Academic literature on the topic 'Water-limited environment'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water-limited environment"
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Ahmed, F. E., S. M. A. Abusam, and E. E. A. Ahmed. "The Bases of Blepharis sp. Adaptation to Water-Limited Environment." Asian Journal of Crop Science 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2009): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajcs.2010.12.19.
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Noble, S., and B. Lees. "Offshore bar formation in a shallow water, limited fetch environment." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 32, no. 1-2 (April 1990): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4754(90)90221-4.
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SAMUI, RP, and AL JOG. "Dryland farming under limited water resources." MAUSAM 37, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i3.2472.
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Climatic data of five selected districts of Maharashtra State have beel1 al1alysed for assured weekly rainfall at 70, 50 and 30 per cent levels, The deficits of water availability have been calculated from the potential eyapotranspiration data. It revealed that dryland agriculture without supplemental irrigation is highly risky in Pune, Solapur and Ahmednagar districts, Jalgaon and Aurangabad districts showed relatively better rainfall environment for crop production in the kharif season, Irrigation needs in mid-August are predicted, Shorter duration crops which fit in the available rainfall pattern are suggested.
Moisture availability index concept has been utilized, to predict the suitable, time of planting of kharif crops. The probabilities of needs of, and timing for the application of life saving irrigation at critical crop growth stages are predicted. The information would be useful to agronomists in crop planning and water management.
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Leder, Karin, Martha I. Sinclair, and John J. McNeil. "Water and the environment: a natural resource or a limited luxury?" Medical Journal of Australia 177, no. 11 (December 2002): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04983.x.
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Leder, Karin, Martha I. Sinclair, and John J. McNeil. "Water and the environment: a natural resource or a limited luxury?" Medical Journal of Australia 178, no. 3 (February 2003): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05117.x.
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Nakamura, Masahiro, Soichi Watanabe, Toyoji Kaneko, Reiji Masuda, Katsumi Tsukamoto, and Tsuguo Otake. "Limited adaptation to non-natal osmotic environments at high water temperature in euryhaline wanderer fishes." Environmental Biology of Fishes 103, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-019-00940-0.
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AbstractGradual transfer experiments were conducted to see whether Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis (freshwater species) and Japanese black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegelii (marine species) could acclimate to high and low temperatures in natal and non-natal osmotic environments. Two groups of each species, one acclimated to their natal osmotic environment and the other to a non-natal osmotic environment, were exposed to gradual temperature changes. Under high temperature conditions, the plasma osmolality (Posm) of both species approached the osmolality of ambient water, and high mortality was observed in the non-natal osmotic environments but not in the natal osmotic environments. In contrast, there was no clear evidence that the osmoregulatory capacity of either species had declined under low temperature conditions in the natal and non-natal osmotic environments. Limited adaptation of these fishes to non-natal osmotic environments at high temperature suggests that global warming may impair their entry to non-natal habitats.
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Chapman, Scott C., Mark Cooper, and Graeme L. Hammer. "Using crop simulation to generate genotype by environment interaction effects for sorghum in water-limited environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 4 (2002): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01070.
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Multi-environment trials (METs) used to evaluate breeding lines vary in the number of years that they sample. We used a cropping systems model to simulate the target population of environments (TPE) for 6 locations over 108 years for 54 ‘near-isolines’ of sorghum in north-eastern Australia. For a single reference genotype, each of 547 trials was clustered into 1 of 3 ‘drought environment types’ (DETs) based on a seasonal water stress index. Within sequential METs of 2 years duration, the frequencies of these drought patterns often differed substantially from those derived for the entire TPE. This was reflected in variation in the mean yield of the reference genotype. For the TPE and for 2-year METs, restricted maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate components of genotypic and genotype by environment variance. These also varied substantially, although not in direct correlation with frequency of occurrence of different DETs over a 2-year period. Combined analysis over different numbers of seasons demonstrated the expected improvement in the correlation between MET estimates of genotype performance and the overall genotype averages as the number of seasons in the MET was increased.
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Namirembe, Sara, Robert M. Brook, and Chin K. Ong. "Manipulating phenology and water relations in Senna spectabilis in a water limited environment in Kenya." Agroforestry Systems 75, no. 3 (September 8, 2008): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-008-9169-7.
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Srivastava, Mudit, and A. K. Singh. "Evaluation of Physio-morphological Traits in Upland Rice under Water Limited Environment." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 3691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.427.
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Oron, G. "Agriculture, water and the environment: future challenges." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0045.
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Various countries in the Mediterranean Basin and other arid and semi-arid regions are facing a gap between water supply and demand. This gap is closely linked with agricultural production and environmental issues. It is probably due to small amounts of precipitation and low availability of natural water sources. Special ventures have to be undertaken in order to supply water at adequate quality for all requirements. These can be accomplished by development of additional water sources that currently are considered marginal. The additional sources include saline ground water, treated wastewater and runoff water and are usually required to augment the limited supply from the regional conventional high quality local sources. The paper presented options for development of the marginal water sources in arid zones in conjunction with minimizing the dependence on high quality water. Domestic secondary effluent is a valuable water source for reclamation however, additional treatment is required to use it for unrestricted purposes. It can be achieved primarily by implementation of the membrane technology, namely ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) stages.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water-limited environment"
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Collins, Daniel B. G. (Daniel Benjamin Gardiner) 1976. "Geomorphology and ecohydrology of water-limited ecosystems : a modeling approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38559.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-129).
The role of vegetation in shaping landforms and how these landforms respond to disturbances are the subjects of this work. A numerical model is developed to help develop a mechanistic understanding of the hydrological, ecological and geomorphic interactions in water-limited ecosystems. The growth of vegetation suppresses increases in runoff, thus reducing erosion efficiency and increasing topographic slopes as rainfall increases in dry climates. Moving along a climatic gradient to wetter climates leads to the point where the effect of vegetation is overwhelmed by increasing runoff, thus erosion efficiency increases and slopes decrease. This transition in vegetation controls translates into a minimum in drainage density for a semi-arid climate. Erosion efficiency is also affected by down-slope increases in vegetation, fostered by subsurface flow, an effect that reduces channel concavity. Plant characteristics also play a role in erosion by changing the variability of the vegetative effects. Comparing regions with the same fractional vegetation cover, those with faster growing or deeper rooted plants have greater erosion efficiencies.
