Journal articles on the topic 'Water erosion'
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1
Centeri, Csaba. "Soil Water Erosion." Water 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030447.
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Sanders, D. W. "Water erosion control." Climatic Change 9, no. 1-2 (1986): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00140535.
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Oliveira, Bianca Souza de, Antonio Conceição Paranhos Filho, and Eliane Guaraldo. "Identification of erosive processes with free geotechnologies." Terr Plural 16 (September 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/terraplural.v.16.2219806.023.
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Linear erosion is one of the types of water erosion that cause the most environmental problems due to the concentration of water flows that has great potential for land degradation. This work aims to identify areas of eroded soil that occur in the Paraíso River Watershed using free geotechnologies through the vectorization of erosion identified through the analysis of high spatial resolution satellite images freely available on the Google Earth platform. The results obtained point out that in the Paraíso River watershed most of the linear erosions are furrow-type features, the mildest form of this type of erosive process. A total of 463 erosion axes were identified, composed of furrows, ravines, and gullies. The temporal monitoring of images has elucidated the origin of the silting identified in a stretch of the Paraíso River near the MS-316 highway. Thus, the availability of high spatial resolution satellite images associated with the resources available for processing spatial data makes it possible to analyze extensive areas and identify erosive processes with greater agility, helping to identify the measures to be adopted to contain and/or recover the sites affected by this environmental problem.
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Sanches Ferreira, Nedilson, Dênis José Cardoso Gomes, Priscila dos Santos Ribeiro, Lianne Borja Pimenta, and José Henrique Cattanio. "VULNERABILIDADE DO SOLO À EROSÃO HÍDRICA, REGIÃO HIDROGRÁFICA DO GUAÍBA-RS." REVISTA GEONORTE 13, no. 41 (June 30, 2022): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.21170/geonorte.2022.v.13.n.41.191.210.
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The population increase in recent years is triggering advances in land use inappropriately and under extreme climatic occurrence, it causes numerous natural disasters, among them soil erosion. The objective of this work is to analyze the vulnerability to soil water erosion in the Guaíba-RS Hydrographic Region. Estimated precipitation data (Global Precipitation Climatology Center) was used; land use (MapBiomas Project); declivity (National Institute for Space Research) and soil (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) in map algebra to obtain the product of soil water erosion. The Guaíba hydrographic region showed stability in the north and southeast, however, extremely unstable areas were detected mainly in the central axis (east-west) with some points to the south. The erosive processes in the region are naturally motivated by declivity and soil, where precipitation is not a major factor in erosion, and this disaster is caused in some points by the anthropic forcing. The control of unstable areas through preservation of vegetation cover and reduction of agricultural progress is essential for the prevention of possible cases of erosion, socio-environmental and economic damage
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Boštík, Jiří, Lumír Miča, Ivailo Terzijski, Mirnela Džaferagić, and Augustin Leiter. "Grouting below Subterranean Water: Erosional Stability Test." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 2333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092333.
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The article is focused on the medium-term negative effect of groundwater on the underground grout elements. This is the physical–mechanical effect of groundwater, which is known as erosion. We conduct a laboratory verification of the erosional resistance of grout mixtures. A new test apparatus was designed and developed, since there is no standardized method for testing at present. An erosion stability test of grout mixtures and the technical solutions of the apparatus for the test’s implementation are described. This apparatus was subsequently used for the experimental evaluation of the erosional stability of silicate grout mixtures. Grout mixtures with activated and non-activated bentonite are tested. The stabilizing effect of cellulose relative to erosion stability has been also investigated. The specimens of grout mixtures are exposed to flowing water stress for a certain period of time. The erosional stabilities of the grout mixtures are assessed on the basis of weight loss (WL) as a percentage of initial specimen weight. The lower the grout mixture weight loss, the higher its erosional stability and vice versa.
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Dobiáš, J. "Forest road erosion." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 1 (January 10, 2012): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4542-jfs.
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The forest road network influences surface runoff of uninfiltrated precipitation water on forest lands, mainly in hilly and mountainous areas. This water flows onto the road crown in unpaved forest roads that do not have any ditches. Dragging of extracted logs causes mechanical damage to the crown of unpaved forest road, and tracks after tractor wheels and furrows after dragged logs originate. Flowing water is accumulated in these depressions and the water stream causes erosion. The method for evaluation of conditions for the origination and degree of this erosion damage consists in the calculation of tangential stresses near the bottom at various depths of water and various gradients of road. Limit gradients of road for the origination of greater or smaller damage by erosion for the subsoil grain of various sizes are determined by a comparison of calculated tangential stresses with critical tangential stresses. Rates of discharge were calculated for the particular models of damage.
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Petsch, Carina, Anderson Augusto Volpato Sccoti, Luís Eduardo de Souza Robaina, and Romario Trentin. "Controlling factors and mapping of linear erosive features in Santa Maria river watershed –RS." Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 1876–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20502/rbg.v23i4.2151.
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Water erosion is one of the main causes of soil degradation and linear erosion mapping is one of the essential tools for its monitoring. In light of this, the goal from this research is to map the linear erosive features (LEF) of the Santa Maria River Basin (BHRSM), southwest region of RS, and understand which environmental factors are controlling or triggering erosion. In western RS there is a considerable concern associated with erosive processes that occupy large extensions and cause changes in the dynamics of use and changes in the environment. Data on geology, soils, hypsometry, slope, land use, drainage channels and roads were analyzed in a GIS environment. The erosive processes in BHRSM are inherent to the less consolidated sandy substrate, configuring a natural process. The relief energy for the incision of water flows is meaningful, since the LEF are related to moderate slope in portions of medium altitudes. However, anthropogenic action accelerates erosive processes. It is noteworthy that the increase in the area occupied by crops, doubled in the period of 20 years, configuring a new landscape and dynamics for BHRSM, demanding special attention to this region that tends to intensify the erosivy processes
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Marzen, Miriam, Thomas Iserloh, Wolfgang Fister, Manuel Seeger, Jesus Rodrigo-Comino, and Johannes B. Ries. "On-Site Water and Wind Erosion Experiments Reveal Relative Impact on Total Soil Erosion." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110478.
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The relative impact of water and wind on total erosion was investigated by means of an experimental-empirical study. Wind erosion and water erosion were measured at five different sites: (1) Mediterranean fallow, (2) Mediterranean orchard, (3) wheat field, (4) vineyard and (5) sand substrate. Mean erosion rates ranged from 1.55 to 618 g·m−2·h−1 for wind and from 0.09 to 133.90 g·m−2·h−1 for rain eroded material over all tested sites. Percentages (%) of eroded sediment for wind and rain, respectively, were found to be 2:98 on Mediterranean fallow, 11:89 on Mediterranean orchard, 3:97 on wheat field, 98:2 on vineyard and 99:1 on sand substrate. For the special case of soil surface crust destroyed by goat trampling, the measured values emphasize a strong potential impact of herding on total soil erosion. All sites produced erosion by wind and rain, and relations show that both erosive forces may have an impact on total soil erosion depending on site characteristics. The results indicate a strong need to focus on both wind and water erosion particularly concerning soils and substrates in vulnerable environments. Measured rates show a general potential erosion depending on recent developments of land use and climate change and may raise awareness of scientist, farmers and decision makers about potential impact of both erosive forces. Knowledge about exact relationship is key for an adapted land use management, which has great potential to mitigate degradation processes related to climate change.
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Blinkov, Ivan. "The Balkans - the most erosive part of Europe?" Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 111 (2015): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1511009b.
