Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water Footprint Assessment (WFA)'
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Danielsson, Lina. "Water footprint calculationfor truck production." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-220449.
Full textVatten är en ovärderlig resurs som täcker cirka två tredjedelar av jordens yta men där endast en procent är tillgänglig för användning. Människan använder vatten till olika ändamål, förutom i hushåll används vatten bland annat inom jordbruk och industrier. Vattenanvändning och utsläpp av föroreningar kan göra vatten otillgängligt, vilket kan vara extra känsligt i de områden där människor redan lider av vattenbrist. Den ökade vattenanvändningen tillsammans med exempelvis klimatförändringar bidrar till att göra vattenbrist till en global angelägenhet och det kommer att krävas åtgärder för att skydda människor och miljö. År 2002 introducerades begreppet vattenfotavtryck som ett verktyg för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från vattenanvändning. Sedan dess har begreppet utvecklats till att inkludera många olika beräkningsmetoder men många av de befintliga studierna har uteslutit föroreningar och bara fokuserat på vattenkonsumtion. Syftet med denna rapport var att utvärdera tre olika metoder med avseende på deras förmåga att beräkna vattenfotavtryck vid produktion av lastbilar, med villkoret att metoderna ska inkludera både vattenkonsumtion och föroreningar. I studien användes tre metoder för att beräkna vattenfotavtrycket för två Volvo fabriker placerade i Umeå och Göteborg. En livscykelanalys utfördes i livscykelanalysverktyget Gabi, för att kartlägga vattenflöden från bakgrundsprocesser. Därefter värderades vattenflödena med metoderna; H2Oe, WFN och Ecological scarcity. Resultatet för fabriken i Umeå gav för respektive metod ett vattenfotavtryck motsvarande 2,62 Mm3 H2Oe, 43,08 Mm3 respektive 354,7 MEP per 30 000 lastbilshytter. Variationen i enheter och storlek tyder på att det kan vara svårt att jämföra vattenfotavtryck för produkter som beräknats med olika metoder. Studien visade att H2Oe och Ecological scarcity tar hänsyn till vattentillgängligheten i området. En granskning av metodernas överensstämmelse med den nya ISO standarden för vattenfotavtryck gjordes men ingen av metoderna i studien uppfyllde alla kriterier. Av de processer som ingår i fabrikerna visade det sig att vattenfotavtrycket för H2Oe och Ecological scarcity metoden var störst för en fällningskemikalie. För den tredje metoden och koldioxid var avtrycket störst för elektriciteten. Detta tyder på att olika metoder värderar miljöpåverkan olika samt att de processer som anses bättre ur miljösynpunkt för klimatförändringar inte nödvändigtvis behöver vara bäst vid vattenanvändning.
Wärmark, Katarina. "Assessment of water footprint for civil construction projects." Thesis, Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-257147.
Full textFärskvatten är en begränsad, men förnybar resurs som på grund av sina unika egenskaper saknar substitut i många processer och användningsområden. Resursen är ojämnt fördelad över världen och många lever idag i vattenstressade regioner. I Europa står industrisektorn för cirka 40 procent av det totala vattenuttaget. Med en växande befolkning och ökad efterfrågan på mat och energi per capita kommer konkurrensen om vattenresurserna att bli hårdare. Vi måste därför anpassa oss efter denna verklighet och framtid och börja använda våra färskvattenresurser mer effektivt. Certifieringssystemet CEEQUAL har lyft vattenavtryck för byggprodukter som en viktig fråga vid val av material. Inom branschen vet man i dagsläget inte hur man ska hantera den frågan och utgångspunkten för denna rapport är att ge vägledning bland de metoder som finns tillgängliga idag samt att ge ett praktiskt exempel på två av de mest utvecklade metoderna, Water Footprint Network (WFN) metoden och livscykelanalys (LCA). Som ett praktiskt exempel utfördes en fallstudie som visade att resultatet av en vattenavtrycksanalys beror väldigt mycket på vilken metod som väljs, vilket innebär att harmonisering inom branschen är viktigt. LCA-metoden ger ett större avtryck än WFNmetoden då metoden inkluderar fler typer av vattenanvändning. Av de studerade materialen visade sig stål vara det som både använder och förbrukar mest vatten per kilogram. Det är också ett material som i betydande grad importeras från regioner som kan vara vattenstressade. Fyllnadsmaterial var ett av materialen med lägst vattenavtryck per kilogram, men då det används i så stora mängder i anläggningsprojekt är det detta material som bidrar med störst totalt vattenavtryck. På grund av den stora mängd som används utvinns fyllnadsmaterial dock oftast lokalt. Detta gör att vattenavtryckets signifikans minskar när det viktas med ett vattenstressindex, då det generellt finns gott om vatten i Sverige. Vattenavtryck kan användas till deklaration av potentiell påverkan på vattenresurser genom att inkludera resultatet i en miljövarudeklaration eller hållbarhetsrapport. Det kan även användas i ett naturkapitalkonto (E P&L) för vatten eller för att identifiera risker kopplade till vattenanvändning samt ge vägledning vid materialval och val av leverantör.
Muthukumar, Raveena. "LCA Based Water Footprint Assessment for a White Shirt." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288513.