(cont.) The landforms' responses to disturbances depend largely on the recovery time, which in turn depends on the climate and successional characteristics of the vegetation. The erosional response to sustained changes in mean annual rainfall depends on the magnitude and direction of the change as well as on the mean rainfall prior to the change. This means that landscapes most sensitive to erosion differ depending on whether rainfall increases or decreases. Hence, a landscape's sensitivity to erosion is a function of present state as well as change in climate. A second model explores the ecohydrological determinants of plant rooting strategies. Emphasis was placed on soil moisture, and on the factors that govern moisture availability. Results are consistent with observations, and show how rooting depth may respond to environmental factors that determine infiltration depth. Roots are deeper in coarser soils, and in wetter and cooler climates. For a given total rainfall, roots are deeper also where storms are shorter and more frequent.
by Daniel B.G. Collins.
Ph.D.
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Dowla, Mirza. "Genetic architecture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phenology to maximize yield in water limited environments." Thesis, Dowla, Mirza (2017) Genetic architecture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phenology to maximize yield in water limited environments. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40177/.
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Water deficiency during the critical growth stages is one major concern affecting successful wheat production in the rainfed agriculture systems used in Australia and other semi-arid regions of the world. Bypassing the sensitive growth phases from a water stress period can result in higher grain yields in water limited environments. Therefore, this study was concentrated on the adjustment of phenology genes to synchronize the critical growth phases with the rainfall pattern or water availability of target environments. Vernalization (Vrn), photoperiod (Ppd) and earliness per se are the three major components of flowering pathway in wheat. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the role of allelic variations of vernalization and photoperiod genes in heading and subsequent grain production. The first experiment with double haploid (DH) lines differing for winter/spring alleles of Vrn-1 loci (vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1) revealed that combination of all three spring alleles confers the earliest flowering while the combination of all three winter alleles results in the latest flowering. On the other hand a combination of any one winter allele with two spring alleles results in intermediate heading but performed better in terms of a higher number of grain per spike, thousands kernels weight and test weight. Inclusion of a photoperiod insensitive allele with any combination of Vrn-1 loci reduces the heading time further by at least 20 days except for the combination with all winter alleles. The results also revealed that allelic variation in the Vrn and Ppd genes also alters the water requirement rate and total water consumption by modifying the duration of the growth phases. Investigation of the role of photoperiod sensitive/insensitive alleles of Ppd-D1 on heading and spike development revealed the relationship of photoperiod insensitive alleles Ppd-D1a with the gibberellin regulated pathway in addition to the effects of day length on flowering. Field experiments with selected advanced lines also revealed this relationship where variation in the days to heading and grain number/spike have been observed due to changes in the dwarfing genes along with the alleles of Vrn and Ppd genes. Variations for yield and protein contents of the genotypes in different locations indicated that expression of the same set of gene combination differs with the altering environmental conditions.
The final experiment investigating leaf proteome dynamics during the event of flowering recognized 88 unique differentially expressed proteins out of 165 identified proteins between the two varying heading time DH lines. It revealed that a number of proteins, including sugar metabolism, stress related and, most importantly Glycine Rich RNA binding (GRP) and cold shock domain proteins (CSD) are involved in the regulation of the flowering pathway. The outcomes of this study provide new insights into the control of the flowering pathway in wheat, that along with the previously reported Vrn and Ppd genes provide opportunities for further in depth investigation to fine tune the flowering time for better yields in water limited environments.
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Manunta, Paolo. "Modelling strategies of the soil plant atmosphere continuum in water limited environments and elevated atmospheric CO¦2." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0010/NQ59998.pdf.
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Mtengwana, Bhongolethu. "Spatial modelling of invasive species distribution in water-limited environments using remotely sensed data and climatic scenarios in the Heuningnes catchment, South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7395.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe occurrence and spread of Invasive Alien Plants (IAPs) is a threat to global water resources and natural ecosystems due to high water use rates. With the current climate change projections and their ability to survive extreme environmental conditions, these species pose a huge threat to grazing resources, water availability and ecosystems in general. Routine monitoring and understanding their distribution and potential vulnerable areas is fundamental as it provides the requisite baseline information to guide clearing efforts and other related management and rehabilitation initiatives.
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Martin, Zebulon. "Effects of Precipitation on the Acid Mine Drainage Impacted Hewett Fork Watershed." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1493754192668286.
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Chen, Chiao-Lung, and 陳喬隆. "The behavior of disintegrants in a limited water-providing environment." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94205102453002362959.
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碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
藥物科技研究所
98
The efficiency of disintegrants be in promoting tablet disintegration and increase drug release rate. When the tablet comes in contact with water, the following phenomena, respectively, occur, wetting, water penetration, and tablet disintegration with significant swelling. However, the dynamic approach to tablet disintegration, which is based on the measurement of the force that develops inside the compact upon water entrance, is basically taken up. Therefore, this study try to combine a texture analyzer, which is capable of measuring virtually any physical product characteristic, with a water uptake apparatus to measure the swelling force and liquid uptake of a tablet containing a disintegrant. To mimic the tablet disintegrate in the patient’s mouth without plenty of water, the tablet were evaluated for their behavior in a limited water-providing environment.Hydrochlorothiazide was chosen as a model drug because it has poor solubility in water and its dissolution is largely dependent on the disintegration of tablets. Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate was used as an insoluble excipient and all tablets were prepared by direct compression. The disintegration and dissolution test were conducted in pH 1.2 HCl and pH 6.8 phosphate buffers according to USP XXX edition. Besides, simultaneously measuring the swelling force and water uptake of the tablet containing disinetgrants with a texture analyzer were studied to understand concentration effect and efficient for disintegrants, individually. The results show the efficiency of various disintegrants and the effect of pH was reduced as the 8% Ac-Di-Sol and 8% Primojel concentration was increased. Unlike Ac-Di-Sol and Primojel, polyplasdone XL was unaffected by pH changes. The efficiency of a disintegrant in a tablet does not proportionally increase with its concentration in the tablet because the liquid penetration inside the tablets was obstructed. Then, the swelling force generation rate was slow, which made the disintegrant less efficient. Anywhere, water-providing is a very important factor for the generation of swelling force and it usually becomes the decisive factor for the generation for swelling force at high concentrations.In conclusion, the standard compendia test may have limitations in discriminating between disintegration efficiency and mechanism, so this study combined texture analyzer and a water uptake apparatus to analyze superdisintegrants efficiency.
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Pinto, González Reyna Suzuky. "Physiological traits and genetic controls associated with heat adaptation of bread wheat." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/119292.