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Soil erosion has been occurring over the geological time. Inappropriate human activities accelerate this process. Soil erosion by water is a widespread problem throughout Europe. The South and Southeast regions of Europe are significantly prone to water erosion. In parts of the region, erosion has reached a stage of irreversibility and in some places erosion has practically ceased because there is no soil left. Scientists from the Balkan countries faced with the erosion problem for years, paid significant attention to solving problems with erosion. The aim of this study is to compare the results of water erosion intensity in the Balkan countries with other European countries. The basic methodological approach in this paper is an analysis of secondary data, using the method of ?content analyses? of various data sources. Inductive and deductive qualitative analysis was used and finally the method of ?comparative analysis? is applied too. Through the analysis of national researches, it was estimated that erosion intensity in Balkan countries is 548 m3km-2 (similar to 5.48 tha-1) and the total amount of annual produced erosive material is 419.9 *106 m3. The mean European average annual erosion intensity is 3.13tha-1. The most erosive countries in Europe are the Balkan countries, Albania and Montenegro where the mean annual intensity of erosion is > 10 tha-1.
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Bellocchi, Gianni, and Nazzareno Diodato. "Rainfall Erosivity in Soil Erosion Processes." Water 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030722.
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Regional studies on the erosive power of rainfall patterns are still limited and the actual impacts that may follow on erosional and sedimentation processes are poorly understood. Given the several interrelated challenges of environmental management, it is also not always unclear what is relevant for the development of adaptive and integrated approaches facilitating sustainable water resource management. This editorial introduces the Special Issue entitled “Rainfall Erosivity in Soil Erosion Processes”, which offers options to fill some of these gaps. Three studies performed in China and Central Asia (by Duulatov et al., Water 2019, 11, 897, Xu et al., 2019, 11, 2429, Gu et al. 2020, 12, 200) show that the erosion potential of rainfall is increasing in this region, driving social, economic, and environmental consequences. In the same region (the Weibei Plateau in China), Fu et al. (Water 2019, 11, 1514) assessed the effect of raindrop energy on the splash distance and particle size distribution of aggregate splash erosion. In the Mediterranean, updated estimates of current and future rainfall erosivity for Greece are provided by Vantas et al. (Water 2020, 12, 687), while Diodato and Bellocchi (Water 2019, 11, 2306) reconstructed and investigated seasonal net erosion in an Italian catchment using parsimonious modelling. Then, this Special Issue includes two technologically oriented articles by Ricks at al. The first (Water 2019, 11, 2386) evaluated a large-scale rainfall simulator design to simulate rainfall with characteristics similar to natural rainfall. The data provided contribute to the information that may be useful for the government’s decision making when considering landscape changes caused by variations in the intensity of a rainfall event. The second article (Water 2020, 12, 515) illustrated a laboratory-scale test of mulching methods to protect against the discharge of sediment-laden stormwater from active construction sites (e.g., highway construction projects).
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Van Oost, Kristof, and Johan Six. "Reconciling the paradox of soil organic carbon erosion by water." Biogeosciences 20, no. 3 (February 16, 2023): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-635-2023.
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Abstract. The acceleration of erosion, transport, and burial of soil organic carbon (OC) by water in response to agricultural expansion represents a significant perturbation of the terrestrial C cycle. Recent model advances now enable improved representation of the relationships between sedimentary processes and OC cycling, and this has led to substantially revised assessments of changes in land OC as a result of land cover and climate change. However, surprisingly a consensus on both the direction and magnitude of the erosion-induced land–atmosphere OC exchange is still lacking. Here, we show that the apparent soil OC erosion paradox, i.e., whether agricultural erosion results in an OC sink or source, can be reconciled when comprehensively considering the range of temporal and spatial scales at which erosional effects on the C cycle operate. We developed a framework that describes erosion-induced OC sink and source terms across scales. We conclude that erosion induces a source for atmospheric CO2 when considering only small temporal and spatial scales, while both sinks and sources appear when multi-scaled approaches are used. We emphasize the need for erosion control for the benefits it brings for the delivery of ecosystem services, but cross-scale approaches are essential to accurately represent erosion effects on the global C cycle.
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Santos, Marianne Silva, and Paulo Sérgio De Rezende Nascimento. "ANÁLISE DA SUSCETIBILIDADE E VULNERABILIDADE À EROSÃO HÍDRICA PELO PROCESSO ANALÍTICO HIERÁRQUICO (AHP)." Revista Eletrônica de Gestão e Tecnologias Ambientais 9, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/gesta.v9i1.37588.
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<p>A determinação da potencialidade à erosão hídrica é o ponto de partida para minimizar os processos de degradação do solo e a perda da biodiversidade. As geotecnologias apresentam-se como ferramentas de suporte no diagnóstico e prognóstico ambiental, a partir da análise espacial dos processos erosivos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a análise multicriterial para determinar a suscetibilidade e vulnerabilidade à erosão hídrica da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco no estado de Sergipe. O principal procedimento empregado foi o Processo Analítico Hierárquico (AHP), cujos critérios utilizados foram: erodibilidade, erosividade, hipsometria, declividade e cobertura do solo. Os resultados obtidos foram um aumento expressivo das áreas que apresentaram suscetibilidade erosiva moderadamente baixa, moderadamente alta e alta. Por outro lado, as áreas com vulnerabilidade erosiva muito baixa e baixa foram maiores do que as áreas suscetíveis à erosão. Foi possível concluir que a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco apresentou, predominantemente, baixo potencial à vulnerabilidade erosiva em função das práticas adequadas de manejo nas áreas de pastagens. Entretanto, é fundamental a recomposição da vegetação ciliar e o reflorestamento dos biomas Caatinga e Mata Atlântica, visto que houve uma perda significativa da vegetação nativa.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: Erosão do solo; conservação do solo; sistema de manejo do pastejo.</p><p> </p><p align="center">ANALYSIS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY TO WATER EROSION BY ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Determining the potential for water erosion is the starting point for minimizing soil degradation processes and loss of biodiversity. Geotechnologies are presented as support tools in environmental diagnosis and prognosis based on the spatial analysis of erosive processes. Thus, the objective of this study was to apply multicriterial analysis to determine the susceptibility and vulnerability to water erosion in the São Francisco River Basin in the state of Sergipe. The main procedure used was the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), whose criteria used were erodibility, erosivity, hypsometry, slope and soil cover. The results obtained were a significant increase in areas that presented moderately low, moderately high and high erosive susceptibility. In opposition, areas with very low and low erosive vulnerability were greater than areas susceptible to erosion. It was possible to conclude that the São Francisco River Basin presented, predominantly, low potential to erosive vulnerability due to the adequate management practices in the pasture areas. However, the restoration of riparian vegetation and the reforestation of the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes are essential, since there was a significant loss of native vegetation.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Soil erosion; soil conservation; grazing management system.</p>
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Ivlieva, Olga V., Lyudmila A. Bespalova, Vadim V. Glinka, Larisa V. Serdyuk, and Alexander A. Chmykhov. "The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Assess the Intensity of Manifestation of Dangerous Coastal Processes in the Water Protection Zone of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 2 (210) (June 28, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2021-2-56-65.
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The water protection zone of the Tsimlyansk reservoir was chosen as the object of research. The subject of the study was the assessment of the intensity of manifestation of dangerous coastal processes of the reservoir: abrasion-latency, erosion activity. A method for monitoring erosion processes in water protection zones of water bodies using a software and hardware complex based on unmanned aerial vehicles and GIS technologies has been developed and tested. The optimal type of digital elevation models has been determined for assessing the density of the erosion net-work, determining the types of banks and the intensity of manifestation of abrasion and landslide processes, measuring the morphometric characteristics of erosional landforms. The types of erosional landforms were determined and the zoning of the territory of the water protection zone of the Tsimlyansk reservoir was carried out according to the density of the erosional dissection of the relief. Studies have shown that the predominant erosional forms of the relief of the water protection zone of the Tsimlyansk reservoir are ravines and gullies. The maximum average value of the density of the erosional network of the relief within the boundaries of the administrative districts of the reservoir coast falls on the Surovikinsky district. In the Kalachevsky district, the maximum value of the density of the erosion network is noted within the water protection zone of the Tsimlyansk reservoir.
