Journal articles on the topic 'Water Footprint Assessment (WFA)'
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1
Bong, P. X. H., M. A. Malek, and Z. Z. Noor. "A Review on Water Footprint Assessment and Water-Food-Energy Nexus for Electronic and Food Products." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28.22321.
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Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) has emerged as a new interdisciplinary field of study, that specialize in the study of water use, scarcity, and pollution, in respect to production, consumption, and trade of water-intensive products and services. It consists of the analysis of various techniques and practices, policy plans, and governance mechanisms that contributed to the rise of sustainability, efficiency, and equitability of water footprints. This study focuses on WFA specifically for electronic and food manufacturing products. It determined contributions of different players namely the governments, companies, investors and civil society. This study typically reviews water use in relation to demand for electronic products, food and energy used. It appraisals the sustainable water use translated into coherent food, energy, incentives and trade policies. Water-Food-Energy (WFE) nexus from the perspective of electronic and food manufacturing products are also reviewed. In this study, the challenges in estimating water footprints and WFE nexus for electronics and food manufacturing products include the understanding of various levels of demand, geographical, temporal variations, assessment of uncertainties involved, and the assessment of water-footprint related problems and solutions. The outcomes showed that combining several methods of WFA can obtain adequate results for the water footprint accounting. The WFE nexus is preferred to use life-cycle assessment (LCA) method to identify the environmental impacts. The significances of this study are to raise the awareness on water usage in the supply chain process of the electronic and food products then recommend good practices in water usage.
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Qian, Weiran, Juxiang Zhu, Fangli Chen, Xiang Ji, Xiaopeng Wang, and Laili Wang. "Water footprint assessment of viscose staple fiber garments." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (February 11, 2021): 2217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.040.
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Abstract The viscose fiber industry forms a large part of the textile industry and is a typical water consumption and wastewater discharge industry. As a tool to quantify environmental impacts in terms of water resources, the water footprint assessment (WFA) is a control method for the textile and apparel industry to measure water consumption and wastewater discharge. In this study, the water footprints of viscose staple fiber blouses and blended men's suits were comprehensively evaluated based on the ISO 14046 standard and the life cycle assessment (LCA) polygon method. The WFA results from our study indicate that the production stage of viscose staple fiber garments has the most significant water resource environmental load. Specifically, the water footprint related to the production of viscose staple fiber for three types of clothing accounted for more than 50% of the total water footprint, with men's 100% viscose staple fiber suits having the largest impact on water resources and the environment. Furthermore, our results indicate that the water alkaline footprint is primarily influenced by the viscose staple fiber production as well as the dyeing and finishing processes. NaOH and Na2CO3 are the main pollutants that caused the water alkaline footprint. In addition, the water ecotoxicity footprint was the major driving factor of water resource environmental load. Zn2+ is the main pollutant that caused the water ecotoxicity footprint.
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Chan, B. K. C., Ming Yu Xiong, and Guo Ping Zhang. "Mining Impacts on the Environment - Water Footprint Assessment of Copper Cathode and Copper Concentrate." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.644.
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Water is the source of life and an essential resource for our global economy. It empowers agricultural and industrial production and development, and fosters the nature and ecosystems. With increasing water scarcity, growing population, climate change and extreme weather conditions, together with stricter water regulations, decline in ore grade and increasing controversy on water use between mining operations and local communities, effective governance of shared water resources and protecting water quality is an economic imperative and social responsibility for mining companies. Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) is a holistic methodological framework that allows integrated assessment for operational and supply-chain water use and the associated water footprint sustainability in different sectors at various spatial and temporal scales. This paper presents a WFA for two copper products – copper cathode and copper concentrate produced by Zijin Mining (China) based on the data from 2012 and 2013. The aim of this study is to evaluate the water consumption within the operations and supply chains, to understand the product sustainability and identify water footprint reduction targets to minimize its associated social and environmental impact on natural resources in the catchment. The two copper products were produced from two different processes, hence their different associated water footprints. Evaporation due to the vast area of heap leach pad is the main contribution to the blue water footprint (WF) for copper cathode whereas supply chain WF is negligible. The grey WF is found to be due to total copper concentration in the effluent discharge. This assessment goes beyond water footprint accounting stage and includes the environmental sustainability of the direct water footprint. Opportunities for efficiency improvement across the two processing plants and prevention strategies to reduce impacts on the environment are also discussed. The comprehensive approach makes the WFA unique from other water use assessments and shows its value in water sustainability strategy making.
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Menendez, H. M., and L. O. Tedeschi. "The characterization of the cow-calf, stocker and feedlot cattle industry water footprint to assess the impact of livestock water use sustainability." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 5 (July 2020): 416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000672.
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AbstractPerception of freshwater use varies between nations and has led to concerns of how to evaluate water use for sustainable food production. The water footprint of beef cattle (WFB) is an important metric to determine current levels of freshwater use and to set sustainability goals. However, current WFB publications provide broad WF values with inconsistent units preventing direct comparison of WFB models. The water footprint assessment (WFA) methodologies use static physio-enviro-managerial equations, rather than dynamic, which limits their ability to estimate cattle water use. This study aimed to advance current WFA methods for WFB estimation by formulating the WFA into a system dynamics methodology to adequately characterize the major phases of the beef cattle industry and provide a tool to identify high-leverage solutions for complex water use systems. Texas is one of the largest cattle producing areas in the United States, a significant water user. This geolocation is an ideal template for WFB estimation in other regions due to its diverse geography, management-cultures, climate and natural resources. The Texas Beef Water Footprint model comprised seven submodels (cattle population, growth, nutrition, forage, WFB, supply chain and regional water use; 1432 state variables). Calibration of our model replicated initial WFB values from an independent study by Chapagain and Hoekstra in 2003 (CH2003). This CH2003 v. Texas production scenarios evaluated model parameters and assumptions and estimated a 41–66% WFB variability. The current model provides an insightful tool to improve complex, unsustainable and inefficient water use systems.
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Chan, B. K. C., M. Y. Xiong, C. Chen, G. P. Zhang, and N. Franke. "A preliminary water footprint assessment of copper production in China." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (May 31, 2014): 1018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.059.