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High temperatures affect plant growth and reduce crop productivity. Notwithstanding the extensive research on the effects of heat stress on plant development, to date, the basis of wheat tolerance to high temperatures is unknown. Currently, physiological crop breeding for improved wheat adaptation to heat stress is driven by the utilization of cumulative traits useful under those environments. However many of these traits have yet to be fully exploited. This study is focused on three key components of heat adaptation: I) the significance of root development for hot irrigated environments in comparison to drought stressed environments and its relation with canopy temperature, II) the contribution and genetic basis of the staygreen attribute to heat adaptation of bread wheat, and III) The relevance of leaf respiration for plant productivity under hot environments. Chapter 1 presents a literature review focused on providing a general background for the three following publications included in the forthcoming chapters. The relevance of heat stress for the wheat crop is discussed with focus on recent publications that describe the current situation and forecasts for the upcoming years and effect of climate change. The genetic and physiological basis of heat tolerance is also addressed, presenting a generic conceptual model currently applied in wheat breeding for improved heat adaptation. In Chapter 2, the significance of optimal root development under hot-irrigated environments is addressed and compared with the performance observed in the same germplasm grown under water-limited conditions. This journal publication discusses the association of QTL for canopy temperature with deep and abundant radicular systems. A subset of a Seri/Babax mapping population was evaluated for root distribution patterns and residual soil moisture across the soil profile from surface to 120 cm depth. Results from this study endorse canopy temperature as a valuable tool for assessing expression of plant’s water uptake and hence root development under both, hot-irrigated and drought environments. In Chapter 3, the potential value of the staygreen attribute in breeding for heat adaptation of wheat is addressed. This journal publication estimated a number of parameters associated with the staygreen phenotype including (but not limited to) the rate of senescence, the percentage of greenness decay and the area under the curve of the normalized difference vegetation index measured over time. The greenness decay of each genotype was fitted to linear or non- linear models to describe their patterns. And finally these staygreen parameters together with other physiological and agronomical parameters were analysed for QTL to aid understanding of the genetic basis of the staygreen attribute in the Seri/Babax population. Chapter 4 presents a descriptive study on leaf respiration rates of a diverse wheat germplasm set grown under high temperatures during the 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons. Agronomic and physiological phenotyping was performed including detailed observations for biomass production, carbohydrates content recorded in a subset during the last year of experiments. The study evaluated the effect of different temperatures and plant stages in leaf respiration rates and also made a comparison between five wheat classes. Results from this study showed genetic diversity for leaf respiration and also genotypic differences between leaf temperature and leaf age (determined by developmental plant stage). Interesting associations were observed between physiological traits, yield and leaf respiration rates. Finally, Chapter 5 presents general conclusions and future direction of the work. The work described in the thesis suggests that tolerance to high temperature in wheat can be improved by the translation of physiological traits into the breeding process. Three approaches explored in this thesis: canopy temperature, staygreen traits and leaf respiration. The evidence collected support the idea that a strategic, physiological breeding approach can lead to important gains in wheat yield under hot-irrigated conditions and this outcome will be important for the adaptation of wheat to global warming.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2017
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Shen, Hong. "Satellite gravimetry in water-limited environments: applications and spatial enhancement." Thesis, 2014. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40804/1/40804-shen-2014-thesis.pdf.
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Large-scale hydrology is often insufficiently represented by ground monitoring networks and land surface models. The launch of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides an independent source to quantify water cycle dynamics over large basins. The main objective of this PhD thesis is to improve our understanding of water resources in water-limited environments through the use of spatially-improved GRACE observations.
Firstly, the benefits and challenges from readily available GRACE global solutions at a 4° resolution were examined. GRACE global solutions from CSR and GRGS were applied to investigate the recent decadal groundwater depletion trend over the Hai River Basin in China. Results show an agreement between GRACE and in-situ groundwater observations: the Hai River Basin, especially the North China Plain, exhibited a constant declining trend in groundwater storage between 2003 and 2012. Continuous groundwater depletion is mainly attributed to anthropogenic over-extraction rather than climatic variability. This study highlights the value of using GRACE observations to provide rapid and independent estimates of regional groundwater storage change, which can supplement the scarcity of ground measurements. However, the coarse spatial resolution associated with GRACE global solutions prevents the analysis of spatial variability in groundwater depletions within the basin.
Secondly, the benefits of applying newly developed the regional GRACE solutions at a 2° resolution for the estimation of large-scale evapotranspiration (ET) in two semi-arid and arid Australian basins were assessed. The GRACE ET estimates from these regional solutions were compared with three continental ET products; one derived from a land surface model and two from energy-based satellite models. The results demonstrate that the satellite energy balance ET models poorly represent water availability at different temporal and spatial scales; ET was overestimated during water stressed conditions and underestimated when it was wet. Integrated with optical and thermal satellite retrievals, however, these energy-based models are capable of detecting ET heterogeneities over land surfaces. In comparison, water balance constrained GRACE (P-△S) estimates are able to capture dynamic ET variations over large spatial domains.
As a result of these findings, a wavelet fusion approach was proposed to further refine GRACE ET estimates, as well as to better constrain energy-based ET estimates. The improvements were achieved by combining GRACE (P-△S) and an ET product forced by optical and thermal remote sensing retrievals. A wavelet-based multi-scale fusion approach embodied with a flexible coefficient weighting scheme highlights the large-scale ET patterns from GRACE but also the small-scale ET features from the energy balance constrained model. Compared with original ET sources, our fused ET results display a significant improvement in spatial accuracy and a better sensibility to rainfall variability over temporal scales.
Overall, this research confirms GRACE's capability and potential contributions in understanding the hydrology of arid and semi-arid environments. In these regions, water fluxes are limited by water availability rather than energy, hence the water balance framework used in GRACE studies is ideal. A prospective analysis highlights that the GRACE fusion method developed in this thesis has potential applications for other components of the water cycle for the purpose of enhancing estimation accuracy in time and/or space.
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Muschietti, Piana Maria del Pilar. "Managing crop residues and nitrogen fertiliser to improve wheat yield potential in water-limited environments." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/129872.