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Kong, Bo, and Huan Yu. "Estimation Model of Soil Freeze-Thaw Erosion in Silingco Watershed Wetland of Northern Tibet." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/636521.
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The freeze-thaw (FT) erosion is a type of soil erosion like water erosion and wind erosion. Limited by many factors, the grading evaluation of soil FT erosion quantities is not well studied. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the evaluation indices of soil FT erosion, we for the first time utilized the sensitivity of microwave remote sensing technology to soil moisture for identification of FT state. We established an estimation model suitable to evaluate the soil FT erosion quantity in Silingco watershed wetland of Northern Tibet using weighted summation method of six impact factors including the annual FT cycle days, average diurnal FT phase-changed water content, average annual precipitation, slope, aspect, and vegetation coverage. Finally, with the support of GIS, we classified soil FT erosion quantity in Silingco watershed wetland. The results showed that soil FT erosion are distributed in broad areas of Silingco watershed wetland. Different soil FT erosions with different intensities have evidently different spatial and geographical distributions.
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Savelieva, D. A., and V. K. Kalichkin. "Application of digital technologies in the study of water erosion of soils in Western Siberia." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 4 (September 28, 2019): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-4-10.
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The analysis of the study of water erosion of soils on the territory of the West Siberian Plain using geo-information technologies (GIS) and Earth remote sensing was carried out. It is shown that GIS and Earth remote sensing are not widely used in erosion studies in Western Siberia and are used by a limited number of modern researchers. However, the use of digital technologies in this area is characterized by the coverage of almost the full range of their capabilities and functions: digital mapping, the formation of spatially-distributed thematic databases, monitoring, space-time analysis, modeling, automated mapping. The bulk of such research is concentrated mainly within the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, in the Altai Territory, and to a lesser extent in the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. Digital technologies for studying water erosion in Western Siberia are more often used to study the dependence of water erosion on its determining factors (mainly topography), the effect of water erosion on soils and soil cover, in morphometric analysis of the relief, land classifi cation and mapping. The problem of remote monitoring of the temporal dynamics of water erosion and related changes in topography, soil cover, soil properties, etc. is practically not dealt with. The issues of geoinformational modeling of water erosion in terms of elaboration of detail and scale, and coverage of a larger number of areas require further development. When modeling water erosion, the nature of surface runoff is not always taken into account. The approach to the selection of criteria for the assessment of erosional land at different scales of their mapping is not entirely clear. It remains an open question to develop a methodology for the automated calculation of standards for permissible erosional losses of soil. In general, the use of Earth remote sensing and GIS facilities in the study of water erosion in the soils of Western Siberia is not systematic and comprehensive. This is confi rmed by the presence of a number of problems in the study of water erosion in the given area, which requires a digital approach to their solution.
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Qiu, Ning, Han Zhu, Yun Long, Jinqing Zhong, Rongsheng Zhu, and Suhuan Wu. "Assessment of Cavitation Erosion in a Water-Jet Pump Based on the Erosive Power Method." Scanning 2021 (December 16, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5394782.
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Cavitation affects the performance of water-jet pumps. Cavitation erosion will appear on the surface of the blade under long-duration cavitation conditions. The cavitation evolution under specific working conditions was simulated and analyzed. The erosive power method based on the theory of macroscopic cavitation was used to predict cavitation erosion. The result shows that the head of the water-jet pump calculated using the DCM-SST turbulence model is 12.48 m. The simulation error of the rated head is 3.8%. The cavitation structure of tip leakage vortex was better captured. With the decrease of the net positive suction head, the position where the severe cavitation appears in the impeller domain gradually moves from the tip to the root. The erosion region obtained by the cavitation simulation based on the erosive power method is similar to the practical erosion profile in engineering. As the net positive suction head decreases, the erodible area becomes larger, and the erosion intensity increases.
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Koulibaly, Aboubacar Sidiki, Ali Saeidi, Alain Rouleau, and Marco Quirion. "Identification of Hydraulic Parameters Influencing the Hydraulic Erodibility of Spillway Flow Channels." Water 13, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 2950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13212950.
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The rock mass erosion of dam spillways, a phenomenon involving the interaction between the hydraulic load of water and the capability of the rock mass to resist its destruction, remains a critical safety issue. The erosion resistance of a rock mass can be estimated through several erodibility indices, including those of Kirsten, Pells or Bollaert. Several indices have been developed to link rock resistance to the hydraulic parameters of water, i.e., the hydraulic load applied on a rock mass. The developed indices use the average flow velocity, the average shear stress on the bottom of the flow channel, the stress applied to the internal joints of fractured rock mass, the dynamic impulse force, and the power dissipation of water to represent the erosive force of water. From these indices, several methods of assessing hydraulic erosion have been developed, and all use the threshold line concept. Nonetheless, several uncertainties are associated with these methods. This paper presents and discusses the various means of calculating the erosive force of water as a hazard parameter for predicting potential rock erosion. The representativeness of these approaches is also discussed, and we clarify nuances associated with each method. We then provide guidelines for future research aimed at improving estimates of the erosive force of the water within spillway flow channels.
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Smolíková, Jana, Hana Pokladníková, and František Toman. "Zoning of erosion potential of water accumulated in snow cover based on climatological data analysis." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 5 (2009): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957050271.
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Melting of snow in winter and early spring often causes soil erosion. The results of erosion studies show that the runoff generated in the cold period can cause more intensive erosion than in the warm half year. By analysis of the monthly catchment of suspended sediments, it was found maximum of suspended sediments in the spring likely as effect of the spring melting of snow. Erosion caused by water from melting snow in our conditions does not reach the same intensity as the erosion caused by torrential rainfall. However, the torrential rainfall has only a local character, while the spring melting of snow usually affects larger territory. Erosive potential of water stored in snow cover can be established on the basis of the quantity of water resulting from melting snow and the speed of melting snow. Erosion caused by melting snow is given by quantity and the maximum speed of water runoff, which may be enhanced by rainfall, occurring in parallel with the snow melting. The total soil loss due to melting snow is also influenced by other factors: soil moisture, which affects the size of infiltration, soil freezing, the topography, the protective effect of vegetation, soil erodibility and implemented erosion control measures.The work analyzed erosive potential of snow cover during the cold period 1981/82 to 2007/2008 for the part of the Czech Republic, which falls within the scope of the Brno branch of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI). For zoning of erosive potential of snow cover in the area of interest 22 climatological stations has been chosen (with regard to their equitable representation in different altitudes and different climatic conditions).The work brings erosive potential determination of water stored in snow cover. Its size corresponds to the altitude and climatic conditions represented by climatic region (according to Estimated Ecological Pedological Unit – EPEU) of investigational sites. Closeness of the relationship, expressed as a coefficient of correlation is 0.794, respectively 0.844. By the GIS interpolation on the basis of altitude a map of the erosive potential of the water stored in snow cover for the field of interest was processed.
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Pichura, V. "Geo-modeling of water-erosion processes in the Dnieper River basin." Agroecological journal, no. 4 (December 17, 2016): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.4.2016.271213.
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The paper presents the internal structure of the geomorphological system and performs geo-modeling of water-erosion processes in the basin of the Dnieper river. As a result of hydrological geo-modeling, the study identifies 776 basins of orders IV–IX and determines the total length of the erosion network of the transborder basin. Based on GIS technology, it creates spatial raster models of the distribution of the values of factors influencing potential hazards of soil erosion; assesses erosion hazards using the modified RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) model; calculates the potential of annual soil loss of arable land, and presents a spatial gradation of potential erosive violations of sub-basins of various orders in the area of the Dnieper river basin.
