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Journal articles on the topic 'Water detection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Sankary, Nathan, and Avi Ostfeld. "Analyzing multi-variate water quality signals for water quality monitoring station placement in water distribution systems." Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 6 (September 12, 2018): 1323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.162.

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Abstract Placing fixed water quality monitoring stations in a water distribution system can greatly improve the security of the system via prompt detection of poor water quality. In the event that a harmful substance is injected into a water distribution system, large populations can be put at risk of exposure to the contaminant. Promptly detecting the presence of a contaminant will reduce the number of people put at risk of exposure. However, to protect against a wide variety of possible contaminants, a water quality monitoring station will need to identify contamination via recognition of anomalous changes in a suite of surrogate water quality indicators (chlorine, pH, etc.). This work attempts to place water quality monitoring stations within the water distribution at locations that best detect contamination events via surrogate water quality signals. Networks of water quality monitoring stations are designed to minimize the population affected prior to contamination event detection, and simultaneously minimize the expected number of false positive detections, under uncertain water quality conditions. Solutions generated in this study are compared to solutions designed via classical detection methods. Results show the sensor networks designed without consideration to detection via surrogate water quality parameters have higher false positive detection rates.

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Najam, Liath Ahmed, Hazim Louis Mansour, Nada Fadhil Tawfiq, and Mahmood Salim Karim. "Measurement of Radon Gas Concentrations in Tap Water Samples for Thi-Qar Governorate Using Nuclear Track Detector (CR-39)." Detection 04, no. 01 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/detection.2016.41001.

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Cao, Hui-Wen, Yu-Peng Jing, Shi-Rui Zhao, Xin-Wei Xu, He Tian, Xin Xin, Xiao-Ning Li, et al. "A discovery of an ultra-pure water detection method based on water mark." Modern Physics Letters B 29, no. 03 (January 30, 2015): 1450271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984914502716.

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The purity evaluation of deionized (DI) water is highly desirable for VLSI or ULSI industry, as the traditional "reverse osmosis filter" cannot always meet the requirement towards the DI water. The filtered DI water may still contain many contaminations which are not up to the standard for the wet cleaning of wafer surface. A novel method is presented by analyzing the residues of a water droplet after the low-temperature evaporation. The contamination contained in the water will remain during the gasification. By analyzing the residual contamination's morphology, the purity of the DI water can be estimated by employing merely a 3D laser microscope. Compared to the traditional fluorescence detecting system for water quality monitoring, it is simpler and has a lower cost. The paper describes an excellent water detection method which is meaningful for preparing ultra-pure water. Experimental results have shown that the deionized distilled (DID) water can repeatedly get a higher purity using this detection method. The DID water can be applied to the wet cleaning of wafer surface, preparation of chemical reagents and many other aspects.

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4

Alsamman, A., and M. Syed. "RGB-BASED DEEP SURFACE WATER CONTOUR DETECTION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2022 (May 30, 2022): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2022-827-2022.

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Abstract. The application of remote monitoring of surface water has focused primarily on the detection of water bodies using expensive multi-spectral IR sensors. However, critical information about surface water bodies, particularly the dynamic behavior, is better derived from water contours. We show that water body detection is inadequate in accurately capturing the contours. Furthermore, we argue that RGB-based detection should be sufficient for accurate water detection. We present a new global dataset of remote sensing images obtained from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 missions and contour labeled to assist in this effort. We propose a unique UNet-style contour detection system that utilizes multiscale filters to detect contours accurately. Comparisons between our proposed system, existing water detection, and other segmentation and contour detection systems show the system's effectiveness in detecting water.

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Zhang, Chuanhao. "Miniaturized detection devices powered by various heaters: A quick review under the background of water-borne disease epidemics." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 9, no. 1 (January 25, 2024): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.9.1.670.2024.