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Nitrogen (N) supply to rain-fed crops is becoming increasingly challenging due to the decline in organic N reserves. In low-rainfall wheat cropping systems, low crop N uptake has been linked to asynchrony in soil N supply through mineralisation. This is especially true on sandy soils of south eastern Australia which have a low N supply capacity and are considered highly ‘risky’ in a management context. When the N released from soil and residues is insufficient, and/or the timing of biological supply is not well matched with crop demand, management of N inputs to the soil (i.e. legume residue addition and/or fertiliser N) is essential to achieve yield potential and to return a neutral soil N balance for environmental sustainability. The general aim of this thesis was to improve our understanding of the seasonal pattern of the soil N supply capacity via mineralisation for increased wheat N uptake and grain yield, by combining N inputs from different crop residues (removed, wheat or lupin) and fertiliser N inputs (nil, or low, or high N) in a low-rainfall sandy soil environment. Field experiments were conducted over 2 years (2015-2016) at low-rainfall Kandosols based on-farm in the Mallee environment of South Australia. The temporal patterns of the soil profile mineral N and plant available water to 100 cm depth, wheat aerial biomass and N uptake were measured in both years (Chapter 2). In 2016 we also measured the disease incidence as a key environmental variable. There was 35 kg ha⁻¹ more soil mineral N to 100 cm depth following lupin compared with wheat residues at the end of the fallow in both years. In a below average rainfall season (Decile 4), wheat biomass produced on lupin residues was responsive to fertiliser N input with soil profile mineral N depleted by increased crop N uptake early in the season. In an above average rainfall season (Decile 9), a higher soil mineral N supply increased actual and potential grain yield, total biomass, N uptake, harvest index and water use efficiency of wheat, regardless of the source of N (legume N/fertiliser N). These experiments showed that the combination of lupin residues with N fertiliser application increased soil profile mineral N at early growth stages, providing a greater soil N supply at the time of high wheat N demand, and the inclusion of a legume in the rotation is critical for improving the N supply to wheat, with added disease break benefits (Chapter 2). The 2016 field experiment involved the quantification of decomposition rates and N release from wheat and lupin residues over the fallow and the subsequent wheat crop growing season with and without fertiliser N application. It also involved measurements of the temporal patterns of the surface soil mineral N, potentially mineralisable N, microbial biomass N, dissolved organic N and with temperature and rainfall as key environmental variables in all treatments (Chapter 3). Residue decomposition and N release over the fallow and the wheat growing season was measured in the field using litterbags with wheat or lupin residues. Fertiliser N input treatments at wheat crop sowing time and surface soil N pools were measured at key growth stages. A higher potential N supply to wheat following lupin residues at early stages was evidenced through greater decomposition rates and N release via mineralisation than wheat residues, which resulted in increased surface soil N pools. This experiment showed that when lupin residues are combined with fertiliser N application, the N supply capacity to wheat is improved during the growing season measured as mineralised N, dissolved organic N and potentially mineralisable N, relative to wheat residues combined with fertiliser N The last experiment (Chapter 4) was conducted under controlled conditions to directly assess (using ¹⁵N labelled fertiliser) the role of N fertiliser on the supply of N to wheat N through soil mineral and biological pools. This experiment measured the role of the N fertiliser combined with wheat, lupin, or no stubble incorporation. Wheat plants were grown in a glasshouse and sampled at 3 critical wheat growth stages (tillering, first node, booting) to determine wheat and ¹⁵N uptake. Soil samples were collected at sowing, tillering, first node and booting to determine mineral N, microbial biomass N, dissolved organic N, and potentially mineralisable N on subsets of samples. This study indicated that the presence of early N immobilisation (between sowing and tillering) in all the treatments without ¹⁵N fertiliser limited N availability for wheat uptake in the subsequent period (between tillering and first node), when fertiliser N appeared critical to maximise N supply for plant requirements. It was found that up to 38% of the ¹⁵N fertiliser applied at sowing was incorporated into the soil microbial biomass pool. Therefore, the fertiliser N was critical to relieve short-term inherent N limitations for both plant and microbial growth, and to supply the longer-term biological pools (microbial biomass) to support subsequent mineralisation potential. This study also showed that reducing the energy limitation to the microbial pool through inputs of carbon from stubble was critical to ensure fertiliser N supplied sufficient N to satisfy plant demand later in the growing period. This research contributes to a greater knowledge of the main factors affecting soil N dynamics relative to wheat N nutrition and yield, quantifying the N supply from soil and fertiliser and the N accumulation in wheat biomass (roots, shoots and grain) at critical phenological stages in a low rainfall sand. Further research will require measurements of the contribution of different legumes combined with varying fertiliser N rates for a complete assessment of the impacts that could be achieved, and examination of the effect on the main soil N pools driving N supply to wheat N uptake across several seasons and/or in different soil types.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2020
Books on the topic "Water-limited environment"
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Office, General Accounting. Water quality: Key EPA and state decisions limited by inconsistent and incomplete data : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Water pollution: Poor quality assurance and limited pollutant coverage undermine EPA's control of toxic substances : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Superfund, Ocean, and Water Protection, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1994.
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Plant breeding for water-limited environments. New York: Springer, 2011.
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Blum, Abraham. Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4.
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Carrington, E. G. Review of the scientific evidence relating to the controls on the agricultural use of sewage sludge: Final report to the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Department of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and UK Water Industry Research Limited. Marlow, Buckinghamshire: WRC, 1998.
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United States. Government Accountability Office. Securing wastewater facilities: Utilities have made important upgrades but further improvements to key system components may be limited by costs and other constraints : report to the Chairman, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2006.
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Antonyto, Paul, Menon Vineetha, and Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum, India), eds. Water insecurity, institutions, and livelihood dynamics: A study in Plachimada, Kerala, India. Delhi: In collaboration with Centre for Development Studies, Daanish Books, 2008.
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Mihaylov, Vyacheslav, Elena Sotnikova, and Nina Kalpina. Eco-friendly air protection systems for motor transport facilities. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1093106.
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The textbook considers the issue of assessing the heat and humidity state of air in the processes of its processing in various systems, provides requirements for air protection means, taking into account their environmental friendliness, shows ways of energy saving in cooling, heating and year-round air conditioning systems, as well as when protecting the atmosphere from harmful emissions. The way of energy saving with individual thermal protection of the operator by means of local cooling during air treatment in an irrigated intensified nozzle is shown and recommendations for reducing its material consumption are developed. The method and means of reducing the toxicity of emissions of tractor internal combustion engines during its operation in rooms of limited volume by water vapor humidification of the fuel-air mixture are demonstrated. The ways of noise reduction of air protection systems are shown.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the specialties "Ground transport and technical means", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Power engineering", "Ground transport and technological complexes", "Refrigeration, cryogenic equipment and life support systems", "Technosphere safety", "Ecology and nature management".
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Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement Program (Ontario). The Development document for the draft effluent monitoring regulation for the electric power generation sector. Toronto: Environment Ontario, 1989.