Full textDen vita skjortan är allmänt vald klädsel av folket för sin komfort och estetik. Med ökande befolkningstillväxt och efterfrågan på kläder kommer produktionen av vita bomullströjor att öka. Produktionen av den vita bomullsskjortan har olika miljöpåverkan och leder också till problem med vattenbrist. Medvetenheten måste ökas med varumärkena, organisationerna och konsumenterna om vattenbristen. Med hjälp av analys av vattenavtryck är det möjligt att beräkna vattenpåverkan i produktens försörjningskedja. Det är också lika viktigt att beräkna vattenavtrycket för hela LCA-tröjan eftersom användningsfasen spelar en framträdande roll. Avhandlingen genomförs för att förstå vattenavtrycket och även bedöma vattenprestanda för en vit bomullsskjorta. Huvudsyftet med studien är följande: Att hitta effekterna på vattenavtrycket för livscykeln för en vit skjorta som produceras och säljs Att hitta de viktigaste hotspotsna i textilförsörjningskedjan när du producerar en skjorta En LCA-baserad utvärdering av vattenavtryck utförs för vit skjorta. En vattenbristindikator (WSI) används för att beräkna de vattenpåverkan som är involverade i skjortans livscykel. Avhandlingen genomförs så att det finns två fall, nämligen fall 1 och fall 2. Fall 1 inkluderar bomullsodling, tygtillverkning, distribution och detaljhandel, användningsfas och avfallshantering. Fall 2 omfattar tygtillverkning, distribution och detaljhandel, användningsfas och samprodukt i form av en skjorta. I dessa fall används metod för att undvika bördor med fördelningsmetod för att genomföra studien. De stora WSI-hotspotsna i LCA för den vita skjortan är bomullsodling och tvätt, torkning och efterbehandling av tvätt (i användningsfas). En känslighetsanalys utförs från avhandlingens resultat med huvudsakligen fokus på identifierade hotspots och känsliga delar. WSI-effekterna på att köpa organisk bomull och minska tvättcykeln (i användningsfas) identifierades. Från känslighetsanalysen var det tydligt att inköp av ekologisk bomull från företaget och minskade tvättcykler av konsumenten kraftigt minskade problem med WSI och vattenbrist. Ytterligare forskning och rekommendation anges baserat på resultat och analys.
Pahlow, Markus, Jen Snowball, and Gavin Fraser. "Water footprint assessment to inform water management and policy making in South Africa." SciELO, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68813.
Full textOne method to inform decisions with respect to sustainable, efficient and equitable water allocation and use is water footprint assessment (WFA). This paper presents a preliminary WFA of South Africa (SA) based on data for the period 1996-2005. Crop production was found to contribute about 75% of the total water footprint of national production. The total water footprint of crop production is mainly composed of five crops: maize, fodder crops, sugarcane, wheat and sunflower seed, which account for 83% of the crop water footprint. The average water footprint of a South African consumer is 1 255 m3/yr, below the world average of 1 385 m3/yr, and is dominated by the consumption of meat (32%) and cereals (29%). About one fifth of this water footprint of consumption is external to SA. While SA is a net virtual water importer, the virtual water trade analysis revealed that a large share of blue water consumption is related to export. Sustainability concerns are that the major river basins face severe blue-water scarcity for extended periods of the year, and that water pollution levels related to nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be unsustainable in all river basins in SA. Efficient allocation and use of water is investigated by means of comparing the consumptive water footprint to global benchmark values, as well as the economic green- and blue-water productivity and the economic land productivity of the crops cultivated in SA. Furthermore, crops with specific potential for biofuel production are assessed. Lastly, recommendations to address the identified issues are given.
Vinyes, i. Guix Elisabet. "Environmental assessment of Catalan fruit production focused on carbon and water footprint." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393899.
