Journal articles: 'Water distribution system design optimization'

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Lansey, Kevin E., and Larry W. Mays. "Optimization Model for Water Distribution System Design." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 115, no. 10 (October 1989): 1401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1989)115:10(1401).

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Boindala, Sriman Pankaj, and Avi Ostfeld. "Robust Multi-Objective Design Optimization of Water Distribution System under Uncertainty." Water 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14142199.

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The multi-objective design optimization of water distribution systems (WDS) is to find the Pareto front of optimal designs of WDS for two or more conflicting design objectives. The most popular conflicting objectives considered for the design of WDS are minimization of cost and maximization of resilience index which are considered for the current study. Robust multi-objective optimization is to find the optimal set of the Pareto front considering demand is uncertain. The robustness is controlled by a single parameter that defines the size of the uncertainty set it can vary. The study explores ellipsoidal uncertainty set with different sizes and co-variance matrices. A combined simulation–optimization framework with a combination of self-adaptive multi-objective cuckoo search (SAMOCSA) and the fmincon optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the robust multi-objective design problem. The proposed algorithm is applied to medium and large WDS. The main contribution of this paper is to study the effect of demand uncertainty and the correlation on the WDS designs in a multi-objective framework. The study shows that the inclusion of correlation into the multi-objective design framework can significantly affect the optimal designs.

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Montalvo, I., J. Izquierdo, R. Pérez-García, and M. Herrera. "Water Distribution System Computer-Aided Design by Agent Swarm Optimization." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 29, no. 6 (March 12, 2014): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mice.12062.

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Raad, Darian, Alexander Sinske, and Jan van Vuuren. "Multiobjective Optimization for Water Distribution System Design Using a Hyperheuristic." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 136, no. 5 (September 2010): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000061.

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Amin, Osama Khasraw Mohammed, Mohammad Zaher Akkad, and Tamás Bányai. "Designing of water distribution system." Multidiszciplináris tudományok 11, no. 3 (2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.3.7.

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Water distribution system (WDS) aims to distribute water from reservoirs or aqueducts to the end-users. This system is part of the water supply network that carries potable water from a central treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to deliver water sufficiently to meet residential, commercial, industrial, and firefighting requirements. Modern systems aim to solve water distribution systems management problems, such as the lowest cost, and most efficient design by using linear/nonlinear optimization schemes, which are limited by the system size, the number of constraints, and the number of loading conditions. After a literature review for the articles that dealt with this topic, designing two parts of the water distribution system is discussed as a case study in Erbil. Pumps and storage tanks, while optimizing the water distribution system by minimizing the project cost through minimizing the volume of the elevated tank according to the pump working hours.

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Batchabani, Essoyeke, and Musandji Fuamba. "Conjunctive Use of Engineering and Optimization in Water Distribution System Design." World Journal of Engineering and Technology 03, no. 04 (2015): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2015.34017.

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Pawar, Mukund M., and Nitin P. Sonaje. "Converting Traditional Water Supply Network Into 24x7, using Water GEMS to Optimize Design." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 10, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a5937.0510121.

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Water is all-natural driving force. Entire world struggles to preserve it. Given that India is among the top 12 water poor countries, water wastage is a critical issue for us. India's population is increasing day by day and thus the demand for water is continuously increasing. This growing demand can be met through an efficient water distribution network which can be designed using modern hydraulic software such as Water GEMS. Using the Water GEMS software Pandharpur city is selected to convert existing water supply system into 24 * 7 continuous water supply systems. The largest investment is the pipes used in the water distribution system. The design, modeling and optimization of pipes in water supply system from an economic point of view are very important. Therefore optimal pipe network design for converting existing network into 24x7 water supply system networks is carried out in this paper to reduce the cost using WaterGEM software. Study of the existing water supply network system for one zone (Ambika Nagar Zone10) is initially carried out from the Pandharpur area. The effect on demand, head loss gradient, and pressure development of the forecasted population is studied. In addition, cost optimization of the pipe network for the proposed 24x7 water supply system is carried out using a genetic algorithms Darwin optimization approach.

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Maier, Holger R., Angus R. Simpson, Aaron C. Zecchin, Wai Kuan Foong, Kuang Yeow Phang, Hsin Yeow Seah, and Chan Lim Tan. "Ant Colony Optimization for Design of Water Distribution Systems." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 129, no. 3 (May 2003): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2003)129:3(200).

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Perelman, Lina, Mashor Housh, and Avi Ostfeld. "Robust optimization for water distribution systems least cost design." Water Resources Research 49, no. 10 (October 2013): 6795–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20539.

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Sankary, Nathan, and Avi Ostfeld. "Incorporating Operational Uncertainty in Early Warning System Design Optimization for Water Distribution System Security." Procedia Engineering 186 (2017): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.222.

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R., Moeini R., and Moulaei S. A. M. S.A.M. "Simulation-optimization Model for Design of Water Distribution System using Ant Based Algorithms." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol15iss1pp42-60.