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Scarcer water resources, stricter water regulations, decline in ore grade and increasing controversy on water use between local communities and mining operators have raised awareness of good water stewardship as being vital to running commercially viable mining operations. Water footprint assessment (WFA) is a holistic methodological framework that allows detailed quantification of direct and indirect water use in different sectors at various spatial and temporal scales. The ultimate aim of this study is to identify water footprint (WF) reduction targets, formulate response strategies to minimize water consumption and pollution and therefore improve the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the mining processes. The assessment will eventually serve as a model for other mines in northern China with water scarcity issues. The paper describes the preliminary WFA of copper cathodes, with particular emphasis on the methodology, approach, degree of details and areas for consideration. It focuses from ore extraction to final discharge to the river. Significant WF contribution is found in the process rather than the supply chain. The explorative approach applied in this real case scenario and the findings contribute to the literature body of the WFA field. This case study can provide helpful guidance for WFA practitioners when applying this methodological framework in addressing particular issues in mining processes.
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Hoekstra, Arjen Y., Ashok K. Chapagain, and Pieter R. van Oel. "Progress in Water Footprint Assessment: Towards Collective Action in Water Governance." Water 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051070.
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We introduce ten studies in the field of water footprint assessment (WFA) that are representative of the type of papers currently being published in this broad interdisciplinary field. WFA is the study of freshwater use, scarcity, and pollution in relation to consumption, production, and trade patterns. The reliable availability of sufficient and clean water is critical in sustaining the supply of food, energy, and various manufactured goods. Collective and coordinated action at different levels and along all stages of commodity supply chains is necessary to bring about more sustainable, efficient, and equitable water use. In order to position the papers of this volume, we introduce a spectrum for collective action that can give insight in the various ways different actors can contribute to the reduction of the water footprint of human activities. The papers cover different niches in this large spectrum, focusing on different scales of governance and different stages in the supply chain of products. As for future research, we conclude that more research is needed on how actions at different spatial levels and how the different players along supply chains can create the best synergies to make the water footprint of our production and consumption patterns more sustainable.
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Zhang, G. P., A. Y. Hoekstra, and R. E. Mathews. "Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) for better water governance and sustainable development." Water Resources and Industry 1-2 (March 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2013.06.004.
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Güney, Emre, and Nuray Demirel. "Water Footprint Assessment of Carbon in Pulp Gold Processing in Turkey." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158497.
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This paper presents water the footprint assessment (WFA) of carbon in pulp (CIP) gold processing. The main objectives of the study are determining grey and blue water footprints and identifying the hotspots of the process. Results revealed that the total blue water footprint, including the extraction and processing of the gold, was found to be 452.40 m3/kg Au, and the grey WF to be 2300.69 m3/kg Au. According to the results, the lost return flow on the direct blue WF side has the largest contribution, with a value of 260.61 m3/kg Au, and the only source of the lost return flow is the tailing pond. On the indirect side, it is seen that the oxygen consumption used for the leaching process has the highest value, with 37.38 m3/kg. Among the nine contaminants in the mine tailings, the critical component responsible for the grey water footprint is by far arsenic, with a value of 1777 m3/kg Au. The results will be used to make recommendations for reducing water consumption in mining operations, for a better design for the environment. The study is a pioneering study, being the first implementation of water footprint assessment in a gold mine in Turkey.
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Menendez, Hector M., and Luis O. Tedeschi. "97 Impact of Regionalized Forage Quality and Quantity and Feed Grain Water Use on the Daily Texas Beef Cattle Water Footprint and Supply Chain Efficiency." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.068.
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Abstract Livestock water use sustainability is a growing concern in the beef cattle sector. The Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) method has been used to quantify the water footprint (WF) of beef products but does not suggest any specific management strategies to decrease the WF of beef cattle (WFB) within and across the beef supply chain. The WFB is primarily influenced by forage and grain production water uses (m3/t), which are directly linked to dry matter (kg/d) and water intake (L/d) and cattle growth (kg/d). Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the alteration of forage quality and above-ground biomass production (t/ha) of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), in addition to published WF estimates for corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) production (m3/t) on the daily Texas WFB. A dynamic Texas Beef Water Footprint Model (TXWFB) was developed to predict WFB, using the System Dynamic methodology and equations from the Ruminant Nutrition System (RNS) and Beef Nutrient Requirements (NASEM) models. Results indicated that forage and crop biomass production is a high-leverage solution to offset the daily Texas WFB (%∆ = -55 to 130). The alteration of forage TDN had less of an impact on the Texas WFB (%∆ = -39 to 17). An ANOVA with a Tukey Posthoc test indicated that all WFB scenarios were significantly different (P < 0.05) except for the low versus base TDN under low water use conditions scenario. The variability in the use of green and blue waters for grains indicated that the final WFB, in the feedlot phase, may be lower than the WFB in the cow-calf or stocker stages under certain efficiency conditions. Identification of high and low-leverage solutions may help Texas cattle stakeholders implement systemic strategies that aid in the efforts for sustainable beef water use.
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Bong, P. X. H., M. A. Malek, N. H. Mardi, and Marlia M. Hanafiah. "Cradle-to-Gate Water-Related Impacts on Production of Traditional Food Products in Malaysia." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 5274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135274.
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Modern technology and life-style advancements have increased the demand for clean water. Based on this trend it is expected that our water resources will be under stress leading to a high probability of scarcity. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of selected traditional food manufacturing products namely: tempe, lemang, noodle laksam, fish crackers and salted fish in Malaysia. The cradle-to-gate approach on water footprint assessment (WFA) of these selected traditional food products was carried out using Water Footprint Network (WFN) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Freshwater eutrophication (FEP), marine eutrophication (MEP), freshwater ecotoxicity (FETP), marine ecotoxicity (METP) and water consumption (WCP), LCA were investigated using ReCiPe 2016 methodology. Water footprint accounting of blue water footprint (WFblue), green water footprint (WFgreen) and grey water footprint (WFgrey) were established in this study. It was found that total water footprint for lemang production was highest at 3862.13 m3/ton. The lowest total water footprint was found to be fish cracker production at 135.88 m3/ton. Blue water scarcity (WSblue) and water pollution level (WPL) of these selected food products were also determined to identify the environmental hotspots. Results in this study showed that the WSblue and WPL of these selected food products did not exceed 1%, which is considered sustainable. Based on midpoint approach adopted in this study, the characterization factors for FEP, MEP, FETP, METP and WCP on these selected food products were evaluated. It is recommended that alternative ingredients or product processes be designed in order to produce more sustainable lemang.
