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Journal articles on the topic 'Water;electrocoagulation. mechanisms;water treatment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Gali Aba Lulesa, Tofik, Dejene Beyene, Million Ebba, and Goshu Kenea. "Water Treatment Using Natural Coagulant and Electrocoagulation Process: A Comparison Study." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4640927.

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Water treatment is the primary consideration before utilizing water for different purposes. Surface water is highly vulnerable to pollution, either due to natural or anthropogenic processes. The main targets of this study were to investigate surface water treatment using Moringa Oleifera (MO), the electrocoagulation process (EC), and the Moringa Oleifera assisted electrocoagulation process (MOAEC). The Moringa Oleifera, EC process, and Moringa Oleifera-assisted EC process are effective mechanisms for the removal of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), phosphate, TSS (Total Suspended Solids), and color from surface water. Different operating parameters such as pH (5–11), the dosage of coagulant (0.2–0.5 g), contact time or reaction time (20–50 minutes), current (0.2–0.5 A), and settling time (5–20 minutes) were considered. The maximum removal efficiency using Moringa Oleifera and the EC process was COD (85.48%), BOD (78.50%), TDS (84.5%), phosphate (95.70%), TSS (93.90%), color (94.50%), and COD (90.50%), BOD (87%), TDS (97.50%), phosphate (89.10%), TSS (95.80%), and color (96.15%), respectively. Similarly, with the application of MOAEC, 91.47%, 89.35%, 97.0%, 90.20%, 9.10%, and 95.70% of COD, BOD, TDS, phosphate, TSS, and color were removed, respectively. The EC process and MOAEC were more effective in the removal of COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, and color than using MO. More phosphate was removed using MO than the EC process and MOAEC. Additionally, the effects of different operating parameters were studied on the removal efficiency.

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2

Smoczyński, L., H. Ratnaweera, M. Kosobucka, K. Kvaal, and M. Smoczyński. "Image analysis of sludge aggregates obtained at preliminary treatment of sewage." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 6 (July 28, 2014): 1048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.332.

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The results of wastewater treatment by Al and Fe salts and by electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes are discussed and interpreted. Those processes used alone or combined with biological treatment, were analyzed for 50 and 90% removal of phosphates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the resulting sludge from three coagulation processes defined the perimeter P and area A of 129–142 differently sized objects in each contrast-enhanced image. Plots of lg A against lg P revealed that the analyzed sludge samples were made of self-similar aggregates–flocs with fractal characteristics. The slope of ‘log plots’ was used to determine surface fractal dimension Da, which was extrapolated to volumetric fractal dimension Dv. Dv was applied in a quantitative description of sludge aggregates–flocs. Aggregates–flocs of sludge obtained by Al ions (pre-polymerized Al and electrocoagulation) were characterized by higher values of Dv in comparison with sludge obtained by iron salts. The structure of {Al(OH)3} and {Fe(OH)3} aggregate–flocs was graphically simulated to determine the effect of size distribution and Dv on sweep flocculation and sludge separation and dehydration. Phosphate removal efficiency of 50% occurred at low ratios of Al:P and Fe:P. Adsorption-charge neutralization was suggested during coagulation with pre-polymerized coagulants, and sweep flow mechanism during electrocoagulation.

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3

Mousazadeh, Milad, S. Alizadeh, Zacharias Frontistis, Işık Kabdaşlı, Elnaz Karamati Niaragh, Zakaria Al Qodah, Zohreh Naghdali, et al. "Electrocoagulation as a Promising Defluoridation Technology from Water: A Review of State of the Art of Removal Mechanisms and Performance Trends." Water 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050656.

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Fluoride ions present in drinking water are beneficial to human health when at proper concentration levels (0.5–1.5 mg L−1), but an excess intake of fluoride (>1.5 mg L−1) may pose several health problems. In this context, reducing high fluoride concentrations in water is a major worldwide challenge. The World Health Organization has recommended setting a permissible limit of 1.5 mg L−1. The application of electrocoagulation (EC) processes has received widespread and increasing attention as a promising treatment technology and a competitive treatment for fluoride control. EC technology has been favourably applied due to its economic effectiveness, environmental versatility, amenability of automation, and low sludge production. This review provides more detailed information on fluoride removal from water by the EC process, including operating parameters, removal mechanisms, energy consumption, and operating costs. Additionally, it also focuses attention on future trends related to improve defluoridation efficiency.