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In this paper, the Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm (ACOA) is applied to solve Water Distribution System design optimization problem proposing two different methods. Considering pipe diameters as decision variables of the problem, Ant System and Max-Min Ant System, referred to ACOA1 and ACOA2 respectively, are applied to determine pipe diameters. In proposed methods, the ant-based models are interfaced with EPANET as simulator for the hydraulic analysis. Three benchmark test examples are solved with proposed methods and the results are presented and compared with those obtained with other existing methods. The results show the capability of the proposed methods to optimally solve the design optimization problem in which best results are obtained with ACOA2 in comparison with other available results. Furthermore, the results show the superiority of the proposed ACOA2 over than the ACOA1 in which the trade-off between the two contradictory search characteristic of exploration and exploitation is managed better by using Max-Min Ant System.

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Hayelom, Assefa, and Avi Ostfeld. "Network Subsystems for Robust Design Optimization of Water Distribution Systems." Water 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152443.

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The optimal design of WDS has been extensively researched for centuries, but most of these studies have employed deterministic optimization models, which are premised on the assumption that the parameters of the design are perfectly known. Given the inherently uncertain nature of many of the WDS design parameters, the results derived from such models may be infeasible or suboptimal when they are implemented in reality due to parameter values that differ from those assumed in the model. Consequently, it is necessary to introduce some uncertainty in the design parameters and find more robust solutions. Robust counterpart optimization is one of the methods used to deal with optimization under uncertainty. In this method, a deterministic data set is derived from an uncertain problem, and a solution is computed such that it remains viable for any data realization within the uncertainty bound. This study adopts the newly emerging robust optimization technique to account for the uncertainty associated with nodal demand in designing water distribution systems using the subsystem-based two-stage approach. Two uncertainty data models with ellipsoidal uncertainty set in consumer demand are examined. The first case, referred to as the uncorrelated problem, considers the assumption that demand uncertainty only affects the mass balance constraint, while the second case, referred to as the correlated case, assumes uncertainty in demand and also propagates to the energy balance constraint.

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Cisty, Milan, Zbynek Bajtek, and Lubomir Celar. "A two-stage evolutionary optimization approach for an irrigation system design." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2016.032.

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In this work, an optimal design of a water distribution network is proposed for large irrigation networks. The proposed approach is built upon an existing optimization method (NSGA-II), but the authors are proposing its effective application in a new two-step optimization process. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that not only is the choice of method important for obtaining good optimization results, but also how that method is applied. The proposed methodology utilizes as its most important feature the ensemble approach, in which more optimization runs cooperate and are used together. The authors assume that the main problem in finding the optimal solution for a water distribution optimization problem is the very large size of the search space in which the optimal solution should be found. In the proposed method, a reduction of the search space is suggested, so the final solution is thus easier to find and offers greater guarantees of accuracy (closeness to the global optimum). The method has been successfully tested on a large benchmark irrigation network.

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Martin-Candilejo, Araceli, David Santillán, Ana Iglesias, and Luis Garrote. "Optimization of the Design of Water Distribution Systems for Variable Pumping Flow Rates." Water 12, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020359.

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Water supply systems need to be designed in an efficient way, accounting for both construction costs and operational energy expenditures when pumping is required. Since water demand varies depending on the moment’s necessities, especially when it comes to agricultural purposes, water supply systems should also be designed to adequately handle this. This paper presents a straightforward design methodology that using a constant flow rate, the total cost is equivalent to that of the variable demand flow. The methodology is based on the Granados System, which is a very intuitive and practical gradient based procedure. To adapt it to seasonal demand, the concepts of Equivalent Flow Rate and Equivalent Volume are presented and applied in a simple case study. These concepts are computationally straightforward and facilitate the design process of hydraulic drives under demand variability and can be used in multiple methodologies, aside from the Granados System. The Equivalent Flow Rate and Equivalent Volume offer a solution to design procedures that require a constant flow regime, adapting them to more realistic design situations and therefore widening their practical scope.

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Lin, Bi Liang, Ray Shyan Wu, and Shu Liang Liaw. "A heuristic approach algorithm for the optimization of water distribution networks." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0202.

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Many optimization models to determine cost-effectiveness and obtain the least-cost system designs for water distribution networks have been developed. An algorithm used for solving an optimization model, such as the branch-and-bound or enumeration method, has deficiencies that may include efficiency problems and local optimal solution problems. A heuristic approach, with a bounded implicit enumeration (BIE) algorithm was developed in this study to improve searching efficiency. The heuristic approach first treats the system as a sub-system so that the sub-system's solution must spread widely at the solution space. Then, the optimal sub-system solution is found by a BIE algorithm. On the basis of the optimal solution for the initial system, one larger than and one smaller than its commercial diameter is used to form a new system design. Finally, an optimal solution is determined by using the BIE algorithm until the same solution is found. In this study, five water distribution network designs were used to illustrate the performance of this approach. The results show that a heuristic approach is more efficient than the BIE alone. The efficiency becomes more obvious when the system becomes larger. Comparing the three case studies, the heuristic approach along with the BIE algorithm finds global optimal solution more efficiently.