Full textDurante la última década, el sector agrícola ha pasado de las prácticas tradicionales a métodos más intensivos con el fin de aumentar su productividad, como respuesta a la creciente demanda de una población creciente. En consecuencia la producción de alimentos ha generado una importante contribución al agotamiento de los recursos naturales y el cambio climático. Para desarrollar una gestión ambiental adecuada es esencial para las industrias conocer los principales indicadores ambientales de sus productos y procesos: emisiones, consumo de energía y agua, generación de residuos, eficiencia, etc. Conocer esta información puede ayudar a los productores a mejorar la gestión de sus sistemas productivos, dar un valor ambiental añadido a sus productos, y también proporcionar más información a los consumidores. Teniendo en cuenta que la manzana y melocotón son dos frutas significativas en los países mediterráneos, y la mayoría de las publicaciones sobre los impactos ambientales de la produccion de fruta se basan en un año productivo único, este estudio pretende realizar un análisis ambiental de la producción de manzana y melocotón utilizando la metodología del Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), con el fin de proporcionar nueva información ambiental sobre la fruta, y también introducir un análisis de la perspectiva plurianual para identificar la variabilidad de los impactos ambientales relacionados con el rendimiento anual de las plantaciones, las condiciones geográficas y climáticas. Los resultados se expresarán en términos de huella de carbono y de agua, con el fin de comparar estos conceptos desde un punto de vista metodológico, y que para que la información pueda servir para informar sector de la fruta y de los consumidores. La huella de carbono cuantifica las emisiones de CO2 equivalentes relacionadas con el ciclo de vida de un producto o servicio en términos de calentamiento global. La huella hídrica cuantifica el agua que se consume para desarrollar un producto de un bien o un servicio. Este estudio sigue un marco interdisciplinario, teniendo en cuenta las siguientes etapas en el proceso de producción de la fruta: fase agrícola, distribución, consumo, residuos, así como el sistema relacionado con los materiales y sustancias relacionados con la producción de fruta. Los sistemas estudiados son huertos de manzano y melocotón situados en Cataluña. Los datos utilizados han sido recogidos directamente de un huerto de la Unidad de Horticultura Ambiental en el Instituto de Investigación para la Agricultura y la Alimentación y Tecnología (IRTA), ubicado en la provincia de Lleida en el noreste de España, el estudio abarca entre 9-15 años de producción real. Esta tesis contribuye a detectar los puntos críticos del impacto ambiental relacionados con la producción de fruta con una perspectiva de ACV, así como evaluar las ventajas y debilidades de las metodologías existentes para calcular la huella de carbono y huella de agua, además de desarrollar nuevos aspectos metodológicos y la generación de nuevos datos sobre el tema para los productores de frutas y otros actores involucrados en ciclo de producción de fruta. Aunque el estudio demuestra que el ACV es una herramienta útil para estimar el impacto asociado a un producto o proceso y para el cálculo de los indicadores huella de carbono i huella hídrica, existen todavía algunas cuestiones por resolver en cuanto a la calidad de las bases de datos de impacto ambiental y los datos disponibles, porque a veces, es necesario trabajar con datos genéricos.
During the last decade, the agricultural sector has changed from traditional practices to more intensive methods in order to increase their productivity, as a response to the growing demand of an increasing population. Consequently food production has become an important contribution to the depletion of natural resources and climate change. To develop a proper environmental management it is essential for industries to know the main environmental indicators of their products and production processes: emissions, energy and water consumption, waste generation, efficiency, etc. It also can help producers to improve their production system management, give an added environmental value to their product, and provide more information to consumers. Considering that apple and peach are two significant fruits in the Mediterranean countries, and most publications on environmental impacts of fruit productions are based on one single productive year, this study attempts to perform an environmental analysis of apple and peach production using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, in order to provide new environmental information of fruit, and also introduce a multiyear perspective analysis to identify the variability of the environmental impacts related to annual orchard yield, geographic and climatic conditions. The results will be expressed in terms of Carbon footprint (CF) and Water Footprint (WF) terms, In order to compare these concepts from a methodological point of view, and how those can be introduced to inform fruit sector and the consumers. The CF measures the emissions of CO2eq related with the life cycle of a product or services in terms of Global warming. WF measures the water consumed to develop a product a good or a service in terms of litres. This study follows an interdisciplinary framework, considering the following stages in the process of fruit production: agricultural stages, retail, consumption ad disposal, as well as the back-ground system related with materials and substances production. The systems studied are apple and peach orchards located in Catalonia. Data used have been collected directly from an orchard of the Environmental Horticulture Unit at the Institute of Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (IRTA) located in the North East of Spain, and covers between 9-15 years of real production. This dissertation contributes to detect the hot spots of the environmental impact related to fruit production with a perspective of LCA, as well as evaluate the advantages and weakness the existing methodologies to calculate the Carbon and water Footprints, besides developing methodological aspects and generating new data on the topic and fruit producers and all the actors involved in fruit production. Although the study demonstrates that LCA is a useful tool for estimating the impact associated with a product or process and calculate the CF and WF indicators, there are still some issues to be resolved regarding to the quality of environmental impact databases and data available because sometimes, it is needed to work with generic data, and it can generate variability in the results.
Egeskog, Ylva, and Jannik Scheer. "Life Cycle and Water Footprint Assessment of Palm Oil Biodiesel Production in Indonesia." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182695.
Full textZUCCHINELLI, MARIA. "ASSESSMENT OF WATER FOOTPRINT METHODOLOGIES TO EVALUATE THE IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION ON WATER RESOURCES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/95713.
Full textGlobal food production has increasingly affected both the environment and human health in substantial and remarkable ways. Among the many concerns global community has to face, Earth’s freshwater resources have been identified as dangerously subject to increasing pressure in the form of consumptive water use and pollution. A deep understanding of the water-food nexus is crucial to support the exploration of more suitable avenues for a sustainable development. In this work, the concept of water footprint (WF) presented by different methodologies – volumetric and impacts oriented approach – has been applied to link impacts on water consumption to the food production and consumption. With regard to the study of the production side, comparison of environmental performances of two vineyard where conventional and organic viticulture were applied, has been performed. Additionally, impacts on water resources related to different Italian and Danish dietary patterns have been investigated to understand the positive impacts that demand-side solutions can have. The studies highlighted that the origin of consumed foodstuffs played a key role in the calculation of local environmental impacts. Finally, the analysis showed that consumer’s choices could tackle environmental impact on water use by changing their consumption patterns, selecting less water-demanding products and reducing food waste.
Flach, Rafaela. "Global Systems, Local Impacts: A Spatially-Explicit Water Footprint and Virtual Trade Assessment of Brazilian Soy Production." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119703.
