Journal articles: 'Water-limited environment'

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Ahmed, F. E., S. M. A. Abusam, and E. E. A. Ahmed. "The Bases of Blepharis sp. Adaptation to Water-Limited Environment." Asian Journal of Crop Science 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2009): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajcs.2010.12.19.

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Noble, S., and B. Lees. "Offshore bar formation in a shallow water, limited fetch environment." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 32, no. 1-2 (April 1990): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4754(90)90221-4.

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SAMUI, RP, and AL JOG. "Dryland farming under limited water resources." MAUSAM 37, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i3.2472.

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Climatic data of five selected districts of Maharashtra State have beel1 al1alysed for assured weekly rainfall at 70, 50 and 30 per cent levels, The deficits of water availability have been calculated from the potential eyapotranspiration data. It revealed that dryland agriculture without supplemental irrigation is highly risky in Pune, Solapur and Ahmednagar districts, Jalgaon and Aurangabad districts showed relatively better rainfall environment for crop production in the kharif season, Irrigation needs in mid-August are predicted, Shorter duration crops which fit in the available rainfall pattern are suggested. Moisture availability index concept has been utilized, to predict the suitable, time of planting of kharif crops. The probabilities of needs of, and timing for the application of life saving irrigation at critical crop growth stages are predicted. The information would be useful to agronomists in crop planning and water management.

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Leder, Karin, Martha I. Sinclair, and John J. McNeil. "Water and the environment: a natural resource or a limited luxury?" Medical Journal of Australia 177, no. 11 (December 2002): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04983.x.

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Leder, Karin, Martha I. Sinclair, and John J. McNeil. "Water and the environment: a natural resource or a limited luxury?" Medical Journal of Australia 178, no. 3 (February 2003): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05117.x.

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Nakamura, Masahiro, Soichi Watanabe, Toyoji Kaneko, Reiji Masuda, Katsumi Tsukamoto, and Tsuguo Otake. "Limited adaptation to non-natal osmotic environments at high water temperature in euryhaline wanderer fishes." Environmental Biology of Fishes 103, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-019-00940-0.

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AbstractGradual transfer experiments were conducted to see whether Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis (freshwater species) and Japanese black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegelii (marine species) could acclimate to high and low temperatures in natal and non-natal osmotic environments. Two groups of each species, one acclimated to their natal osmotic environment and the other to a non-natal osmotic environment, were exposed to gradual temperature changes. Under high temperature conditions, the plasma osmolality (Posm) of both species approached the osmolality of ambient water, and high mortality was observed in the non-natal osmotic environments but not in the natal osmotic environments. In contrast, there was no clear evidence that the osmoregulatory capacity of either species had declined under low temperature conditions in the natal and non-natal osmotic environments. Limited adaptation of these fishes to non-natal osmotic environments at high temperature suggests that global warming may impair their entry to non-natal habitats.

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Chapman, Scott C., Mark Cooper, and Graeme L. Hammer. "Using crop simulation to generate genotype by environment interaction effects for sorghum in water-limited environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 4 (2002): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01070.

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Multi-environment trials (METs) used to evaluate breeding lines vary in the number of years that they sample. We used a cropping systems model to simulate the target population of environments (TPE) for 6 locations over 108 years for 54 ‘near-isolines’ of sorghum in north-eastern Australia. For a single reference genotype, each of 547 trials was clustered into 1 of 3 ‘drought environment types’ (DETs) based on a seasonal water stress index. Within sequential METs of 2 years duration, the frequencies of these drought patterns often differed substantially from those derived for the entire TPE. This was reflected in variation in the mean yield of the reference genotype. For the TPE and for 2-year METs, restricted maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate components of genotypic and genotype by environment variance. These also varied substantially, although not in direct correlation with frequency of occurrence of different DETs over a 2-year period. Combined analysis over different numbers of seasons demonstrated the expected improvement in the correlation between MET estimates of genotype performance and the overall genotype averages as the number of seasons in the MET was increased.

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Namirembe, Sara, Robert M. Brook, and Chin K. Ong. "Manipulating phenology and water relations in Senna spectabilis in a water limited environment in Kenya." Agroforestry Systems 75, no. 3 (September 8, 2008): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9169-7.

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Srivastava, Mudit, and A. K. Singh. "Evaluation of Physio-morphological Traits in Upland Rice under Water Limited Environment." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 3691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.427.

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Oron, G. "Agriculture, water and the environment: future challenges." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0045.

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Various countries in the Mediterranean Basin and other arid and semi-arid regions are facing a gap between water supply and demand. This gap is closely linked with agricultural production and environmental issues. It is probably due to small amounts of precipitation and low availability of natural water sources. Special ventures have to be undertaken in order to supply water at adequate quality for all requirements. These can be accomplished by development of additional water sources that currently are considered marginal. The additional sources include saline ground water, treated wastewater and runoff water and are usually required to augment the limited supply from the regional conventional high quality local sources. The paper presented options for development of the marginal water sources in arid zones in conjunction with minimizing the dependence on high quality water. Domestic secondary effluent is a valuable water source for reclamation however, additional treatment is required to use it for unrestricted purposes. It can be achieved primarily by implementation of the membrane technology, namely ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) stages.