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DU, XiuLi, and BenWei HOU. "A heuristic search space reduction method for water distribution system seismic design optimization." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 45, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 747–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n092014-00235.

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Raad, Darian, Alexander Sinske, and Jan van Vuuren. "Robust multi-objective optimization for water distribution system design using a meta-metaheuristic." International Transactions in Operational Research 16, no. 5 (September 2009): 595–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2009.00705.x.

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Bi, W., G. C. Dandy, and H. R. Maier. "Improved genetic algorithm optimization of water distribution system design by incorporating domain knowledge." Environmental Modelling & Software 69 (July 2015): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.09.010.

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Qiu, Mengning, Mashor Housh, and Avi Ostfeld. "Analytical Optimization Approach for Simultaneous Design and Operation of Water Distribution–Systems Optimization." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 147, no. 3 (March 2021): 06020014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001330.

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Choi and Kim. "Self-Adaptive Models for Water Distribution System Design Using Single-/Multi-Objective Optimization Approaches." Water 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061293.

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This study compares the performance of self-adaptive optimization approaches in efficient water distribution systems (WDS) design and presents a guide for the selection of the appropriate method employing optimization utilizing the characteristic of each technique formulation. To this end, this study performs three types of analyses. First, the sensitivity analysis of each self-adaptive approach is conducted on single/multi-objective mathematical benchmark problems with various problem types (e.g., using solution shape or many local optimal solutions). Second, based on the applications and results of the mathematical problem, the performance of the algorithm is verified in the WDS design problem considering the minimum cost and the maximum system resilience under the single/multi-objective optimization framework. Third, the characteristics of search operators in the self-adaptive approach are compared according to the presence or absence of additional parameters and operators. Moreover, various performance indices are employed to compare the quantitative evaluation of each algorithm. Each algorithm is found to exhibit different characteristics depending on the problem scale and solution type. These results are expected to benefit future research in the formulation of new approaches and developments. Hence, this study provides rigorous testing of the performance of newly proposed algorithms in a highly simplified manner.

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Zhang, Shi Ze, Yi Xing Yuan, and Pei Ming Li. "Two-Step Optimization for the Design of Water Distribution Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.758.

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Genetic algorithms (GA) are currently one of the state-of-the-art techniques for the optimization of engineering systems including water distribution networks design and rehabilitation. They are capable of finding near optimal cost solutions to these problems when certain cost and hydraulic parameters are given. Since many forms of GAs rely on random starting points, that is to say, the poor solutions, it has become an ongoing research topic how to efficiently provide good initial estimates of solution sets automatically. A novel method is proposed in this paper, known as two-step optimization, which uses a heuristic-based, Dijkstra arithmetic to optimize network topology to obtain the layout of main pipes. The first step provides a good pattern for subsequent GA runs. Two-step optimization is applied to a network.. The result shows that the proposed approach consistently outperforms the traditional design and the conventional non-heuristic-based GA approach in terms of convergence and calculation efficiency.

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Choi, Young Hwan. "Development of optimal water distribution system design and operation approach considering hydraulic and water quality criteria in many-objective optimization framework." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 9, no. 2 (March 21, 2022): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwac017.

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Abstract Water distribution systems (WDSs) are major infrastructure, and it needs to consider economic, hydraulic stability, and water quality safety to optimal design and operation of WDSs. However, the previous studies related to WDS design and operation were focused on each field (i.e. design: optimal pipe diameter, pump sizing, and valve location; operation: optimal pump scheduling, etc.) even though the WDS design and operation have a correlation. Therefore, to achieve economic feasibility, hydraulic stability, and water quality safety under WDS design and operation process, this study develops an optimal WDS design and operation approach considering hydraulic and water quality criteria in the many-objective optimization framework. To consider design and operation, this study applies three objective functions to minimize the total design and operation cost (i.e. the pipe cost, pump construction, and pump operation cost), maximize system robustness, and minimize the amount of chlorine requisition simultaneously under the hydraulic and quality constraints. The proposed optimal WDS design and operation model was applied to the two-stage optimization procedures. The first process determined the optimal pipe diameter set. The second process determined the optimal pump construction and scheduling considering three objective functions such as the total pump cost, the system robustness, and the quantity of the required residual chlorine for determining optimally the available number of pumps, capacity, and scheduling. For the optimization, the self-adaptive multi-objective harmony search is used and a famous benchmark network for the optimal design and pump operation of WDSs is applied to verify the proposed approach. This study can provide a new perspective on WDS design and operation technique considering the essential design factors to the water utility.

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Izquierdo, Joaquín, Idel Montalvo, Rafael Pérez-García, and Agustín Matías. "On the Complexities of the Design of Water Distribution Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/947961.

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Water supply is one of the most recognizable and important public services contributing to quality of life. Water distribution networks (WDNs) are extremely complex assets. A number of complex tasks, such as design, planning, operation, maintenance, and management, are inherently associated with such networks. In this paper, we focus on the design of a WDN, which is a wide and open problem in hydraulic engineering. This problem is a large-scale combinatorial, nonlinear, nonconvex, multiobjective optimization problem, involving various types of decision variables and many complex implicit constraints. To handle this problem, we provide a synergetic association between swarm intelligence and multiagent systems where human interaction is also enabled. This results in a powerful collaborative system for finding solutions to such a complex hydraulic engineering problem. All the ingredients have been integrated into a software tool that has also been shown to efficiently solve problems from other engineering fields.