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Karandish, Fatemeh, and Arjen Hoekstra. "Informing National Food and Water Security Policy through Water Footprint Assessment: the Case of Iran." Water 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2017): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9110831.
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Iran’s focus on food self-sufficiency has led to an emphasis on increasing water volumes available for irrigation with little attention to water use efficiency, and no attention at all to the role of consumption and trade. To better understand the development of water consumption in relation to food production, consumption, and trade, we carried out the first comprehensive water footprint assessment (WFA) for Iran, for the period 1980–2010, and estimated the water saving per province associated with interprovincial and international crop trade. Based on the AquaCrop model, we estimated the green and blue water footprint (WF) related to both the production and consumption of 26 crops, per year and on a daily basis, for 30 provinces of Iran. We find that, in the period 1980–2010, crop production increased by 175%, the total WF of crop production by 122%, and the blue WF by 20%. The national population grew by 92%, and the crop consumption per capita by 20%, resulting in a 130% increase in total food consumption and a 110% increase in the total WF of national crop consumption. In 2010, 26% of the total water consumption in the semi-arid region served the production of crops for export to other regions within Iran (mainly cereals) or abroad (mainly fruits and nuts). Iran’s interprovincial virtual water trade grew by a factor of 1.6, which was mainly due to increased interprovincial trade in cereals, nuts, and fruits. Current Iranian food and water policy could be enriched by reducing the WFs of crop production to certain benchmark levels per crop and climatic region and aligning cropping patterns to spatial differences in water availability and productivities, and by paying due attention to the increasing food consumption per capita in Iran.
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Gómez-Llanos, Eva, Agustín Matías-Sánchez, and Pablo Durán-Barroso. "Wastewater Treatment Plant Assessment by Quantifying the Carbon and Water Footprint." Water 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113204.
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In the context of efficient and sustainable management of the elements of the urban water cycle as an aim of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the evaluation of indicators such as the water footprint (WF) and the carbon footprint (CF) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) provides a quantification of the environmental impact, both negative and positive, which implies its exploitation. In this study, in addition to WF and CF quantification, a joint evaluation of both indicators was conducted. Consumption is indicated by the blue water footprint (WFBlue) and emissions by CF. Both are related to the operational grey water footprint (∆WFG,mef) in two ratios, WFR and CFR. In this way, the water consumed and gases emitted are measured according to the reduction range of the pollutant load of the discharge. The results for four WWTPs show operational scenarios for better management in accordance with the WFD.
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Hou, Siyu, Yu Liu, Xu Zhao, Martin Tillotson, Wei Guo, and Yiping Li. "Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082822.
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Research on blue and green water footprints (WF) for China has typically been carried out based on bottom-up and top-down approach using a single-region input–output table. However, this research typically lacks detail on the sectoral interrelationships which exist between China and its trading partners in other countries/regions of the world. Here, a multi-region input–output approach using the WIOD database was applied to quantify the blue and green WF for China in 2009. The quantification was conducted from both production (WFP) and consumption (WFC) perspectives. The results show that the total WFP for China in 2009 was 1152.2 km3, second only to India. At 1070.9 km3, China had the largest WFC volume in the world. The internal WF was 953.5 km3, taking the substantial share for both the WFC and WFP. Overall, China’s trade resulted in a net export of 53.5 km3 virtual water. In contrast, the agricultural sector resulted in a net import of 70.6 km3 virtual water to China, with United States, Brazil, and Canada acting as major suppliers. This study suggests that quantifying the WF of China at global level through a MRIO framework is a necessary step towards achieving sustainability for China’s water management.
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Sivapragasam, C., M. Pallikonda Rajasekaran, and M. Vinotha. "A conceptual framework for real time estimation of WFP for small hydroelectric power plant." Water Policy 19, no. 6 (September 6, 2017): 1049–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.289.
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Abstract It is believed that the power sector, particularly hydroelectric power, contributes to a very high consumption of fresh water in terms of evaporation from storage reservoirs. Robust methods of water footprint (WFP) assessment will eventually help in the pricing of water and energy. Conventionally, WFP for hydropower plants is estimated by dividing the gross/net evaporation losses by power generation. This approach is highly biased when it comes to a small hydropower plant connected to a large reservoir. In this study, a two-pronged subjective–objective method is suggested for a reservoir with primary functions of power generation and downstream water release. The objective part is concerned with giving weight to the evaporation loss proportional to the water use while the subjective part is concerned with refining this by considering the real time reservoir operation conditions and taking into account the recommendations of the decision making authorities. The effect of timescale in WFP analysis is also studied and conclusions are drawn. Thumb rules for WFP estimation are evolved which will aid in such analysis. The implementation of the proposed methodology for any reservoir system is recommended using LabVIEW platform.
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Qasemipour, Ehsan, Ali Abbasi, and Farhad Tarahomi. "Water-Saving Scenarios Based on Input–Output Analysis and Virtual Water Concept: A Case in Iran." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030818.
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The strong desire for achieving self-sufficiency in developing and mostly water-scarce regions has endangered socioeconomic and environmental sustainability. South Khorasan is particularly exposed to such insecurities, largely due to its limited water resource endowments and its comparatively intensive agriculture. In this paper, we apply the water footprint accounting method (WFA) along with a regional input–output (IO) model to analyze the efficiency of the total (direct + indirect) water consumption in different economic sectors and water footprint of the region in 2011. Results show that agriculture is responsible for more than 95% of water consumption in the area, while it accounts for just 27% of value-added. Additionally, this sector has the largest contribution to water footprint composition (92%) when compared to other sectors. Three water-saving scenarios are simulated by the use of IO economic model and water footprint accounting method. Applying the proper cropping pattern has the greatest impact on water conservation with 348.46 Mm3 per year. A 10% increase in water productivity contributes nearly twice as much as reducing the exports and increasing the imports of agricultural crops by 10% in saving water with 115.23 and 65.49 Mm3, respectively. The most significant contribution in each water-saving strategy comes from the agriculture sector since it has the largest direct and indirect water-use coefficient. The results of this study can help local policymakers take appropriate measures to improve the efficiency of water resource utilization, taking into consideration social, economic, and environmental sustainability.