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Rahimi-Moghaddam, Sajjad, Jafar Kambouzia, and Reza Deihimfard. "Optimal genotype × environment × management as a strategy to increase grain maize productivity and water use efficiency in water-limited environments and rising temperature." Ecological Indicators 107 (December 2019): 105570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105570.

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12

Lewis, GJ, and N. Thurling. "Growth, development, and yield of three oilseed Brassica species in a water-limited environment." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 1 (1994): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940093.

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Representative lines of Brassica napus, B. campestris, and B. juncea were compared at East Beverley in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia on the basis of agronomic and physiological characters known to affect seed yield. Seed yield of B. juncea line 81794 was 32% higher than the locally adapted B. napus cv. Wesbrook (76 g/m2). Yields of B. napus cv. Eureka and the 2 B. campestris populations were not significantly different from Wesbrook and were lower than 81794. The higher yield of 81794 was due to higher dry matter production, particularly after first open flower. Yield superiority of 81794 was not associated with any single yield component. Under the water-stressed conditions of this experiment, seed yield had a strong positive correlation with dry matter production after first open flower. Differences in dry matter production during this period were due to variation in crop growth rates among the lines, not to variations in duration of the period. There was no relationship between flowering time and seed yield in this experiment, suggesting earlier reproductive development is not obligatory for high yield of oilseed Brassicas in low rainfall mediterranean environments. Total water use throughout the season differed little among populations, but there were differences in water use patterns over time. The greater rate of dry matter accumulation of 81794 is due to its ability to extract more water from the soil profile after anthesis; postanthesis water use of 81794 was 20% higher than that of Wesbrook. Water use efficiency of 81794 was also higher than that of Wesbrook, because soil evaporation comprised a smaller proportion of evapotranspiration. Further increases in seed yield of oilseed brassicas in this environment should be possible if higher postanthesis water use could be combined with lower soil evaporation and improved water use efficiency.

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Stathatou, P. M., E. Kampragou, H. Grigoropoulou, D. Assimacopoulos, C. Karavitis, and J. Gironás. "Creating an enabling environment for WR&R implementation." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 6 (June 13, 2017): 1555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.353.

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Reclaimed water is receiving growing attention worldwide as an effective solution for alleviating the growing water scarcity in many areas. Despite the various benefits associated with reclaimed water, water recycling and reuse (WR&R) practices are not widely applied around the world. This is mostly due to complex and inadequate local legal and institutional frameworks and socio-economic structures, which pose barriers to wider WR&R implementation. An integrated approach is therefore needed while planning the implementation of WR&R schemes, considering all the potential barriers, and aiming to develop favourable conditions for enhancing reclaimed water use. This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology supporting the development of an enabling environment for WR&R implementation. The political, economic, social, technical, legal and institutional factors that may influence positively (drivers) or negatively (barriers) WR&R implementation in the regional water systems are identified, through the mapping of local stakeholder perceptions. The identified barriers are further analysed, following a Cross-Impact/System analysis, to recognize the most significant barriers inhibiting system transition, and to prioritize the enabling instruments and arrangements that are needed to boost WR&R implementation. The proposed methodology was applied in the Copiapó River Basin in Chile, which faces severe water scarcity. Through the analysis, it was observed that barriers outweigh drivers for the implementation of WR&R schemes in the Copiapó River Basin, while the key barriers which could be useful for policy formulation towards an enabling environment in the area concern the unclear legal framework regarding the ownership of treated wastewater, the lack of environmental policies focusing on pollution control, the limited integration of reclaimed water use in current land use and development policies, the limited public awareness on WR&R, and the limited availability of governmental funding sources for WR&R.

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Babajanov, A., B. Inamov, and Kh Abdivaitov. "Assessment of Producing Abilities of Farmland in a Limited Water Supply Environment of Uzbekistan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/64/05.

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This article is investigated the calculation of the natural soil productivity of agricultural land plots in the current conditions of limited water supply in the Republic of Uzbekistan, which is considered one of the developing countries of Central Asia, i. e., it studies both theoretical and methodological aspects of determining the soil assessment and issues of economic land assessment based on it. That is why the rational and efficient use of irrigation water in today’s restricted distribution is one of the most important issues for any economy, and it is important to consider the evaluation of soils and economic evaluation of irrigated land, a land assessment, the positive solution of a number of economic issues.

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Jin, Kemo, Jianbo Shen, Rhys W. Ashton, Rodger P. White, Ian C. Dodd, Martin A. J. Parry, and William R. Whalley. "Wheat root growth responses to horizontal stratification of fertiliser in a water-limited environment." Plant and Soil 386, no. 1-2 (August 30, 2014): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2249-8.

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Mátyás, Csaba, and Ge Sun. "Forests in a water limited world under climate change." Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 085001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/085001.

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Robertson, Michael J., and John A. Kirkegaard. "Water-use efficiency of dryland canola in an equi-seasonal rainfall environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 12 (2005): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05030.