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Zecchin, Aaron C., Holger R. Maier, Angus R. Simpson, Michael Leonard, and John B. Nixon. "Ant Colony Optimization Applied to Water Distribution System Design: Comparative Study of Five Algorithms." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 133, no. 1 (January 2007): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2007)133:1(87).

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Lee, Ho Min, Donghwi Jung, Ali Sadollah, Do Guen Yoo, and Joong Hoon Kim. "Generation of Benchmark Problems for Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems." Water 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081637.

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Engineering benchmark problems with specific characteristics have been used to compare the performance and reliability of metaheuristic algorithms, and water distribution system design benchmarks are also widely used. However, only a few benchmark design problems have been considered in the research community. Due to the limited set of previous benchmarks, it is challenging to identify the algorithm with the best performance and the highest reliability among a group of algorithms. Therefore, in this study, a new water distribution system design benchmark problem generation method is proposed considering problem size and complexity modifications of a reference benchmark. The water distribution system design benchmark problems are used for performance and reliability comparison among several reported metaheuristic optimization algorithms. The optimal design results are able to quantify the performance and reliability of the compared algorithms which shows each metaheuristic algorithm has its own strengths and weaknesses. Finally, using the proposed method in this study, guidelines are derived for selecting an appropriate metaheuristic algorithm for water distribution system design.

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Hur, Jeong, Song, and Noh. "Optimization Based on Product and Desirability Functions for Flow Distribution in Multi-Channel Cooling Systems of Power Inverters in Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 4844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224844.

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The onboard charger (OBC)/low-voltage DC-DC converter (LDC) integrated power inverter for electric vehicles comprises multiple electrical elements that can heat up, which can cause performance degradation and system instability issues in electric vehicles. To address this, a cooling system is included in the OBC/LDC integrated power inverter, which primarily uses water as a coolant. In this water cooling method, controlling the flow rate of water is critical for uniform cooling of the component. Thus, we propose an optimization method that helps determine the design variables to ensure uniform flow rate in each channel of the water-cooled system. The control variables for fluid-flux flow distribution optimization are selected by performing flow analysis for the initial design shape and analyzing their effects on fluid-flux flow distribution. For optimization analysis, the central composite design technique was applied; in addition, multi-response surface optimization using the same flow rate for each channel was performed. The optimization results were compared and verified using desirability functions based on the flow ratio of the cooling water channel, product function, and error function. Among single-response objective functions, the product function showed excellent performance. However, optimization using a multi-response objective function showed significantly higher prediction accuracy than the single-response function: using the optimized design obtained with the multi-response objective function improved the fluid-flux flow distribution uniformity by approximately 90% or more than the initial design.

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Jia, Jun Li, Jin Hong Zhang, and Guo Zhen Wang. "Metallurgical Secondary Cooling of Continuous Casting Based on Neural Network Adaptive System Design of Water Distribution." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.802.

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Efficient secondary cooling water control level slab continuous casting process and quality are closely related. Casting solidification heat transfer model is the basis of process control and optimization, heat transfer model based on determining the secondary cooling system is the most widely used method for casting production process can be simulated. However, when considering the many factors affecting the production and input conditions change significantly, real-time and strain of this method is not guaranteed. Therefore, the artificial intelligence optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithms, neural networks, fuzzy controllers, introducing continuous casting secondary cooling water distribution and dynamics of optimal control methods, the rational allocation of caster secondary cooling water and dynamic control is important.

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Radhakrishnan, Varsha, and Wenyan Wu. "Energy Efficient Communication Design in UAV Enabled WPCN Using Dome Packing Method in Water Distribution System." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 3844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103844.

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The water distribution system has deployed several low-power IoT devices on an uneven surface where battery power is a major concern. Therefore, this paper focuses on using a UAV-enabled wireless powered communication network capable of directing energy to a target location and using it for communication, thereby reducing battery issues. In this paper, a static optimization was applied to find the initial height values using 3D clustering and beamforming method and dynamic optimization using extremum seeking method was applied to find the optimized height. The optimized height values were calculated and Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) was applied to create the trajectory of the UAV. The overall energy consumption of the UAV was minimized by integrating dynamic optimization and dome packing method, which can find an optimal position and trajectory where the UAV will be hovering to direct energy and collect data. Moreover, we also minimized the total flight time of the UAV.

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Manolis, Antonis, and Epaminondas Sidiropoulos. "A New Approach to the Optimization of Looped Water Distribution Networks with Velocity Constraints." Hydrology 9, no. 5 (April 27, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9050073.

