Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water – law and legislation – history'
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Rebolone, Ana Maria. "Feminists in unchartered water, the legal pursuit of reproductive autonomy in the Supreme Court of Canada in the 1990s." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ45377.pdf.
Full textEspada, Gildo Manuel. "International law on water transfers." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880344.
Full textShi, Feng. "Principles of European Union water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944040.
Full textNg, Kwok-keung Stephen, and 吳國強. "Transboundary water pollution: a legal perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255255.
Full textYeung, Wai-tak Victor. "A review of the principles in the present legislation for controlling water pollution in Hong Kong and other countries /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498460.
Full textAgbonjinmi, Ayodeji Peter. "Enforcement of criminal offences in terms of the National Water Act 36 of 1998." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/582.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was to critically examine the enforcement of environmental regulations with special reference to the enforcement of offences in the National Water Act 36 of 1998. “Enforcement” was conceptualized as “power” the exercise of which is constrained by the constitutionally guaranteed rights, especially the rights contained in Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 – the Bill of Rights. “Compliance” was conceptualized as a rational action. The polluter is both a rational economic actor as well as a rational political actor. “Enforcement” and “Compliance” were further considered as economic activities with costs and benefits. The “responsive enforcement and compliance” model was also adopted in this thesis. Environmental regulation is contentious because of the failure to adequately distinguish environmental crimes (mala prohibita) from common law crimes (mala in se) and the erroneous believe in the immutability of law especially pro-defendant procedural rights in criminal prosecution. This failure to distinguish environmental crimes from common law crimes resulted in the requirement of the proof of mens rea in criminal prosecution for breach of environmental law. Arguments were advanced to show that mens rea can easily be proved in environmental law areas of land use and development and resource conservation while it is a Herculean task for the prosecutor to prove mens rea in waste disposal and pollution offences. Arguments were also advanced, in terms of s. 24 of the 1996 Constitution and s. 2 of the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998, to show that “sustainable development” and the principles derived therefrom, especially the “precautionary principle” and the “polluter–pays principle”, are part of the corpus of South African constitutional and statutory laws. The “precautionary principle” and the “polluter-pays principle” have assumed the status of customary international law, and consequently part of South African laws in terms of s. 232 of 1996 Constitution. The provisions of s. 24(b) of 1996 Constitution prescribed both positive and negative duties for the state in respect of environmental regulation and prescribed the ambit of environmental regulation in South Africa. The “precautionary principle” is interpreted as deliberation guiding in form and a legal rule in content. The “precautionary principle” as a rule guides the actions of organs of state and other environmental stakeholders. The “polluter-pays principles” is interpreted as a legal rule which should be applied in the “all-or-nothing” sense. Arguments were advanced for the application of the “polluter-pays principles” in criminal prosecution. The legal effect of the application of “polluter-pays principle” in criminal prosecution for environmental crimes is to negative mens rea and transform environmental crimes to strict liability offences. In the environmental law areas of land use and development and resource conservation where mens rea is easily provable, the application of the “polluter-pays principle” would limit the prosecutor’s duty to proving, beyond reasonable doubt, the acts that constitute the offence against the accused. Thereafter, it is opened to the accused to prove, on scale of probabilities, that he lacks the mens rea (dolus or culpa) necessary for conviction. In the area of waste disposal and pollution control where proof of mens rea is difficult, the application of the “polluter-pays principle” should result in the application of the rule in Rylands Fletcher. All the prosecutor need do to obtain conviction is to prove, beyond reasonable doubt, the acts that constitute the offence against the accused. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) is identified and recognized as the dominant social paradigm (DSP) in South Africa. It is within the context of this DSP that environmental regulation is situated. Examining the penal provisions in the National Water Act 36 of 1998 against the background of the DSP, one is not left in doubt why the water pollution and degradation offences in the Act are fault-based. The DSP also partly accounts for the subordination of criminal law to administrative and civil judicial procedures in the enforcement of offences in the NWA 36 of 1998. Offences in the NWA 36 of 1998 were classified into 5 groups– failure crimes, reporting crimes, fraud crimes, obstruction crimes and environmental injury crimes. The failure crimes, reporting crimes, fraud crimes and obstruction crimes are common law crimes (mala in se) in the environmental law context, they are therefore subject to criminal prosecution like any other common law crime. Most of the environmental injury crimes are subject to administrative and civil judicial penalties, that is, the criminal sanction is subordinated to administrative and civil enforcement. The water pollution and degradation offences in s. 151 (1)(i)(j) of NWA 36 of 1998 are fault-based. In a water stressed country, this is a subsidy to industry for job creation and poverty eradication as dictated by the DSP– the RDP. However, in the prosecution for water pollution and degradation offenses, the application of the “polluter-pays principle” would negative mens rea. The legal effect is that in any prosecution for water pollution or degradation, to secure conviction, the prosecutor is only expected to prove the acts constituting the offence beyond reasonable doubt. It is thereafter open to the accused to the prove, on scale of probabilities, that he lacked either the dolus or culpa required to ground conviction. Since different cast of players are responsible for environmental protection and criminal prosecution (the National Prosecution Authority), coordination amongst the environmental agency, the prosecuting authority and the police is recommended. This can be achieved, inter alia, through joint participation in national enforcement conferences and joint participation in environmental task forces.