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The French and Shultz approach that relates seasonal rainfall to potential yield in wheat has yet to be applied to dryland canola. Relationships were derived between grain yield of 42 experimental crops (yield range 0.5–5.4 t/ha) free of weeds, pests, diseases, and nutrient deficiencies in southern New South Wales, and various measures of observed (rainfall, available soil water) and simulated (evapotranspiration) seasonal water supply. April to October rainfall and in-crop rainfall were the poorest predictors of yield (R2 < 0.5). By adjusting in-crop rainfall to account for stored soil water at sowing and that remaining at harvest (termed ‘seasonal water supply’), 68% of the variance in yield could be explained. Estimates derived using the APSIM-Canola simulation model or simulated totals of evapotranspiration or transpiration explained 73–82% of the variance. The slope of the regression line between yield of the 42 crops, which simulation indicated had all yielded to their water-limited potential, and seasonal water supply (termed here the water-use efficiency for grain production, WUE) was 11 kg/ha.mm above an intercept of 120 mm. WUE varied from 4 to 18 kg/ha.mm and the upper boundary for WUE in those seasons where rainfall distribution facilitated maximum efficiency was 15 kg/ha.mm. Long-term simulations, conducted at locations with mean annual rainfall of 430–660 mm, confirmed the variability of WUE due to rainfall distribution and also that WUE would be expected to decline, on average, by one-third between sowings in early April and early July. This necessitates caution in accepting a single WUE value as an indicator of agronomic constraints to yield. For the purposes of practical application by farmers and advisors, water-limited potential yield can be calculated in the region as a function of seasonal water supply minus 120 mm up to a limit of 450 mm, beyond which potential yield is not limited by water. Available soil water at sowing can be estimated from summer fallow rainfall above a threshold of 80 mm, and water remaining at harvest can be estimated from post-anthesis rainfall above a threshold of 50 mm. This improved method for estimating water-limited potential yield in canola retains the ease of use of the French and Shultz approach, so that other constraints to yield can be more accurately diagnosed in dryland environments by farmers and advisors.

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Chikoski, Jennifer M., Steven H. Ferguson, and Lense Meyer. "Effects of water addition on soil arthropods and soil characteristics in a precipitation-limited environment." Acta Oecologica 30, no. 2 (September 2006): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2006.04.005.

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19

Nagar, S., S. Ramakrishnan, V. P. Singh, G. P. Singh, R. Dhakar, D. K. Umesh, and Ajay Arora. "Cytokinin enhanced biomass and yield in wheat by improving N-metabolism under water limited environment." Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40502-014-0134-3.

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Kushner, Donn J. "What is the "true" internal environment of halophilic and other bacteria?" Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-082.

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This article presents facts about, speculations on, and possible ways of determining the actual intracellular ionic environment of halophilic microorganisms and those that live in other extreme conditions. It suggests that halophilic archaebacteria have a truly salty internal environment (though one in which water and salts might well have limited freedom), whereas halophilic and salt-tolerant eubacteria may have salty external environments but much less salty internal ones.

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Sharma, Manish, Bansari Sharma, Nand Kumar, and Ashwani Kumar. "Urban Water Resilience in Landscape of Digitally Connected Built Environment: An Assessment Matrix for Cities of Developing Nations." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 18457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.18457ecst.

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One of the major challenges faced by the local level agencies is the identification and applicability of assessment metrics and standards for urban water resilience, especially in India, as most of the considerable research on the resilience assessment refers to the developed western world context. These metrics have limited applicability in Indian context owing to limited data availability and varied significance of various indicators. It is of vital importance to assess the inherent urban water resilience, so as to channelize the limited resources in prioritized sectors, based on the assessment of water services for cities. This paper attempts to develop an urban water resilience assessment matrix, typically highlighting the integration of technology based on the applicability in Indian context. This matrix is based on a mix of household level indicators as well as utility level indicators. This novel matrix, for the cities of developing countries, attempt to capture the heterogeneity prevailing in the urban water sector based on the supply modes for city households.

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Natarajan, Sijesh, Jaya Basnayake, Prakash Lakshmanan, and Shu Fukai. "Limited contribution of water availability in genotype‐by‐environment interaction in sugarcane yield and yield components." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 206, no. 6 (April 20, 2020): 665–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jac.12407.

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23

Gwenzi, Willis, Erik J. Veneklaas, Karen W. Holmes, Timothy M. Bleby, Ian R. Phillips, and Christoph Hinz. "Spatial analysis of fine root distribution on a recently constructed ecosystem in a water-limited environment." Plant and Soil 344, no. 1-2 (February 20, 2011): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0744-8.

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Gwenzi, Willis, Erik J. Veneklaas, Karen W. Holmes, Timothy M. Bleby, Ian R. Phillips, and Christoph Hinz. "Spatial analysis of fine root distribution on a recently constructed ecosystem in a water-limited environment." Plant and Soil 348, no. 1-2 (July 30, 2011): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0886-8.