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Nagypál, Virág, Edit Mikó, Imre Czupy, and Cecilia Hodúr. "Water footprint." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 13, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2019.2.12-20.
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Sustainability of water use has got into focus recently, as availability of fresh water resources is under depletion. Population growth, extreme weather conditions (drought), increasing global meat demand all results in higher water consumption of humanity and ecosystem. Water footprint is a promising indicator, which assesses both qualitative and quantitative deterioration of fresh water supplies. By identifying blue, green and grey water components, water use can be assessed in a more comprehensive way. Furthermore impact assessment of different components during production and processing let us identify crucial points of water use, where more efficient solution should be found. As a consequence of a more conscious and sustainable water use assessment considering water footprint, there is a chance, that future generations will inherit fresh water supplies at least in the same condition as we got it from our ancestors.
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Tillotson, Martin R., Junguo Liu, Dabo Guan, Pute Wu, Xu Zhao, Guoping Zhang, Stephan Pfister, and Markus Pahlow. "Water Footprint Symposium: where next for water footprint and water assessment methodology?" International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19, no. 8 (July 2, 2014): 1561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0770-x.
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Mack, Yazmin Lisbeth, Lidiane Santana Oliveira, and Vanderley Moacyr John. "Concrete Water Footprint Assessment Methodologies." Key Engineering Materials 668 (October 2015): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.668.247.
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Concrete is the single most widely used material in the world and is only surpassed by water in terms of consumption. By 2013, 4 billion tonnes of Portland cement were produced worldwide, enough to produce about 32 billion tonnes of concrete, which represents more than 4.6 tonnes of concrete per person per year. The high water consumption and large amount of wastewater generated in the concrete industry has become a very important environmental issue. Due to the large global use of concrete, it is essential to correctly assess the environmental impacts of this material including impacts related to water consumption. Life cycle perspective is important because it allows identifying and reducing water related potential environmental impacts associated with products. In concrete life cycle assessment, these impacts are not considered mostly because of lack of data. There are several methodologies for water footprint assessment, as The Water Footprint Assessment Tool and the ISO 14046:2014 standard -that is based on life cycle assessment (ISO 14044)-, as well as sustainable reporting guidelines, which include water assessment for organizations. The aim of this paper is to evaluate existing water footprint methodologies based on life-cycle assessment, their concepts and difficulties, and link them to concrete industry. Out of at least eighteen existing water footprint methodologies, it was found that four of them are feasible for cement based materials industry, however there are differences between the definitions and criteria adopted by each methodology.
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Scherer, Laura, and Stephan Pfister. "Global water footprint assessment of hydropower." Renewable Energy 99 (December 2016): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.021.
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董, 泽亮. "Research Progress on Water Footprint Assessment." Journal of Water Resources Research 08, no. 03 (2019): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jwrr.2019.83028.
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ZHU, JUXIANG, YIDUO YANG, YI LI, PINGHUA XU, and LAILI WANG. "Water footprint calculation and assessment of viscose textile." Industria Textila 71, no. 01 (February 27, 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.071.01.1642.
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Water footprint standards established by the International Standardization Organization (ISO), this paper proposed a newquantitative indicator for water alkalization, and calculated the water footprints involved in viscose textile production. Inaddition, water footprint accounting results were comprehensively evaluated by LCA polygon method which wasdeveloped to interpret LCA results. Results showed that: (1) water scarcity footprint of viscose textile production was60.511 m3H2O eq/ton, of which 85.71% was from the viscose fiber production; (2) water eutrophication footprint ofviscose textile production was 12.439 kg PO43–eq/ton, the major contribution (84.37%) was given by COD and BOD5;(3) water acidification footprint and water alkaline footprint of viscose textile production were 81.453 kg SO2eq/ton and55.675 kg OH–eq/ton, mainly due to H2SO4and NaOH input during the spinning process, respectively; (4) waterecotoxicity footprint of viscose textile production was 3828.169 km3H2O eq/ton, mainly derived from Zn2+in spinningwastewater; (5) LCA polygon analyses showed that environmental load in the spinning was the largest, followed by thepulping and then the dyeing.Keywords:viscose textile, wa
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Ansorge, Libor, Lada Stejskalová, Dagmar Vološinová, and Jiří Dlabal. "Limitation of Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment: A Review." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n2p1.
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Water is nature resource that is essential for all life, for the functioning of ecosystems, and also for the human society. Sustainable use of water resource is important for sustainable development of human society. Water scarcity can lead to conflicts between different water users. Therefore, several sustainability assessment tools were developed in recent years. Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment, which is a part of Water Footprint Assessment methodology, is one of them. Each sustainability assessment tool has its own limitations. It is important to know these limitations because incorrect application of sustainability assessment can lead to erroneous or improper decisions. In this article, risks connected to the Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment are reviewed and discussed in several examples. Individual parts are focused on blue, green, and grey water sustainability assessment. The article contributes to the scientific debate on limits of Water Footprint Sustainability Assessment as the key element of everyday applications, identification of needs of future research and subsequent development of new or improved procedures of sustainability assessment in the framework of Water Footprint Assessment.
Keywords: volumetric water footprint; sustainability assessment; sustainable development; limitation of methodology
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Boulay, Anne-Marie, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, and Samuel Vionnet. "Complementarities of Water-Focused Life Cycle Assessment and Water Footprint Assessment." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 21 (October 22, 2013): 11926–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es403928f.
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Lei, Zhen Lu, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, Xiao Qing Li, and Shui Long Chen. "Assessing Water Footprint of Copper Production by Pyrometallurgy." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.1071.