Lacher, Laurel Jane, Thomas III Maddock, and William B. Lord. "RESPONSE FUNCTIONS IN THE CRITICAL COMPARISON OF CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN TWO WESTERN STATES." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617810.
Full textZapata, Alexander. "Discursive constructions of the new water legislation in Ecuador." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/78542.
Full textBased on the concept of «law discourse content» developed by Óscar Correas, this article examines the more outstanding and controversial issues of the new water regulation framework in Ecuador, with emphasis on the «Ley Orgánica de Recursos Hídricos, Usos y Aprovechamiento del Agua», in force since second half 2014, andidentifying the tensions between the discursive constructions that frame the new regulation. This leads us to the following conclusion: the law reveals a political conception on water management by the «Citizen Revolution» which, from the vertical control of the state apparatus, encourages a capitalist modernization of the economy seeking to support and expand a rentier use of water.
Bria, Benyamin Y. "The development of mixed marriage legislation through missionary law from 1622 to the present." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6685.
Full textMoses, Julia Margaret. "Industrial accident compensation policies, state and society in Britain, Germany and Italy, 1870-1925." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609115.
Full textYeung, Wai-tak Victor, and 楊維德. "A review of the principles in the present legislation for controlling water pollution in Hong Kong and other countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125276X.
Full textStopforth, David Paul. "A history of the anti-avoidance legislation applying to settlements for income tax purposes." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254093.
Full textWei, Yan, and 魏艳. "Regulating municipal water supply concessions: accountability in transitional China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47661768.
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Law
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.
Full textMoyo, Khulekani. "Water as a human right under international human rights law : implications for the privatisation of water services." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80062.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The worsening scarcity of fresh water resources has led to an increasing number of people without sustainable access to safe water across the globe. Water privatisation has been presented as the panacea to addressing the global water crisis. Privatisation of water has heightened the impetus for the explicit recognition of water as a human right. This dissertation seeks to establish the legal status of the right to water under international human rights law. The dissertation further attempts to ascertain the scope and normative content of such a right. In order to answer these questions, this dissertation carries out a detailed analysis of the possible legal basis, scope and normative content of the right to water under international human rights law. The principal question that arises is how a State can ensure compliance with its human rights obligations in the event of involvement of non-State actors such as private corporations in the management and distribution of water services. This dissertation‘s main hypothesis is that although privatisation of water services does not relieve the State of its legal responsibility under international human rights law, such privatisation imposes certain obligations on private actors consistent with the right to water. The dissertation goes beyond articulating normative considerations and looks at implementation at the national level by highlighting good practices on the practical implementation of the right to water consistent with the normative standards imposed by the right. The dissertation‘s key contribution is its development of an accountability model to ensure that States and private actors involved in the provision of water services have clearly designated roles and responsibilities consistent with the human right to water. If properly implemented, the model has the potential to give greater specification to the normative commitments imposed by the right to water in privatisation scenarios.