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Steggles, Emma K., Kate L. Holland, David J. Chittleborough, Samantha L. Doudle, Laurence J. Clarke, Jennifer R. Watling, and José M. Facelli. "The potential for deep groundwater use by Acacia papyrocarpa (Western myall) in a water‐limited environment." Ecohydrology 10, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): e1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1791.

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26

Omer, Abdeen. "Cultivation of Organics in Controlled Environment Greenhouse." Nutrition and Food Processing 4, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/056.

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A greenhouse is essentially an enclosed structure, which traps the short wavelength solar radiation and stores the long wavelength thermal radiation to create a favourable microclimate for higher productivity. The sun’s radiation incident on the greenhouse has two parts: direct radiation and an associated diffuse sky radiation. The diffuse part is not focused by the lenses and goes right through Frensel lenses onto the surface of the absorbers. This energy is absorbed and transformed into heat, which is then transported via the liquid medium in copper pipes to the water (heat) storage tanks or, if used, open fish tanks. In this way, an optimal temperature for both plant cultivation and fish production can be maintained. Stable plant growth conditions are light, temperature and air humidity. Light for the photosynthesis of plants comes from the diffuse radiation, which is without substantial fluctuations and variation throughout most of the day. The air temperature inside the greenhouse is one of the factors that have an influence on the precocity of production. The selective collector acts in a more perceptible way on extreme air temperatures inside the greenhouse. Hence, the system makes it possible to avoid the excessive deviation of the temperature inside the greenhouse and provides a favourable microclimate for the precocity of the culture. Sediment and some associated water from the sediment traps are used as organic fertiliser for the plant cultivation. The present trend in greenhouse cultivation is to extend the crop production season in order to maximise use of the equipment and increase annual productivity and profitability. However, in many Mediterranean greenhouses, such practices are limited because the improper cooling methods (mainly natural or forced ventilation) used do not provide the desired micro-climatic condition during the summer of a composite climate. Also, some of these greenhouses have been built where the meteorological conditions require some heating during the winter, particularly at night. The worst scenario is during the winter months when relatively large difference in temperature between day and night occurs. However, overheating of the greenhouse during the day is common, even in winter, requiring ventilation of the structure. Hence, several techniques have been proposed for the storage of the solar energy received by the greenhouse during the day and its use to heat the structure at night. Reviews of such techniques are presented in this article. Air or water can be used for heat transport. The circulating water is heated during the day via two processes. The water absorbs part of the infrared radiation of the solar spectrum. Since the water is transparent in the visible region, they do not compete with the plants that need it. Alternatively, the water exchanges heat with the greenhouse air through the walls. At night, if the greenhouse temperature goes down below a specified value, the water begins to circulate acting as heat transfer surfaces heating the air in the greenhouse.

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MEKONNEN, SEMIRA, KATRIEN DESCHEEMAEKER, ADUGNA TOLERA, and TILAHUN AMEDE. "LIVESTOCK WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN A WATER STRESSED ENVIRONMENT IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000852.

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SUMMARYAgricultural systems of Northern Ethiopia are under pressure from demographic expansion leading to land degradation and increasing water scarcity. Livestock water productivity (LWP) is an important component in improving overall productivity in mixed crop-livestock systems. The objective of the study was to characterize the existing farming system in a typical water stressed environment in the Ethiopian highlands in terms of crop and livestock production and to assess LWP at household level. To this end, the characteristic watershed of Lenche Dima watershed was chosen. An exploratory assessment of LWP variables and potential differences between farmers' wealth classes was conducted based on a survey of 54 sample households and focus group discussions. LWP was determined as the ratio of beneficial outputs over used water. We used market values of livestock products and services to unify the livestock outputs. Water used to produce the livestock outputs was determined based on water consumption to produce the feed. The overall water used per household for livestock production ranged from 3079 ± 2335 (s.d.) m3per year to 11 975 ± 4080 (s.d.) m3per year for poor and better-off households, respectively. If fully valued as fuel and fertilizer, manure contributed an overall 34% of the total financial livestock output, followed by draught power (22%), transport (17%) and milk production (16%). LWP ranged from 0.07 to 0.09 US$ m−3and was not significantly different between farmers' wealth classes. The small differences were an indication that all farmer types had very limited access to potential LWP improvements through increased feed quality and quantity, improved animal husbandry and better veterinary care.

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BARR, ALAN G., K. M. KING, G. W. THURTELL, and M. E. D. GRAHAM. "HUMIDITY AND SOIL WATER INFLUENCE THE TRANSPIRATION RESPONSE OF MAIZE TO CO2 ENRICHMENT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-116.