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Li, Xiaokai, Jingjing Fu, and Liangpeng Jiang. "Erosion wear behavior of bamboo fiber-reinforced high-density polyethylene composites with nano silicon dioxide filler subjected to rotary water jet." BioResources 17, no. 3 (July 20, 2022): 5178–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.3.5178-5189.
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The erosion wear behavior of bamboo fiber-reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles filler was investigated based on the sand-carrying water (a mixture of water and garnet sand) jets (SCWJ). The composites consisted of varying weight percentage of SiO2 fillers were prepared through press molding technology. Based on the rotating water jet technique, the erosion wear performance of composites was considered with varying erosion times and shooting distances. The results showed that composites filled with SiO2 possessed better resistance to SCWJ erosion. The erosion resistance of the composites highly corresponds to their impact strength. The maximum erosion rate occurred at a shooting distance of 0.5 cm and an erosion duration of 180 s. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis further demonstrated that the erosive wear mechanisms mainly included the pulverization of bamboo fibers, brittle fracture of HDPE matrix, and increase in oxygen content.
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Zobiri, Mohamed, Mohamed Mazour, and Boutkhil Morsli. "Water erosion on marl slopes and prevention of its effects using conservation of water and soil systems in the Wadi Isser watershed – Algeria." Journal of Water and Land Development 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0035.
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AbstractWater erosion remains a major concern on the marly slopes. Where erosive processes continue to increase and continue to pose serious problems and where knowledge is still insufficient on erodibility and its evolution and on solutions to soil erosion problems. The aim of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the functioning of soils on marl substrate in relation to erosion and to evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-erosion measures used in this type of environment. The Isser watershed, where several anti-erosion techniques were used, is the subject of this study. The analysis of the anti-erosion installations shows that most of the developments have been made according to standards and have worked well. But their effectiveness is different from one technique to another. The earthen thresholds seem to be the most suitable and the most effective. The effectiveness of earthen structures is summed up in stability, durability, cost-effectiveness, sediment storage, flood plating and water storage for a significant length of time, and had a positive impact on reducing erosion and the silting rate of the dam. The gabion thresholds also have a better stability and a good seating, but they are very sensitive and can undergo damage that reduces their effectiveness with regard to erosion. Dry stone thresholds are the least desirable and are often inadequate and inefficient in this type of terrain. A purely mechanical and/or biological vision in this type of environment is however insufficient, the mechanical arrangements associated with the biological developments are more effective.
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Tuo, Dengfeng, Mingxiang Xu, Liqian Gao, Shuai Zhang, and Sihan Liu. "Changed surface roughness by wind erosion accelerates water erosion." Journal of Soils and Sediments 16, no. 1 (June 12, 2015): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1171-x.
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Mazur, Andrzej, and Alina Kowalczyk-Juśko. "The Assessment of the Usefulness of Miscanthus x giganteus to Water and Soil Protection against Erosive Degradation." Resources 10, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10070066.
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Water erosion is one of the major factors of soil degradation in the world. Various methods have been developed to prevent soil erosion. One of them is the use of anti-erosion belts on slopes, but it has both positive and negative effects. In order to minimize the negative effects, this study proposes the use of perennial grass in place of the most commonly used trees and shrubs. The paper presents studies on the erosion control effectiveness of a strip planted with Miscanthus x giganteus, established on a loess slope. Surface runoff of water and its constituents and erosion damage was studied on the experimental plot with a separate anti-erosion belt and the control plot. Obtained results indicate the anti-erosion efficiency of the established strip in the context of soil protection from water erosion and surface water protection from pollution, although, in the first years of vegetation, miscanthus has not yet reached the stage of full development. The average surface water runoff relating to precipitation causing the erosive event was 17.1% higher in the control plot than in the experimental plot. The volume of erosion damage in the form of rill erosion was 89.3% higher in the control plot. On the other hand, the volume of erosion damages in surface erosion and patches of deposited silts was lower by 14.7% and 21.6%, respectively. Soil losses from the control plot were 29% higher than those from the experimental plot. Dissolved plant nutrient runoff was also higher from the control plot by: 33.4% N-Ntot, 31.3% N-NH4, 42.7% N-NO3, 21.6% N-NO2, 22.9% P-Ptot, 24.1% K.
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Lense, Guilherme Henrique Expedito, Fernanda Almeida Bócoli, Rodrigo Santos Moreira, and Ronaldo Luiz Mincato. "Water erosion estimate in Belem Stream Watershed in Minas Gerais state." Caderno de Ciências Agrárias 12 (April 6, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2020.16213.
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Water erosion causes a diversity of negative environmental impacts, provoking soil degradation and by consequence the agricole production decrease. Due to the damage caused by the soil erosion process, were developed a diversity of water erosion modeling methods in other to support in other to project and implement measures soil conservation. Among the models, the more useful is the Erosion Potential Method (EPM), which recently was adapted to the brazilian tropical conditions. In this context, the objective of this work was estimating the soil loss by Erosion Potential Method in a water basin located in Muzambinho, in the South of Minas Gerais. The EPM model estimated the water erosion in this study area starting with climate, topographic, pedology, land use, and erosive features degree parameters. The modeling stage and the parameters obtaining was done with the Geography Information System and remote sensing help. The total soil loss estimated by the EPM model was 10,418.53 Mg year-1, of which 5.50% reaches the water resources directly contributing to the siltation and water quality depreciation. The higher slope areas and the rural roads with exposed soil are where localize the biggest soil loss degrees. The modeling application was giving up in a simple and fast form, provender satisfactory results that are useful to the planning of soil conservation practices in the water basin.
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Deng, Ji-feng, Yan-li Jing, and Da-chuan Yin. "Soil erosion studies should consider the effect of water erosion on tillage erosion." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 72, no. 2 (2017): 38A—41A. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.72.2.38a.
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Oliveira, Anna Hofmann, Gustavo Klinke Neto, and Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira. "Estimation of erosion and deposition by Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition in a sub-basin on the Mogi Guaçu River’s margins, municipality of Mogi Guaçu, SP, Brazil." Geologia USP. Série Científica 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9095.v22-172761.
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Information regarding the soil erosive processes that comprise the detachment, transport and deposition, are essential when analyzing hydrological processes associated with the generation of the flow in the landscape and water recharge. The USPED (Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition) model has been applied in several regions around the world for providing more accurate estimates, since it adds a physical base that relates the relief morphology with the erosion-defining runoff parameters. The current study aims to analyze erosion and deposition using the USPED model in a sub-basin on Mogi Guaçu River’s margins, municipality of Mogi Guaçu, SP, Brazil, and generate subsidies for future diagnoses regarding areas in the region with greatercapacity for water storage, based on less erosion. The loss of mineral and organic particles arising from the erosive process changes the soil’s effective depth, texture and structure, directly and negatively impacting its capacity to absorb and retain water. 60% of the sub-basin’s area was unaffected by considerable processes of erosion and deposition, both due to the current arboreal vegetation, but also the smooth relief of the site. The erosion and deposition sites have totaled 23.42 and 15.76% of the sub-basin area respectively, being adjacent to one another and preferably near or within the drainage network. The results of the spatialization were validated by the Kappa Index and revealed that the UPSED model obtained an excellent agreement with the “ground truth”. Stability in terms of erosion, favors the water recharge in area, since the soils present a sandy texture and in addition, the Latossolos, which make up 63% of the sub-basin, are deep and possess a high water storage...
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Farah, Abdelouhed, Ahmed Algouti, Abdellah Algouti, and Mohamed Ifkirne. "Application of The Hierarchical Multicriteria Analysis Method to The Study of Water Erosion (South of Azilal, Morocco)." Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Studies 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeas.2021.2.1.2.