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4

Heffron, Joe, Brad McDermid, Emily Maher, Patrick J. McNamara, and Brooke K. Mayer. "Mechanisms of virus mitigation and suitability of bacteriophages as surrogates in drinking water treatment by iron electrocoagulation." Water Research 163 (October 2019): 114877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.114877.

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5

L.N, Ukiwe, Ibeneme S.I, Duru C.E, Okolue B.N, Onyedika G.O, and Nweze C.A. "Chemical and Electro-coagulation Techniques in Coagulation-Floccculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment- A Review." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 1988–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v9i3.1006.

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Chemical and electrocoagulation are widely used coagulation methods employed in water and wastewater treatment. Both coagulation processes are effective in removing a wide range of impurities which include dissolved organic matter in form of chemical and biological oxygen demand, pathogens, oils, and colloidal particles as well as heavy metals. The present review has revealed that the mode of action of both coagulation methods is based on charge neutralization and floc formation. The effectiveness of both coagulation techniques depend on factors such as pH, coagulation dose, coagulant type, current density, applied voltage, water and wastewater type, type of electrode, as well as size and number of electrodes. The commonly used chemical coagulants are inorganic coagulants based on aluminum and iron salts. However, there have been considerable successes in the development of pre-hydrolyzed inorganic coagulants which have the added advantage over traditional inorganic coagulants in that they function well over a wide range of pH and water temperatures. Electrocoagulation has been proposed as an alternative method to chemical coagulation because it is environmental friendly and cheap to operate. Nonetheless, most researchers are of the opinion that there are still some uncertainties regarding the understanding of its optimal performance and design mechanism.

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6

Lam, Jillin Soo Ai, Noor Fazliani Shoparwe, Nurulbahiyah Ahmad Khairudin, Lian See Tan, and Kee Quen Lee. "Performance and Kinetic Study on Oil Removal Via Electrocoagulation Treatment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2129, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2129/1/012068.

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Abstract Electrocoagulation (EC) is a reliable technology for wastewater treatment. It has been applied in treating various source of wastewater from tannery, electroplating, dairy, textile processing, oil and oil-in-emulsion. It is crucial to strengthen the fundamental of the EC treatment on oily water sample for further studies. However, in depth studies on the performance of EC treatment on oily water sample is still requires in depth studies. In this research, a series of experiment has been conducted on the performance of EC treatment including effect of the amount of sodium chloride (NaCl), applied voltage and pH to determine the efficiency in oil removal. The EC treatment took placed in room temperature and constantly agitated for 30 minutes meanwhile samples were collected for every 5 minutes for UV–Vis analysis. Then, the efficiency of the treatment was determined followed by simulating the results in kinetic models. The highest efficiency of EC treatment was achieved with 89.26% of oil removal with the addition of 7.5g of NaCl, 4V of applied voltage and at pH 6. In addition, the results have better fitness towards pseudo second order (PSO) which indicates the mechanism of EC treatment is chemisorption.

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7

S, Yadav. "Advanced Techniques for Wastewater Treatment: A Review." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 2, no. 3 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000126.

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Freshwater in lake and pond are often found to be polluted by heavy metals such as As, Zn, or Pb which are toxic in nature and non - biodegradable. Heavy metals are readily consumed by both aquatic flora and fauna present in the freshwater environment. It also polluted the air, water, and soil. Thus, they have adverse impact on the entire ecosystem. These heavy metals also enter the hum an systems through food consumed. This review discusses the methods and their mechanism used to reduce the amount of such heavy metals The methods which are in practice are Electrochemical Treatment (Electrocoagulation, Electro - Floatation, and Electro - Depo sition), Physicochemical Process (Chemical Precipitation, Ion - Exchange, and Adsorption), Membrane Filtration (Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, and Electro - Dialysis),and Photo - Catalysis and Nanotechnology Treatment.

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8

Teng, Weiwei, Shijie Liu, Xin Zhang, Feng Zhang, Xianglu Yang, Mengxiao Xu, and Junwei Hou. "Reliability Treatment of Silicon in Oilfield Wastewater by Electrocoagulation." Water 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010206.

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Scaling caused by silicate in oilfield wastewater gathering system pipelines can cause serious pipeline blockage. Therefore, this study adopts facile, effective and environment friendly electrocoagulation method to remove the silicon in oilfield wastewater. After confirming the level of factors through single factor experiments, the optimal scheme for electrocoagulation was selected by orthogonal experiments and verification tests, the silicon content would be dramatically decreased from 81.51 mg/L to 21.88 mg/L when pH = 6, reaction time = 20 min, current density = 27 mA/cm2 and wastewater temperature = 35 °C. In addition, the silicon removal rate would reach up to 85.90% when the pH of oilfield wastewater was kept as its original condition without changing other optimal factors; such an enhanced silicon removal effect could be attributed to the calcium ions chemical coagulation after the mechanism investigation.