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With the progress of society and the development of productivity, the problem of water pollution and water shortage caused by water pollution is becoming more and more serious. Water-borne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms also bring great harm to human beings and other life forms. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic pathogens. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming and costly, and can’t meet the needs of water resource detection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for accurate, rapid, specific, and portable detection equipment for detecting pathogenic microorganisms in water. We analyzed and sorted out the detection methods and detection equipment for detecting pathogenic microorganisms that cause water-borne diseases, summarized these detection methods and detection equipment, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of these detection methods. We reasonably concluded that a good detection method for pathogenic microorganisms in water should have the advantages of low cost, low energy consumption, simple operation, strong specificity, and high portability, which can more easily meet the needs of the water quality detection field. Multifunctional small nucleic acid detection devices have been reported for decades, which reduce the reaction time of nucleic acid amplification from hours to minutes, and these miniaturized devices based on nucleic acid amplification are not only highly specific but also low cost, which is very suitable for resource-limited environments.

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Ge, Hongyi, Zhenyu Sun, Yuying Jiang, Xuyang Wu, Zhiyuan Jia, Guangyuan Cui, and Yuan Zhang. "Recent Advances in THz Detection of Water." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 10936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310936.

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The frequency range of terahertz waves (THz waves) is between 0.1 and 10 THz and they have properties such as low energy, penetration, transients, and spectral fingerprints, which are especially sensitive to water. Terahertz, as a frontier technology, have great potential in interpreting the structure of water molecules and detecting biological water conditions, and the use of terahertz technology for water detection is currently frontier research, which is of great significance. Firstly, this paper introduces the theory of terahertz technology and summarizes the current terahertz systems used for water detection. Secondly, an overview of theoretical approaches, such as the relaxation model and effective medium theory related to water detection, the relationship between water molecular networks and terahertz spectra, and the research progress of the terahertz detection of water content and water distribution visualization, are elaborated. Finally, the challenge and outlook of applications related to the terahertz wave detection of water are discussed. The purpose of this paper is to explore the research domains on water and its related applications using terahertz technology, as well as provide a reference for innovative applications of terahertz technology in moisture detection.

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7

Li, Yu, Jinggang Chu, Guozhen Wei, Sifan Jin, Tiantian Yang, and Bo Li. "Robust Placement of Water Quality Sensor for Long-Distance Water Transfer Projects Based on Multi-Objective Optimization and Uncertainty Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041834.

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It is important to place water quality sensors along open channels in long-distance water transfer projects optimally for rapid source identification and efficient management of sudden water contamination. A new framework which considers multiple objectives, including earliest detection time, lowest missing detection rate and lowest sensor cost, and combines the randomness of injected contaminant type and contaminant incident consisting of contaminant intrusion location, time and mass, was established to obtain optimal placement of water quality sensor with better robustness in this paper. The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China was chosen as a case study, and it was found that both missing detection rate and detection time decrease with sensor cost gradually; furthermore, given the higher detecting precision, the detection accuracy and efficiency would be improved, a smaller number of water quality sensors would be needed, and the ten key placement positions where sensor with different detecting precision placed could be identified. Under the constraints of the allowable maximum missing detection rate, 1.00%, and detection time, 120.00 min, the detecting precision of 0.20 mg/L and 38 sensors placed could be selected as the optimal sensor placement scheme. Finally, with the consideration of contaminant uncertainty, the sensor placement scheme with better robustness could be constructed. The proposed framework would be helpful in solving the problem of water quality sensor placement with high practicality and efficiency in long-distance water transfer projects.

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8

Higashi, Yasuhiko. "Development of Simultaneous HPLC-Fluorescence Assay of Phenol and Chlorophenols in Tap Water after Pre-Column Derivatization with 3-Chlorocarbonyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1- methyl-2(1<i>H</i>)-quinoxalinone." Detection 04, no. 01 (2016): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/detection.2016.41003.

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9

Wongniramaikul, Worawit, and Aree Choodum. "Synthesis of Polymer Sensor for Detection of Phosphate in Water." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, no. 3 (June 2017): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.3.660.

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10

Kwietniewski, Marian, Piotr Świercz, and Jarosław Chudzicki. "Modern methods for monitoring water leakages in water networks." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2022-0001.

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Abstract The main idea of this article is to adopt the thesis that the main and, at the same time, the most effective (apart from proper maintenance and operation) element of the strategy of limiting water losses in water supply networks is continuous integrated monitoring of the network using the latest achievements of IT technologies, including GIS (Geographical Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System), GSM (The Global System for Mobile Communications) and software based on a cloud platform. Considering the above, the paper highlights the problem of leakages against the background of water deficit in the world and proposes a classification of methods for detecting and estimating the size of leakages. On the basis of available literature sources, selected modern and, in the authors’ opinion, most interesting water loss monitoring systems enabling leak detection and estimation of the amount of wasted water are presented. Then, these methods are analysed, pointing to their strengths and weaknesses in terms of leak detection efficiency.