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The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 on the productivity of C4 crops may vary with soil water availability. This study investigates the hypothesis that elevating CO2 in Zea mays L. reduces the degree to which transpiration is limited by soil water at high vapor pressure deficits or low soil water contents. Plants growing in controlled environments at 300 and 600 μmol mol−1 CO2 were exposed daily to five levels of vapor pressure deficit as water was withheld and the soil dried over an 8-d period. Doubling CO2 caused an overall reduction of 23% in the transpiration rate and 34% in the leaf conductance, but the effect of CO2 on transpiration and leaf conductance was greatest at high soil water content and low vapor pressure deficit, when soil water least limited transpiration. Implications for the productivity of C4 crops in the field are discussed.Key words: Maize, transpiration, carbon dioxide, soil water, vapor pressure deficit, controlled environment

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Hokanson, K. J., E. S. Peterson, K. J. Devito, and C. A. Mendoza. "Forestland-peatland hydrologic connectivity in water-limited environments: hydraulic gradients often oppose topography." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 034021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab699a.

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Miralles, Diego G., Raquel Nieto, Nathan G. McDowell, Wouter A. Dorigo, Niko EC Verhoest, Yi Y. Liu, Adriaan J. Teuling, A. Johannes Dolman, Stephen P. Good, and Luis Gimeno. "Contribution of water-limited ecoregions to their own supply of rainfall." Environmental Research Letters 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2016): 124007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124007.

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Grant, W. D. "Life at low water activity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1448 (August 29, 2004): 1249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1502.

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Two major types of environment provide habitats for the most xerophilic organisms known: foods preserved by some form of dehydration or enhanced sugar levels, and hypersaline sites where water availability is limited by a high concentration of salts (usually NaCl). These environments are essentially microbial habitats, with high–sugar foods being dominated by xerophilic (sometimes called osmophilic) filamentous fungi and yeasts, some of which are capable of growth at a water activity ( a w ) of 0.61, the lowest a w value for growth recorded to date. By contrast, high–salt environments are almost exclusively populated by prokaryotes, notably the haloarchaea, capable of growing in saturated NaCl ( a w 0.75). Different strategies are employed for combating the osmotic stress imposed by high levels of solutes in the environment. Eukaryotes and most prokaryotes synthesize or accumulate organic so–called ‘compatible solutes’ (osmolytes) that have counterbalancing osmotic potential. A restricted range of bacteria and the haloarchaea counterbalance osmotic stress imposed by NaCl by accumulating equivalent amounts of KCl. Haloarchaea become entrapped and survive for long periods inside halite (NaCl) crystals. They are also found in ancient subterranean halite (NaCl) deposits, leading to speculation about survival over geological time periods.

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Mishra, Binaya, Pankaj Kumar, Chitresh Saraswat, Shamik Chakraborty, and Arjun Gautam. "Water Security in a Changing Environment: Concept, Challenges and Solutions." Water 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040490.

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Water is of vital and critical importance to ecosystems and human societies. The effects of human activities on land and water are now large and extensive. These reflect physical changes to the environment. Global change such as urbanization, population growth, socioeconomic change, evolving energy needs, and climate change have put unprecedented pressure on water resources systems. It is argued that achieving water security throughout the world is the key to sustainable development. Studies on holistic view with persistently changing dimensions is in its infancy. This study focuses on narrative review work for giving a comprehensive insight on the concept of water security, its evolution with recent environmental changes (e.g., urbanization, socioeconomic, etc.) and various implications. Finally, it presents different sustainable solutions to achieve water security. Broadly, water security evolves from ensuring reliable access of enough safe water for every person (at an affordable price where market mechanisms are involved) to lead a healthy and productive life, including that of future generations. The constraints on water availability and water quality threaten secured access to water resources for different uses. Despite recent progress in developing new strategies, practices and technologies for water resource management, their dissemination and implementation has been limited. A comprehensive sustainable approach to address water security challenges requires connecting social, economic, and environmental systems at multiple scales. This paper captures the persistently changing dimensions and new paradigms of water security providing a holistic view including a wide range of sustainable solutions to address the water challenges.

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Turner, Neil C., Abraham Blum, Mehmet Cakir, Pasquale Steduto, Roberto Tuberosa, and Neil Young. "Strategies to increase the yield and yield stability of crops under drought – are we making progress?" Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 11 (2014): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14057.

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The objective of the InterDrought conferences is to be a platform for debating key issues that are relevant for increasing the yield and yield stability of crops under drought via integrated approaches. InterDrought-IV, held in Perth, Australia, in September 2013, followed previous InterDrought conferences in bringing together researchers in agronomy, soil science, modelling, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics and plant breeding. Key themes were (i) maximising water productivity; (ii) maximising dryland crop production; (iii) adaptation to water-limited environments; (iv) plant productivity under drought through effective water capture, improved transpiration efficiency, and growth and yield; and (v) breeding for water-limited environments through variety development, and trait-based genomics-assisted and transgenic approaches. This paper highlights some key issues and presents recommendations for future action. Improved agronomic interventions were recognised as being important contributors to improved dryland crop yields in water-limited environments, and new methods for exploring root architecture and water capture were highlighted. The increase in crop yields under drought through breeding and selection, the development of high-throughput phenotyping facilities for field-grown and pot-grown plants, and advances in understanding the molecular basis of plant responses and resistance to drought stress were recognised. Managed environment phenotyping facilities, a range of field environments, modelling, and genomic molecular tools are being used to select and release drought-resistant cultivars of all major crops. Delegates discussed how individuals and small teams can contribute to progress, and concluded that interdisciplinary research, linkages to international agricultural research centres, public–private partnerships and continuation of the InterDrought conferences will be instrumental for progress.