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verergerende skaarste van vars water bronne het aanleiding gegee tot die toename in die hoeveelheid mense sonder volhoubare toegang tot veilige water oor die hele aarde. Dit word aangevoer dat die privatisering van water die wondermiddel is om die globale water krisis aan te spreek. Die privatisering van water het aanleiding gegee tot 'n verskerpte aandrang om water uitdruklik te erken as 'n mensereg. Hierdie proefskrif poog om die regsstatus van die reg tot water te vestig binne die raamwerk van internasionale menseregte. Die proefskrif probeer verder om vas te stel wat die omvang en normatiewe inhoud van so 'n reg sal wees. Vervolgens voltrek hierdie proefskrif 'n uitvoerige analise van die moontlike regsbasis, omvang en normatiewe inhoud van die reg tot water binne die raamwerk van internasionale menseregte. Die vernaamste vraag wat opduik is hoe 'n Staat kan verseker dat sy menseregte verpligtinge nagekom word waar nie-Regeringsrolspelers soos korporasies betrokke is by die bestuur en distribusie van waterdienste. Die kern hipotese van hierdie proefskrif is dat alhoewel die privatisering van waterdienste nie die Staat verlig van sy regsverpligtinge in terme van internasionale menseregte nie, sodanige privatisering sekere verpligtinge aan privaatrolspelers voorskryf wat in lyn is met die reg op water. Hierdie proefskrif gaan verder as die artikulering van normatiewe oorwegings en kyk ook na die implementering op nasionale vlak deur goeie praktyke uit te lig met betrekking tot die prakiese implementering van die reg tot water wat konsekwent is met die normatiewe standaarde wat die reg voorskryf. Die kern bydrae van hierdie proefskrif is die ontwikkeling van 'n aanspreeklikheismodel wat versker dat Regerings en privaat rolspelers wat betrokke is by die voorsiening van waterdienste duidelik aangewysde funksies en verantwoordelikhede het wat in lyn is met die reg tot water. Indien hierdie model behoorlik implementeer word, het dit die potensiaal om grooter spesifikasie te gee aan die normatiewe verpligtinge wat deur die reg tot water voorgeskryf word in privatiserings scenarios.
McNeish, Alexander Stewart. "Human tissue legislation in the United Kingdom 1952-2006 : a history and comparative analysis of policy development." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1323.
Full textProulx, Marianne. "Gouvernance et imputabilité : la protection des valeurs publiques à l'ère de la privatisation des services d'eau." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19645.
Full textGaw, Christopher D. "The economic impacts of the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44283.
Full textDuring the early 1980s, concern over the poor quality of the nation's drinking water began to arise. Though the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) had been passed almost a decade earlier, many problems still existed. These problems included the inability of the Environmental Protection Agency to promulgate new drinking water standards and to enforce new and existing standards. To address the shortcomings of the original act, Congress passed the 1986 SDWA Amendments.
This document attempts to accomplish two main goals. The first is to summarize selectively the requirements of the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments as reflected in proposed and finalized drinking water regulations. The areas of coverage include proposed regulations for eight inorganic and thirty synthetic organic chemical contaminants, the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), and the Total Coliform Rule (TCR). In order to facilitate an understanding of the SDWA and the 1986 Amendments, a sectional analysis was provided in an appendix.
The second goal of this document is to assess the economic impact of this legislation upon Virginia water facilities. In this regard, the cost of water treatment technologies whose use will likely increase as a result of the legislation have been estimated, compiled, and documented.
These technologies include granular activated carbon (GAC);
reverse osmosis; ion exchange; and various aeration,
filtration, and disinfection technologies. Several case
studies that assess and highlight the direct impacts of the
1986 SDWA Amendments upon Virginia water facilities are
presented.
Master of Science
Ryan, Matthew James. "Law, Legislation, and Lending: An Examination of the Influence of the Crusades on the Usury Prohibition." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04302008-233731/.
Full textWhittaker, Carol Louise, and Carol Louise Whittaker. "Design guidelines and the law: History and analysis of design guidelines in zoning ordinances." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291666.
Full textThoms, J. Michael. "Ojibwa fishing grounds a history of Ontario fisheries law, science, and the sportsmen's challenge to aboriginal treaty rights, 1650-1900 /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?NQ90280.
Full textGallagher, Alan L. "Each in its own sphere : religion and law in Oregon history." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3575.
Full textSharpnack, Barrett S. "FIREPOWER BY MAIL: “GUN-TOTING,” STATE REGULATION, AND THE ORIGINS OF FEDERAL FIREARMS LEGISLATION, 1911-1927." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1433579362.
Full textAli, Ayesha. "Water Politics in a Water-Scarce Landscape : Examining the Groundwater Debate in California’s Central Valley." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414194.
Full textRadbone, Ian. "A history of land transport regulation in South Australia : the relevance of public choice theory." Title page, contents and summary only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr124.pdf.