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9

Snehi, Shivam, Hariraj Singh, Tanwi Priya, and Brijesh Kumar Mishra. "Understanding the natural organic matter removal mechanism from mine and surface water through the electrocoagulation method." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 68, no. 7 (October 14, 2019): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.167.

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Abstract In the present study, the concept of ‘Sample alteration of surface water’ has been employed to improve the efficiency of the aluminum-based electrocoagulation (EC) treatment method for the removal of reactive fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) from chlorinated water. The characteristics of surface water have been slightly modified by adding mine water in different ratios. The process has been optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) considering pH, current density, mix ratio, and contact time as factors. At the optimized condition, the EC method has significantly reduced total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV254 absorbance values up to 24%, 27%, and 80%, respectively. The cumulative impact of sample alteration and EC method has exhibited outstanding coagulant activity in terms of UV254 abs, DOC, turbidity, phenol, and absorbance slope index (ASI) as well. A decrease in ASI values indicated the reduction of trihalomethane's formation in water-containing chlorine. This was validated by reduced chlorine demand. It can be concluded that mixing mine water with surface water can be a feasible and efficient method for treating water with a high NOM content.

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10

Xiao, Kunkun, Dongmei Huang, Chunli Kang, and Siyang Sun. "Removal of tetracyclines from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation/pecan nutshell coupling processes: synergistic effect and mechanism." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 4 (August 5, 2020): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.367.

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Abstract The present work compared electrocoagulation (EC)/pecan shell (PS) coupling process with a simple electrocoagulation (EC) process for the removal of tetracyclines (TCs). The results indicated that the addition of appropriate PS could lead to the enhancement of the removal efficiency and decrease of operating time via synergistic influence, including conventional EC process, biomass materials adsorption, charge neutralization and coordination adsorption. The ideal condition for the coupling process was 2.5 mA/cm2 for current density and 3 cm for plate spacing. Based on the optimum condition, when the dosage of PS was 5 g/L, the initial concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) and chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC) was 250 mg/L, the removal rate of PS was 55.90%, 45.10% and 14.98% higher than those of EC process after 40 min treatment. In addition, compared to conventional EC process, the unit energy demand (UED) decreased by 49.62%, 53.2 4% and 26.35% and the unit electrode material demand (UEMD) decreased by 49.80%, 85.65% and 44.37%, respectively, which means more energy conservation and environmental protection.

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11

Alam, Rahat, Mohd Sheob, Bilal Saeed, Saif Ullah Khan, Maryam Shirinkar, Zacharias Frontistis, Farrukh Basheer, and Izharul Haq Farooqi. "Use of Electrocoagulation for Treatment of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Water/Wastewater: A Review Exploring Opportunities and Challenges." Water 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152105.

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Increasing dependency on pharmaceutical compounds including antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants, and other drugs has threatened the environment as well as human health. Their occurrence, transformation, and fate in the environment are causing significant concerns. Several existing treatment technologies are there with their pros and cons for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater (PWW). Still, electrocoagulation is considered as the modern and decisive technology for treatment. In the EC process, utilizing electricity (AC/DC) and electrodes, contaminants become coagulated with the metal hydroxide and are separated by co-precipitation. The main mechanism is charge neutralization and adsorption of contaminants on the generated flocs. The range of parameters affects the EC process and is directly related to the removal efficiency and its overall operational cost. This process only could be scaled up on the industrial level if process parameters become optimized and energy consumption is reduced. Unfortunately, the removal mechanism of particular pharmaceuticals and complex physiochemical phenomena involved in this process are not fully understood. For this reason, further research and reviews are required to fill the knowledge gap. This review discusses the use of EC for removing pharmaceuticals and focuses on removal mechanism and process parameters, the cost assessment, and the challenges involved in mitigation.

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12

Gursoy-Haksevenler, B. Hande, and Idil Arslan-Alaton. "Effects of treatment on the characterization of organic matter in wastewater: a review on size distribution and structural fractionation." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 5 (August 25, 2020): 799–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.403.