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This study aims to apply the process of the analytical hierarchy in geographic information system to the study of water erosion in the southern part of the Azilal region, Morocco. This method is an important tool to be used in the planning and management of natural risks; it has allowed us to obtain a multi-factorial sensitivity map to water erosion. This sensitivity map of erosive soil conditions in the study area shows that 6% of the area is (less) exposed to erosion risk while 85% of the mapped area is moderately exposed to erosion risk and only 8% of the mapped area is highly exposed to water weathering factors. Visually, the high-risk zones correspond to the area around ‘’Oued Lakhdar’’ and its tributaries.
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Buzek, Ladislav. "Erosion of forest soil under conditions of higher precipitation and snow melt (case study central part of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains)." Geografie 105, no. 4 (2000): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2000105040317.
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Water erosion is an important degradation agent not only on the agricultural land but it also shows up on the forested soil. It is associated with the progress of forest mechanisation and with changing forest cover and occurs especially under exceptional hydrometeorological situations. Intensive water erosion is often combined with gravitation processes (landslides). Research of water erosion has been organized by the Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology of the Ostrava University since 1976 in the central part of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains (especially in the basin of the Upper Ostravice River). The article shows results of analysis of suspended load regime between 1976 and 1998. Suspended load as a transition part of the erosional products is an evidence of the intensity of erosional processes of the observed catchment.
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Marouane, Laaraj, Benaabidate Lahcen, and Mesnage Valérie. "Assessment and mapping of water erosion by the integration of the Gavrilovic “EPM” model in the Inaouene watershed, Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 314 (2021): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131403009.
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Water erosion is one of the main causes of soil degradation around the world. In M orocco, In M orocco, the watersheds have very significant soil wastes, related to various physical and anthropic factors. The Oued Inaouene watershed is concerned because of its location in the eastern part of the Saïss basin, between the Middle Atlas and the Pre-Rif, where water erosion is more accentuated. This basin covers a total area of 3597.13 Km2 and it is marked by a semi-arid climate with relatively abundant (989.68 mm), irregular rainfall and strong anthropic pressure. This will have an impact of overexploiting natural resources in general and soils in particular. The excessive use of agricultural land has led to their fragility and aggravation of their susceptibility to erosion. These conditions, both natural and anthropic, have induced a rather intense erosive dynamic, which can be visible in its various forms, including gullying and landslides. The erosive dynamics leads progressively and certainly to impoverish the soils of the watershed and the silting of the dam Idris 1st located downstream of the Oued Inaouene, hence the interest of this study. The use of the “EPM” model for the estimation of soil losses approaches the severity of the erosive phenomenon. The average soil loss due to water erosion according to the model used is estimated at 53.34 t/ha/year. The maximum losses are about 597.642 t/ha/yr per plot. Total annual losses for the watershed are approximately 211084195 t/yr. Furthermore, the analysis of these results allowed, with the help of GIS, to determine the factors that control water erosion and which are, in order of importance: rainfall, slope, and soil sensitivity Soil protection. If anti-erosion measures aren’t adopted in the threatened parts of the watershed, this will have serious consequences for the dam and water quality .
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Bertol, Ildegardis, Eloy Lemos Mello, Jean Cláudio Guadagnin, Almir Luis Vedana Zaparolli, and Marcos Roberto Carrafa. "Nutrient losses by water erosion." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 3 (2003): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000300025.
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Water erosion causes soil degradation, which is closely related to nutrient losses either in, the soluble form or adsorbed to soil particles, depending mainly on the adopted soil management system. This study was carried out in São José do Cerrito, SC, Brazil, between March 2000 and June 2001. The objective was to quantify available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium losses in water erosion obtained with simulated rainfall in the following soil management systems: conventional tillage with no-crop (bare soil) (BS), conventional tillage with soybean (CT), reduced tillage with soybean (RT), no tillage with soybean on a desiccated and burned natural pasture (DBNP), and no tillage with soybean on a desiccated natural pasture (DNP). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to perform three rainfall tests with constant intensity of 64 mm h-1 and sufficient duration to reach constant runoff rate, on a clayey-loam, well-structured Typic Hapludox, with an average slope of 0.18 m m-1. The first test was carried out five days before soybean emergence and the second and third at 30 and 60 days, respectively. The nutrient concentration in water and total losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher under CT than in the other soil management systems.
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LI, R., H. TAKAYASU, and H. INAOKA. "WATER EROSION ON FRACTAL SURFACE." Fractals 04, no. 03 (September 1996): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x96000509.
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We study numerically the water erosion process under a variety of conditions. The water erosion model that we use leads to a universal exponent describing the fractal basin area distribution in the steady state.
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Svoray, Tal, and Peter M. Atkinson. "Geoinformatics and water-erosion processes." Geomorphology 183 (February 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.001.
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Hulko, Oleksandra. "SOIL EROSION DEGRADATION RESEARCH METHODS IN THE BRODIV DISTRICT." Technical Sciences and Technologies, no. 2(28) (2022): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2022-2(28)-162-167.
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The study of the main factors causing erosive degradation of soils, the study of changes in soils under the influence of water erosion, and the modeling of existing and potential water washout of soil horizons determine the relevance of the conducted research. Analysis of morphologicalfeatures of degraded soils, laboratory analytical studies of their physical and physico-chemical properties, and with the help of GIS tools, modeling of soil washing under the influence of water erosion was carried out. The analysis of studies and publications on the analysis of the main factors that cause erosive degradation of soils, functional analysis and the implementation of modeling of soil washout under the influence of water erosion with the help of GIS tools showed that the issue of changes in background soils under the influence of water erosion and modeling of existing and potential water washout of soil horizons have received little attention in the scientific literature.The purpose of the article is a detailed study of the properties of gray forest, turf-carbonate and meadow soils, as well as the study of erosion processes within the studied territory.Cartographic and descriptive materials of the structure of land use in different years within this model area were studied, which made it possible to analyze the impact of approaches in land use on the intensification of water erosion and the degree of washing. Field and laboratory-analytical studies were conducted to study the morphological, physical, physico-chemical properties of the studied soils. A set of GIS maps has been developed. A 3D terrain model was created to determine the long-term average soil loss due to water erosion under a certain vegetation cover and with a certain tillage system, design and implementation of soil protection measures.For the first time, erosion processes are studied in the territory of the district in a temporal and spatial context. The obtained research results are a significant contribution to the development of the practical foundations of regional soil science. They are proposed to be used for improvement of soil diagnostics and classification; to develop measures to preserve and improve soil fertility; their protection from possible anthropogenic influence.
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Da Silva, Lorena Souza, Lorena Lima Ferraz, Felizardo Adenilson Rocha, Carlos Amilton Silva Santos, Lucas Farias Sousa, and Ubirathan Santos Daltro. "Estimativa de Erosividade das chuvas (R) em uma bacia tropical do oeste da Bahia." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.5.p3044-3056.
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A chuva é um fator ativo na erosão hídrica, sendo esta a mais danosa erosão para solos e água. Diversos métodos foram desenvolvidos para estimar o potencial da precipitação em desagregar partículas dos solos. Neste sentido, objetivo deste trabalho é estimar e mapear o potencial erosivo das chuvas, bem como o período de retorno e probabilidade de ocorrência na bacia hidrográfica dos Rios Galheirão e Roda Velha, situada no oeste da Bahia. Foram utilizados dados fornecidos de 14 estações convencionais da Agencia Nacional de águas e 20 pontos estimados por sensores orbitais (TRMM) disponibilizados pela Empresa Brasileira de Agropecuária. Os dados foram inseridos em fórmulas e posteriormente distribuídos espacialmente em ambiente SIG. Para análise comparativa dos resultados encontrados com o cenário de uso e ocupação do solo, foi utilizado o mapa disponibilizado pelo Mapbiomas. Os resultados indicam a estimativa de erosividade anual com valores de até 13,536.28 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1 por ano. A região oeste da bacia possui os maiores índices erosivos nas áreas de intensa atividade agrícola, sendo mais intensa nos meses de maior lâmina precipitada. Os índices erosivos da bacia hidrográfica são considerados de baixa e média erosividade. Estimation of rain erosion (R) in a tropical basin in western Bahia Abstract: Rain is an active factor in water erosion, which is the most damaging erosion to soil and water. Several methods have been developed to estimate the potential of precipitation to break down soil particles. In this sense, the objective of this work is to estimate and map the erosive potential of the rains as well as the period of return and probability of occurrence in the hydrographic basin of the Rivers Galheirão and Roda Velha, located in the west of Bahia. Data provided from 14 conventional stations of the National Water Agency were used, 20 points estimated by orbital sensors (TRMM) made available by the Brazilian Agricultural Company, the data were inserted in formulas and later distributed spatially in a GIS environment. For comparative analysis of the results found the map provided by Mapbiomas was used with the land use and occupation scenario. The results indicate the annual erosivity estimate with values of up to 13,536.28 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1 per year. Since the western region of the basin has the highest erosion rates that correspond to the areas of intense agricultural activity, being more intense in the months of greater precipitated depth. The erosive indices of the hydrographic basin are considered of low and medium erosivity.