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The optimal design of a looped water distribution system is a problem that is addressed frequently in the literature. Usually, the flow velocity in the pipes is not taken into account. Nevertheless, in real-life applications, there are velocity restrictions that must be considered for the proper function of water distribution systems. An algorithm has been presented recently for the optimal design of such systems, relying entirely on the hydraulic characteristics of the system, and not involving any parameters to be adjusted. This paper presents a new suitably designed algorithm that retained the features of the original algorithm and handled the problem of velocity restrictions without recourse to penalty functions. The new algorithm was tested and compared with others that used penalty functions to handle the velocity constraints. The results demonstrated its efficiency, reliability, and better performance.

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Faccio, Maurizio, Mauro Gamberi, Mojtaba Nedaei, and Francesco Pilati. "Technical and economic modelling and evaluation of a water distribution system equipped with an autoclave for industrial production applications." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-05-2017-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the autoclave-pump pressured water distribution system. Pressured water is used in many manufacturing processes, as a raw material or as a service fluid for different applications. Design/methodology/approach The performances and the total installation costs of such systems are strongly related to its design and to its decision variables definition. The authors first identify the independent variables (i.e. the decision variables) and the dependent variables of the system and, second, propose a techno-economic mathematical method able to determine its minimum installation cost with an integrated approach. Findings The trade-off between the autoclave installation costs versus the pump installation costs is demonstrated. A sensitive analysis of the cost of the system as function of its decision variables has been performed to propose a practical graphical analysis tools to proper design the integrated pump-autoclave pressured water distribution system. Originality/value Many previous researches focus only on the pump system optimization or in the tank system optimization without an integrated approach. The wide utilization in industry of the autoclave-pump pressured water distribution system together with the lack of similar contributions in this area enforces the value of this research.

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Nicolini, Matteo. "Pareto Genetic Algorithms for Multi-Objective Design of Water Distribution Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.664.

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The paper describes the development of a technique for the optimal design of water supply and distribution systems, based on a coupling between evolutionary algorithms and a pressurized hydraulic network solver. The purpose is to show the capabilities of Pareto genetic algorithms (PGAs) in solving multi-objective, constrained optimization problems: in such cases, the optimum is represented not only by one solution, as in single-objective optimization, but by a set of optimal configurations (the Pareto front or frontier), satisfying different levels of compromise among the competing objectives. A Pareto GA should determine the family of such non-dominated solutions, each of which is optimal in the sense that no improvement can be achieved in one criterion without the degradation in at least one of the remaining criteria. This might be of great help to the decision maker in selecting the best trade-off configuration, which will eventually depend on the actual context. An application to a real case is also presented.

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Pellegrino, R., N. Costantino, and O. Giustolisi. "Flexible investment planning for water distribution networks." Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 1 (October 9, 2017): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.023.

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Abstract The present work focuses on the planning of water distribution networks (WDNs). The research proposes an innovative strategy which aims at helping water managers formulate flexible investment plans while allowing for adaptive management under the increasing unawareness of medium–long term planning. This innovative strategy differs from existing strategies accounting for flexibility in WDN design. It allows for developing flexible investment plans without assuming that statistic or deterministic assumptions can account for all unawareness. The strategy introduces the key idea of technical contiguity of actions/solutions by post-processing a Pareto front obtained by a classic optimization technique in order to obtain sequential actions. This means retrieval of a set of ‘technically contiguous’ actions from the Paretian solutions, namely, by increasing the investment each action needs to contain the previous one. The application to the Apulian network allows discussion of the need for post-processing the Pareto front of solutions returned by the classic multi-objective design optimization and presenting the general strategy to obtain adaptive and flexible investment plans. We discuss further perspectives of the proposed strategy based on the integration of different flexible plans, each obtained with different assumptions, which could be statistic or deterministic, for the system boundary conditions.

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Bi, Weiwei, Yihui Xu, and Hongyu Wang. "Comparison of Searching Behaviour of Three Evolutionary Algorithms Applied to Water Distribution System Design Optimization." Water 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030695.

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Over the past few decades, various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied to the optimization design of water distribution systems (WDSs). An important research area is to compare the performance of these EAs, thereby offering guidance for the selection of the appropriate EAs for practical implementations. Such comparisons are mainly based on the final solution statistics and, hence, are unable to provide knowledge on how different EAs reach the final optimal solutions and why different EAs performed differently in identifying optimal solutions. To this end, this paper aims to compare the real-time searching behaviour of three widely used EAs, which are genetic algorithms (GAs), the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and the ant colony optimization (ACO). These three EAs are applied to five WDS benchmarking case studies with different scales and complexities, and a set of five metrics are used to measure their run-time searching quality and convergence properties. Results show that the run-time metrics can effectively reveal the underlying searching mechanisms associated with each EA, which significantly goes beyond the knowledge from the traditional end-of-run solution statistics. It is observed that the DE is able to identify better solutions if moderate and large computational budgets are allowed due to its great ability in maintaining the balance between the exploration and exploitation. However, if the computational resources are rather limited or the decision has to be made in a very short time (e.g., real-time WDS operation), the GA can be a good choice as it can always identify better solutions than the DE and ACO at the early searching stages. Based on the results, the ACO performs the worst for the five case study considered. The outcome of this study is the offer of guidance for the algorithm selection based on the available computation resources, as well as knowledge into the EA’s underlying searching behaviours.