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11

Chen, Fuxun, Lanxin Zhang, Siyu Kang, Lutong Chen, Honghong Dong, Dan Li, and Xiaozhu Wu. "Soft-NMS-Enabled YOLOv5 with SIOU for Small Water Surface Floater Detection in UAV-Captured Images." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 8, 2023): 10751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410751.

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In recent years, the protection and management of water environments have garnered heightened attention due to their critical importance. Detection of small objects in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images remains a persistent challenge due to the limited pixel values and interference from background noise. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an integrated object detection approach that utilizes an improved YOLOv5 model for real-time detection of small water surface floaters. The proposed improved YOLOv5 model effectively detects small objects by better integrating shallow and deep features and addressing the issue of missed detections and, therefore, aligns with the characteristics of the water surface floater dataset. Our proposed model has demonstrated significant improvements in detecting small water surface floaters when compared to previous studies. Specifically, the average precision (AP), recall (R), and frames per second (FPS) of our model achieved 86.3%, 79.4%, and 92%, respectively. Furthermore, when compared to the original YOLOv5 model, our model exhibits a notable increase in both AP and R, with improvements of 5% and 6.1%, respectively. As such, the proposed improved YOLOv5 model is well-suited for the real-time detection of small objects on the water’s surface. Therefore, this method will be essential for large-scale, high-precision, and intelligent water surface floater monitoring.

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12

Ding, Qi, Chen Li, Haijun Wang, Chuanlai Xu, and Hua Kuang. "Electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions in water." Chemical Communications 57, no. 59 (2021): 7215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc00983d.

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Electrochemical sensors demonstrate outstanding performance at detecting heavy metal ions, with a high specific surface area and high sensitivity which can excellently complete the on-site detection of trace heavy metal ions in water.

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13

Assaf, Abdulmalik T., Khamis N. Sayl, and Ammar Adham. "Surface Water Detection Method for Water Resources Management." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012149.

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14

Ahmad Fuad, Z., H. S. Eddy, Y. Badronnisa, and I. Syazwani. "Water leak detection method in water distribution network." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (November 25, 2019): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012033.

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15

Krishnan, Rahul, R. Ganesh Babu, K. Lalitha, S. Vanaja, and Keren Naomi Devnesh. "Autonomous Underground Water Detection Robot." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1055, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1055/1/012002.

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16

Bugle, Charles, Sarah Andrew, and Julia Heath. "Early Detection of WATER Intoxication." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 30, no. 11 (November 1992): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19921101-10.

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17

Holnicki-Szulc, Jan, Przemyslaw Kolakowski, and Nagib Nasher. "Leakage Detection in Water Networks." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 16, no. 3 (March 2005): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x05049169.

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18

Lewis, B. M., and D. Engels. "Efficient detection of water masers." Nature 332, no. 6159 (March 1988): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332049a0.

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19

Guo, Yuchen, Chunhong Liu, Rongke Ye, and Qingling Duan. "Advances on Water Quality Detection by UV-Vis Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 6874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196874.

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Water resources are closely linked to human productivity and life. Owing to the deteriorating water resources environment, accurate and rapid determination of the main water quality parameters has become a current research hotspot. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy offers an effective tool for qualitative analysis and quantitative detection of contaminants in a water environment. In this review, the principle and application of UV-Vis technology in water quality detection were studied. The principle of UV-Vis spectroscopy for detecting water quality parameters and the method of modeling and analysis of spectral data were presented. Various UV-Vis technologies for water quality detection were reviewed according to the types of pollutants, such as chemical oxygen demand, heavy metal ions, nitrate nitrogen, and dissolved organic carbon. Finally, the future development of UV-Vis spectroscopy for the determination of water quality was discussed.

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20

Villacorta-Rath, Cecilia, Conrad J. Hoskin, Jan M. Strugnell, and Damien Burrows. "Long distance (>20 km) downstream detection of endangered stream frogs suggests an important role for eDNA in surveying for remnant amphibian populations." PeerJ 9 (September 27, 2021): e12013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12013.