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Abstract Since it is difficult to analyze the components of organic matter in complex effluent matrices individually, the use of more collective, but at the same time, specific wastewater characterization methods would be more appropriate to evaluate changes in effluent characteristics during wastewater treatment. For this purpose, size distribution and structural (resin) fractionation tools have recently been proposed to categorize wastewater. There are several case studies available in the scientific literature being devoted to the application of these fractionation methods. This paper aimed to review the most relevant studies dealing with the evaluation of changes in wastewater characteristics using size distribution and structural (resin) fractionation tools. According to these studies, sequential filtration-ultrafiltration procedures, as well as XAD resins, are frequently employed for size and structural fractionations, respectively. This review focuses on the most relevant publications including biological treatment processes, as well as chemical treatment methods such as coagulation-flocculation, electrocoagulation, the Fenton's reagent and ozonation. This study aims at providing an insight into the possible treatment mechanisms and details the understanding what structural features of wastewater components enabled or prevented efficient treatment (removal) or targeted pollutants.

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13

Asfaha, Yemane G., Feleke Zewge, Teketel Yohannes, and Shimelis Kebede. "Investigation of cotton textile industry wastewater treatment with electrocoagulation process: performance, mineralization, and kinetic study." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 5 (February 16, 2022): 1549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.061.

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Abstract In this study, the performance of the electrocoagulation (EC) process was evaluated for its capability to remove color, total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) using aluminium electrodes. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was used to optimize different operating conditions of the processes. The interaction effects of four independent variables such as dye concentration, applied current density, electrolysis time, and pH on the percentage of COD, TOC, and color removal were investigated by the EC process. ANOVA analysis was made to examine the significance of input parameters and their interaction effect on responses. At the optimum operating conditions, 89% of color, 47% of TOC, and 76% of COD removal rate were achieved using the EC process. Different research works have been reported on the treatment of textile wastewater by the EC process. However, these researches vary regarding working conditions such as dye type, concentration, current density, pH, electrolysis time, and electrode type. Also, most literature focuses mainly on the performance of the technology. However, it is also important to investigate the economic aspect, removal mechanism, and mineralization study. Thus, economic analyses, mineralization, kinetic, sludge characterization studies of the technology were performed.

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14

Palanisamy, Sakthisharmila, Palanisamy Nachimuthu, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Balasubramani Ravindran, Soon Woong Chang, Manikandan Palanichamy, and Dinh Duc Nguyen. "Application of electrochemical treatment for the removal of triazine dye using aluminium electrodes." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 69, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.109.

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Abstract Textile effluents contain triazine-substituted reactive dyes that cause health problems such as cancer, birth defects, and hormone damage. An electrochemical process was employed effectively to degrade azo reactive dye with the aim of reducing the production of carcinogenic chemicals during biodegradation. Textile dye C.I. Reactive Red 2 (RR2), a model pollutant that contains dichloro triazine ring, was subjected to the electrocoagulation process using aluminium (Al) electrodes. A maximum of 97% of colour and 72% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were achieved and 9.5 kWh/kg dye electrical energy and 0.8 kg Al/kg dye electrode consumption were observed. The dye removal mechanism was studied by analysing the results of UV-Vis spectra of RR2 and treated samples at various time intervals during electrocoagulation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectral studies were used for analysing the electrocoagulated flocs. The results indicate that in this process the dye gets removed by adsorption and there is no significant carcinogenic by-product formation during the degradation of dye.

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15

Mishima, I., M. Hama, Y. Tabata, and J. Nakajima. "Improvement of phosphorus removal by calcium addition in the iron electrocoagulation process." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 4 (May 16, 2017): 920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.256.

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Small-scale wastewater treatment plants (SWTPs) are widely used as decentralized wastewater treatment systems in sparsely populated areas of Japan. Iron electrolysis, an electrocoagulation technology, is installed in these SWTPs for phosphorus removal. Phosphorus can be removed via the formation of an insoluble compound containing phosphate and iron, such as FePO4; however, it was necessary to determine the conditions under which phosphorus can be effectively and stably removed in actual SWTPs. According to previous studies using iron compounds, improved phosphorus removal was obtained by Ca addition. It is therefore thought that calcium addition may also be effective in improving the phosphorus removal during iron electrolysis in SWTPs. It is also important to determine the chemical state of iron to understand the phosphorus removal mechanism during iron electrolysis. In this study, laboratory-scale batch experiments with the iron electrolysis method were conducted to investigate the effect of phosphorus removal using treated wastewater from actual SWTPs without or with Ca addition. The results indicated that the addition of Ca improved the phosphorus removal performance. Furthermore, phosphorus removal was inhibited in the presence of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The X-ray absorption fine structure measurements of the produced particulates in the experiments showed no substantial change in the chemical state of iron without or with Ca addition. The statistical analyses revealed the range of improving or inhibiting effects on phosphorus removal due to the Ca and DOC. Thus, the results of this study provided useful information pertaining to the influence of coexisting substances on phosphorus removal and the chemical state of iron in the produced particulates.