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Ostfeld, Avi, Nurit Oliker, and Elad Salomons. "Multiobjective Optimization for Least Cost Design and Resiliency of Water Distribution Systems." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 140, no. 12 (December 2014): 04014037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000407.

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Schwartz, Rafael, Mashor Housh, and Avi Ostfeld. "Least-Cost Robust Design Optimization of Water Distribution Systems under Multiple Loading." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 142, no. 9 (September 2016): 04016031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000670.

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Palod, Nikita, Vishnu Prasad, and Ruchi Khare. "Non-parametric optimization technique for water distribution in pipe networks." Water Supply 20, no. 8 (August 25, 2020): 3068–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.200.

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Abstract Water distribution networks (WDN) contribute the massive cost of pipes in total water distribution system (WDS) design, thus the optimal design of any WDN is more of a necessity than a requirement. Various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) proposed in the past involve the use of algorithm-specific parameters and their synchronizing to get the optimal solution and thus require more computational effort and time. To overcome this drawback, the present work introduces an optimization technique, JayaNet, which is the integration of the Jaya algorithm and hydraulic network solver EPANET 2. The best part of this technique is that no algorithm-specific parameter is to be synchronized for optimal cost but there needs to be adjustment of penalty parameter and population size based on network size. Four well-known benchmark networks with different sizes and layout have been taken and optimized using JayaNet. The results are compared with those obtained from other EAs. It is found that optimized costs obtained for four networks by JayaNet are either the same or less than the results obtained from other EAs even with a lower number of function evaluations (NFE). The NFE are found to increase with population size in all networks. The statistical parameter obtained from JayaNet is also compared for different networks.

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Sheikholeslami, Razi, Aaron C. Zecchin, Feifei Zheng, and Siamak Talatahari. "A hybrid cuckoo–harmony search algorithm for optimal design of water distribution systems." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 3 (November 27, 2015): 544–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.174.

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Meta-heuristic algorithms have been broadly used to deal with a range of water resources optimization problems over the past decades. One issue that exists in the use of these algorithms is the requirement of large computational resources, especially when handling real-world problems. To overcome this challenge, this paper develops a hybrid optimization method, the so-called CSHS, in which a cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is combined with a harmony search (HS) scheme. Within this hybrid framework, the CS is employed to find the promising regions of the search space within the initial explorative stages of the search, followed by a thorough exploitation phase using the combined CS and HS algorithms. The utility of the proposed CSHS is demonstrated using four water distribution system design problems with increased scales and complexity. The obtained results reveal that the CSHS method outperforms the standard CS, as well as the majority of other meta-heuristics that have previously been applied to the case studies investigated, in terms of efficiently seeking optimal solutions. Furthermore, the CSHS has two control parameters that need to be fine-tuned compared to many other algorithms, which is appealing for its practical application as an extensive parameter-calibration process is typically computationally very demanding.

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Farmani, Raziyeh, Godfrey Walters, and Dragan Savic. "Evolutionary multi-objective optimization of the design and operation of water distribution network: total cost vs. reliability vs. water quality." Journal of Hydroinformatics 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2006.019b.

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An expanded rehabilitation of the hypothetical water distribution network of Anytown, USA is considered. As well as pipe rehabilitation decisions, tank sizing, tank siting and pump operation schedules are considered as design variables. Inclusion of pump operation schedules requires consideration of water system operation over the demand pattern period. Design of distribution storage facilities involves solving numerous issues and trade-offs such as locations, levels and volume. This paper investigates the application of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in the identification of the pay-off characteristic between total cost, reliability and water quality of Anytown's water distribution system. A new approach is presented for formulation of the model. To provide flexibility, the network must be designed and operated under multiple loading conditions. The cost of the solution includes the capital costs of pipes and tanks as well as the present value of the energy consumed during a specified period. Optimization tends to reduce costs by reducing the diameter of, or completely eliminating, pipes, thus leaving the system with insufficient capacity to respond to pipe breaks or demands that exceed design values without violating required performance levels. Here a resilience index is considered as a second objective to increase the hydraulic reliability and the availability of water during pipe failures. Considering reliability as one of the objectives in the optimization process will decrease the level of vulnerability for the solutions and therefore will result in robust networks. However, oversized distribution mains and storage tanks will have adverse effects on water age with negative effects on water quality due to low flow velocity and little turnover, respectively. Therefore, another objective in the design and operation of distribution systems with storage facilities is the minimization of residence time, thus minimizing deterioration in water quality, which is directly associated with the age of water. Residence time must include not only the time in tanks but also the travel time before and after the water's entry into the storage facilities. The residence time of the water in the network is considered as a surrogate measure of water quality. Results are presented for the pay-off characteristics between total cost, reliability and water quality, for 24 h design and five loading conditions.

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Bi, Weiwei, Minjie Chen, Shuwen Shen, Zhiyuan Huang, and Jie Chen. "A Many-Objective Analysis Framework for Large Real-World Water Distribution System Design Problems." Water 14, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040557.