Full textMoberg, Emma. "The water footprint of coffee production in Miraflor, Nicaragua." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-281133.
Full textVattenfotavtryck är ett verktyg för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från användningen av vatten. Med ett vattenfotavtryck kartläggs hur vatten används för produktionen av en vara, för en process i en produktionskedja, ett företag eller för ett helt land. En av de mest använda metoderna för beräkning av vattenfotavtryck utvecklades av Water Footprint Network (WFN). Syftet med denna studie var att genom användning av WFN:s metod beräkna vattenfotavtrycket för produktionen av kaffe i området Miraflor i Nicaragua. Studien ämnade visa var förbättringar kan göras i vattenresurshanteringen, både vad gäller mängden vatten som används i de olika produktionsstegen som i behandlingen av restvattnet från kaffeproduktionen. Resultatet från studien visar ett vattenfotavtryck på 20 049 m3 per ton skördat kaffe i Miraflor. Sett till hela skörden för säsongen 2015/2016 ger detta ger en total konsumtion av mer än 6 000 000 m3 vatten. Resultatet påvisar att vegetationsperioden är den i särklass största bidragande faktorn till kaffeproduktionens vattenfotavtryck med 98,1 % av det totala avtrycket. Nicaragua och regionen där Miraflor ligger har alltjämt ökande problem med vattenbrist på grund av torka och föroreningar av vattenresurser. Studiens resultat visar tillsammans med denna bakgrund att nuvarande tekniker i kaffeproduktionen i Miraflor bör förbättras för att minimera konsekvenser för lokala vattenresurser och miljön. Främst är det användningen av bekämpningsmedel och gödsel som ger upphov till det stora vattenfotavtrycket. Kaffeproduktionen orsakar därtill överträdelser av gällande bestämmelser om värden på vattenkvalitetsparameterar i restvatten från kaffeproduktion. En ytterligare betydande faktor för vattenfotavtrycket som påvisas i studien är konsumtionen av regnvatten via evapotranspiration från grödorna i fält. För att minska vattenfotavtrycket bör i första hand en mer medveten användning av bekämpningsmedel och gödsel införas. Därtill bör det ske en förbättring i hanteringen av utsläppsvatten. Den senare faktorn kan utvecklas genom att nya installationer införs där även mindre sådana troligtvis skulle ge en betydande skillnad. Andra metoder för att minska vattenfotavtrycket ligger i att generera en högre skörd per hektar land.
Li, Ruisi. "Assessment of Water Footprint in Industrial Park : A Case Study of Yixing Economic Development Zone." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-177393.
Full textPradinaud, Charlotte. "Considering water quality and characterizing water as a resource in Life Cycle Assessment." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0012.
Full textMaintaining the quality of water resources is one of the major challenges society faces today. It is therefore essential that this criterion be properly integrated into environmental impact assessment methods, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, the estimation of water quality and how this information is used in impact assessment models raises a number of methodological challenges; hence, the general research question is “How to consider water quality in water use impact assessment in LCA, from inventory to Areas of Protection?” This thesis first provides a detailed study about the role and necessity of "water quality" information in assessing impacts of different types of water use (consumptive and degradative use, as well as quality improvement). This study applies to the different cause-effect chains in a mechanistic way, in view of the three Areas of Protection (AoP) human health, ecosystem quality and natural resources. In order to improve the understanding and consideration of the water use impacts on the AoP natural resources, a consensual framework, developed jointly with WULCA (Water Use in LCA group of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative), is presented. This framework provides a solid basis for the consistent development of impact characterization models to assess the irreversible reduction in physical availability of freshwater and its quality-based usability for future generations. The thesis ends with the development of a characterization model for water resource degradation impacts caused by emissions. Characterization factors are calculated for five metals at the midpoint level. The application of these indicators improves the interpretability of LCA results regarding future water resource challenges and water-quality related impacts on human health
JIA, Xuexiu. "EXTENDED METHODOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES AND WATER-RELATED ENERGY ASSESSMENT ADDRESSING WATER QUALITY." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433451.
Full textJenje, Paige. "A water footprint assessment of dryland pasture based dairy enterprise in the Eastern Cape: a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5362.
Full textLundmark, Lina. "Analys av metoder för att beräkna livsmedels vattenfotavtryck." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379559.
Full textWater is a vital resource for all life on earth. With an increasing population, the use of freshwater is also expected to increase, which requires a sustainable management of existing water resources. The agricultural sector is currently the largest consumer of water, and it is important to pay attention to consumers about water use in food production so that knowledge is increasing about how water is used today. The so-called water footprint is a tool for assessing the amount of water used to produce a good or a service. In recent years, several calculation methods have been added to calculate water footprints, and these take into account various aspects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three such methods and use them to calculate the water footprint for a number of foods, compare the results and finally give a recommendation on which method or methods that are best suited for consumer guidance. The assessed methods were TOTAL by Water Footprint Network (WFN), the WSI method and the AWARE method. The results showed that some nuts had a particularly high water footprint regardless of the method used. Almonds, for example, obtained with each method a water footprint corresponding to 15 m3 water/kg, 3.3 m3 WSI-H2O-equivalents/kg and 165 m3 AWARE-H2O-equivalents/kg. The fact that the results have different units and orders of magnitude is because the different structure of the methods. Generally, legumes, cereals and fruits and vegetables had low water footprints, but the results varied somewhat depending on the method used. This is partly due to the fact that only WSI and AWARE take into account how the water situations looks where the water is used. When comparing the methods, both TOTAL and AWARE were considered suitable for use for consumer guidance, since the former is well-proven and easily understood while the latter is an updated indicator that takes local water shortage into account.