Full textChan, Yiu-wing, and 陳耀榮. "Impact of the water pollution control ordinance on small electroplating factories." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252576.
Full textZhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.
Full textMa, Yiu-wa, and 馬耀華. "The impact of water pollution control ordinance on small and medium sized manufactures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252692.
Full textO'Byrne, Nicole Colleen. "The answer to the 'Natural Resources Question' : a historical analysis of the Natural Resources Transfer Agreements." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99147.
Full textJackson, Joseph E. F. "Regulating the online medium in an age of transnational communication : a socio-historical analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/NQ44462.pdf.
Full textBassi, Michelle Platt. "Ethical Issues of Water Resource Management in a Changing Climate: Equity and Legal Pluralism in Chile." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10620.
Full textClimate change is disrupting the underpinnings of effective water management by profoundly impacting hydrological patterns. Political entities mandated with freshwater management must respond to society's water needs as availability fluctuates and, in doing so, will encounter difficult ethical dilemmas because existing water laws are ill-equipped to resolve such problems. This thesis takes Chile's water laws as representative of the challenges in addressing ethical disparities arising from freshwater management in a changing climate and proposes that "water ethics" can effectively be used to manage freshwater resources. I examine the 1981 Water Code with a critical eye towards ethical shortcomings and also examine distributive impacts upon indigent farmers and indigenous communities. I conclude that Chile's existing water laws are inequitable because they deny legitimacy to diverse socio-cultural norms regarding water use. Principles of modern water laws must incorporate diverse cultural water laws using a legally pluralistic and ethical approach to management.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Anita M. Weiss, Chair; Professor Derrick Hindery; Professor Stuart Chinn
McCabe, Gerald Michael. "Regulation of the telephone industry in Canada : the formative years." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63351.
Full textSurtees, Peter Geoffrey. "An historical perspective of income tax legislation in South Africa, 1910 to 1925." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004578.
Full textMohamed, Shehaamah. "Competing water user sectors under a transformed South African water law: the role of local government, with a case study on the City of Cape Town Municipality." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textLittlewood, Michael. "Taxation without representation : the history of Hong Kong's troublingly successful tax system /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22719829.
Full textPoutanen, Mary Anne. "To indulge their carnal appetites, prostitution in early nineteenth-century Montréal, 1810-1842." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26719.pdf.
Full textNleya, Ndodana. "Institutional overlaps in water management in the Eerste River Catchment." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textthere were differences in roles of the different state organs operating in the catchment. Water management conflict emanated from lack of congruence in the various legislation and differences in the interpretation of legislation. The various state organs seem to be aware of the constitutional duty of cooperative government that engenders state organs to work co-operatively in order to meet their developmental mandates. It seems however that the state organs were merely interested to be seen to be in conformity with this duty more than actually solving the issue as this was seen as something to be tackled at a higher level.
Esteves, Cristina Campos 1976. "O regime jurídico das águas minerais na Constituição de 1988." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286755.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T09:41:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Esteves_CristinaCampos_D.pdf: 3209316 bytes, checksum: 61d3eec784fef7e3b823973b0520be08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Na atualidade, a regulamentação jurídica das águas minerais no Brasil é realizada pelas normas do Código de Águas Minerais - Decreto-lei nº 7.841, de 8 de agosto de 1945 - que expressamente submete a gestão destas águas ao Código de Mineração - Decreto-lei nº 227, de 28 de fevereiro de 1967. Para a lei vigente, as águas minerais são preponderantemente consideradas um recurso mineral que produz efeitos medicamentosos nos termos do conceito objeto do art.1º do Código de Águas Minerais. O conceito aludido tem origem histórica e foi positivado no Brasil com fundamento na ciência da Crenologia segundo o modelo europeu vigente à época. Todavia, com o advento da Constituição da República de 1988, o conceito em vigência do que seja água mineral e seu regime jurídico