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This paper presents a many-objective analysis framework to handle large real-world water distribution system design problems (WDSDP), which is a typically difficult infrastructure engineering optimization problem type. Six objectives are formulated, focusing on economic, structural and functional aspects in the operation and management of the water distribution system (WDS), and solved by Borg, which is one state-of-the-art multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) in water resources. The framework comprehensively analyzes and reveals the underlying trade-offs among many objectives, thereby facilitating the selection of the most appropriate design solutions for real-world WDSs. A real-world WDSDP with 1278 decision variables is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, and results show that it can clearly reveal the complex trade-offs among these six different objectives, and it greatly enhances the understanding of the underlying characteristics of Pareto-front solutions. The insights have great practical implications for optimally designing large real-world WDS problems.

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Hatukai, S., Y. Ben-Tzur, and M. Rebhun. "Particle counts and size distribution in system design for removal of turbidity by granular deep bed filtration." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0125.

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Surface water treatment plants are required to reduce filtered water turbidities down to 0.1 NTU. Turbidity measurement is not sensitive to particles in the size range of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts; furthermore, low treated water turbidity does not necessarily indicate their absence in the water. Particle removal measurement in the Giardia and Cryptosporidium size range was used for treatment process evaluation and optimization. Pilot plant experiments demonstrated that preoxidant type and dosing rate of alum and a cationic polymer affected removal efficiency of particles during direct filtration process more than any other process parameter.

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Suribabu, C. R. "Differential evolution algorithm for optimal design of water distribution networks." Journal of Hydroinformatics 12, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2010.014.

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Water distribution networks are considered as the most important entity in the urban infrastructure system and need huge investment for construction. The inherent problem associated with cost optimisation in the design of water distribution networks is due to the nonlinear relationship between flow and head loss and availability of the discrete nature of pipe sizes. In the last few decades, many researchers focused on several stochastic methods of optimisation algorithms. The present paper is focused on the Differential Evolution algorithm (henceforth referred to as DE) and utilises a similar concept as the genetic algorithm to achieve a goal of optimisation of the specified objective function. A simulation–optimisation model is developed in which the optimization is done by DE. Four well-known benchmark networks were taken for application of the DE algorithm to optimise pipe size and rehabilitation of the water distribution network. The findings of the present study reveal that DE is a good alternative to the genetic algorithm and other heuristic approaches for optimal sizing of water distribution pipes.

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Lorenz, Imke-Sophie, and Peter Pelz. "Optimal Resilience Enhancement of Water Distribution Systems." Water 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2020): 2602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092602.

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Water distribution systems (WDSs) as critical infrastructures are subject to demand peaks due to daily consumption fluctuations, as well as long term changes in the demand pattern due to increased urbanization. Resilient design of water distribution systems is of high relevance to water suppliers. The challenging combinatorial problem of high-quality and, at the same time, low-cost water supply can be assisted by cost-benefit optimization to enhance the resilience of existing main line WDSs, as shown in this paper. A Mixed Integer Linear Problem, based on a graph-theoretical resilience index, is implemented considering WDS topology. Utilizing parallel infrastructures, specifically those of the urban transport network and the water distribution network, makes allowances for physical constraints, in order to adjust the existing WDS and to enhance resilience. Therefore, decision-makers can be assisted in choosing the optimal adjustment of WDS depending on their investment budget. Furthermore, it can be observed that, for a specific urban structure, there is a convergence of resilience enhancement with higher costs. This cost-benefit optimization is conducted for a real-world main line WDS, considering also the limitations of computational expenses.

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Júdice, Joaquim J., A. Silva-Afonso, Carlos P. Baptista, and L. M. Fernandes. "Economic design of water distribution systems in buildings." Engineering Optimization 40, no. 8 (August 2008): 749–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03052150802054035.

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Ivetić, Damjan, Željko Vasilić, Miloš Stanić, and Dušan Prodanović. "Speeding up the water distribution network design optimization using the ΔQ method." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 1 (January 21, 2015): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.118.

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To optimize the design of a water distribution network (WDN), a large number of possible solutions need to be examined; hence computation efficiency is an important issue. To accelerate the computation, one can use more powerful computers, parallel computing systems with adapted hydraulic solvers, hybrid algorithms, more efficient hydraulic methods or any combination of these techniques. This paper explores the possibility to speed up optimization using variations of the ΔQ method to solve the network hydraulics. First, the ΔQ method was used inside the evaluation function where each tested alternative was hydraulically solved and ranked. Then, the convergence criterion was relived in order to reduce the computation time. Although the accuracy of the obtained hydraulic results was reduced, these were feasible and interesting solutions. Another modification was tested, where the ΔQ method was used just once to solve the hydraulics of the initial network, and the unknown flow corrections were added to the list of other unknown variables subject to optimization. Two case networks were used for testing and were compared to the results obtained using EPANET2. The obtained results have shown that the use of the ΔQ method in hydraulic computations can significantly accelerate the optimization of WDN.