Munro, Samantha Alanna. "A water footprint assessment of primary citrus production in the Lower Sundays River Valley Citrus Farms, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017558.
Full textPearce, Lisa. "Applying water footprint assessment with the aim of achieving sustainable water resource management at a large commercial beef cattle feedlot in Gauteng Province." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23657.
Full textOrre, Adam, and Axel Pers. "The Environmental Effects of Water Damages : Assessing the CO2e footprint of water damage resolution methods from a life cycle perspective." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264102.
Full textDenna studie undersöker de huvudsakliga faktorerna som påverkar det koldioxidavtryck som kan kopplas till tre typer av hanteringsmetoder av vattenskador, samt identifierar relevanta områden att fokusera på för att minska den miljömässiga effekten från vattenskadehantering. Flertalet åtgärder behöver genomföras för att möta utmaningen med klimatförändringar, och att minska växthusgaser kopplade till byggnader är att anse som en viktig del av detta. Trots att antalet miljöstudier relaterade till byggnader ökar är antalet vetenskapliga studier kopplade till CO2e från vattenskador begränsat, vilket gör det svårt för intressenter i industrin att fatta välgrundade beslut. I synnerhet är detta relaterat till de olika metoder som kan användas för att hantera skadorna. Av den anledningen genomför denna studie en livscykelanalys med bokföringsmetodik för att undersöka koldioxidavtrycket från tre faktiska vattenskador. Dessa har åtgärdats med olika hanteringssmetoder vilket medför en variation i den mängd material som behöver bytas ut. Studien konstaterar att både det totala avtrycket samt de huvudsakliga drivarna varierar betydligt beroende på vilken metod som använts. Vidare konstateras att valet av metod är avgörande för att kunna minska mängden CO2e från vattenskadehantering, mer specifikt att en högre grad av materialåteranvädning, möjliggjort av torkning av skadade delar, förefaller vara att föredra när det är tillämpbart.
Loubet, Philippe. "Assessing the environmental impacts of a complex urban water system based on the life cycle assessment framework : development of a versatile model and advanced water deprivation indicators." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0037/document.
Full textTo improve water management at the scale of large cities is a real challenge. However, the quantification of flows and environmental impacts linked to water use are not yet sufficiently developed. This is the objective of the thesis: “how to model complex urban water system of a megacity for assessing its environmental impacts in relation to the provided services to water users, within the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework?” The core of the thesis is the development of a generic framework defining water flows and environmental impacts associated with 3 categories of items – i.e., water technologies, water users and water resources – from a LCA point of view. The UWS model (termed WaLA) is built through a modular approach allowing the interoperation of these three components in an integrated way. The model provides indicators of impacts on services which may be useful to decision makers and stakeholders. It simplifies the evaluation of forecasting scenarios and decreases the complexity of the urban water system while ensuring its good representation from a LCA perspective. In addition to this main objective, the thesis also aims at refining water use impact indicators at a relevant scale for UWS. A methodology that assesses water deprivation at the sub-river basin scale in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) integrating downstream cascade effects has been developed. It allows differentiating the withdrawal and release locations within a same river basin. The WaLA model and its associated indicators are applied to assess the environmental impacts of the water system of a Paris suburban area (perimeter of Syndicat des Eaux d'Île-de-France). It shows the interest and the applicability of the model for assessing and comparing baseline and forecasting scenarios
Mo, Weiwei. "Water's Dependence on Energy: Analysis of Embodied Energy in Water and Wastewater Systems." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4374.
Full textAmores, Barrero María José. "Environmental Management In Agriculture Based On Water And Climate Change Assessments: Tools For Decision Making By Life Cycle Approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283235.
Full textLa superficie mundial de regadío ha aumentado drásticamente desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX. El uso de agua dulce y su consumo se han convertido en áreas de interés ambiental. Aunque las tierras agrícolas representan sólo el 12% de la superficie terrestre del mundo, aproximadamente el 70% del agua extraída de los acuíferos, ríos y lagos se utiliza para la agricultura de regadío. El cambio climático es un conocido problema global en todo el mundo y la contribución del sector agrícola es significativamente alta. Consiguientemente, los impactos ambientales procedentes del uso del agua debido a las actividades agrícolas y su relativa contribución en la emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero deben ser tratados adecuadamente. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal evaluar el perfil ambiental de los diferentes sistemas agrícolas a través de la aplicación del Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y otras herramientas complementarias. Principalmente, se consideraron dos impactos ambientales: el Calentamiento Global y la Huella Hídrica. El objetivo es proporcionar a los agricultores herramientas metodológicas y prácticas para la toma de decisiones y poder así practicar una agricultura sostenible.
Quinteiro, Paula Sofia Gil Neto. "Environmental impacts of freshwater use and suspended solids in life cycle assessment." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15734.