deixaram de ser recepcionados. A nova ordem constitucional atribuiu a toda água a natureza jurídica de bem de uso comum do povo, determinando sua inclusão na Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e gestão por meio do Sistema Nacional de Recursos Hídricos. A alteração do paradigma é sustentada pelas mudanças perpetradas na realidade. Sabe-se atualmente que todas as águas hão de ser compreendidas como parte de um único todo em razão dos mecanismos do ciclo hidrológico. Assim, a gestão das águas, da mesma forma, há de ser objeto de um sistema único em razão da necessidade premente de conhecermos os reais volumes explotados deste recurso indispensável à vida humana como forma de materialização de uma gestão responsiva e sustentável que assegure a existência das futuras gerações. Historicamente as águas minerais deixaram de ser usadas como medicamentos em razão do desenvolvimento da farmacologia. Nos dias atuais o crescimento da demanda por água mineral guarda relação com o aumento da população indicando a preponderância do uso alimentício deste recurso que hoje é objeto de múltiplos usos. Nesse contexto, a água mineral não há de fazer jus a gestão que a separe das demais águas, devendo ser compreendida como recurso ambiental multifuncional de uso comum de todos
Abstract: Nowadays, the legal regulation of mineral water in Brazil is carried out by the rules of the of Mineral Waters Code - Decree-Law No. 7841 of August 8, 1945 - which expressly submits the management of these waters to the Mining Code - Decree-Law No. 227 of February 28, 1967. Under current law, mineral waters are mainly considered a mineral resource that produces pharmacological effects in terms of the concept objectified in art. 1st of the Mineral Waters Code. The aforementioned concept has historical origin and was embodied in law in Brazil based on mineral waters science and according to the European model prevailing at the time. Nevertheless, with the arrival of the 1988 Constitution, the once prevailing concept of what was considered mineral water and its legal status were no longer approved. The new constitutional order conveyed to all water the legal nature of asset for the common use of the people, determining its inclusion in the National Water Resources Policy and its management through the National System of Water Resources. The paradigm shift is supported by the changes enacted in reality. It is now known that all waters are to be understood as part of a single whole because the mechanisms of the hydrological cycle. Thus, water management, likewise, is subject to a single system because of the pressing need to know the actual explored volumes of this resource so essential to human life as a form of materialization of a responsive and sustainable management that assures existence to future generations Historically mineral waters stopped being used as drugs due to the development of pharmacology. Currently the growing demand for bottled water is related to population growth indicating the preponderance of the feeding use of water that today is subject to multiple uses. In this context, mineral water is not to follow the management that separates it from other waters, unless it is included within the National System of Water Resources Management - SNGRH object of the National Policy of Water Resources provided by the 1988 Constitution. In this context, mineral water is not to follow the management that separates it from other waters, it should be understood as a multifunctional environmental resource for the common use of all
Doutorado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Doutora em Geociências
Pilarczyk, Ian C. "'Justice in the premises' : family violence and the law in Montreal, 1825-1850." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84214.
Full textIn a period before the sweeping public movements that developed in the last several decades of the nineteenth century, courts were forced to grapple with family violence because private prosecutors brought those issues before them. In their willingness to hear cases involving infanticide, child abuse, domestic violence, and spousal murder, courts made public some of Victorian Montreal's darkest secrets. While the privately-driven system of justice was slowly to erode over the intervening decades, that erosion was to coincide with the rise of public crusades against child-cruelty, domestic violence, and other social issues. The visibility of family violence likely fueled, and in turn was fueled by, those social movements.
Hogaboam, Dieter Grant. "Compensation and control, silicosis in the Ontario hardrock mining industry, 1921-1975." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22323.pdf.
Full textUlrich, Roberta. "Justice Delayed: A Sixty Year Battle for Indian Fishing Sites." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5106.
Full textMahlatji, Matlale Letticia. "The impact of water and sediment quality on the health of clarias gariepinus (burchell, 1822) and labeo rosae (steindachner, 1894) at the Phalaborwa Barrage, Olifants River, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1152.