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Environment, Ontario Ministry of the. Monitoring cost estimates and their implications for direct dischargers in the electric generation sector: Draft. Toronto: Ministry of the Environment, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water-limited environment"
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Blum, Abraham. "The Moisture Environment." In Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, 1–9. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_1.
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Wong, C. W., H. B. Wijayanti, and B. R. Bhandari. "Maillard Reaction in Limited Moisture and Low Water Activity Environment." In Food Engineering Series, 41–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2578-0_4.
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Whan, B. R., G. P. Carlton, K. H. M. Siddique, K. L. Regan, N. C. Turner, and W. K. Anderson. "Integration of Breeding and Physiology: Lessons from a Water-Limited Environment." In International Crop Science I, 607–14. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1993.internationalcropscience.c95.
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Tóth, Miroslav. "Slovenské poľnohospodárstvo v kontexte trvalo udržateľnej spotreby a výroby." In Socio-economic Determinants of Sustainble Consumption and Production II, 147–54. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8640-2021-16.
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Sustainability and sustainable development have begun to take on significance, particularly in the context of the recognition that any uncontrolled growth (in population, production, consumption, pollution, etc.) is unsustainable in an environment of limited resources. Related to this is the concept of sustainable consumption and production. Agriculture is a sector of the national economy in which there is a significant consumption of natural resources, energy, water, land use, plant cultivation, animal husbandry and, of course, the involvement of the human factor. It is this sector that is sensitive to environmental changes, the impact of waste generation, the intensity of the use of production factors and changes in input and output prices.
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Blum, Abraham. "Plant Water Relations, Plant Stress and Plant Production." In Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, 11–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_2.
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Blum, Abraham. "Drought Resistance and Its Improvement." In Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, 53–152. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_3.
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Blum, Abraham. "Phenotyping and Selection." In Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, 153–216. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_4.
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Blum, Abraham. "Genetic Resources for Drought Resistance." In Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, 217–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_5.
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Blum, Abraham. "Breeding Considerations and Strategies." In Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, 235–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_6.
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Blum, Abraham. "Epilogue." In Plant Breeding for Water-Limited Environments, 245–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Water-limited environment"
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Scaravaglione, Giulio, Stefano Marino, Leonardo Damiani, Antonio Francone, Alessandra Saponieri, and Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio. "Experimental study on pore pressure attenuation in rubble mound breakwater in depth-limited water conditions." In 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Living Environment (MetroLivEn). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metrolivenv54405.2022.9826926.
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Yang, Jianfeng, and Paul O’Brien. "Evaluation of Fatigue Life of Pressurized Water Reactor Internals Considering Light-Water Reactor Coolant Environmental Effect for Aging Management Program." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31169.
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Most of the current operating nuclear power plants in the United States were designed using the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, for fatigue design curves. These design curves were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They were often referred to as “air curves” because they were based on tests conducted in laboratory air environments at ambient temperatures. In recent years, laboratory fatigue test data showed that the light-water reactor environment could have significant impact on the fatigue life of carbon and low-alloy steels, austenitic stainless steel, and nickel-chromium-iron (Ni-Cr-Fe) alloys. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Guide 1.207 provides a guideline for evaluating fatigue analyses incorporating the life reduction of metal components due to the effects of the light-water reactor environment for new reactors. It recommend following the method developed in NUREG/CR-6909 [3] when designing reactor coolant pressure boundary components. The industry has invested a lot of effort in developing methods and rules for applying environmental fatigue evaluations for ASME Class 1 components and piping. However, the industry experience in applying the environmental fatigue evaluation for reactor core support structures and internal structures has been very limited. During the recent aging management programs, reactor internal component environmental fatigue evaluations for several pressurized water reactors were evaluated. The analyses calculated the cumulative fatigue usage using the recorded plant-specific transient cycles and the projected cycles for 60 years of plant life. The study concludes that the actual fatigue usages of the components are substantially lower than the specified original design conditions. Even assuming the most severe light-water reactor coolant environmental effects, fatigue will not be a concern for 60 years of plant life. The experiences with environmental fatigue evaluation for reactor internals are still very limited. This study shall provide the industry with beneficial information to develop the approaches and rules addressing the environmental effect on the fatigue life of reactor internals.
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Ranganath, Sampath, Robert G. Carter, Rajeshwar Pathania, Stefan Ritter, and Hans-Peter Seifert. "Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Crack Growth in Low Alloy Steel Vessel Materials in the BWR Environment." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84257.
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Low alloy steels (LAS) used in the fabrication of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and nozzles have been resistant to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) environment. The plate material is SA533 Grade B and the nozzle material is SA508 Class 2 for most operating BWRs. While BWR service field experience with the LAS materials has been very good for there have been a limited number of SCC incidents where cracking has been reported especially in Alloy 182 RPV attachment (dissimilar metal) welds. This paper describes the methodology for the assessment of SCC crack growth rate (CGR) of LAS RPV components in the BWR environment. Specifically, it describes the development of CGR disposition lines (also called reference crack growth rate curves) for normal water chemistry (NWC) and hydrogen water chemistry (HWC) in BWR environments. In addition, based on more recent data from tests on the effect of chloride transients in NWC environments are also proposed.
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Adebiyi, George A. "The Thermodynamics of Air-Water Vapor Mixtures." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1337.
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Abstract Traditional approaches to the thermodynamic analysis of processes involving air-water vapor mixtures are often limited to a psychrometric analysis and a first-law analysis. The substances involved are moist air (a mixture of dry air and moisture), and water (either as vapor, or as a liquid). A complete thermodynamic analysis must, however, include a second-law analysis. This article presents a complete outline for the thermodynamic analysis and evaluation of processes involving air-water vapor mixtures. With regards to exergy analysis, in particular, it is noted that the published and widely accepted equation for the exergy of moist air is indeterminate when the humidity ratio of the ambient air is zero. This raises questions about the appropriate reference environment for water or water vapor when the atmospheric air does not contain moisture. The alternative of an expanded reference environment, which includes a large pool of water co-existing with ambient air is proposed in this article. The resulting equations for the exergy of moist air are determinate regardless of the humidity ratio of the atmospheric air in the reference environment.
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Mohammed, Avryl A., Paul van Rijswijck, and Shyam Dyal. "Environmental Management Programmes for Onshore Seismic Activity and Exploratory Drilling Operations in South East Trinidad." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29134.