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Background Globally, amphibian species have suffered drastic population declines over the past 40 years. Hundreds of species are now listed as Critically Endangered, with many of these considered “possibly extinct”. Most of these species are stream-dwelling frogs inhabiting remote, montane areas, where remnant populations are hard to find using traditional surveys. Environmental DNA (eDNA) could revolutionize surveys for ‘missing’ and endangered amphibian populations by screening water samples from downstream sections to assess presence in the upstream catchments. However, the utility of this survey technique is dependent on quantifying downstream detection probability and distances. Methods Here we tested downstream detection distances in two endangered stream frogs (Litoria lorica and L. nannotis) that co-occur in a remote stream catchment in north-east Australia, and for which we know precise downstream distributional limits from traditional surveys. Importantly, the two last populations of L. lorica persist in this catchment: one small (~1,000 frogs) and one very small (~100 frogs). We conducted eDNA screening at a series of sites kilometers downstream from the populations using precipitation from two fixed water volumes (15 and 100 mL) and via water filtering (mean 1,480 L). Results We detected L. nannotis and the small L. lorica population (~1,000 frogs) at most sampling sites, including 22.8 km downstream. The filtration method was highly effective for far-downstream detection, as was precipitation from 100 mL water samples, which also resulted in consistent detections at the far-downstream sites (including to 22.8 km). In contrast, we had limited downstream detection success for the very small L. lorica population (~100 frogs). Discussion The ecological aspects of our study system, coupled with thorough traditional surveys, enabled us to measure downstream eDNA detection distances with accuracy. We demonstrate that eDNA from a small population of approximately 1,000 frogs can be detected as far as 22.8 km downstream from the population. Water filtration is considered best for eDNA detection of rare aquatic species—indeed it was effective in this study—but we also achieved far-downstream detections when precipitating eDNA from 100 mL water samples. Collecting small water volumes for subsequent precipitation in the lab is more practical than filtration when surveying remote areas. Our downstream detection distances (>20 km) suggest eDNA is a valuable tool for detecting rare stream amphibians. We provide recommendations on optimal survey methods.

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Li, Zhi, and Mingshan Zhu. "Detection of pollutants in water bodies: electrochemical detection or photo-electrochemical detection?" Chemical Communications 56, no. 93 (2020): 14541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc05709f.

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22

Li, Xiao Feng. "Water Film Detection in Water Distribution Test of PCCS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 385-386 (August 2013): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.385-386.663.

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In the passive containment cooling system (PCCS), water distribution tests are essential to verify the water distribution devices performance. Without regular boundaries and homogeneous intensities, images of water film acquired from these tests are hard to be detected by conventional approaches. We propose an improved segmentation method to identify the water film areas from the complex background. Considering the gray distortion resulted from asymmetric illumination, the method combines the modified motion segmentation and optimal threshold method. Detection results show that this method is hardly affected by the illumination change, and also insensitive to noise.

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23

Liu, Guoqin, Vyacheslav Aranchuk, Likun Zhang, and Craig J. Hickey. "Laser-acoustic detection of objects buried underwater." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018138.

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An object buried underwater such as landmines can potentially be excited to vibrate by a sound source in air. The vibration then radiates a secondary wave in the water to excite the water surface vibration which can be detected by a laser sensor. This idea of laser-acoustic detection of buried objects is effective in detecting objects buried under ground where the object is mechanically excited and the ground surface vibration is scanned by the laser sensor. When applying this approach to detect objects buried underwater, the addition of the water layer has an impact on the flexibility of the detection. Numerical simulations and laboratory experiments are conducted to assess this flexibility. Vibrations of the object and the water surface are experimentally measured and numerically simulated for water layers of different depths. The results reveal the impact of the water layer and the effectiveness of the detection. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research under Award No. N00014-21-1-2247.]

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24

Depauw, Alexis, Laura Jonusauskaite, Rasta Ghasemi, Jean-Pierre Lefevre, C. Mongin, Valérie Génot, Jacques Delaire, and Isabelle Leray. "A Highly Sensitive and Selective Optical Sensor for the On-Line Detection of Cesium in Water." Sensors 23, no. 18 (September 12, 2023): 7826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23187826.