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Woodward, Karen. "Loving the Environment to Death: Can Law Protect the Environment from the Leisure Threat?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 5, Issue 5 (May 1, 1996): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1996025.

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Tourism in Europe has already destroyed much of the environment or is threatening to do so. There is an overall picture of polluted stretches of coastline with inferior water quality, erosion in Alpine areas, excessive depletion of water resources and the cumulative destruction of cultural monuments. Equally damaging has been the accompanying dissolution of social ties. Mass tourism inevitably contains the seed of its own destruction; as revenues rise the special environmental beauty of a location almost inevitably declines. The 1980s saw the development of a theory of "soft" or "green" tourism in Europe which was only ever capable of limited application. Post-Rio, tourism is another economic activity facing the test of sustainability. Sustainable tourism must find a model which touches even the mass tourist. What has been the effect of regulatory intervention in favour of sustainable tourism on a European, national and regional level, with particular regard to Italy? Is the law any use at all in this difficult area of social control of leisure time, and can we interfere with the right of the average Torino car worker to his August sun and sand holiday?

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Dracup, Miles, and E. J. M. Kirby. "Pod and seed growth and development of narrow-leafed lupin in a water limited mediterranean-type environment." Field Crops Research 48, no. 2-3 (October 1996): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(96)00040-8.

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Gwenzi, Willis, Shyleen R. Chinyama, and Sydney Togarepi. "Concentration-discharge patterns in a small urban headwater stream in a seasonally dry water-limited tropical environment." Journal of Hydrology 550 (July 2017): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.04.029.

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Thapa, Sushil, Qingwu Xue, Kirk E. Jessup, Jackie C. Rudd, Shuyu Liu, Ravindra N. Devkota, and Jason A. Baker. "Soil water extraction and use by winter wheat cultivars under limited irrigation in a semi-arid environment." Journal of Arid Environments 174 (March 2020): 104046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.104046.

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Baur, Peter. "Alternative energy: Modelling resource conflict within an energy environment." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v5i2.288.

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With growing infrastructural pressure induced by urban densification combined with rural development and the increasing demands of industrialisation, South Africa is facing two related challenges. The first is a lack of sufficient energy to satisfactorily fulfil the needs of the expanding economy. The second is that South Africa has limited access to water. Electricity generation using the traditional coal-burning power stations requires vast amounts of water, for amongst other things, steam generation to drive the turbines and water is also used in the cooling process. Thus, as the demand for electricity grows, so too does the pressure on the country's strained water supplies. The growing demand for electricity favours the building of new traditional coal-burning power stations, which emit vast amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, negatively affecting the environment. This leads to a degree of conflict between stakeholders, namely the energy producers, government bodies, and environmentalists. This paper uses Hirshleifer’s Conflict Success Function to highlight the ‘urgency’ of replacing traditional fuel-based power stations with alternative renewable energy generators, using South Africa as a case study.

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Lakshmi, Dr V. Venkata. "Problems, Challenges, and Removing Methods of Micro Plastics from Water." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38098.

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Abstract: Over the past few years, several studies have reported the presence of micro plastics in treated tap and bottled water, raising questions and concerns about the impact that micro plastics in drinking-water might have on human health. Microplastics are ubiquitous within the environment and are detected in marine water, wastewater, water, food, air and drinking-water, both bottled and water. Microplastics enter freshwater environments in a number of ways: primarily from surface run-off and both treated and untreated wastewater effluent, but also from combined sewer overflows, industrial effluent degraded plastic waste and atmospheric deposition. Further, the limited evidence indicates that some microplastics found in drinking-water may come from treatment and distribution systems for water and/or bottling of drinking water. Keywords: Fresh water, health, process.

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Zhai, Huajun, Ruixiang Qu, Xiangyu Li, Yanan Liu, Yen Wei, and Lin Feng. "Crown ether modified membranes for Na+-responsive controllable emulsion separation suitable for hypersaline environments." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 5 (2020): 2684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12418g.

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Donat, Markus G., Oliver Angélil, and Anna M. Ukkola. "Intensification of precipitation extremes in the world’s humid and water-limited regions." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 065003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1c8e.

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Vimercati, Lara, Clifton P. Bueno de Mesquita, and Steven K. Schmidt. "Limited Response of Indigenous Microbes to Water and Nutrient Pulses in High-Elevation Atacama Soils: Implications for the Cold–Dry Limits of Life on Earth." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071061.