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Perelman, Lina, Ariel Krapivka, and Avi Ostfeld. "Single and multi-objective optimal design of water distribution systems: application to the case study of the Hanoi system." Water Supply 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.404.

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This manuscript describes the application of two recent methodologies developed by the authors for single and multi-objective optimal design of water distribution systems. The single-objective model is a hybrid algorithm incorporating decomposition, spanning tree search, and evolutionary computation, while the multi-objective algorithm integrates features form multi-objective genetic algorithms with the Cross Entropy combinatorial optimization scheme. The two models are implemented on the Hanoi water distribution system, one of the more explored systems in the research literature, through base runs and sensitivity analysis. The single-objective model produced the best known least cost solution for split pipe design, while the multi-objective model has shown robustness and well explanatory outcomes. Discussion of the accomplished results and suggestions for future research are provided.

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Jabbary, Azadeh, Hasan Torabi Podeh, Hojatollah Younesi, and Amir Hamzeh Haghiabi. "Development of central force optimization for pipe-sizing of water distribution networks." Water Supply 16, no. 5 (April 22, 2016): 1398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.051.

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Due to the economic crisis and water scarcity happening in recent years, many researchers have focused on the water distribution network optimization problem. On this specified subject, all recent research has applied stochastic meta-heuristic algorithms to solve these sets of problems. In this study, the application of a novel deterministic physically inspired heuristic algorithm for minimizing the cost of pipe-sizing in the water distribution system (WDS) is investigated. In fact, the algorithm used in this research is the modified central force optimization algorithm to solve the water distribution network problem called CFOnet. The approach is applied to optimize the design of the Kadu and Khorramshahr networks. For this purpose, CFOnet method is programmed in MATLAB and interfaced with the hydraulic simulation model, EPANET. The obtained solutions in this study are compared with those stochastic methods in the WDS optimization literature. This comparison shows that CFOnet is more efficient in obtaining lower cost than other optimization methods for solving the two mentioned WDSs, while it enjoys the merits of a deterministic optimization method.

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Zhang, Yan, Yan Hua Shen, and Wen Ming Zhang. "Multi-Objective Optimization Analysis of Motor Cooling System in Articulated Dump Truck." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4715.

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In order to ensure the reliable and safe operation of the electric driving motor of the articulated dump truck, water cooling system is installed for each motor. For the best performance of the water cooling system, not only the heat transfer should be enhanced to maintain the motor in relatively low temperature, but also the pressure drop in the water cooling system should be reduced to save energy by reducing the power consumption of the pump. In this paper, the numerical simulation of the cooling progress is completed and the temperature and pressure field distribution are obtained. The multi-objective optimization model is established which involves the cooling system structure, temperature field distribution and pressure field distribution. To improve the computational efficiency, the surrogate model of the simulation about the cooling process is established based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). After the multi-objective optimization, the Pareto optimal set is obtained. The proper design point, which could make the average temperature and pressure drop of the cooling system relative desirable, is chosen from the Pareto optimal set.

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van Thienen, Peter, and Ina Vertommen. "Gondwana: A Generic Optimization Tool for Drinking Water Distribution Systems Design and Operation." Procedia Engineering 119 (2015): 1212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.978.

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Liu, Min, Rong Hua Wu, and Qi Rong Yang. "Total Energy Consumption Optimization Design of Surface-Water Source Heat Pump Systems." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.559.

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This paper deals with the study of transmission and distribution energy consumption (TDEC) optimization design about surface-water source heat pump system. Three mathematical model have been established. The fitted polynomials of COP, Ne, Nc were obtained by the MATLAB curve fitting toolbox according to datum from product samples. The differences between two operating states which are constant flow and variable flow were analyzed and compared. Under variable flow operating state it was found that there exists an maximum energy conversation rate12.68% of TDEC; the heat pump unit will consume more than average 8.41% energy, while COP will decline average 7.61%, the mean energy conversation rate of Ne and Nc are 49.38% and 38.86%, the average declination rate of tein and tcout are 17.09% and 5.73% compared with constant flow operating state.

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Dandy, Graeme, Wenyan Wu, Angus Simpson, and Michael Leonard. "A Review of Sources of Uncertainty in Optimization Objectives of Water Distribution Systems." Water 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010136.

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Many studies have applied optimization to the planning, design, rehabilitation or operation of water distribution systems. Recent reviews of the research literature in this area have identified hundreds of papers that address these topics. The objectives considered include variables measuring direct impact of the system such as cost, energy, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as performance variables such as pressure deficit and system reliability. Very few of these studies have considered the effects of the various sources of uncertainty on the objectives considered. The sources of uncertainty include model related uncertainty such as uncertainty in model structure and parameters (e.g., pipe roughness and chemical reaction rates for water quality studies), data related uncertainty such as uncertainty in water demand due to natural variability in the short-term or population growth and/or climate change in the long-term, and human related uncertainty such as lack of knowledge about the physical network as well as modelling errors. This paper is aimed at reviewing the relative importance of these various sources of uncertainty on the key optimization objectives. It also summarizes the key literature in this area and identifies areas where there have been few publications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water distribution system design optimization'

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