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As an important tool for water resource environmental impact assessment, the application of water footprint assessment method in copper production process is conducive to more accurate assessment of water resource environmental impact in copper production process. The water footprint assessment method released by the Water Footprint Network was used to study the water footprint of the production process of cathode copper products produced by pyrometallurgy. It was found that the water footprint of 1 ton of copper produced by pyrometallurgy was 242m3, of which the blue water footprint accounted for 60%, the grey water footprint accounted for 40%. The direct water footprint accounted for 67% and the indirect water footprint accounted for 33%. The characteristics of water footprint contribution at each process were compared, which provided data support and reference for enterprises to better understand the water resource environmental impact of copper by pyrometallurgy and to choose the water resource utilization mode with their own production characteristics.
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Rattanapan, Cheerawit, and Weerawat Ounsaneha. "Water Footprint Assessment of Thai Banana Production." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 5 (2021): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.5.1333.
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The aim of this research was to assess the water footprint level of Thai banana production. Firstly, the water consumption inventory of banana production was developed. The water consumptions in the banana farms and a case study of banana industry were collected based on the inventory. The results showed that the water consumption of banana plantation was 842.02 m3 including 443.50 m3 of green water, 398.52 m3 of blue water and not found grey water. Moreover, 1638.59 m3/rai was found in the one rai of banana plantation consisted of 863.06 m3/rai of green water and 775.53 m3/rai of blue water. From the finding of this study, the reduction approach of water footprint for banana production should be the reduction of watering the plant in the process of banana growing.
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Fedosov, A. Y., A. M. Menshikh, and M. I. Ivanova. "Assessment of water footprint of vegetable crops." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (September 4, 2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2021-4-57-64.
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Relevance. Agricultural production is the main consumer of water. Globally, about 70% of fresh water is annually used for agricultural (food and non-food) production. Nearly 40% of the world's food supply comes from irrigation. Globally, the scarcity of irrigation water due to competition between industry and urban consumption threatens food security. Future population growth, income growth and changes in nutrition are expected to increase demand for water. The rate of warming in Russia since the mid-1970s about 2.5 times the global average. The highest rate of temperature increase occurs at high latitudes. The entire territory of Russia is subject to warming, both as a whole for the year and in all seasons. Water Footprint Accounting (WF), proposed by the Water Footprint Network (WFN), has the potential to provide important information for water management, especially in water-stressed regions that rely on irrigation to meet food needs.Methodology. The purpose of this systematic review was to collate and synthesize available data on global water use in vegetable production. Searched online databases covering the areas of environment, social sciences, public health, nutrition and agriculture: Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, OvidSP MEDLINE, EconLit, OvidSP AGRIS, EBSCO GreenFILE, and OvidSP CAB Abstracts. The search was conducted using predefined search terms that included the concepts of "vegetable crops" and "water footprint".Results. This article provides a brief overview of the vegetable growing water footprint and the sustainability of the blue water footprint. In general, a high green or overall (green + blue) WF may indicate that the vegetable crops are having low yields or inefficient water use. Low green and high blue WF indicate inefficient use of rainwater, which can lead to overexploitation of surface and groundwater. The water footprint can be considered a good economic ergometer, showing the level of water consumption required to obtain a certain vegetable product, whether it brings economic benefits or not, beneficial to society or not.
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Kim, Young Woon, Yong Woo Hwang, Hyun Jung Jo, and Junbeum Kim. "Water footprint assessment in expressway infrastructure system." Journal of Cleaner Production 280 (January 2021): 124449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124449.
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Morera, S., Ll Corominas, M. Poch, M. M. Aldaya, and J. Comas. "Water footprint assessment in wastewater treatment plants." Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (January 2016): 4741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.102.
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Zhang, Peng, Zihan Xu, Weiguo Fan, Jiahui Ren, Ranran Liu, and Xiaobin Dong. "Structure Dynamics and Risk Assessment of Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A Water Footprint Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 23, 2019): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041187.
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The “Water-Energy-Food Nexus” is one of the present research hotspots in the field of sustainable development. Water resources are the key factors that limit local human survival and socioeconomic development in arid areas, and the water footprint is an important indicator for measuring sustainable development. In this study, the structural dynamics and complex relationships of the water-energy-food system in arid areas were analyzed from the perspective of the water footprint, and the risk characteristics were evaluated. The results show that: (1) Agriculture products and livestock products account for the largest water footprints (>90%), which is much higher than the water footprints of energy consumption (<5%). From the water footprint type, the blue water footprint (>50%) > the grey water footprint (20%–30%) > the green water footprint (<20%). (2) Since 2000, especially after 2005, while energy consumption drove rapid economic growth, it also led to the rapid expansion of the water footprint in the Manas River Basin. By 2015, the water deficit was relatively serious, with the surface water resource deficit reaching 16.21 × 108 m3. (3) The water-energy risk coupling degree of the water-energy-food system in this basin is comparatively significant, which means that it is facing the dual pressures of internal water shortage and external energy dependence, and it is vulnerable to global warming and fluctuations in the international and domestic energy markets. Thus, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure through macroeconomic regulation and control, developing new energy sources, reducing the coupling degree of system risks, and achieving sustainable development.
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Xu, Lu Lu, Li Zhu Chen, Hugh Gong, and Xue Mei Ding. "A New Integrated Grey Water Footprint Assessment Method." Key Engineering Materials 671 (November 2015): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.412.
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Water footprint is a volumetric indicator of freshwater appropriation. The grey water footprint (GWF) provides a tool to assess the water volume needed to assimilate a pollutant. However, evaluating the impact on water environment cannot rely solely on volumetric consumption of freshwater. It demands accurate assessment criteria to reflect its environmental and ecological effects on ambient water resource. In this paper, a new assessment method is proposed: the effluent toxicity and the Potential Eco-toxic Effects Probe (PEEP) index of aquatic environment are taken into consideration. This method provides a comprehensive indicator for evaluating water footprint, specified in effluents’ ecological impact on ambient water sources.
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Mehla, Mukesh Kumar. "Regional water footprint assessment for a semi-arid basin in India." PeerJ 10 (October 7, 2022): e14207. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14207.