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In this study, we have undertaken the development of two fluorescent sensors based on calixarene compounds for the purpose of detecting cesium in water. By introducing the sulfonate functional groups, we have considerably improved the water solubility of sensors, enabling complete dissolution of products in aqueous media and direct analysis of polluted water samples. Through rigorous experiments, we have demonstrated that the complexation of Cs+ ions with sensors 1 and 2 in water leads to a remarkable enhancement of fluorescence. This fluorescence enhancement serves as a reliable indication of cesium presence and allows for sensitive detection. To further advance the practical application of our sensors, we have successfully integrated calixarene sensors 1 and 2 into a microfluidic sensor chip. This integration has enabled real-time, on-line measurements and has resulted in the development of a portable detection device capable of detecting cesium ions in water samples at parts per billion (ppb) levels. This device holds great promise for environmental monitoring and assessment, providing a convenient and efficient solution for cesium detection. Our work represents a significant advancement in the field of cesium detection, displaying the efficacy of calixarene-based fluorescent sensors and their integration into microfluidic systems. The enhanced water solubility, fluorescence response, and portability of our detection device offers tremendous potential for applications in environmental monitoring, water quality assessment, and emergency response scenarios where rapid and accurate cesium detection is crucial.

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Eckner, Karl F. "Comparison of Membrane Filtration and Multiple-Tube Fermentation by the Colilert and Enterolert Methods for Detection of Waterborne Coliform Bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Enterococci Used in Drinking and Bathing Water Quality Monitoring in Southern Sweden." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 3079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.8.3079-3083.1998.

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ABSTRACT A total of 338 water samples, 261 drinking water samples and 77 bathing water samples, obtained for routine testing were analyzed in duplicate by Swedish standard methods using multiple-tube fermentation or membrane filtration and by the Colilert and/or Enterolert methods. Water samples came from a wide variety of sources in southern Sweden (Skåne). The Colilert method was found to be more sensitive than Swedish standard methods for detecting coliform bacteria and of equal sensitivity for detecting Escherichia coli when all drinking water samples were grouped together. Based on these results, Swedac, the Swedish laboratory accreditation body, approved for the first time in Sweden use of the Colilert method at this laboratory for the analysis of all water sources not falling under public water regulations (A-krav). The coliform detection study of bathing water yielded anomalous results due to confirmation difficulties. E. coli detection in bathing water was similar by both the Colilert and Swedish standard methods as was fecal streptococcus and enterococcus detection by both the Enterolert and Swedish standard methods.

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Kandimalla, V. B., N. Kandimalla, K. Hruska, and M. Franek. "Detection of sulfamethazine in water, milk and pig manure by dipstick immunoassay." Veterinární Medicína 52, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2045-vetmed.

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During the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in rapid visual tests that could be performed outside the laboratory, for example on farms, in store houses or in food production plants. Hence, cost effective and simple screening methods are required for residual analysis of environmental and food samples on-site. Here, a simple and instrumental independent dipstick immunoassay for sulfamethazine detection is described. The polyclonal antibody was optimised in terms of coating dilution on a nitrocellulose membrane, dilution of peroxidase tracer conjugate, blocking agents and incubation times. Test results assessed by visual measurement can be available within 20 minutes. In buffer, water, skimmed milk and pig manure extract, sulfamethazine fortified at 50 and 100 µg/l has exhibited clear visual differentiation in colour development (lower intensity) in comparison to the control spot intensity (high intensity) of the dipstick.

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Halimshah, N. N., A. Yusup, Z. Mat Amin, and M. D. Ghazalli. "VISUAL INSPECTION OF WATER LEAKAGE FROM GROUND PENETRATING RADAR RADARGRAM." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-2/W2 (October 19, 2015): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-2-w2-191-2015.

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Water loss in town and suburban is currently a significant issue which reflect the performance of water supply management in Malaysia. Consequently, water supply distribution system has to be maintained in order to prevent shortage of water supply in an area. Various techniques for detecting a mains water leaks are available but mostly are time-consuming, disruptive and expensive. In this paper, the potential of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a non-destructive method to correctly and efficiently detect mains water leaks has been examined. Several experiments were designed and conducted to prove that GPR can be used as tool for water leakage detection. These include instrument validation test and soil compaction test to clarify the maximum dry density (MDD) of soil and simulation studies on water leakage at a test bed consisting of PVC pipe burying in sand to a depth of 40 cm. Data from GPR detection are processed using the Reflex 2D software. Identification of water leakage was visually inspected from the anomalies in the radargram based on GPR reflection coefficients. The results have ascertained the capability and effectiveness of the GPR in detecting water leakage which could help avoiding difficulties with other leak detection methods.