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Fu, Xianghui, Li Li, Guochao Yang, Xiangyang Xu, Lihua He, and Zhongwei Zhao. "Removal of Trace Thallium from Industrial Wastewater by Fe0-Electrocoagulation." Water 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010163.

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As thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal, there are compulsory environmental regulations in many countries on minimizing its release. This research investigated the treatment of real industrial wastewater with low Tl(I) concentration by Fe0-electrocoagulation (Fe0-EC) in a batch aeration-forced pump cycle reactor. The effects of pH (7–12), current density (8.3–33.3 mA/cm2), dissolved oxygen (DO) in wastewater, and initial Tl(I) concentration (66–165 µg/L) on Tl(I) removal efficiency were investigated. The removal efficiency of Tl(I) is pH-dependent, to be exact, it increases significantly with pH rising from 8 to 11. Initial pH of influent and DO concentration were the key operation parameters which strongly affect Tl(I) removal. After the water sample with initial Tl(I) concentration of 115 µg/L was treated for 12 min by a single-step process at pH of 11 and current density of 16.7 mA/cm2, the residual Tl(I) concentration was decreased to beneath the emission limit in China (2 µg/L) with a low energy consumption of 0.82 kWh/m3. By prolonging the operation time, the concentration was further reduced to 0.5 µg/L or even lower. The main composition of the flocculent sludges is iron oxyhydroxide, yet its crystal structure varies dependent on pH value which may result in different Tl(I) removal efficiency. Feroxyhyte nanosheets generate in situ by Fe0-EC, which contributes to the rapid and effective removal of Tl(I), while the speedy oxidation under DO-enriched conditions benefits the feroxyhyte formation. The mechanism of Tl(I) removal by Fe0-EC is attributed to the combination of electrostatic attraction and the formation of inner-sphere complexes. As shown in the technical and mechanical studies, Fe0-EC technology is an effective method for low Tl concentration removal from wastewater.

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17

García-Carrillo, Cristina, José Parga-Torres, Héctor Moreno-Casillas, and Francisco S. Sellschopp-Sanchez. "Kinetics and Energy Consumption for a Three-Stage Electrocoagulation Process for the Recovery of Au and Ag from Cyanide Leachates." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070758.

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The most common processes used for the recovery of gold and silver from cyanide leachates are Merril-Crowe, activated carbon in pulp, and ion exchange resins; the process of electrocoagulation (EC) also is a promising new technique. EC is an electrochemical process whose mechanisms include oxidation, reduction, decomposition, deposition, coagulation, absorption, flotation, and precipitation. It has been used for the treatment of water and wastewater with different degrees of success. This study aimed to determine the kinetics of the reaction and the energy consumption at constant voltage, and at constant current using aluminum electrodes with two different distances between electrodes. EC was run in three stages for the removal of gold and silver from aqueous cyanide solutions from samples supplied by a Mexican mining company. Characterization of the sample showed initial concentrations of 49.48 and 383 mg/L of gold and silver, respectively. Results showed the effectiveness of the process by achieving removals up to 98.59% of gold and 99.43% of silver. Additionally, it was determined that the kinetics of the reaction is of zero order and that the lowest energy consumption can be achieved when working at constant voltage and with a separation of 0.8 cm between electrodes.

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18

Öğütveren, Ülker Bakir, and Savaş Koparal. "Electrocoagulation for oil‐water emulsion treatment." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 32, no. 9-10 (October 1997): 2507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529709376699.

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Al-Hanif, E. T., and A. Y. Bagastyo. "Electrocoagulation for drinking water treatment: a review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 623 (January 9, 2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/623/1/012016.

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Gomes, Andrew J., Kamol K. Das, Sadia A. Jame, and David L. Cocke. "Treatment of truck wash water using electrocoagulation." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 54 (March 15, 2016): 25991–6002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2016.1159250.

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21

Janpoor, Fatemeh, Ali Torabian, and Vahid Khatibikamal. "Treatment of laundry waste-water by electrocoagulation." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 86, no. 8 (April 11, 2011): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2625.