Full textPerturbation of natural ecosystems, namely by increasing freshwater use and its degradative use, as well as topsoil erosion by water of land-use production systems, have been emerging as topics of high environmental concern. Freshwater use has become a focus of attention in the last few years for all stakeholders involved in the production of goods, mainly agro-industrial and forest-based products, which are freshwater-intensive consumers, requiring large inputs of green and blue water. This thesis presents a global review on the available Water Footprint Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based methods for measuring and assessing the environmental relevance of freshwater resources use, based on a life cycle perspective. Using some of the available midpoint LCA-based methods, the freshwater use-related impacts of a Portuguese wine (white ‘vinho verde’) were assessed. However, the relevance of environmental green water has been neglected because of the absence of a comprehensive impact assessment method associated with green water flows. To overcome this constraint, this thesis helps to improve and enhance the LCA-based methods by providing a midpoint and spatially explicit Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method for assessing impacts on terrestrial green water flow and addressing reductions in surface blue water production caused by reductions in surface runoff due to land-use production systems. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by a case study on Eucalyptus globulus conducted in Portugal, as the growth of short rotation forestry is largely dependent on local precipitation. Topsoil erosion by water has been characterised as one of the most upsetting problems for rivers. Because of this, this thesis also focuses on the ecosystem impacts caused by suspended solids (SS) from topsoil erosion that reach freshwater systems. A framework to conduct a spatially distributed SS delivery to freshwater streams and a fate and effect LCIA method to derive site-specific characterisation factors (CFs) for endpoint damage on aquatic ecosystem diversity, namely on algae, macrophyte, and macroinvertebrates organisms, were developed. The applicability of this framework, combined with the derived site-specific CFs, is shown by conducting a case study on E. globulus stands located in Portugal as an example of a land use based system. A spatially explicit LCA assessment was shown to be necessary, since the impacts associated with both green water flows and SS vary greatly as a function of spatial location.
As perturbações no equilíbrio dos ecossistemas devido ao aumento do uso de água doce, do aumento da sua poluição, e da erosão do solo pela água, são temas emergentes e de elevada significância na avaliação da sustentabilidade. Na presente tese é efetuada uma revisão de literatura dos métodos desenvolvidos para contabilizar e avaliar os impactes do uso de água doce, numa perspetiva de ciclo de vida. O método da pegada de água desenvolvido pela Water Footprint Network, e os vários métodos desenvolvidos com base na metodologia de Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) foram analisados. Os impactes decorrentes do uso de água para a produção do vinho verde branco produzido em Portugal, foram contabilizados e avaliados, por aplicação de alguns destes métodos de ACV. A relevância da água verde na regulação dos serviços do ecossistema tem sido ‘esquecida’ devido à ausência de um método capaz de avaliar os impactes ambientais decorrentes de alterações dos fluxos de água verde. Para superar esta lacuna, na presente tese é apresentado um método de Avaliação de impacte do Ciclo de (AICV) midpoint que permite uma avaliação espacialmente diferenciada dos impactes decorrentes das alterações dos fluxos de água verde que retornam à atmosfera em resultado de atividades de uso de solo. Este método permite também uma avaliação da redução de produção de água azul devido a reduções no escoamento superficial. A aplicabilidade deste método é demonstrada num caso de estudo de povoamentos de Eucalyptus globulus localizados em Portugal, os quais dependem fortemente da precipitação local. A erosão do solo pela água afeta os ecossistemas aquáticos, nomeadamente quando os sólidos suspensos (SS) atingem os rios. Na presente tese foi desenvolvida uma abordagem para estabelecer inventários de SS espacialmente diferenciados, e um método de AICV endpoint que permite obter fatores de caracterização específicos para avaliar os impactes ambientais diretos dos SS em algas, macrófitas e macroinvertebrados. A aplicabilidade da abordagem de inventário e do método endpoint foi demonstrada num caso de estudo de povoamentos de E. globulus localizados em Portugal. Tanto os impactes associados aos fluxos de água verde como os impactes relativos aos SS variam significativamente em função da localização do sistema de uso de solo em análise, pelo que se conclui que a inclusão da variabilidade espacial deve ser considerada em métodos de ACV.
Qi, Cheng. "Systems Analysis for Urban Water Infrastructure Expansion with Global Change Impact under Uncertainties." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5441.
Full textID: 031001428; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Ni-Bin Chang.; Title from PDF title page (viewed June 24, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-131).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering
Bosso, Francesca. "Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale di un Impianto Innovativo per il Trattamento ed il Recupero dell’Acqua nell'Industria Food & Beverage." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
Find full textKrauß, Michael. "The Influence of Management Strategies on the Water Productivity in Dairy Farming and Broiler Production." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18560.