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3D Seismic survey of an area approximately 70km2 was conducted in South-East Central Trinidad in the Naparima Mayaro Reserve from January to July 1999. This activity was done with the expectation of drilling exploratory wells for finding commercially viable oil reservoirs as a joint venture operation between Vintage Petroleum Trinidad Limited (formerly Cometra Energy (Canada) Limited) and Petrotrin. The companies initiated a number of proactive Environmental Management Programmes to comply with both local and international regulations. These programmes include: • Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Seismic Survey of a 70km2 area. • Environmental Baseline Survey for Seismic Survey inclusive of descriptions of physical, biological and socioeconomic environments, environmental audits, training and monitoring (noise and water quality). • Environmental Impact Assessment for drilling of exploratory well. • Development of Oil Spill Contingency Plan for drilling operations. The implementation of these studies resulted in a number of benefits to the joint venture oil companies, such as: • 100% compliance with Certificate of Environment Clearance Rules and International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC) Guidelines. • Improved corporate image. • Enhanced relationship with Government Agencies. • Improved environmental performance through proper planning. • Trained and empowered workforce in environmental management issues. • Zero oil spills and environmental incidents to date.
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Al Shkeili, Sara Abdulla, Khalid Javid, Noureddine Benourkhou, Saleh Ali Al Sayari, Moza Saeed Al Dhuhoori, Indra Utama, Subba Ramarao Rachapudi Venkata, et al. "Maximum Reservoir Contact (MRC) Water Injector Well Performance in ADNOC Onshore Carbonate Reservoir Equipped with Limited Entry Liner (LEL) Smart Completion." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211169-ms.
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Abstract Developing mature reservoirs is associated with challenges and limitations both in surface and subsurface. In This paper we will tackle the area of developing reservoirs with Maximum Reservoir Contact (MRC) wells by introducing our experience in combining it with LEL completion and introduce initial results in unlocking the potential of our reservoir with reduced capital expenditure (CAPEX). Conventional wells with 3000 ft open hole length become more challenging as development of the field progresses and especially with drilling new wells. Congestion and anti-collision at surface and subsurface limitations arise more often let alone the cost, manpower and environmental issues. We are going to introduce Maximum reservoir contact MRC wells with extended open hole length of around 10,000 ft. which allow to maximize gain from this well while optimizing other parameters (well spacing, cost…etc.). Measurement of rate and pressure, pre and post acid stimulation controlled by LEL completion as well as comparison with conventional water injectors in the vicinity were performed before to evaluate the performance of the MRC well. It was confirmed that MRC well injectivity surpasses the conventional injectors with shorter open hole length in relatively tight areas of the reservoir which have low permeability especially if equipped with LEL completion. Initial results show Injectivity improvement compared with nearby water injectors plus additional gain in injectivity noticed after acid stimulation with the LEL completion. The MRC well performance after stimulation showed well head injection pressure decreased drastically after the acid stimulation with increased injected volumes of water. This shows that smart completion solutions well help to improve performance and optimize acid stimulation which highlights the importance of combining MRC with LEL to maximize gain and enhance performance to take the maximum benefit. Through our success with MRC well with LEL completion the community of petroleum engineering will be able to take decisions regarding implementing this method and technology to optimize their drilling which will have positive impact in cost, planning and environment.
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Morley, Andrew, Marius Twite, Norman Platts, Alec McLennan, and Chris Currie. "Effect of Surface Condition on the Fatigue Life of Austenitic Stainless Steels in High Temperature Water Environments." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84251.
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High temperature water environments typical of LWR operation are known to significantly reduce the fatigue life of reactor plant materials relative to air environments in laboratory studies. This environmental impact on fatigue life has led to the issue of US-NRC Regulatory Guide 1.207 [1] and supporting document NUREG/CR-6909 [2] which predicts significant environmental reduction in fatigue life (characterised by an environmental correction factor, Fen) for a range of actual and design basis transients. In the same report, a revision of the fatigue design curve for austenitic stainless steels and Ni-Cr-Fe alloys was proposed [2]. This was based on a revised mean curve fit to laboratory air data and revised design factors to account for effects not present in the test database, including the effect of rough surface finish. This revised fatigue design curve was endorsed by the NRC for new plant through Regulatory Guide 1.207 [1] and subsequently adopted by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code [3]. Additional rules for accounting for the effect of environment, such as the Fen approach, have been included in the ASME BPV Code as code cases such as Code Case N-792-1 [4]. However, there is a growing body of evidence [5] [6] [7] and [8] that a rough surface condition does not have the same impact in a high temperature water environment as in air. Therefore, application of Fen factors with this design curve may be unduly conservative as it implies a simple combination of the effects of rough surface and environment rather than an interaction. Explicit quantification of the interaction between surface finish and environment is the aim of a number of recent proposals for improvement to fatigue assessment methods, including a Rule in Probationary Phase in the RCC-M Code and a draft Code Case submitted to the ASME BPV Code as described in References [9] and [10]. These approaches aim to quantify the excessive conservatism in current methods due to this unrecognised interaction, describing this as an allowance for Fen effectively built into the design curve. A number of approaches in various stages of development and application are discussed further in a separate paper at this conference [11]. This paper reports the results of an extensive programme of strain-controlled fatigue testing, conducted on two heats of well-characterised 304-type material in a high-temperature simulated PWR environment by Wood plc. The baseline behaviour in environment of standard polished specimens is compared to that of specimens with a rough surface finish bounding normal plant component applications. The results reported here substantially add to the pool of data supporting the conclusion that surface finish effects in a high-temperature water environment are significantly lower than the factor of 2.0 to 3.5 assumed in construction of the current ASME III fatigue design curve. This supports the claim made in the methods discussed in [9] [10] and [11] that the fatigue design curve already incorporates additional conservatism for a high-temperature water environment that can be used to offset the Fen derived by the NUREG/CR-6909 methodology. At present, this observation is limited to austenitic stainless steels.
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Gemilang, Gilang Muhammad, and Daniel Karunakaran. "Feasibility Study of Selected Riser Concepts in Deep Water and Harsh Environment." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62453.