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22

Hakizimana, Jean Nepo, Bouchaib Gourich, Mohammed Chafi, Youssef Stiriba, Christophe Vial, Patrick Drogui, and Jamal Naja. "Electrocoagulation process in water treatment: A review of electrocoagulation modeling approaches." Desalination 404 (February 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.10.011.

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Jiang, Jia-Qian, Y. Xu, K. Quill, J. Simon, and K. Shettle. "Mechanisms of Boron Removal with Electrocoagulation." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 5 (2006): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06035.

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Environmental Context. Various environmental regulation organizations have set up standards or guidelines to regulate the boron concentration in drinking water, as a result of concern for human and animal health. In 2004, the World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality recommended boron values of no more than 0.5 mg L–1 in drinking water. Preliminary studies on boron removal with electrocoagulation have been carried out. However, in order to enhance boron removal using this method, and to meet the stringent guidelines set in place by the World Health Organization, there is a need to obtain a better understanding of how boron is removed from water by electrocoagulation. Abstract. This study aims to explore the mechanisms of boron removal by electrocoagulation (EC). The results demonstrate that adsorption and precipitation of boron by Al flocs are dominant mechanisms in boron removal using EC. The Al flocs that result from the EC process are found to be mainly composed of polymeric Al13 polymers (43%) and to have a long-lasting positive charge. These characteristics of the flocs contribute to the high levels of boron removal observed using EC. The maximum boron adsorption of the Al flocs is 200 mg g–1 and the solubility product constant (Ksp), which represents the boron precipitate Al(OH)2BO2·nH2O, is 2.6 × 10−40 (at 20°C).

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Manea, Florica, Anamaria Baciu, Aniela Pop, Katalin Bodor, and Ilie Vlaicu. "ASSESSMENT OF ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 14, no. 6 (2015): 1347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2015.146.

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Rusdianasari, Y. Bow, and T. Dewi. "Peat Water Treatment by Electrocoagulation using Aluminium Electrodes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 258 (May 10, 2019): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/258/1/012013.

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Bouamra, Fariza, Nadjib Drouiche, Dihya Si Ahmed, and Hakim Lounici. "Treatment of Water Loaded With Orthophosphate by Electrocoagulation." Procedia Engineering 33 (2012): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1188.

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Wang, Haifeng, Jia-Qian Jiang, Ran Xu, and Fengting Li. "Treatment of landscape water (LSW) by electrocoagulation process." Desalination and Water Treatment 37, no. 1-3 (January 2012): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.661254.

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Ghosh, D., C. R. Medhi, and M. K. Purkait. "Treatment of drinking water containing iron using Electrocoagulation." International Journal of Environmental Engineering 2, no. 1/2/3 (2010): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijee.2010.029829.

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Bian, Yanhong, Zheng Ge, Carl Albano, Fernanda Leite Lobo, and Zhiyong Jason Ren. "Oily bilge water treatment using DC/AC powered electrocoagulation." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 5, no. 10 (2019): 1654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00497a.

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Mohammed, Thamer Jasim, and Hadeel Atiya Al-Zuheri. "Hybrid Process of Electrochemistry with Magnetite Nanoparticles for Treatment of Turbid Water." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.3.001.

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Magnetic nanoparticles are now being investigated widely in field of water treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of electrocoagulation process combined with addition of magnetite nanoparticles as a turbidity removal process. Bentonite was used as source of turbidity for the synthetic turbid water. Experiments were conducted in a bench scales electrocoagulation reactor where voltage was applied across a perforated plate of aluminum as anode, and iron mesh as cathode. Commercial grade of magnetite (Fe3O4) with an average nanoparticle size of 50 nm was used. The effect of some factors such as initial pH of the solution (5-9), current density (5-25 mA/cm2), and magnetite dosage (0.4-2.5 gm) on the efficiency of the process were studied. The residual turbidity obtained by using electrocoagulation process alone was (7.47 NTU) from initial turbidity of (200 NU) at constant conditions of pH 6, current density 15 mA/cm2 and electrolysis time 20 min. While under these same conditions the combined electrocoagulation + magnetite process with the added (1.4 gm) of magnetite and under the same operating conditions the residual turbidity was (4.34 NTU), which indicate that the magnetite nanoparticles enhanced the electrocoagulation process.

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Abdul Rahman, Nazeri, Nurhidayah Kumar Muhammad Firdaus Kumar, Umang Jata Gilan, Elisa Elizebeth Jihed, Adarsh Phillip, Allene Albania Linus, Dasima Nen@Shahinan, and Verawaty Ismail. "Kinetic Study & Statistical Modelling of Sarawak Peat Water Electrocoagulation System using Copper and Aluminium Electrodes." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.2195.2020.