Full textLivestock production is the main user of water resources in agricultural production. Water is used in animal production for producing feed, watering the animals, and cleaning and disinfecting barns and equipment. The objective of this dissertation was to quantify the effects of management strategies, such as feeding, intensity of production and the replacement process on the water productivity of milk and poultry meat in Germany. Water productivity in milk and broiler production systems was calculated based on the methodology of Prochnow et al. (2012). Own measurements of the drinking and cleaning water demand in milk production were conducted in a dairy cow barn. The study was based on site conditions of North-East Germany with common variations in farm operations. The feed production is the main contributor to water input in dairy and poultry production. The water productivity of milk increased with an increasing milk yield. The most beneficial conditions related to water productivity in dairy farming were found to be with a milk yield of approximately 10,000 kg fat corrected milk and a grass silage and maize silage based feeding. The total technical water use in the barn makes only a minor contribution to water use. Former regression functions of the drinking water intake of the cows were reviewed and a new regression function based on the ambient temperature and the milk yield was developed. In broiler production the intensification of the fattening systems did not increase water productivity. An increase of water productivity in animal production can be achieved with various management strategies with their specific influence on the production process. The feed management should be a focus of the strategies.
Lee, Chi-Yu, and 李啟裕. "Assessment of Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint for Synthetic Rubber Products." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jrnpwu.
Full text國立交通大學
工學院永續環境科技學程
103
In the recent years, the global warming issue is an increasingly serious problem. Warming phenomenon not only caused the climate change but also impacted on water resources and circulatory system. In order to manage the problems of greenhouse gas emission and water resources consumption, carbon footprint (CFP) and water footprint (WFP) assessment indicator is the method provides industry to quantify these problems. In Taiwan, CFP/WFP inventory system is currently evaluated by single product and single-index indicator. However, due to different system boundaries, the data brings meaningless by evaluating single product. This study mainly focused on single industry--rubber industry, including polybutadiene rubber (PBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) as inventory targets. Standard quantification adopts “ISO/TS 14067 Greenhouse gases -- Carbon footprint of products -- Requirements and guidelines for quantification and communication” and “Water footprint assessment manual”, and completes the inventory procedure by the method of life cycle assessment. Under the structure of same type inventory category and system boundary, we can get a relatively abundant data when evaluating these three targets simultaneously by CFP/ WFP assessment which could analyze the possibility to reduce CFP/WFP assessment indicator on rubber products. This study found that (a) The CFP/WFP assessment indicator shows that SEBS is the highest, PBR is intermediate, and SBR is the lowest; (B) The hotspot of CFP/WFP centralized in the energy resource consumption during manufacturing phase, and compared with CFP/WFP derived from other the energy resources, those derived from the fuel oil occupies the highest proportion. In this study, we found that if fuel oil is replaced with the natural gas as boiler fuel, 13.49% of CFP and 38.78% of WFP will be reduced on average. (C) Capacity utilization is the key factor on CFP/WFP. Our regression analysis shows negative linear correlations between capacity utilization and CFP/WFP. When capacity utilization climbed up, the CFP/WFP decreases. (D) If some plant’s wastewater effluent is all treated by wastewater treatment plant in industrial park, the calculation of its grey water should be based on pollution loading of the wastewater treatment plant in the industrial park, and water quantity should be used as allocation principles to allocate pollution loading to the production plant of the target product in order to match the localized scenario.
Hung, Hui-Chuan, and 洪慧娟. "Assessment of Carbon footprint and Water footprint of pig farms: A case study." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57034616690526319415.
Full text逢甲大學
環境工程與科學學系
102
This study investigated the influences of the three-stage wastewater treatment and clean-pig model on the carbon footprint and water footprint of pig farming. By identifying the inventory of carbon footprint and water footprint, the carbon emission and water consumption of the pig farming in the different growth stages of pig was comprehended. The results of this study indicated that the carbon footprint for one kilogram of pork were 4.64 and 3.88 kgCO2eq for the three-stage wastewater treatment and the clean-pig model, respectively. The difference of these two carbon footprints was 0.76 kgCO2eq. When the manure solid was picked up before washing as in the clean-pig model, the carbon footprint per kilogram of pork was 3.61 kgCO2eq, which was 1.03 kgCO2eq less than the three-stage wastewater treatment. Results of this study showed that the water footprint per kilogram of pork were 3,424 and 3,317 kg for the three-stage wastewater treatment and the clean-pig model, respectively. The difference of these two water footprints was 107 kg. If the treated wastewater was not reused, the water footprints were 3,459 and 3,336 kg per kilogram of pork for the three-stage wastewater treatment and the clean-pig model, respectively. The difference of these two water footprint was 123 kg. Base on the carbon footprint produced at different growth stages of pig, the order for the carbon footprint was piggery wastewater treatment > pig feed generation > slaughtering process > transportation > energy resource. The order for the water foot print was pig feed generation > piggery wastewater treatment > slaughtering process > transportation. The component analysis showed that the order for the water footprint of pig farming was green water footprint > blue water footprint > grey water footprint. The generation of pig contributed most the green water footprint. To conclude, the types of the piggery wastewater treatments greatly influenced the carbon footprint and water footprint of pig farming. The clean pig model effectively reduced the carbon footprint and water footprint. The Council of Agriculture should promote the clean pig model and grant funds to reduce the carbon footprint and water footprint of the pig farming.
Shih-ChiehHuang and 黃世傑. "The Study of Assessment Method for Carbon Footprint and Water Footprint of Mechanical Equipment and Products." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68245931236423000991.