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Water footprint assessment enables us to pinpoint the impacts and limitations of the current systems. Identifying vulnerabilities across various regions and times helps us prepare for suitable actions for improving water productivity and promoting sustainable water use. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the sector-wise water footprint in the Banas River Basin from 2008–2020. The water footprint of the Banas River Basin was estimated as 20.2 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year from all sectors. The water footprint has increased over the year with the increase in population, the number of industries, and crop production demand. The average annual water footprint of crop production varied from 11.4–23.1 BCM/year (mean 19.3 BCM/year) during the study period. Results indicate that the water footprint has nearly doubled in the past decade. Wheat, bajra, maize, and rapeseed & mustard make up 67.4% of crop production’s total average annual water footprint. Suitable measures should be implemented in the basin to improve water productivity and promote sustainable water use in agriculture, which accounts for nearly 95.5% of the total water footprint (WF) of the Banas basin. The outcomes of the study provide a reference point for further research and planning of appropriate actions to combat water scarcity challenges in the Banas basin.
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Wang, Ke, Xiaopeng Wang, Xiang Feng, and Laili Wang. "Improved Gray Water Footprint Calculation and Assessment Method for Polyester Fabric Production." AATCC Journal of Research 9, no. 2 (March 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24723444221081455.
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Gray water footprint has been widely used as an indicator to quantify the water environmental impact of textile products. Traditionally, gray water footprint values are determined by the largest gray water footprint value of the typical water pollutant. The performances of other critical compounds that coexist in wastewater are disregarded. To mitigate these shortcomings associated with gray water footprint accounting and assessment, an improved gray water footprint calculation and assessment framework is proposed in this study. The diffusion and attenuation process of pollutants in rivers was considered for the comprehensive accounting and evaluation of the impacts caused by various pollutants in discharged wastewater. Polyester fabric production was used to illustrate the application of the improved gray water footprint calculation and assessment method. The results revealed that chemical oxygen demand caused the most severe water eutrophication impact and antimony caused the most severe water ecotoxicity impact. The comprehensive evaluation of improved gray water footprint indicated that alkali peeling process caused the largest water environmental impact during polyester fabric production.
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Elina, Saarivuori, Molarius Riitta, Wessman-Jääskeläinen Helena, and Poussa Liisa. "Connecting water footprint and water risk assessment: case packaging board." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.025.
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A company can evaluate water impacts related to its activities with the help of water footprint (WF), allowing manufacturer to identify freshwater consumption and degradation hotspots along the value chain. However, WF does not directly consider the environmental or process related risks caused by water use. This study aims at providing a framework for more extensive and complementary water assessments by connecting two environmental tools, WF and water risk assessment. Product system of a packaging board is used as a case example. WF assessment is carried out in accordance with the ISO 14046 Standard. Risk analysis focuses on the WF hotspots by analysing the local environmental circumstances and the main risks, their likelihood and consequences. The results show that water stress indicator is sensitive to input and output water qualities. The significance of local environmental circumstances (potential for droughts and shallow water levels, upstream water storages) on the water-based risks are highlighted in the results. The use of complementary methods reveals opposing interests: the lowest WF results of the studied scenarios include a risk for poor product quality. The results offer valuable information to a manufacturer on self-inflicted water impact and the role of indirect water use, helping to integrate water risk approach in the strategic planning.
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Veettil, Anoop Valiya, and Ashok K. Mishra. "Water security assessment using blue and green water footprint concepts." Journal of Hydrology 542 (November 2016): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.032.
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Chen, Bilin, Weiran Qian, Yiduo Yang, Hong Liu, and Laili Wang. "Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint of Cashmere Fabrics." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 4(148) (August 31, 2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8235.
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Given the serious problems of climate change, water shortage and water pollution, researchers have paid increasing attention to the concepts of the carbon footprint and water footprint as useful indices to quantify and evaluate the environmental impacts of the textile industry. In this study, assessment of the carbon footprints and water footprints of ten kinds of cashmere fabrics was conducted based on the PAS 2050 specification, the Water Footprint Network approach and the ISO 14046 standard. The results showed that knitted cashmere fabrics had a greater carbon footprint than woven cashmere fabrics. Contrarily, woven cashmere fabrics had a greater water footprint than knitted cashmere fabrics. The blue water footprint, grey water footprint and water scarcity footprint of combed sliver dyed woven cashmere fabric were the largest among the ten kinds of cashmere fabrics. The main pollutants that caused the grey water footprints of cashmere fabrics were total phosphorus (TP), chlorine dioxide, hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and sulfide. The leading contributors to the water eutrophication footprint were total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and TP. These typical pollutants contributed 39% ~ 48%, 23% ~ 28%, 12% ~ 24% and 12% ~ 14% to each cashmere product’s water eutrophication footprint, respectively. The leading contributors to the water ecotoxicity footprint were aniline, Cr (VI) and absorbable organic halogens discharged in the dyeing and finishing process.
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Rao, J. Himanshu, Mahesh Kumar Hardaha, and Hardikkumar Mansukhbhai Vora. "The Water Footprint Assessment of Agriculture in Banjar River Watershed." Current World Environment 14, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.14.3.15.
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The water footprint (WF) is a spatially explicit character of water use in terms of consumption or pollution for producing a product, commodity or service. The WF of a crop may be defined as the amount of water required for producing the crop over the complete growing season. The present study was carried out to assess the WF of agriculture in Banjar river watershed (BRW) over the period 2000 - 2013. The WF of crops were evaluated and their further multiplication with production (ton/yr) in the watershed yielded the water footprint of crop production (WFCP) in Banjar river watershed whose further summation gave WF of agriculture in BRW. The findings depicted that the water footprint of rice was maximum (7848 m3/ton) followed by gram (5782 m3/ton) and wheat (5417 m3/ton). The crop with least WF was maize (2886 m3/ton). These values of WF are much higher than the national average WF for different crops grown in India. Lower crop yields due to improper irrigation practices, low fertilizer application rates and improper on farm water management practices are the primary reasons of such high values of WF of crops in BRW. The water footprint of agriculture in BRW was 690.37 million m3/yr with 59.74 % WFgreen, 39.69 % WFblue and 0.56 % WF grey. Rice was having maximum share in water footprint of agriculture in BRW with 87.38 % of total water footprint followed by gram (4.97 %), wheat (4.33 %) and maize (1.31%).
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Kim, Jongsek, Chankyu Lee, Noh-Hyun Lim, Yongkyu Han, and Ihnsup Han. "A Study on the Environmental Assessment of Bottled Water using Life Cycle Assessment Methodology." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.10.345.