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Due to insufficient water supply, the residents of the rural area of Sarawak are forced to use peat water as daily use for domestic water. The consumption of untreated peat water can lead to various waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea, and other serious illnesses such as typhoid and dysentery. Water treatment system such as electrocoagulation system can be developed to improve the water quality of the peat water as electrocoagulation requires simple equipment that can be operated easily, no usage of chemicals coagulant, producing less sludge and cost-effective treatment system. The main aim of this study is to develop a kinetic study and statistical modelling for both batch and continuous electrocoagulation processes of peat water treatment in Sarawak using aluminium and copper electrodes. This study focuses on the peat water treatment using electrocoagulation system. The fabricated electrocoagulation system is designed according to the characteristics in which the technology for building and the material used for constructing the electrocoagulation system should be available locally, the electrocoagulation system should be easy to fabricate and maintain, as well as low cost for construction and operation. For this study, Response Surface Methodology in Minitab software and Microsoft Excel are used for kinetic studies, statistical modelling, and process optimization. Process optimization is carried out to minimize energy consumption as well as the turbidity and TSS level. The optimum conditions for batch and continuous electrocoagulation system are 14.899 A/m2 and 41.818 min, and 3.861 A/m2 and 37.778 min respectively.

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Karm, Zamen, Akeel Dhahir Subhi, and Ramzy Syhood Hamied. "Comparison Study of Produced Water Treatment Using Electrocoagulation and Adsorption." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 11 (December 4, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.11.8370.

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In the present work, electrocoagulation and adsorption were applied as environmentally friendly methods to treat produced water (PW) obtained from East Baghdad oil field. Electrocoagulation was applied using iron-iron and aluminum-aluminum electrodes while modified silica was used as adsorbent material to remove total dissolved solids (TDS) and reduce electrical conductivity (EC) of produced water. XRD, SEM and AFM were used to characterize the modified silica. The experiments were achieved using different adsorbent doses (0.2 and 0.4 mg/L) and contact times (30-180 min) at room temperature. The results showed that the electrocoagulation failed to treat the produced water. The surface roughness of modified silica had a significant role in adsorbing TDS. The lowest values of TDS and EC were 513 mg/L and 781 μS/cm, respectively, obtained using adsorbent dose of 0.4 mg/L modified silica at a contact time of 180 min. These results were within the permissible limit according to the specifications of the WHO to provide the possibility of reuse of produced water when re-injected into oil wells.

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Liu, Junfei, Guocheng Zhu, Peng Wan, Zhongyi Ying, Bozhi Ren, Peng Zhang, and Zhenghua Wang. "Current applications of electrocoagulation in water treatment: a review." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 74 (2017): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20371.

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Nguyen, Anh T. V., Thuy T. T. Mai, The C. Le, Xuan T. Mai, and Binh T. Phan. "Arsenic treatment from wells water by galvanostatic electrocoagulation method." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 100 (2017): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21814.

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35

Lesikar, Bruce, and Brian McNeil. "Electrocoagulation water treatment system for Duwamish dredge remediation project." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, no. 4 (January 1, 2017): 5360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864717822156910.

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36

Sharma, G., J. Choi, H. K. Shon, and S. Phuntsho. "Solar-powered electrocoagulation system for water and wastewater treatment." Desalination and Water Treatment 32, no. 1-3 (August 2011): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2756.

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37

Mahmood, Mudasar, Nael Yasri, and Edward P. L. Roberts. "Continuous Treatment of Oil-Sands Produced Water By Electrocoagulation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2021-02, no. 23 (October 19, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2021-0223768mtgabs.

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38

Boriboonsuksri, Phonnipha, and Natth Jun-krob. "A Prototype of Industrial Waste Water Treatment Using Electrocoagulation." MATEC Web of Conferences 95 (2017): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179503003.

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39

Fuladpanjeh-Hojaghan, Behzad, Markus Ingelsson, Mohamed M. Elsutohy, Milana Trifkovic, and Edward P. L. Roberts. "Electrocoagulation with Polarity Reversal for Treatment of Produced Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 21 (May 1, 2020): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-01211269mtgabs.

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40

Qi, Zhenlian, Shijie You, and Nanqi Ren. "Wireless Electrocoagulation in Water Treatment Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry." Electrochimica Acta 229 (March 2017): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.151.