Full text國立成功大學
機械工程學系
103
The establishment of European Directive EuP and ErP has driven manufacturers to produce green products. Yet Carbon footprint and Water footprint are two important indicators to assess whether the product is environmentally friendly or not. But for Taiwan's machinery industry, carbon footprint and water footprint calculation is not common. Therefore, this study presents a carbon footprint and water footprint assessment method for mechanical engineers can be used when designing their new machine products. This method is based on life cycle assessment. First to classify every machine components, then analyze their raw material and manufacturing process. And according to the different transport, using and recycling situations have differnt calculate methods. Finally, use the life cycle assessment database and the literature data to accomplish the Carbon footprint and Water footprint assessment method.
Chang, Yuan-Hsin, and 張元馨. "Assessment of Agricultural Water Footprint in Taiwan – A Case Study of Rice Production." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63109703356253209884.
Full text國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
99
Water supply has become more and more unstable owing to the severe global climate change. As the result, water resource and management are the most important issues nowadays. Water footprint is regarded as an indicator of consumptive water use and could also reflect the impacts caused by pollution emission from irrigation process. Moreover, this indicator could demonstrate water requirement. For crops, the water footprint is calculated within entire growth period and consists of three components: the blue water footprint (consumptive use of irrigation water), the green water footprint (consumptive use of rainwater stored in soil) and the grey water footprint (volume of polluted water associated with the application of fertilizers). Since rice production has always been the major consumption of irrigation water in Taiwan, this study estimated the amount required for rice production and discussed the water footprint difference among different crop seasons and regions. The water footprint from producing 1 ton of rice in Taiwan from 1980 to 2009 is about 5938 m3 with 4784 m3/ton (80.6%) of blue water footprint, 904 m3/ton (15.2%) of green water footprint, and 251 m3/ton (4.2%) of grey water footprint. To see the difference among different crop seasons, the water footprint for the first crop season is 4754 m3/ton, and the water footprint for the second crop season is 7122 m3/ton. The inconsistence is majorly caused by the weather, production rate, and fallow during the growth of crops. For regional water footprint, the southern region has the less water footprint (4139 m3/ton) and the northern region has the highest water footprint (7302 m3/ton). The result above could offer useful information for agriculture policy and water resource management. Water footprint is able to offer information about the temporal and spatial allocation of water resource and then improve the water consumption efficiency. With the public and accessible water supply data, the government could conduct better management and could determine more integral policies.
Chen, Dai-Wei, and 陳岱瑋. "The Scheme and Efficiency Analysis of Water Footprint Assessment---The Case Study of Rigid-flex Board." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88969167473381855512.
Full text嘉南藥理大學
環境工程與科學系
102
Taiwan locates at the subtropical zone, where the annual rainfall is around 2,510 mm that is 2.6 times than global average. However, Taiwan is also at the eighteenth position of water shortage area among all the international countries. According to the growing population and serious industrialization in Taiwan, the water resource, such as rivers, lakes and reservoirs are seriously contaminated, where the clean water resources are decreased dramatically. The water shortage problem has drawn an enormous attention in Taiwan. This study selected a Rigid-Flex Board Company (named as A company) to set up a water consuming risk management system using water footprint which is qualified by international society. This study mainly focused on establishing a water footprint simulation system of industrial companies in Taiwan. Some scientific methods were used in this study, including interviewing the selected company, colleting their water consuming data, investigating the water utilization balance table and planning the analysis scheme, where the real water consuming pathway of different company types were carefully examined by water footprint system. Thus, the results of this study indicated that high percentage of water consuming in A company was mainly on raw materials. The blue water footprint is the major contribution for the final product. Moreover, this study also illustrated the water utilization patent of selected company, which evidenced that the water footprint simulation could reflect the water resource which was obviously affected by different company types.
Munro, Samantha A., G. Fraser, Jeanette D. Snowball, and Markus Pahlow. "Water footprint assessment of citrus production in South Africa: A case study of the Lower Sundays River Valley." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69240.
Full textWU, WEN-KUEI, and 吳文魁. "Development of A Computer Aided Assessment Tool for Mobile Communication Products Considering Their Water Footprint and Function Performance." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7q6gzc.
Full text國立高雄第一科技大學
創新設計工程系工業設計碩士班
106
In order to cope with the major crisis as the lack of global water resources issues in global water resources, the Water Footprint Network (WFN) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have sequentially established the approach to water footprint calculation. Since then, the issue of water footprint became another highly-concerned environmental issue next to the issue of carbon footprint. On the other hand, The environmental impact of new developing prototype is always assessed by the environmental health and safety specialists after small-scale pilot production even launch into the market;and then the improving solution is found after the discussion with the designer. The above-mentioned process indeed needs to be speeded up from business perspective. Therefore, in order to avoid the water of time and costs, this research tried to develop an instant green design and computer aided evaluation tool “Water Footprint Evaluator (WFE)” for the solution by integrating the water footprint and function performance of product. The said tool was constructed on the business software “SolidWorks®” as the platform and applied the application programming interface (API) technique. Through the said tool, expectantly the designer can easily make an instant assessment of water footprint and function performance of their new product in the early stage of development. The assessment scope of WFE involves material production, component production, post production / finishing, and assembly. The said tool was successfully simulated and demonstrated by the two examples, a camera module and a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) of a mobile communication device.