health to the ethical and spiritual spheres. All these social aspects, or values, of water, should be integral to water management.
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Boonzaier, Anton. "The Role of water demand management in integrated water resource management : constraints and opportunities in Southern Namibia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4832.
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Bibliography: leaves 40-42.Namiba is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and has been projected to reach an overall water deficit by 2020. Southern Namibia is especially arid, and appropriate and holistic management of water resources is thus becoming increasingly essential
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Fadali, Elizabeth. "Water Use, Virtual Water and Water Footprints| Economic Modeling and Policy Analyses." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3608707.
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The theme that binds together the four papers in this dissertation is the tracking of physical quantities of water used by industries in the economy, and an exploration of whether and how this tracking could be helpful in informing water policies, as applied to the state of Nevada or sub-regions of Nevada. The concept of water footprints has been wildly popular in disciplines outside of economics and has been used to help make policy decisions normally considered to lie within the economist's realm. Yet many economists shun 'footprints' in general and water footprints in particular, seeing them as descriptive methods that have little or nothing to add to policy analysis. This thesis attempts to bridge a gap between economists, engineers and planners and the popular imagination about what economic concepts footprints are related to and how they can best be used in policy analysis.
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Telci, Ilker Tonguc. "Optimal water quality management in surface water systems and energy recovery in water distribution networks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45861.
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Two of the most important environmental challenges in the 21st century are to protect the quality of fresh water resources and to utilize renewable energy sources to lower greenhouse gas emissions. This study contributes to the solution of the first challenge by providing methodologies for optimal design of real-time water quality monitoring systems and interpretation of data supplied by the monitoring system to identify potential pollution sources in river networks. In this study, the optimal river water quality monitoring network design aspect of the overall monitoring program is addressed by a novel methodology for the analysis of this problem. In this analysis, the locations of sampling sites are determined such that the contaminant detection time is minimized for the river network while achieving maximum reliability for the monitoring system performance. The data collected from these monitoring stations can be used to identify contamination source locations. This study suggests a methodology that utilizes a classification routine which associates the observations on a contaminant spill with one or more of the candidate spill locations in the river network. This approach consists of a training step followed by a sequential elimination of the candidate spill locations which lead to the identification of potential spill locations. In order to contribute the solution of the second environmental challenge, this study suggests utilizing available excess energy in water distribution systems by providing a methodology for optimal design of energy recovery systems. The energy recovery in water distribution systems is possible by using micro hydroelectric turbines to harvest available excess energy inevitably produced to satisfy consumer demands and to maintain adequate pressures. In this study, an optimization approach for the design of energy recovery systems in water distribution networks is proposed. This methodology is based on finding the best locations for micro hydroelectric plants in the network to recover the excess energy. Due to the unsteady nature of flow in water distribution networks, the proposed methodology also determines optimum operation schedules for the micro turbines.
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Park, Hyun Jung. "A study to develop strategies for proactive water-loss management." Diss., unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06252007-125732/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.Title from file title page. Mary Beth Walker, committee chair; Ronald G. Cummings, Douglas S. Noonan, Bryan G. Norton, William L. Waugh, committee members. Electronic text (144 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 29, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-144).