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Soils on the world’s highest volcanoes in the Atacama region represent some of the harshest ecosystems yet discovered on Earth. Life in these environments must cope with high UV flux, extreme diurnal freeze–thaw cycles, low atmospheric pressure and extremely low nutrient and water availability. Only a limited spectrum of bacterial and fungal lineages seems to have overcome the harshness of this environment and may have evolved the ability to function in situ. However, these communities may lay dormant for most of the time and spring to life only when enough water and nutrients become available during occasional snowfalls and aeolian depositions. We applied water and nutrients to high-elevation soils (5100 meters above sea level) from Volcán Llullaillaco, both in lab microcosms and in the field, to investigate how microbial communities respond when resource limitations are alleviated. The dominant taxon in these soils, the extremophilic yeast Naganishia sp., increased in relative sequence abundance and colony-forming unit counts after water + nutrient additions in microcosms, and marginally in the field after only 6 days. Among bacteria, only a Noviherbaspirillum sp. (Oxalobacteraceae) significantly increased in relative abundance both in the lab and field in response to water addition but not in response to water and nutrients together, indicating that it might be an oligotroph uniquely suited to this extreme environment. The community structure of both bacteria and eukaryotes changed significantly with water and water + nutrient additions in the microcosms and taxonomic richness declined with amendments to water and nutrients. These results indicate that only a fraction of the detected community is able to become active when water and nutrients limitations are alleviated in lab microcosms, and that water alone can dramatically change community structure. Our study sheds light on which extremophilic organisms are likely to respond when favorable conditions occur in extreme earthly environments and perhaps in extraterrestrial environments as well.

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Searson, Matthew J., Dane S. Thomas, Kelvin D. Montagu, and Jann P. Conroy. "Leaf water use efficiency differs between Eucalyptus seedlings from contrasting rainfall environments." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 5 (2004): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03199.

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This study investigates the putative role of thicker leaves in enhancing photosynthetic capacity and water-use efficiency (WUE) of Eucalyptus species native to xeric environments. Three Eucalyptus species, Eucalyptus grandis Hill. (ex Maiden), E. sideroxylon Cunn. (ex Woolls) and E. occidentalis (Endl.), were grown under well-watered or water-limited conditions in a single compartment of a temperature-controlled glasshouse. Eucalyptus grandis is native to a mesic environment while E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis are native to xeric environments. Leaves of E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis were thicker and contained more nitrogen (N) on a leaf-area basis than E. grandis. Leaf gas-exchange measurements indicated that the photosynthetic capacity of E. sideroxylon and E.�occidentalis was greater than E. grandis and that stomatal conductance and WUE were negatively correlated. Whole-plant, gas-exchange and carbon-isotope measurements showed that E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis had lower WUE than E. grandis under both well-watered and water-limited conditions. However, there was no difference in N-use efficiency between species. We suggest that stomatal conductance and leaf N content are functionally linked in these seedlings and conclude that thick leaves can, in some conditions, result in low WUE.

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Liang, Liping, Yuanyuan Xue, Gangliang Tian, Qiaole Mao, Zixuan Lou, Qian Wu, Qian Wang, Juanshan Du, and Xu Meng. "Performance of selenate removal by biochar embedded nano zero-valent iron and the biological toxicity to Escherichia coli." RSC Advances 9, no. 45 (2019): 26136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04535j.

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Dai, Chang Lei, Si Miao Sun, Hong Jun Han, and Zhi Jun Li. "Water Resources and Water Environment Influencing Factors of Biomass Energy Plant (Generating by Straw) in Frigid Zone." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 1272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.1272.

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Of all the real cases of water resources demonstration for construction projects, research on biomass energy cogeneration plant (generating by straw) which uses reclaimed water as its water source is relatively limited, especially the one locating in frigid zone. Even in water resources demonstration specifications, there are still ambiguities in water resources and water environment influencing factors during the demonstration process. Based on a typical example ---Yi’an biomass energy cogeneration plant, from the perspective of water resources, current situation of water resources and feasibility of water used by the plant have been analyzed; while from the perspective of water environment, water quality and water discharging impacts upon other consumers have also been assessed. Above all, strategy and method of water resources demonstration study is explicitly analyzed and summarized in this article, which provide an entire operational system for water resources feasibility study on biomass energy cogeneration plant (especially in frigid zone) and finally will enrich the practical theory and research for water resources feasibility study of construction projects.

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Svoboda, Pavel, and Helmut Kurth. "Environment Effects - Dust Pollution and Soil Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 843 (July 2016): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.843.111.

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Human activities have a considerable effect upon the development of all components of the natural environment. The activity of construction represents a considerable influence upon the environment, with its significance growing with the rate of urbanisation. The high concentration of people in cities and towns has resulted in this urban environment representing the living community for over 50 percent of the population. Construction based activities not only provide material conditions for an urban population, but also influence its social behaviour. As such, no civil engineering designs are able to ignore the influences or impacts which structures may have on the environment especially dust pollution and erosion of soil that is one of the principal resources of the biosphere. As a limited and irreplaceable natural resource it becomes the limiting factor of the development of society in case of its destruction or degradation. By being the living space of most plants it enables energy transformation in the framework of the ecosystem by way of the autothropic stratum represented by the green vegetation. Organic matter produced on the soil serves in numerous ways, whether directly or indirectly, the needs of man. Also the subsoil water runoff depends on soil properties. The loss of soil transforms the subsoil water runoff into surface water runoff with all negative consequences of such transformation.