Full textContamination of aquatic ecosystems by agricultural and mining activities, as well as by industrial discharges and urbanization in the catchment of the South African river systems has been the cause of increasing public concern. These activities may result in water pollution. One such river is the Olifants River System in Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces which is highly impacted. The main aim of the study was to assess the impact of the water and sediment quality on the health of Clarias gariepinus and Labeo rosae and human risk when the fish is consumed at the Phalaborwa Barrage in the Lower Olifants River, Limpopo Province. This was achieved by assessing the water and sediment quality of the barrage at the three sampling sites; assessing the condition of the fish and the fish parasites by applying the fish HAI (Health Assessment Index) and PI (Parasite Index); determining the bioaccumulation of selected metals in the muscle tissue of the two fish species; and to determine the Human health risk factor upon consumption of fish contaminated with metals at the barrage. Ten fish from each fish species were collected seasonally at each site using gill nets of different mesh sizes. Standards methods were followed when testing selected water and sediment constituents. For water quality sampling, the water samples were collected over four seasons (autumn, winter, spring and summer) at three sites (inflow, wall and below wall) from April 2010 to January 2011. Sediment samples were also collected using a Friedlinger mudgrab (225cm3) at the three sites during winter and summer. Fish hosts were examined for mobile ectoparasites, weighed and measured. Blood samples were drawn and skin smears were made. Fish were killed, dissected and all external and internal organs were examined as prescribed in the fish health assessment index. The condition factor was determined for each fish population. All parasites were collected, fixed and preserved using standard methods. The highest water temperature (28.5 ºC) was in spring and lowest in winter (18 ºC). Overall pH was in an alkaline condition as it ranged from 7.4 to 8.7. Most water quality parameters were recorded at higher concentration in spring which includes; water temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, TDS, alkalinity, and turbidity. Major ions (cations and anions) recorded were all within the TWQR. Sulphates concentrations were all within the TWQR. Calcium concentration levels exceeded the typical concentration limit in spring but the levels were still within the TWQR for domestic use. Nutrients levels (nitrate, nitrite, sulphate) were very low which indicate oligotrophic conditions. Highest total nitrogen was recorded in spring which is an indicative of eutrophic conditions. Highest phosphorous concentrations were recorded in winter, spring and summer which are an indicative of eutrophic conditions. Noticeable elevated levels were recorded at the inflow in summer which is an indicative of hypertrophic conditions. The results of the metals concentrations analysed demonstrated that metals within the barrage are present in trace amounts in the water. Analysis of the metal concentrations in water, sediment and fish muscle tissue revealed that the sediment contained the highest concentrations of metals followed by fish tissue and then the water. Metals that were detected in the water column includes; aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, iron, manganese, selenium, strontium and tin. Metals that were detected at concentrations above the TWQR for aquatic ecosystem were; aluminium, antimony and selenium. Arsenic, cadmium and chromium were recorded at concentrations above the detection limit as suggested by CCME. Zinc concentrations were recorded at levels below suggested detection limit. Aluminium, barium, boron, cadmium, chromium, manganese, selenium and strontium were all detected at elevated levels in water and above the TWQR. Among the metals recorded in the water column, significant seasonal variations in concentration were found for aluminium, barium, boron, lead selenium and strontium whereas only boron showed a significant variation between sites. In comparison to the metals concentrations accumulated in the muscle tissue of both fish species. It was noted that C.gariepinus accumulated more metals than L. rosae; however L. rosae accumulated more metals at elevated concentrations than C. gariepinus. The metals that were accumulated at elevated levels in C. gariepinus were barium, boron, zinc and selenium. In L. rosae, iron, aluminium, strontium, titanium, vanadium and arsenic accumulated at elevated levels. All these metals pose a high risk to fish and human’s health. The highest population HAI was recorded in summer for both fish species. The lowest HAI value was recorded in autumn for both fish species. Although a high HAI population value was recorded higher in summer for both fish species, in general both fish species from the barrage were in a normal condition. A high number of ectoparasites were recorded in L. rosae than in C. gariepinus while high numbers of endoparasites were recorded in C. gariepinus than L. rosae. The dominating ectoparasites for both species were from the class monogenea. Although the prevalence for Contracaecum sp. in C. gariepinus was 100% in all season, it did not influence the condition of the host. None of the parasites identified from both fish species neither reached alarmingly infection levels nor caused any visible damage to the host. In conclusion, the water quality at the Phalaborwa Barrage is slightly polluted based on the water quality parameter(phosphorous) presence and recorded of some metals at the inflow that were recorded at elevated levels above the TWQR. Further recommendations are refereed such as extension of this study to all tributaries and to include other fish species in addition to constant monitoring of the impoundment.
BhaskarDoss, Franklin Sherwin. "The impact of anti-conversion laws in India a biblical and historical study /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p001-1106.
Full textMachovenko, Jevgenij. "XIII-XX a. Lietuvos teisinės sistemos istorija." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090611_130744-71096.