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Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the environmental assessment through the LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) method targeting the bottled water products with the largest distribution proportion in the domestic beverage product in South Korea. In other words, by quantitatively evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and major environmental indicators during the entire life cycle of bottled water products, it is intended to be helpful in product environmental improvement measures by deriving applicable alternatives.Methods : Assessment method of the greenhouse gas emissions and major environmental indicators followed “Guidelines for Environmental Product Declaration of Products” in South Korea. In this study, Carbon footprint and other major environmental indicators(Resource footprint, Ozone depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication, Photochemical smog, Water footprint) of bottled water product were calculated. The life cycle assessment for bottled water products was considered for the Pre-manufacturing, Manufacturing, Distribution and End of life, and Use stage was excluded.Results and Discussion : As a result of analyzing Carbon footprint and other major environmental indicators, Carbon footprint of 500 ml of bottled water is 8.28E-02 kg CO<sub>2</sub> -eq./unit, Resource footprint(RF) is 2.34E-03 kg Sb-eq./unit, ozone depletion(OD) is 3.25E-05 kg CFC-11-eq./unit, Acidification(AF) is 3.81E-04 kg SO<sub>2</sub>-eq/unit eutrophication(EP) is 6.64E-05 kg PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3</sup>-eq./unit, photochemical smog(PS) is 6.85E-04 kg C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-eq./unit, Water footprint(WF) was evaluated as 1.19E-03 m<sup>3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O-eq./unit.Conclusion : It was identified that the PET bottle manufacturing process occupies the highest environmental impact in RF, CF, AF, EP and PS. The transportation of bottled water products is the highest at 97.1% in OD, which is attributed to refrigerants such as CFC-114, which are used for cooling while driving vehicles. Based on the research results, in order to improve the eco-friendliness of bottled water, it is necessary to reduce the use of PET bottle resin and increase the use of recycled PET(r-PET) as an alternative technology. It is necessary to expand the introduction of eco-friendly vehicles for product transportation and to improve packaging technology.
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Aulia Firda, Alfiana, and Purwanto. "Water Footprint Assessment in the Agro-industry: A Case Study of Soy Sauce Production." E3S Web of Conferences 31 (2018): 08018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183108018.
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In terms of global water scarcity, the water footprint is an indicator of the use of water resources that given knowledge about the environmental impact of consuming a product. The sustainable use of water resources nowadays bring challenges related to the production and consumption phase of water intensive related goods such as in the agro-industry. The objective of the study was to assessment the total water footprint from soy sauce production in Grobogan Regency. The total water footprint is equal to the sum of the supply chain water footprint and the operational water footprint. The assessment is based on the production chain diagram of soy sauce production which presenting the relevant process stages from the source to the final product. The result of this research is the total water footprint of soy sauce production is 1.986,35 L/kg with fraction of green water 78,43%, blue water 21,4% and gray water 0,17%.
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Ortiz-Rodriguez, Oscar O., Carlos A. Naranjo, Rafael G. García-Caceres, and Raquel A. Villamizar-Gallardo. "Water footprint assessment of the Colombian cocoa production." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 9 (September 2015): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n9p823-828.
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ABSTRACTThe main objective of the present research was to calculate the water footprint of the Colombian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production. The evaluation of crop water requirement and irrigation requirement were based on climate, soil and crop conditions in the country. The water requirement estimation was based on data from six municipalities selected for their representativeness of the highest yield, productivity and commercial dynamics of the country. The results show that the Water footprint reached 17,100 m3 t-1. At the province level, the highest record for this parameter was observed in Tolima, with 23,239 m3t-1, while Huila registered the lowest level, with 13,475 m3t-1. Water use per crop unit can be influenced not only by agro-meteorological conditions, but also by the level of production. Therefore, a region with a low water footprint value for a specific crop usually has a favorable climatic condition. Crop evapotranspiration was found to be relatively low, and the highest yields were obtained in association with more productive cropping levels. Given the complexity of a hydrological phenomenon like crop evapotranspiration, the magnitude of these differences may be considered to be small.
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LAI-LI, WANG, DING XUE-MEI, and WU XIONG-YING. "Water footprint assessment for Chinese textiles manufacturing sector." Industria Textila 68, no. 02 (March 1, 2017): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.068.02.1303.
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The industrial manufacturing of textiles is water intensive. The textiles manufacturing sector is one of the largest freshwater consumption sectors, and also is one of the largest wastewater discharge sectors in China. This study aims at assessing Chinese textiles manufacturing sector’s water footprints (WFs) and investigating the influencing factors of them based on WF methodology and Kaya identities. The results showed that the demanded blue operational WF and the actual blue operational WF increased from 1996 to 2011 though there was a transitory decline in 2008. The peak value of demanded blue operational WF and actual blue operational WF was 10.8 Gm3/yr and 7.9 Gm3/yr respectively and appeared in 2007. The original grey operational WF increased faster and much larger than the residuary grey operational WF in the selected temporal interval. WF productivity increased continuously from 1996 to 2011, especially in the period from 2007 to 2011. The scale enlargement of the textiles manufacturing sector is the promotion factor for the increasing of actual blue operational WF and residuary grey operational WF. The decrease of WF intensity is the main inhibited factor. The inhibiting effect of pollutants removal on the increase of residuary grey operational WF is larger than that of water reuse on the increase of actual blue operational WF
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Teodosiu, Carmen, Simona-Andreea Ene Popa, and George Barjoveanu. "WATER FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF THE ETHYL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 13, no. 8 (2014): 2087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.231.
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De Girolamo, Anna Maria, Pierluigi Miscioscia, Tiziano Politi, and Emanuele Barca. "Improving grey water footprint assessment: Accounting for uncertainty." Ecological Indicators 102 (July 2019): 822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.03.040.
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Ababaei, Behnam, and Hadi Ramezani Etedali. "Water footprint assessment of main cereals in Iran." Agricultural Water Management 179 (January 2017): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.07.016.
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Yang, Yiduo, Wanwen He, Fangli Chen, and Laili Wang. "Water footprint assessment of silk apparel in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 260 (July 2020): 121050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121050.