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Thomas, Dane S., Matthew J. Searson, Jann P. Conway, and Kelvin D. Montagu. "Corrigendum to: Leaf water use efficiency differs between Eucalyptus seedlings from contrasting rainfall environments." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 7 (2004): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03199_co.

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This study investigates the putative role of thicker leaves in enhancing photosynthetic capacity and water-use efficiency (WUE) of Eucalyptus species native to xeric environments. Three Eucalyptus species, Eucalyptus grandis Hill. (ex Maiden), E. sideroxylon Cunn. (ex Woolls) and E. occidentalis (Endl.), were grown under well-watered or water-limited conditions in a single compartment of a temperature-controlled glasshouse. Eucalyptus grandis is native to a mesic environment while E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis are native to xeric environments. Leaves of E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis were thicker and contained more nitrogen (N) on a leaf-area basis than E. grandis. Leaf gas-exchange measurements indicated that the photosynthetic capacity of E. sideroxylon and E.�occidentalis was greater than E. grandis and that stomatal conductance and WUE were negatively correlated. Whole-plant, gas-exchange and carbon-isotope measurements showed that E. sideroxylon and E. occidentalis had lower WUE than E. grandis under both well-watered and water-limited conditions. However, there was no difference in N-use efficiency between species. We suggest that stomatal conductance and leaf N content are functionally linked in these seedlings and conclude that thick leaves can, in some conditions, result in low WUE.

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Lu, Haolin, Hongfa Sun, and Jibo Long. "Analysis of Plant Water Transport Mechanism and Water Requirement for Growth Based on the Effect of Thermal Environment." Forests 13, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040583.

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This paper put forward a model for calculating the water requirements of plants, including a transpiration model, stem water delivery model, and root water uptake model. The results showed that the model had good accuracy. The relative error between simulated values and measured values was 2.09–14.13%. The limiting effects of stem water delivery capacity and root water uptake capacity on plant–water relations were analyzed. When the transpiration rate is large, even if there is enough root water uptake capacity, the limited stem water delivery capacity may affect the plant–water relationship. In order to understand the relationship between a plant and the thermal environment, the effect of the thermal environment on a plant’s water requirements was analyzed, and the effect of air temperature was obvious. Under the simulated condition, when the air temperature increased from 0 °C to 40 °C, the water requirement of an apple tree increased from 0.0134 L/h to 33.8 L/h.

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Vadez, Vincent, Jana Kholova, Mainassara Zaman-Allah, and Nouhoun Belko. "Water: the most important ‘molecular’ component of water stress tolerance research." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 12 (2013): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13149.

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Water deficit is the main yield-limiting factor across the Asian and African semiarid tropics and a basic consideration when developing crop cultivars for water-limited conditions is to ensure that crop water demand matches season water supply. Conventional breeding has contributed to the development of varieties that are better adapted to water stress, such as early maturing cultivars that match water supply and demand and then escape terminal water stress. However, an optimisation of this match is possible. Also, further progress in breeding varieties that cope with water stress is hampered by the typically large genotype × environment interactions in most field studies. Therefore, a more comprehensive approach is required to revitalise the development of materials that are adapted to water stress. In the past two decades, transgenic and candidate gene approaches have been proposed for improving crop productivity under water stress, but have had limited real success. The major drawback of these approaches has been their failure to consider realistic water limitations and their link to yield when designing biotechnological experiments. Although the genes are many, the plant traits contributing to crop adaptation to water limitation are few and revolve around the critical need to match water supply and demand. We focus here on the genetic aspects of this, although we acknowledge that crop management options also have a role to play. These traits are related in part to increased, better or more conservative uses of soil water. However, the traits themselves are highly dynamic during crop development: they interact with each other and with the environment. Hence, success in breeding cultivars that are more resilient under water stress requires an understanding of plant traits affecting yield under water deficit as well as an understanding of their mutual and environmental interactions. Given that the phenotypic evaluation of germplasm/breeding material is limited by the number of locations and years of testing, crop simulation modelling then becomes a powerful tool for navigating the complexity of biological systems, for predicting the effects on yield and for determining the probability of success of specific traits or trait combinations across water stress scenarios.

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Baig, Mirza Jawad G., Aisha Ahmed, and Gurpreet Singh Aujla. "Environmental health effects associated with recycling of sewage for potable purposes: a literature review." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 1815. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191069.

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This literature review has been drafted to explore and emphasise the potential environmental health risks and benefits of recycling wastewater especially in areas affected by prolonged drought. With limited water resources, recycled treated sewage water can be used to augment the fresh water supply. This review will provide an understanding of the importance of water recycling and the environmental impacts recycling can have on the environment. A comparison is also provided to understand the environmental effects of untreated sewage on the environment and the potential benefits associated with the recycling. Public health aspect is also elaborated to highlight whether recycled treated sewage is a viable option to be considered for the use as potable water. Literature suggests that recycled treated water has a purifying effect on the environment and can be used for potable and non-potable purposes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water-limited environment'

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