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Esteves-López, Natalia, Stephane Coussan, Claude Dedonder-Lardeux, and Christophe Jouvet. "Photoinduced water splitting in pyridine water clusters." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 36 (2016): 25637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp04398d.

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Balsley, Alexander, Kurt Hansen, and Michele Fitzpatrick. "Detection of Oil within the Water Column." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 2206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.2206.

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ABSTRACT Current technology makes it difficult to detect and locate oil in the water column and make timely decisions to prevent significant ecological and economic damages. There is a very short timeframe between the start of an oil spill and for the responders to make decisions to protect the environment, numerous water-intakes and commercial facilities located along the shorelines or rivers. Therefore, data needs to be gathered from subsurface detection systems in an accurate and timely manner. However, challenges in detecting oil within the water column include poor visibility in deeper waters, difficulty in tracking oil movements in fast-moving currents and current technological limitations to finding trace amount of oil or dispersed oil at any depth. This paper captures the planning process, technological descriptions and prototype tests performed at Ohmsett. In November 2011, the Coast Guard Research and Development Center started a multi-year effort to come up with a detection and mitigation system for oil in the water column. The first phase was the design concept for a detection system with 18 goals to be met, including acquiring data in real time (less than one hour), calibrating easily for different types of oil and dispersed oil and working in currents or tow speeds up to 5 knots. Technologies include a multi-beam sonar, a flow-through multichannel fluorometer and a wide-angle scattering that measures the refractive indexes of particles. The second phase is currently underway and focuses on the development and testing of prototype systems. The multi-beam sonar and wide-angle scattering prototypes were tested at Ohmsett in December 2013 but quantitative test results are not yet included as they are still being analyzed at the Research and Development Center. Future plans include design concepts and prototype developments of mitigation systems.

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Fezai, Radhia, Majdi Mansouri, Kamaleldin Abodayeh, Hazem Nounou, Mohamed Nounou, Vicenç Puig, and Kais Bouzrara. "Online statistical hypothesis test for leak detection in water distribution networks." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 8665–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-191524.

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This paper aims at improving the operation of the water distribution networks (WDN) by developing a leak monitoring framework. To do that, an online statistical hypothesis test based on leak detection is proposed. The developed technique, the so-called exponentially weighted online reduced kernel generalized likelihood ratio test (EW-ORKGLRT), is addressed so that the modeling phase is performed using the reduced kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) model, which is capable of dealing with the higher computational cost. Then the computed model is fed to EW-ORKGLRT chart for leak detection purposes. The proposed approach extends the ORKGLRT method to the one that uses exponential weights for the residuals in the moving window. It might be able to further enhance leak detection performance by detecting small and moderate leaks. The developed method’s main advantages are first dealing with the higher required computational time for detecting leaks and then updating the KPCA model according to the dynamic change of the process. The developed method’s performance is evaluated and compared to the conventional techniques using simulated WDN data. The selected performance criteria are the excellent detection rate, false alarm rate, and CPU time.

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Ayamga, Michael Asakiyaaba, and Callistus Ireneous Nakpih. "An IoT-Based Water Leakage Detection and Localization System." Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science 17, no. 3 (January 25, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrcos/2024/v17i3421.

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In this research, we present a proposed Internet of Things based model, which we have named iWaLDeL, for the detection and localization of water leakages which we simulated for the Ghana Water Company (GWC) pipe network, using YF-S201 Flow Rate Sensors and Static Leak Detection techniques. Through an extensive review of existing methods, the research highlights the limitations of traditional detection approaches and emphasizes the potential of modern technologies. The iWaLDeL system harnesses the power of IoT devices, deploying an array of strategically placed sensors capable of detecting leakages and pressure variations. These sensors form a distributed network which communicates with a central hub, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the monitored area. Crucially, the research delves into the innovative aspect of leak localization. By combining data from multiple sensors and pipes, the system can estimate the precise location of a leakage following a mathematical model we developed. This localization capability significantly reduces the time required for maintenance teams to address leakage issues, minimizing water loss and further damages. To validate its effectiveness, the system was prototyped and tested, which demonstrated a successful leak detection and localization, showcasing its adaptability in both residential and commercial settings. The system’s seamless integration with existing smart infrastructure enhances its feasibility for real-world implementation.