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Saint-Laurent, Diane, Bachir N. Touileb, Jean-Phillippe Saucet, André Whalen, Benoit Gagnon, and Tonino Nzakimuena. "Effects of simulated water level management on shore erosion rates. Case study: Baskatong Reservoir, Québec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 482–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-018.
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This study was carried out as part of a feasibility study on the construction of a hydroelectric generating station at Mercier dam at the outlet of the Baskatong reservoir in Québec. The study dealt mainly with a comparison of the current and future bank erosion rates of the reservoir. Given the year of impounding of the Baskatong reservoir, i.e., 1927, it was possible to track bank erosion rates using field surveys and photogrammetric and numerical analyses. It was noted that in certain areas, such as Du Diable Bay and Windigo Bay, the Baskatong reservoir banks were substantially affected by erosion. Estimates indicate that the banks have receded by about 10 to 15 m over a 20-year period. The banks most affected by erosion are those containing sandy material of fluvioglacial or glaciolacustrine origin with bluffs greater than 2 m in height and characterized by the longest fetches. In one section of Windigo Bay, banks had receded by about 30 m in 20 years. Wave action is the main factor responsible for bank erosion, especially in areas highly exposed to long fetches. In fact, there is a correlation between bank erosion rates, fetch distribution, and the erosive energy of waves. It has been noted that receding banks with the highest erosion rates are linked to the greatest wave erosion energy. Based on the values obtained using simulated reservoir water levels, while taking into account the future construction of a new generating station, bank erosion rates appear to be comparable to those measured under actual conditions, though erosion rates could increase by about 2830% in the areas most affected by erosion at the present time.Key words: bank erosion, waves and fetch, erosion rates estimated, Baskatong Reservoir, Québec, Canada.
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Sun, Yan, Yiyuan Zhang, Sigao Li, Nan Zhang, and Junming Wang. "Research Progress on Soil and Water Loss and Soil and Water Conservation in Karst Areas." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502030.
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Based on the research of soil erosion and soil and water conservation in karst areas in China in recent years, the status and progress of soil erosion and soil and water conservation in karst areas in China are discussed. The results show that the soil and water loss in the karst area mainly has two types of soil erosion: surface soil erosion and underground soil erosion. Soil and water loss management in karst areas mainly adopts measures to adjust land use structure, increase vegetation coverage, carry out slope-to-ladder construction, and promote clean energy applications. Different governance models should be adopted for different landform types, different landform parts, different slopes, and different levels of rocky desertification in karst areas.
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Silva, Marx L. N., Bernardo M. Cândido, John N. Quinton, and Michael R. James. "Use of Air-Based Photogrammetry for Soil Erosion Assessment." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030005.
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Water erosion affects all types of soils around the world at different intensities. However, in the tropics, water-based processes are the most important of the erosion processes and have received much attention in the last decades. Understanding and quantifying the processes involved in each type of water erosion (sheet, rill and gully erosion) is key to developing and managing soil conservation and erosion mitigation strategies. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry for soil erosion assessment, as well as to address some gaps in our understanding of the evolution of erosive processes. For the first time, we used a UAV-SfM technique to evaluate the relative contribution of different types of erosion (sheet, rill and gully sidewall) in gully development. This was possible due to the millimetric level of precision of the point clouds produced, which allowed us to evaluate the contribution of laminar erosion as a new component to gullies studies. As a result, it was possible to quantify sediment volumes stored in the channels and lost from the gully system, as well as to determine the main sediment sources. The UAV-SfM proved to be effective for detailed gully monitoring, with the results suggesting that the main source of sediments in the gully was mass movement, followed by rills and sheet erosion. Our findings support the use of UAV-based photogrammetry as a sufficiently precise tool for detecting soil surface change, which can be used to assess water erosion in its various forms. In addition, UAV-SfM has proven to be a very useful technique for monitoring soil erosion over time, especially in hard-to-reach areas.
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Pahlowan, E. U., and A. T. M. S. Hossain. "Jamuna River Erosional Hazards, Accretion & Annual Water Discharge – A Remote Sensing & Gis Approach." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-831-2015.
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This paper presents the results of some of the Jamuna River erosional hazards from Bahadurabad Ghat to Bhuapur (near Jamuna Bridge). Results are also presented on the Jamuna River accretion and water discharge. Landsat images from 1977 to 2014 and water discharge data were analysed to find out a relationship between dynamics of erosion and accretion for different time intervals with average annual water discharge. It is clearly established that total amount of erosion and accretion rates varies with different times. The highest erosion rate 21.15 km<sup>2</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> was observed in the period of 1989-1992 and the highest accretion rate 13.57 km<sup>2</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> was observed in the period of 1980-1989. The erosion and accretion values fluctuated with increasing average annual maximum water discharge but the difference between erosion and accretion had remained low before water discharge reached to 67000 m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> and it is estimated higher after crossing annual average maximum water discharge of 67000 m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. This discharge value also plays an important role on bar development and active channel. It is also observed that unvegetated bar areas remained higher than active channel areas before average annual maximum water discharge reached to 67000 m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. Finally, all the erosional hazards and accretion values are compared and evaluated to see their influence on the annual discharge.
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Akbarova, Ulkar Zakir. "WATER EROSION AND STRUGGLE MEASURES AGAINST IT." EurasianUnionScientists 5, no. 8(77) (September 16, 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.77.986.
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The factors causing water erosion have been investigated, an influence of erosion on soil fertility, agrophysical and agrochemical features, complications and economic losses, and also measures against erosion have been offered in this article. It was known that the last results of the erosion process was vividly shown in plants productivity. So, in areas where erosion is developing the plants productivity is 2-5 times lower in comparison with the areas where erosion isnꞌt observed and areas which are cultivated with the high agrotechnical rules. Thus, the agriculture suffers damage. During the research the raindrops and irrigation erosion were widely investigated. It was determined that as a result of the raindrops erosion the soil structure is obliterated, porosity decreases, penetration of water and air into the soil becomes difficult. To prevent from raindrops erosion it is recommended to determine rainfall quantity and intensity on seasons and to provide coverage of soil with the plant. It was determined that the zone slope, granulometric and structural composition, coverage percentage, not following the irrigation norms and rules caused formation and development of irrigation erosion. The research results show that while an amount of the muddy flow is 51,40 g/l in one liter of the flood water, this quantity is 43,50 g/l in the area, where the water consumption is 2,5 l/sec., it is 30,10 g/sec. in 2 l/sec. of water consumption.
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Fielding, Jonah A. H., Brent S. Hawks, W. Michael Aust, M. Chad Bolding, and Scott M. Barrett. "Estimated Erosion from Clearcut Timber Harvests in the Southeastern United States." Forest Science 68, no. 3 (May 27, 2022): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac013.