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One of the well-known riser systems, the Steel Catenary Riser (SCR), has been an attractive choice for the riser system in deep water. However, the main challenge of the SCR is large motions from the host platforms due to the harsh environment. The large motion of host platforms may induce excessive buckling and fatigue at the touchdown point. By screening the downward velocities at the hang-off point in the time history graph, the time at which the critical responses (i.e. buckling utilization, bending moment and compression) peak is identified. This study investigates the feasibility of the SCR configuration in terms of the capability to cope with the vessel motion. Several types of the SCR configurations are proposed in this study. The selected configurations of SCR in this study are conventional SCR, Weight Distributed SCR (WDSCR), and Steel Lazy Wave Riser (SLWR). The feasibility of the three riser configurations was analyzed in terms of strength and fatigue performance to understand the limitation of one over the other. The “lazy wave” configuration efficiently absorbs the vessel heave motions. Thereby the SLWR configuration is proven to be the most robust configuration to cope with large motion of the host platform. This study proves that although the SCR feasibility is limited due to vessel heave motion, innovative solutions can be established to extend its feasibility in order to cope with the vessel heave motion in harsh environment.
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Zhyvitskaya, E. P., E. K. Vlasenko, V. A. Stelmakh, and A. G. Sysa. "METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL CAPACITY OF NATURAL AND URBANIZED WATER SYSTEMS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-252-255.
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Anthropogenic pollution ;rnd e^TOph^t^ of aquatic ecosystems аге дЬЬа1 problems. Especi^ly important is the problem of reducing the quality of the already limited supply of fresh water. These problems have led to а wide range of studies in the field of monitoring of water ecosystems, which allows us to assess the ecologicd state of the reservoir. The functioning of aquatic ecosystems is trgely determined by the anthropogenic ;rnd иаШта! input of biogenic elements from the environment, so to determine the environment^ sound norms of anthropogenic input of biogenic elements into the ecosystem of the reservoir, it is necessary to identify the features of the structure of phyto- ;rnd zooptnkton, macrophytes, as well as to determine the concentration of chem^l elements connmed in the water.
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Zhyvitskaya, E. P., E. K. Vlasenko, V. A. Stelmakh, and A. G. Sysa. "METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL CAPACITY OF NATURAL AND URBANIZED WATER SYSTEMS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-252-255.
Full textAbstract:
Anthropogenic pollution ;rnd e^TOph^t^ of aquatic ecosystems аге дЬЬа1 problems. Especi^ly important is the problem of reducing the quality of the already limited supply of fresh water. These problems have led to а wide range of studies in the field of monitoring of water ecosystems, which allows us to assess the ecologicd state of the reservoir. The functioning of aquatic ecosystems is trgely determined by the anthropogenic ;rnd иаШта! input of biogenic elements from the environment, so to determine the environment^ sound norms of anthropogenic input of biogenic elements into the ecosystem of the reservoir, it is necessary to identify the features of the structure of phyto- ;rnd zooptnkton, macrophytes, as well as to determine the concentration of chem^l elements connmed in the water.
Reports on the topic "Water-limited environment"
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Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Craig Weinschenk. Understanding and Fighting Basement Fires. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/etsa5492.
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Many firefighters have been injured or killed while trying to extinguish a basement fire or a fire on a level below them. Prior research has shown basement fires present a high risk to firefighters. This risk stems from unexpected floor collapse and high heat. Prior research also indicated the tools that firefighters have traditionally used to determine the structural integrity of the floor offer little value with lightweight construction. Past experiments in small basements have indicated that the most effective method of fighting a basement fire may be from the exterior of the building. This study went beyond earlier research by increasing the size of the basement and incorporating three different ventilation and access conditions to the basement. Those access conditions include no exterior access to the basement, limited exterior access to the basement, and exterior access to the basement. The results of the experiments show the importance of identifying a basement fire, controlling ventilation and flowing an effective hose stream into the basement from a position of advantage, as soon as possible. These experiments highlighted the importance of identifying a basement fire during size-up and subsequently choosing the appropriate tactics that coordinate ventilation with suppression. In all experiments, the basement fire were ventilation limited. Additional ventilation without suppression was shown in to increase the hazard to any occupants trapped in the structure. Various nozzles and appliances were used to flow water into the basement. Water streams applied through the floor, through a small window remote from the seat of the fire, and through a basement level access door controlled the fire and reduced the hazard throughout the structure. Effective water application into the basement cooled the fire gases to prevent flashover, slowed the destruction of the structure, and reduced the hazard from fire. This action made entry conditions into a basement with active burning possible for a fully protected firefighter. Effective water application also supported search operations and reduced the threat from heat and toxic gases for any trapped occupants. Occupants isolated from the fire environment by a closed door or other means were provided addition protection when compared with conditions in rooms open to the fire environment.
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Rao, Nitya, Sheetal Patil, Maitreyi Koduganti, Chandni Singh, Ashwin Mahalingam, Prathijna Poonacha, and Nishant Singh. Sowing Sustainable Cities: Lessons for Urban Agriculture Practices in India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ssc12.2022.
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Despite growing interest and recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as a nature- based solution, there is limited empirical evidence in countries like India on its role in reconfiguring goals on environmental functions (such as biodiversity, waste management, water recycling, micro-climate regulation, etc.) and social wellbeing (such as food and nutrition security, gender relations, work burdens, land tenure and community ties). A need to address this gap led to the ideation of the project ‘Urban and peri-urban agriculture as green infrastructures’ ( UPAGrI ). When UPAGrI started in 2019, the research on UPA in India was thin but growing. However, the practical experience of urban farming across Indian cities is thriving and diverse, built on decades of bottom-up experimentation. Within the landscape of our ever-changing cities, we found vibrant communities-of-practice sharing seeds and knowledge, engaged online influencers discussing composting and water reuse, and stories of farming becoming sites of multi-generational bonding and nutritional security. This compendium is a collection of 29 such innovative UPA practices from across the different cities in the country. These diverse case studies are loosely categorized into four themes: environment and sustainability; food, nutrition and livelihood; gender and subjective well-being; and urban policy and planning. Written mostly by practitioners themselves, the case studies collectively recognise and celebrate UPA innovations and practices, serving as a repository of lessons for peer-to-peer learning, and demonstrating how UPA can be one of the many solutions towards sustainable, liveable Indian cities.
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Rao, Nitya. Sowing Sustainable Cities: Lessons for Urban Agriculture Practices in India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ssc12.2023.