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41

Khalturina, Tamara, Olga Churbakova, Yuri Skolubovich, Evgeniy Voitov, and Denis Balchugov. "Application of asymmetric current for electrocoagulation treatment of oil-containing waste water." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913501026.

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The goal of the work was to study the electrocoagulation of oily wastewater using an asymmetric current and to determine the composition of the resulting sludge for disposal. The planning of the experiment according to Box-Hunter method was given and mathematical models - regression equations of the electrocoagulation process of oily wastewater using an asymmetric current were obtained. Optimization was performed by the dissociative-step method due to the regression equations. The structure and composition of sludge obtained under optimal electrocoagulation conditions using asymmetric current for the disposal of sludge in the arbolite mixtures production were studied. The results of experimental studies can be used to develop low-waste efficient, energy-saving technologies for wastewater treatment and waste management.

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Tanneru, Charan Tej, and Shankararaman Chellam. "Mechanisms of virus control during iron electrocoagulation – Microfiltration of surface water." Water Research 46, no. 7 (May 2012): 2111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.032.

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43

Mahmood, Rand Shakir, and Nawar O. A. Al-Musawi. "Evaluating Electrocoagulation Process for Water Treatment Efficiency Using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.09.02.

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The electrocoagulation process became one of the most important technologies used for water treatment processes in the last few years. It’s the preferred method to remove suspended solids and heavy metals from water for treating drinking water and wastewater from textile, diary, and electroplating factories. This research aims to study the effect of using the electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrodes on the removal efficiency of suspended solids and turbidity presented in raw water and optimizing by the response surface methodology (RSM). The most important variables studied in this research included electrode spacing, the applied voltage, and the operating time of the electrocoagulation process. The samples were taken from the Al Qadisiyiah water treatment plant. The treatment set up was in a batch mode; two parallel plates of aluminum were used as electrodes. Experimental results showed that the maximum removal efficiency of 96% for turbidity and 97% for TSS were obtained at operating time 60 minutes, voltage 30 V, and electrode spacing 1.7cm. Two models for predicting removal efficiency obtained, the first model was for turbidity with a correction factor of 94.7%, and the second one was for the TSS with a correction factor of 94.85%.

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St-Onge, Joanie, Anne Carabin, Oumar Dia, Patrick Drogui, and Kamal El Haji. "Development of a solar electrocoagulation technology for decentralised water treatment." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 173, no. 1 (February 2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jwama.17.00059.

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45

Anwer, Enas Ali, and Basma Abbas Abdulmajeed. "Electrocoagulation for Treatment of Simulated Blowdown Water Of Cooling Tower." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.10.01.

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This study investigates the results of electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminum (Al) electrodes as anode and stainless steel (grade 316) as a cathode for removing silica, calcium, and magnesium ions from simulated cooling tower blowdown waters. The simulated water contains (50 mg/l silica, 508 mg/l calcium, and 292 mg/l magnesium). The influence of different experimental parameters, such as current density (0.5, 1, and 2 mA/cm2), initial pH(5,7, and 10), the temperature of the simulated solution(250C and 35 0C), and electrolysis time was studied. The highest removal efficiency of 80.183%, 99.21%, and 98.06% for calcium, silica, and magnesium ions, respectively, were obtained at a current density of 1 mA/cm2, initial PH=7, the temperature of 250C and treatment time 60 min. The results have shown the ability of the EC process to remove silica and hardness ions from CTB water.

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Zhang, Chunhui, Shuhui Tan, Xiameng Niu, and Peidong Su. "Treatment of geothermal water with high fluoride content by electrocoagulation." Desalination and Water Treatment 54, no. 8 (March 17, 2014): 2223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.900727.

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Kobya, M., E. Demirbas, N. U. Parlak, and S. Yigit. "Treatment of cadmium and nickel electroplating rinse water by electrocoagulation." Environmental Technology 31, no. 13 (December 2010): 1471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331003713693.

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Ricordel, Catherine, André Darchen, and Dimiter Hadjiev. "Electrocoagulation–electroflotation as a surface water treatment for industrial uses." Separation and Purification Technology 74, no. 3 (September 2010): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.06.024.

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Kuokkanen, V., T. Kuokkanen, J. Rämö, and U. Lassi. "Electrocoagulation treatment of peat bog drainage water containing humic substances." Water Research 79 (August 2015): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.029.

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Holt, Peter K., Geoffrey W. Barton, and Cynthia A. Mitchell. "The future for electrocoagulation as a localised water treatment technology." Chemosphere 59, no. 3 (April 2005): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.023.

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