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Abstract Timber harvests with inadequate forestry best management practices (BMPs) can accelerate soil erosion, which has been associated with reductions in water quality and site productivity. Previous studies affirm positive water quality effects accrued by harvesting with BMPs. However, few studies document erosion rates and masses associated with harvest and access network features (e.g., decks, roads, skid trails, stream crossings) across different southeastern regions. This research evaluated 109 recent harvests across eleven southeastern states and three topographically different regions (Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains). Descriptive statistics of erosion for harvests and access features were developed from USLE-Forest model estimates. Harvests and access network areas were used in conjunction with erosion averages to calculate total erosion masses. Across the southeast, combined network features averaged nearly 12% of total harvest area yet produced approximately 48% of total site erosion due to disproportionately higher erosion rates. Regional differences indicated that the Mountain region had an average overall erosion rate of 6.8 t/ac/yr, whereas the Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites had lower average erosion rates of 2.7 and 2.2 t/ac/yr, respectively. Results suggest that additional BMP implementation strategies may be beneficial for erosion control from roads, skid trails, and stream crossings, particularly in erosive landscapes.
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Dias, Adriana Cristina, Marx Leandro Naves Silva, Diego Antonio França de Freitas, Pedro Velloso Gomes Batista, Nilton Curi, and Gabriel José de Carvalho. "Soil cover plants on water erosion control in the South of Minas Gerais." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 37, no. 5 (October 2013): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542013000500004.
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Water erosion is responsible for soil, water, carbon and nutrient losses, turning into the most important type of degradation of Brazilian soils. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of three cover plants under two tillage systems on water erosion control in an Argisol at south of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The cover plants utilized in the study were pigeon pea, jack bean and millet, under contour seeding and downslope tillage. Experimental plots of 4 x 12 m, with 9% slope, under natural rainfall were used for the quantification of losses of soil, water, nutrients, and organic matter. One experimental plot was kept without plant cover (reference). Higher erosivity was observed in December and January, although a great quantity of erosive rainfall was detected during the whole raining period. Contour seeding provided a greater reduction of water erosion than downslope tillage, as expected. The jack bean under contour seeding revealed the lowest values of soil, water, nutrients and organic matter losses.
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Watene, George, Lijun Yu, Yueping Nie, Jianfeng Zhu, Thomas Ngigi, Jean de Dieu Nambajimana, and Benson Kenduiywo. "Water Erosion Risk Assessment in the Kenya Great Rift Valley Region." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020844.
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The Kenya Great Rift Valley (KGRV) region unique landscape comprises of mountainous terrain, large valley-floor lakes, and agricultural lands bordered by extensive Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). The East Africa (EA) region has received high amounts of rainfall in the recent past as evidenced by the rising lake levels in the GRV lakes. In Kenya, few studies have quantified soil loss at national scales and erosion rates information on these GRV lakes’ regional basins within the ASALs is lacking. This study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to estimate soil erosion rates between 1990 and 2015 in the Great Rift Valley region of Kenya which is approximately 84.5% ASAL. The mean erosion rates for both periods was estimated to be tolerable (6.26 t ha−1 yr−1 and 7.14 t ha−1 yr−1 in 1990 and 2015 respectively) resulting in total soil loss of 116 Mt yr−1 and 132 Mt yr−1 in 1990 and 2015 respectively. Approximately 83% and 81% of the erosive lands in KGRV fell under the low risk category (<10 t ha−1 yr−1) in 1990 and 2015 respectively while about 10% were classified under the top three conservation priority levels in 2015. Lake Nakuru basin had the highest erosion rate net change (4.19 t ha−1 yr−1) among the GRV lake basins with Lake Bogoria-Baringo recording annual soil loss rates >10 t ha−1 yr−1 in both years. The mountainous central parts of the KGRV with Andosol/Nitisols soils and high rainfall experienced a large change of land uses to croplands thus had highest soil loss net change (4.34 t ha−1 yr−1). In both years, forests recorded the lowest annual soil loss rates (<3.0 t ha−1 yr−1) while most of the ASAL districts presented erosion rates (<8 t ha−1 yr−1). Only 34% of all the protected areas were found to have erosion rates <10 t ha−1 yr−1 highlighting the need for effective anti-erosive measures.
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Frank, F., B. W. McArdell, C. Huggel, and A. Vieli. "The importance of erosion for debris flow runout modelling from applications to the Swiss Alps." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 4 (April 10, 2015): 2379–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-2379-2015.
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Abstract. This study describes an investigation of channel-bed erosion of sediment by debris flows. An erosion model, developed using field data from debris flows at the Illgraben catchment, Switzerland, was incorporated into the existing RAMMS debris-flow model, which solves the 2-D shallow-water equations for granular flows. In the erosion model, the relationship between maximum shear stress and measured erosion is used to determine the maximum potential erosion depth. Additionally, the maximum rate of erosion, measured at the same field site, is used to constrain the erosion rate. The model predicts plausible erosion values in comparison with field data from highly erosive debris flow events at the Spreitgraben torrent channel, Switzerland in 2010, without any adjustment to the coefficients in the erosion model. We find that by including channel erosion in runout models a more realistic flow pattern is produced than in simulations where entrainment is not included. In detail, simulations without channel bed erosion show more lateral outflow from the channel where it has not been observed in the field. Therefore the erosion model may be especially useful for practical applications such as hazard analysis and mapping, as well as scientific case studies of erosive debris flows.
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Ahmad, Fareed, Ali Anwaar, Bilal Abdul Qayum Mirza, Mustafa Qadeer, Muhammad Afzal, and Anwaar Alam. "Is Dental Fluorosis More Prone/Susceptible to Tooth Erosion?" Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 2067–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582067.
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Background: The fluoride drug is mentioned as a double-edged weapon due to its positive and negative outcomes. Reducing dental caries in large population, cost effective and excess fluoride in teeth or body may lead to systemic diseases and even death. Dental erosion affects the hard tissues of the teeth rendering them vulnerable to decay. Methods & Materials: A school based descriptive cross-sectional survey. Purposive sampling was performed. All examiners were calibrated and trained for the criteria to identify dental fluorosis and dental erosion. The World Health Organisation Oral Health Assessment form 2013 was used to fill and measure dental fluorosis and erosive tooth wear. For Univariate analysis, mean, frequencies of both genders (dental erosion and Fluorosis) while Chi square was calculated and for bivariate analysis. Results: 22.7 % students were found to have fluorosis (ranging from questionable level to severe). Male students (primarily teenagers) had more enamel erosion as compared to the female’s ones. Conclusion: The higher levels of fluoride in water may make children and adults more susceptible to erosive tooth wear. Consuming excess fluoridated water may turn the mild fluorosis cases into moderate or severe ones. Keywords: Fluorosis, Erosive Tooth Wear, Gender, Fluoride
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Wang, Shihao, Xinliang Xu, and Lin Huang. "Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Erosion in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010225.