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Korol, Jerzy, Aleksander Hejna, Dorota Burchart-Korol, Błażej Chmielnicki, and Klaudiusz Wypiór. "Water Footprint Assessment of Selected Polymers, Polymer Blends, Composites, and Biocomposites for Industrial Application." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111791.
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This paper presents a water footprint assessment of polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biocomposites based on a standardized EUR-pallet case study. The water footprint analysis is based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The study investigates six variants of EUR-pallet production depending on the materials used. The system boundary included the production of each material and the injection molding to obtain a standardized EUR-pallet of complex properties. This paper shows the results of a water footprint of six composition variants of analyzed EUR-pallet, produced from biocomposites and composites based on polypropylene, poly(lactic acid), cotton fibers, jute fibers, kenaf fibers, and glass fibers. Additionally, a water footprint of applied raw materials was evaluated. The highest water footprint was observed for cotton fibers as a reinforcement of the analyzed biocomposites and composites. The water footprint of cotton fibers is caused by the irrigation of cotton crops. The results demonstrate that the standard EUR-pallet produced from polypropylene with glass fibers as reinforcement can contribute to the lowest water footprint.
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Xu, Li Ping, Li Wang, and Jin Lin Li. "Water Resource Assessment Based on Ecological Footprint in Beijing City, China." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.445.
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Beijing is now facing the intense water shortage problem. Evaluation of regional water resources capacity provides a scientific basis for further water resources utilization and social economic sustainable development. This study mainly focused on assessing the water resource carrying capacity in Beijing during the period from 1980 to 2011. The results indicated that the domestic and environmental water resource ecological footprint showed increasing trend, whereas agricultural and industrial water resource ecological footprint showed decreasing trend. The total water resource ecological footprint increased from 6.5×106 hm2 in 2011 to 6.8×106 hm2 in 2015 and 9.1×106 hm2 in 2020, respectively. Even taking the South-to North water transfer project, the water supply still not meet the serious water demand in Beijing with 10×108 hm3 of water shortage in 2020. Moreover, policies for reducing the water resource ecological footprint and increasing the water resource carrying capacity were put forward.
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B.S. SIDHU, RAKESH SHARDA, and SANDEEP SINGH. "An assessment of water footprint for irrigated rice in Punjab." Journal of Agrometeorology 23, no. 1 (October 24, 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v23i1.84.
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Water scarcity has become one of the highest risks for environmental and economic security worldwide. The water footprint for rice production, i.e., the total volume of freshwater consumed to produce a unit quantity rice has been estimated for three different agroclimatic zones of Punjab for the years 2000 to 2017. The results revealed that effective rainfall (Peff) improved in later years due to a change in crop calendar,legally enforced by an Act prohibiting the transplanting of paddy before a specified date. During the period of study, minimum crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was 4645 and maximum was ETc of 9511 m3ha-1 during 2014 and 2011, respectively. The green water footprint (WFgreen) for rice varied from 646litreskg-1of rice during low rainfall years (2012) to 1149 litre kg-1 of rice during heavy rainfall (1192 mm) during 2011.Out of a total water footprint (WFtotal) of 2650 litre kg-1, the share of blue water footprint (WFblue) was higher 1804 litre kg-1 (68%), indicating a need to improve on-farm irrigation management to conserve water resources.
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Mekonnen, M. M., and A. Y. Hoekstra. "A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 2 (April 22, 2010): 2499–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-2499-2010.
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Abstract. The aim of this study is to estimate the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat in a spatially-explicit way, both from a production and consumption perspective. The assessment is global and improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of the crop at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat production is estimated for each grid cell. We have used the water footprint and virtual water flow assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. The global wheat production in the period 1996–2005 required about 1088 billion cubic meters of water per year. The major portion of this water (70%) comes from green water, about 19% comes from blue water, and the remaining 11% is grey water. The global average water footprint of wheat per ton of crop was 1830 m3/ton. About 18% of the water footprint related to the production of wheat is meant not for domestic consumption but for export. About 55% of the virtual water export comes from the USA, Canada and Australia alone. For the period 1996–2005, the global average water saving from international trade in wheat products was 65 Gm3/yr. A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of wheat production is observed in the Ganges and Indus river basins, which are known for their water stress problems. The two basins alone account for about 47% of the blue water footprint related to global wheat production. About 93% of the water footprint of wheat consumption in Japan lies in other countries, particularly the USA, Australia and Canada. In Italy, with an average wheat consumption of 150 kg/yr per person, more than two times the word average, about 44% of the total water footprint related to this wheat consumption lies outside Italy. The major part of this external water footprint of Italy lies in France and the USA.
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Mekonnen, M. M., and A. Y. Hoekstra. "A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 7 (July 15, 2010): 1259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1259-2010.
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Abstract. The aim of this study is to estimate the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat in a spatially-explicit way, both from a production and consumption perspective. The assessment is global and improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of the crop at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat production is estimated for each grid cell. We have used the water footprint and virtual water flow assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. The global wheat production in the period 1996–2005 required about 108 billion cubic meters of water per year. The major portion of this water (70%) comes from green water, about 19% comes from blue water, and the remaining 11% is grey water. The global average water footprint of wheat per ton of crop was 1830 m3/ton. About 18% of the water footprint related to the production of wheat is meant not for domestic consumption but for export. About 55% of the virtual water export comes from the USA, Canada and Australia alone. For the period 1996–2005, the global average water saving from international trade in wheat products was 65 Gm3/yr. A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of wheat production is observed in the Ganges and Indus river basins, which are known for their water stress problems. The two basins alone account for about 47% of the blue water footprint related to global wheat production. About 93% of the water footprint of wheat consumption in Japan lies in other countries, particularly the USA, Australia and Canada. In Italy, with an average wheat consumption of 150 kg/yr per person, more than two times the word average, about 44% of the total water footprint related to this wheat consumption lies outside Italy. The major part of this external water footprint of Italy lies in France and the USA.
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Mian, Haroon R., Guangji Hu, Kasun Hewage, Manuel J. Rodriguez, and Rehan Sadiq. "Drinking water quality assessment in distribution networks: A water footprint approach." Science of The Total Environment 775 (June 2021): 145844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145844.
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