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Dias, Maurício Araújo, Erivaldo Antônio da Silva, Samara Calçado de Azevedo, Wallace Casaca, Thiago Statella, and Rogério Galante Negri. "An Incongruence-Based Anomaly Detection Strategy for Analyzing Water Pollution in Images from Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010043.

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The potential applications of computational tools, such as anomaly detection and incongruence, for analyzing data attract much attention from the scientific research community. However, there remains a need for more studies to determine how anomaly detection and incongruence applied to analyze data of static images from remote sensing will assist in detecting water pollution. In this study, an incongruence-based anomaly detection strategy for analyzing water pollution in images from remote sensing is presented. Our strategy semi-automatically detects occurrences of one type of anomaly based on the divergence between two image classifications (contextual and non-contextual). The results indicate that our strategy accurately analyzes the majority of images. Incongruence as a strategy for detecting anomalies in real-application (non-synthetic) data found in images from remote sensing is relevant for recognizing crude oil close to open water bodies or water pollution caused by the presence of brown mud in large rivers. It can also assist surveillance systems by detecting environmental disasters or performing mappings.

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Goncharuk, V. V., A. Yu Kurlyantseva, and V. V. Taranov. "Detection of heterogeneities of water medium." Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology 36, no. 5 (September 2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1063455x14050014.

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Weyer, Erik, and Georges Bastin. "Leak detection in open water channels." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 2 (2008): 7913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.01337.

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S, Kanaga Suba Raja, Kumar R S, Balaji V, and Usha Kiruthika S. "Satellite Image Processing for Water Detection." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 16183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.16183ecst.

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Water resources have a major impact in different day to day activities. Whether it is consuming water or for commercial purposes, gallons of water have been used all over the world. In order to use the resource to the fullest, it should be planned properly and should have effective water management techniques. Satellite image processing is one of the most effective ways of detecting water on the earth’s surface. By receiving the images from the satellite, we will be able to easily detect water. But, due to minor effects, we may face difficulties in differentiating the characteristics of water. For example, when there is a shadow of tall buildings on the water surface, it will be difficult to read the image of the water body as the water surface creates a mirror reflection on it. Hence, it is important that we differentiate between water bodies and shadows. Over the years, different researchers conducted experiments to extract data on high resolution satellite images of the water bodies. The main objective of the paper is to look at the various approaches to extract information from different satellite images using satellite image processing.

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Kim, Mi-Ri, Tae-Yun Kim, Joo-Ah Park, Ye-Jin Seo, En-Seo Jung, Yoon-Seo Huh, and Un-Haing Cho. "Early Detection of Plant Water Stress." Korean Science Education Society for the Gifted 12, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29306/jseg.2020.12.2.145.

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Pinto, R. M., F. X. Abad, R. Gajardo, and A. Bosch. "Detection of infectious astroviruses in water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62, no. 8 (August 1996): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.8.3073-3073c.1996.

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Volume 62, no. 5, p. 1811, column 2, line 2: Reference "(16)" should read "(15)." Page 1812, column 1, line 17: "Willcocks and Carter (15)" should read "Willcocks et al. (14)." [This corrects the article on p. 1811 in vol. 62.].

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Wong, N. H., C. S. Chai, J. A. Bamgbade, G. F. Ma, and G. W. Hii. "Detection of Microplastics in Bottled Water." Materials Science Forum 1030 (May 2021): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1030.169.