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Northeast China is a prominent base for commercial grain production nationwide. Soil erosion, a primary cause of land degradation and grain yield decrease, has become an imminent issue and is still not well documented in Northeast China. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of soil erosion in Northeast China is essential for deepening our understanding of various geological and agricultural issues, such as control of regional water and soil losses, anti-degeneration attempts on black soil, preservation of land fertility, and safeguarding of national food security. Based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) models, this paper comprehensively assessed the water and wind erosion in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020 and analyzed the current situation, as well as the spatial and temporal evolution of soil erosion. The results suggest the following: (1) The degree of soil erosion in Northeast China was mainly slight, and water erosion was more severe than wind erosion. Water and wind erosion in bare land and grassland were more intensive than in cropland and forests. The Liao River Plain (LRP) has undergone relatively intensive water erosion, while the wind erosion in the Greater Kinggan Mountains Region (GKMR) was more intensive than in other sub-regions. (2) A slight intensifying trend of water erosion could be observed in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, where the area of slight water erosion decreased and that of light and intensive water erosion increased. The water erosion in the Changbai Mountain Region (CBMR), the Sanjiang Plain (SJP), and the Songnen Plain (SNP) intensified, while the LRP has undergone slower water erosion than before. The water erosion in bare land and cropland intensified, while the water erosion in grassland and forests slowed down. Compared to the first decade (2000–2010), the second decade (2010–2020) in the timespan of study had a reversed trend of water erosion from intensifying to moderating, which means water erosion was alleviated. (3) A moderating trend in wind erosion could be found in Northeast China from 2000 to 2020, where the area of slight wind erosion increased and that of light, moderate, and intensive wind erosion decreased. The wind erosion in the LRP showed a pronounced decrease, and the wind erosion in bare land and cropland also considerably decreased. Compared to the first decade, the amount of wind erosion in the second decade decreased by 18.2%, but the rate in the second decade decreased slowly or even increased. These two facts indicate that wind erosion in Northeast China has alleviated, but this trend is gradually slowing down. Soil erosion is caused by multiple factors, such as climate, topography, soil, and human activities. This study provides important implications for our understanding of soil erosion control and management in Northeast China. In sub-regions with severe erosion, such as the LRP and the GKMR, we can adopt methods such as zero tillage, cross ridge tillage, and straw mulching according to the local characteristics of soil erosion to slow down the process.
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Petlušová, Viera, Peter Petluš, Erika Tobiašová, and Juraj Hreško. "Using the Methodological Procedures for Water Erosion Risk Areas Identification for Sustainable Land Use." Ekológia (Bratislava) 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2020-0011.
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AbstractThe countries of the European Union have joined, inter alia, soil protection in the Common Agricultural Policy (hereinafter referred to as CAP). Accelerated soil erosion is a problem resulting from inappropriate land management, which affects both the presence of organic matter and the soil structure. The tool for elimination of negative impacts on soil can be its sustainable use. This requires the use of an accurate system to improve its condition. The first step should be problem identification and localisation. The research is aimed at the identification of water erosion risk areas by using selected methodological procedures. The research area was located at the intensively used hilly land of the Southwestern Slovakia. The digitisation of the manual interpretation of erosion risk areas with the use of aerial photos, erosion modelling, chemical analysis of soil organic matter (SOM) and analysis of soil structure were used. Verification was implemented via the field research with the use of the soil probes. Methods affirmed significant presence of the water erosion in the area. Efficient identification of erosional processes is possible via combination of presented methods by taking into consideration geological, geomorphological, pedological and geographical conditions and the use of the area over a longer period of time. The results of using methods that ensure accurate and effective localisation of erosion surfaces can be used for sustainable land use and its conservation.
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Ben-Mansour, Rached, Hassan M. Badr, Abdulrazaq A. Araoye, and Ihsan Ul Haq Toor. "Computational Analysis of Water-Submerged Jet Erosion." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113074.
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Erosion causes substantial damage in many industrial equipment such as pump components, valves, elbows, and plugged tees. In most cases, erosion is coupled with corrosion, resulting in major financial loss (nearly 3.4% of the global gross domestic product) as evidenced in oil and gas industries. In most cases, the erosion occurs in a submerged water medium. In this paper, erosion characteristics of stainless steel 316 were investigated computationally in a water-submerged jet impingement setup. The erosion profiles and patterns were obtained for various parameters over ranges of inlet velocities (3 to 16 m/s), nozzle diameters (5 to 10 mm), nozzle–target distances (5 to 20 mm), nozzle shapes (circular, elliptical, square, and rectangular), impingement angles (60° to 90°), and particle sizes (50 to 300 µm). The range of Reynolds number studied based on nozzle diameters is 21,000–120,000. The Eulerian–Lagrangian approach was used for flow field prediction and particle tracking considering one-way coupling for the particle–fluid interaction. The Finnie erosion model was implemented in ANSYS-Fluent 19.2 and used for erosion prediction. The computational model was validated against experimental data and the distributions of the erosion depth as well as the locations of the of maximum and minimum erosion points are well matched. As expected, the results indicate an increase in loss of material thickness with increasing jet velocity. Increasing the nozzle diameter caused a reduction in the maximum depth of eroded material due to decreasing the particle impact density. At a fixed fluid inlet velocity, the maximum thickness loss increases as the separation distance between the nozzle outlet and target increases, aspect ratio of nozzle shape decreases, and impingement angle increases. The erosion patterns showed that the region of substantial thickness loss increases as nozzle size/stand-off height increases and as particle size decreases. In addition, increasing the aspect ratio and impingement angle creates skewed erosion patterns.
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Wang, Y., J. H. Zhang, Z. H. Zhang, and L. Z. Jia. "Impact of tillage erosion on water erosion in a hilly landscape." Science of The Total Environment 551-552 (May 2016): 522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.045.
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Zheng, Hong, Xi-An Li, Ya-Hong Deng, Jie Li, and Feng Wen. "Physical Modelling of Hydraulic Erosion Rates on Loess Slopes." Water 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091344.
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Soil erosion is a major environmental problem of global concern. In the Loess Plateau region of China, erosion of loess slopes is one of the major modes of soil erosion, causing serious erosional problems. Most current studies of loess slope erosion use qualitative analyses from field investigations, while quantitative analyses from experimental physical simulations are relatively rare. This paper takes slope erosion, which is the most typical mode of loess erosion, as the starting point and investigates the hydraulic erosion process for different initial states using small-scale physical simulations. The slope erosion process can be generalised into two stages: rapid erosion, and slow and uniform erosion. Results of the physical simulations suggested that the initial dry density is negatively correlated with the erosion rate, but the initial water content is positively correlated with the erosion rate. The results of the study are not only of practical significance for the prevention and control of soil erosion on loess slopes, but also of theoretical significance, as they reveal the development of slope gully erosion.
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Lin, Degen, Peijun Shi, Michael Meadows, Huiming Yang, Jing’ai Wang, Gangfeng Zhang, and Zhenhua Hu. "Measuring Compound Soil Erosion by Wind and Water in the Eastern Agro–Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 6272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106272.
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Land degradation induced by soil erosion is widespread in semiarid regions globally and is common in the agro–pastoral ecotone of northern China. Most researchers identify soil erosion by wind and water as independent processes, and there is a lack of research regarding the relative contributions of wind and water erosion and the interactions between them in what is referred to here as compound soil erosion (CSE). CSE may occur in situations where wind more effectively erodes a surface already subject to water erosion, where rainfall impacts a surface previously exposed by wind erosion, or where material already deposited by wind is subject to water erosion. In this paper, we use the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) to calculate the rate of soil erosion and map the distribution of three types of soil erosion classified as (i) wind (wind-erod), (ii) water (water-erod), and (iii) CSE (CSE-erod) for the study area that spans more than 400,000 km2 of sand- and loess-covered northern China. According to minimum threshold values for mild erosion, we identify water-erod, wind-erod, and CSE-erod land as occurring across 41.41%, 13.39%, and 27.69% of the total area, while mean soil erosion rates for water-erod, wind-erod, and CSE-erod land were calculated as 6877.65 t km−2 yr−1, 1481.47 t km−2 yr−1, and 5989.49 t km−2 yr−1, respectively. Land subject to CSE-erod is predominantly distributed around the margins of those areas that experience wind erosion and water erosion independently. The CSLE and RWEQ do not facilitate a direct assessment of the interactions between wind and water erosion, so we use these equations here only to derive estimates of the relative contributions of wind erosion and water erosion to total soil erosion and the actual mechanisms controlling the interactions between wind and water erosion require further field investigation. It is concluded that CSE is an important but underappreciated process in semiarid regions and needs to be accounted for in land degradation assessments as it has substantial impacts on agricultural productivity and sustainable development in regions with sandy and/or loess-covered surfaces.