Full textIn the present work the author reviews the two scientific monographs and twenty scientific articles in which the history of the Lithuanian legal system is investigated. The author aspires to elucidate how did the main subsystems of the Lithuanian legal system – legislation, jurisdiction and jurisprudence – appeared and developed up to the end of the 20th century in the context of evolution of the Western legal tradition. The basic methods of research used in the works are historical, comparative and teleological. The main theses of the reviewed scientific monographs and articles are these: The law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) was created by the Government on the basis of the national Lithuanian law and some elements of the custom Slav law. Substitution of the custom Slav law for the Lithuanian public and private law took place in those provinces in the 14th-16th centuries. The custom Slav law hampered forming of the system of law of the GDL. It was created finally in the middle of the 16th century. The law of the GDL was a medieval estate law. Estate is a legal phenomenon and law determines signs and features of any estate. Main sign of any estate is rights leaved to him by law and protected by state. Estate system, that is an organization of society into classes rigidly divided for political purposes and defined primarily by law, is based on a legal inequality of estates. Any estate is a stable order closed to outsiders. In order to belong to estate any person must... [to full text]
Monthey, Tanya Trangia. ""The Most Difficult Vote": Post-Roe Abortion Politics in Oregon, 1973-2001." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4822.
Full textNolting, Janine. "Proposed South African management framework for the implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003907.
Full textWery, Anne. "Bruits et silences savants, les politiques du Ministère de l'éducation au Nouveau-Brunswick, 1937-1943." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23740.pdf.
Full textWells, Gordon Marshall. "Controlling nonpoint pollution in Virginia's urbanizing areas: an institutional perspective." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101332.
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Abdulkadir, Abdulkadir Hashim. "Reforming and retreating: British policies on transforming the administration of Islamic Law and its institutions in the Busa‘idi Sultanate 1890-1963." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1651.
Full textAfter the establishment of the British Protectorate in the Busa‘idi Sultanate in 1890, the British colonial administration embarked on a policy of transforming the administration of Islamic law and its institutions which included the kadhi, liwali and mudir courts. The ultimate objective of the transformation process was to incorporate such institutions into the colonial enterprise and gradually reform them. Within a span of seven decades of their colonial rule in the Busa‘idi Sultanate, the British colonial authorities managed to transform the administration of Islamic law and its institutions. Key areas of the transformation process included the formalisation of the administration of Islamic law in which procedural laws related to MPL and wakf regulations were codified. Kadhi courts and wakf commissions were institutionalised and incorporated into the colonial apparatus. In the process of transforming the kadhi courts, the British colonial authorities adopted three major policies: institutional transformation, procedural transformation, and exclusion of criminal jurisdiction from kadhi courts. The focus of the transformation process was on the curtailment of kadhis powers. By 1916 criminal jurisdiction was removed from kadhis and their civil jurisdiction was gradually confined to MPL. Other significant areas of the transformation process were the wakf institutions and slavery. Wakf institutions were related to land issues which were crucial to the colonial politics and the abolition of slavery in the Busa‘idi Sultanate was a primary concern of the British colonial administration. Through policies of compromise and coercion, the British colonial officials managed to gradually abolish slavery without causing political or social upheavals in the Sultanate. Due to the fact that there was no uniform policy on the transformation exercise undertaken by the British colonial officials on the ground, the reform process was marked with transformative contradictions which seemed to be a hallmark of British colonial policy in the Busa‘idi Sultanate. For instance, British colonial policies on transforming wakf institutions were caught in a contradiction in that, on the one hand, colonial efforts were geared towards transforming the land system in order to achieve economic development, and on the other hand, the British colonial officials were keen to uphold a paternalistic approach of adopting a non-interference policy in respect of religious institutions. Similarly, in abolishing slavery, the British colonial government, on the one hand, was under pressure from philanthropists and missionaries to end slavery, and, on the other hand, the British colonial officials on the ground portrayed their support of the slave owners and advocated a gradual approach to abolish slavery. Findings of this thesis reveal that the British colonial administration managed to achieve complete reform in some cases, such as, the abolition of liwali and mudir courts and confining kadhis’ civil jurisdiction to MPL, while in other areas, such as, the management of wakf institutions and the abolition of slavery, the British faced resistance from the Sultans and their subjects which resulted in partial reforms. Hence, in the process of transforming the administration of Islamic law and its institutions in the Busa‘idi Sultanate, the British colonial administration adopted a dual policy of reforming and retreating.
South Africa
Daitch, Vicki. "Natural science and the American government: fur seal management from gilded age to progressive era." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44215.
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