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Despite growing interest and recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as a nature- based solution, there is limited empirical evidence in countries like India on its role in reconfiguring goals on environmental functions (such as biodiversity, waste management, water recycling, micro-climate regulation, etc.) and social wellbeing (such as food and nutrition security, gender relations, work burdens, land tenure and community ties). A need to address this gap led to the ideation of the project ‘Urban and peri-urban agriculture as green infrastructures’ ( UPAGrI ). When UPAGrI started in 2019, the research on UPA in India was thin but growing. However, the practical experience of urban farming across Indian cities is thriving and diverse, built on decades of bottom-up experimentation. Within the landscape of our ever-changing cities, we found vibrant communities-of-practice sharing seeds and knowledge, engaged online influencers discussing composting and water reuse, and stories of farming becoming sites of multi-generational bonding and nutritional security. This compendium is a collection of 29 such innovative UPA practices from across the different cities in the country. These diverse case studies are loosely categorized into four themes: environment and sustainability; food, nutrition and livelihood; gender and subjective well-being; and urban policy and planning. Written mostly by practitioners themselves, the case studies collectively recognise and celebrate UPA innovations and practices, serving as a repository of lessons for peer-to-peer learning, and demonstrating how UPA can be one of the many solutions towards sustainable, liveable Indian cities.
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Long, Wendy, Jesse Doyle, Edith Martinez-Guerra, and Christopher Griggs. Effects of impure water sources on early-age properties of calcium sulfoaluminate cements for rapid airfield damage recovery. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44780.
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In austere environments with limited access to clean water, it is advantageous to use nonpotable water for construction (i.e., mixing water for concrete.) In rapid-response situations such as rapid airfield damage recovery (RADR), the use of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements is beneficial for expedient pavement repairs because of their rapid strength gain characteristics. However, the hydration products formed by CSA cements are substantially different from those formed by ordinary portland cement and might react differently to impurities that water sources may contain. A laboratory study component investigated the application of various salts and impure sources of mixing water with commercially available CSA cement-based products. A field component studied the application of naturally occurring impure water sources for RADR. Recommendations are made for implementation of impure mixing water for RADR using commercially available flowable fill and concrete products made with CSA cement.
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Buesseler, Ken O., Di Jin, Melina Kourantidou, David S. Levin, Kilaparti Ramakrishna, and Philip Renaud. The ocean twilight zone’s role in climate change. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/28074.
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The ocean twilight zone (more formally known as the mesopelagic zone) plays a fundamental role in global climate. It is the mid-ocean region roughly 100 to 1000 meters below the surface, encompassing a half-mile deep belt of water that spans more than two-thirds of our planet. The top of the ocean twilight zone only receives 1% of incident sunlight and the bottom level is void of sunlight. Life in the ocean twilight zone helps to transport billions of metric tons (gigatonnes) of carbon annually from the upper ocean into the deep sea, due in part to processes known as the biological carbon pump. Once carbon moves below roughly 1000 meters depth in the ocean, it can remain out of the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Without the benefits of the biological carbon pump, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would increase by approximately 200 ppm 1 which would significantly amplify the negative effects of climate change that the world is currently trying to curtail and reverse. Unfortunately, existing scientific knowledge about this vast zone of the ocean, such as how chemical elements flow through its living systems and the physical environment, is extremely limited, jeopardizing the efforts to improve climate predictions and to inform fisheries management and ocean policy development.
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Price, Roz. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) – What are They and What are the Barriers and Enablers to Their Use? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.098.
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This rapid review examines literature around Nature-based Solutions (NbS), what are NbS, the pros and cons of NbS, design and implementation issues (including governance, indigenous knowledge), finance and the enabling environment. The breadth of NbS and the evidence base means that this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the information available, and therefore does not consider all types of NbS, nor all sectors that they have been used in. Considering this limited scope, this report highlights many issues, some of which are that Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of NbS, Pros of NbS include the low cost compared to infrastructure alternatives; the flexibility in addressing multiple climate challenges; potential co-benefits such as better water quality, improved health, cultural benefits, biodiversity conservation. The literature also notes the cons of NbS including slow adaptation or co-benefits, very context specific making effectiveness difficult to measure and many of the benefits are non-monetary and hard to measure. The literature consulted suggest a number of knowledge gaps in the evidence base for NbS effectiveness including lack of: robust and impartial assessments of current NbS experiences; site specific knowledge of field deployment of NbS; timescales over which benefits are seen and experienced; cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to or in conjunction with alternative solutions; and integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.
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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.
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Durden, Susan, Tyson Vaughan, and Brook Herman. Other social effects and social vulnerability analysis : existing resources. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44662.
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The following technical note (TN) provides a summary of existing resources available to the US Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) districts that address benefits in the Other Social Effects account for evaluating the effects of water resource projects. Consideration of social factors is key to a complete, robust, water-resources analysis, and these resources provide planners and project development teams with approaches and tools for their consideration. "social effects—the constituents of life that influence personal and group definitions of satisfaction, well-being, and happiness —OSE Primer, 3" This TN is limited in scope and does not cover ecosystem goods and services or environmental-quality metrics that can also be used to assess benefits outside of economic benefits from water-resource projects. The following resources and their associated metrics are presented in a manner that is focused on assisting districts during the project-planning phase, although the metrics can be used to assess benefits or impacts during other project phases as well (for example, construction, operations, and maintenance).
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Saltus, Christina, Molly Reif, and Richard Johansen. waterquality for ArcGIS Pro Toolbox : user's guide. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45362.
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Monitoring water quality of small inland lakes and reservoirs is a critical component of the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) water quality management plans. However, limited resources for traditional field-based monitoring of numerous lakes and reservoirs covering vast geographic areas often leads to reactional responses to harmful algal bloom (HAB) outbreaks. Satellite remote sensing methodologies using HAB indicators is a good low-cost option to traditional methods and has been proven to maximize and complement current field-based approaches while providing a synoptic view of water quality (Beck et al. 2016; Beck et al. 2017; Beck et al. 2019; Johansen et al. 2019; Mishra et al. 2019; Stumpf and Tomlinson 2007; Wang et al. 2020; Xu et al. 2019; Reif 2011). To assist USACE water quality management, we developed an Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) ArcGIS Pro desktop software toolbox (waterquality for ArcGIS Pro) founded on the design and research established in the waterquality R software package (Johansen et al. 2019; Johansen 2020). The toolbox enables the detection, monitoring, and quantification of HAB indicators (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, and turbidity) using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Four tools are available: (1) automating the download of Sentinel-2 Level-2A imagery, (2) creating stacked image with options for cloud and non-water features masks, (3) applying water quality algorithms to generate relative estimations of one to three water quality parameters (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, and turbidity), and (4) creating linear regression graphs and statistics comparing in situ data (from field-based water sampling) to relative estimation data. This document serves as a user’s guide for the waterquality for ArcGIS Pro toolbox and includes instructions on toolbox installation and descriptions of each tool’s inputs, outputs, and troubleshooting guidance.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.
Full textAbstract:
Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.