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Mismanagement of plastic waste has caused plastic leaking into nature and entering our food chain as microplastics, which may have negative impacts on wildlife and our health. However, data on microplastics in bottled water are still limited, especially in Sarawak, Malaysia. This study aims at investigating the presence of microplastics in the bottled water that manufactured locally. So that the F&B manufacturers and other key stakeholders can take necessary actions to prevent or minimize microplastics pollution in our drinking water. A total of 40 bottled MW and DW samples from 4 local products in Sarawak and Malaysia was investigated. A filtration and observation processes using the membrane filters (0.45 μm pore size) and digital microscope (Nikon Eclipse LV150N) were developed to identify and quantify the presence of microplastics based on their types, shapes, and sizes as criteria. A library database was also developed to ensure the consistency of this identification process. A total of 2022 microplastics with an average of 50.6 particles per bottle (500-mL packing) was detected in the samples. Bead, fibre, fragment and film were detected in all the samples, but fibre (48%) and fragment (36%) made up the majority (84%) of microplastics in the samples. However, microplastics in the MW samples were found 13% higher than the DW samples. This was also true across the products investigated in this study except between X (MW) and Z (DW). On the other hand, the results also indicated that the majority (66.7%) of microplastics smaller than 20 μm were consistently detected in all the samples. Nevertheless, other detection methods such as Raman, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, etc. should be considered for a more thorough investigation. Lastly, it is important to revisit the sampling and testing procedures for similar studies like this to prevent or minimize any cross-contamination to the samples.

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Tina, Juma S., Beatrica B. Kateule, and Godfrey W. Luwemba. "Water Leakage Detection System Using Arduino." European Journal of Information Technologies and Computer Science 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/compute.2022.2.1.43.

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Clean water is a scarce resource for the human life and is subject to wastage due to leakage of the distribution pipes in large cities. Water pipe leakage is a big problem around the world of which most of the water distribution authorities faces difficulties to detect the location of the fault. This problem of leakage can be caused by several factors such as breakage of the pipelines due to aging or ongoing constructions in urban cities like Dar es salaam, consequently due to that case, the distribution authorities face hardship to identify the cause and enable them to take action. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop an IoT-based system for water leakage detection. The prototype was developed comprising two sensors embedded at the source and destination points to measure the flow rate of water. The result indicated that the volume of water generated at the start point can be compared with the other end to determine if there is any leakage. A greater focus on distance calculation could produce interesting findings that account for more research on IoT monitoring systems.

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Ferdinand, Friska Natalia, Yustinus Soelistio, Ferry Vincenttius Ferdinand, and I. Made Murwantara. "Cluster-based water level patterns detection." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v17i3.11774.

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Amagliani, Giulia, Maria Lorella Parlani, Giorgio Brandi, Giuseppe Sebastianelli, Vilberto Stocchi, and Giuditta Fiorella Schiavano. "Molecular detection ofPseudomonas aeruginosain recreational water." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2011.588325.

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Chikhalikar, S., and K. S. Patel. "Field detection of antimony in water." International Journal of Environmental Studies 49, no. 2 (December 1995): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239508711015.

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Vinutha, K. V., K. Vinutha, and T. Yuvaraja. "Under Water Mine Detection Using Sonar." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): 2150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2018.7426.

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Liu, Yonghui, Huaxin Yao, and Jin Zhu. "Water-Enabled Visual Detection of DNA." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 44 (October 28, 2013): 16268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja407362c.

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Kaushik, M., Anilkumar V. Nandi, and Vaishali B. Mungurwadi. "Portable Sensors for Water Pathogens Detection." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 4 (2018): 10821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.368.

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Lopez-Roldan, Ramon, Pol Tusell, Jose Luis Cortina, Sophie Courtois, and Jose Luis Cortina. "On-line bacteriological detection in water." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 44 (March 2013): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.010.

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Hussain, Iftak, Munmun Das, Kamal Uddin Ahamad, and Pabitra Nath. "Water salinity detection using a smartphone." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 239 (February 2017): 1042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.08.102.

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Smith, Huw V., and Rosely A. B. Nichols. "Cryptosporidium: Detection in water and food." Experimental Parasitology 124, no. 1 (January 2010): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2009.05.014.

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Worden, James, and Kirsten M. de Beurs. "Surface water detection in the Caucasus." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 91 (September 2020): 102159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2020.102159.

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Wu, Xue Feng, and Yu Fan. "The System of Water Pressure Detection." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.135.

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An application of intelligent pressure detection and alarm system are studied in this paper . it is consists of the high integration, powerful function new microprocessor control, the internal integration of a large number of analog and digital peripheral module. The system has strong data processing ability. multifunctional intelligent hardware is not only realized in circuit necessary configuration,but also is a small size device. it ensure the intelligence function,and has the advantages of small volume, low cost, integration and strong anti-interference ability .

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