Journal articles: 'Water, Copper, Economics, Climate Change'

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Chan, B. K. C., Ming Yu Xiong, and Guo Ping Zhang. "Mining Impacts on the Environment - Water Footprint Assessment of Copper Cathode and Copper Concentrate." Advanced Materials Research 1130 (November 2015): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1130.644.

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Water is the source of life and an essential resource for our global economy. It empowers agricultural and industrial production and development, and fosters the nature and ecosystems. With increasing water scarcity, growing population, climate change and extreme weather conditions, together with stricter water regulations, decline in ore grade and increasing controversy on water use between mining operations and local communities, effective governance of shared water resources and protecting water quality is an economic imperative and social responsibility for mining companies. Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) is a holistic methodological framework that allows integrated assessment for operational and supply-chain water use and the associated water footprint sustainability in different sectors at various spatial and temporal scales. This paper presents a WFA for two copper products – copper cathode and copper concentrate produced by Zijin Mining (China) based on the data from 2012 and 2013. The aim of this study is to evaluate the water consumption within the operations and supply chains, to understand the product sustainability and identify water footprint reduction targets to minimize its associated social and environmental impact on natural resources in the catchment. The two copper products were produced from two different processes, hence their different associated water footprints. Evaporation due to the vast area of heap leach pad is the main contribution to the blue water footprint (WF) for copper cathode whereas supply chain WF is negligible. The grey WF is found to be due to total copper concentration in the effluent discharge. This assessment goes beyond water footprint accounting stage and includes the environmental sustainability of the direct water footprint. Opportunities for efficiency improvement across the two processing plants and prevention strategies to reduce impacts on the environment are also discussed. The comprehensive approach makes the WFA unique from other water use assessments and shows its value in water sustainability strategy making.

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Lavers, Chris R., Travis Mason, Jonathan Mazower, and Sarah Grig. "Normalized Difference Vegetative Index-related Assessment for Climate Change Impact on Indigenous Communities from High Resolution IKONOS Satellite Imagery in West Papua." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 02, no. 03 (October 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2103018.

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High-resolution satellite imagery permits acquisition of critical data to observe climate-change and environmental impact on conflict-impacted indigenous communities with co-existing socio-economic factors, often within unstable regimes. Conflict may prevent direct access in remote regions to validate civilian conflict actor evidence. In such cases use of remote sensing tools, techniques, and data are extremely important. Software-based imagery assessment can quantify radiometrically calibrated or Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and provide temporal changes with rapid detection over large search areas. In this work we evaluate recent trends in equatorial alpine glacier ablation to address the probability of indigenous water scarcity, as pure glacial water reserves are depleted near the Grasberg gold and copper mine in the Carstenz region, Western part of Papua Island, North of Oceania.

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W. W, Akaamaa, Onoja S.B, Nwakonobi T.U., and Udochukwu M.O. "HYDRO-GEOCHEMICAL AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER FROM SEDIMENTARY FORMATION IN THE MIDDLE BENUE TROUGH, NIGERIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 08, no. 01 (2023): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2023.5811.

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Nasarawa State in Nigeria, is host to several mineral deposits. The groundwater resources in the State plays an important role in the socio-economic life of the people in terms of domestic, industrial and agricultural water supply. The effect of climate change, on the surface and groundwater resources, couple with the anthropogenic and geogenic activities on the quality of the various groundwater sources remained uncertain. Two hundred (200) water samples were collected randomly from boreholes and hand-dug wells from five locations (20 each) in Nasarawa South: Keana, Obi, Lafia and Awe Local Government Areas of the State, referred to as Middle Benue trough. 100 samples were collected during peak of dry season and another 100 during peak of rainy season. Cations, anions and heavy metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS); with aim of determining their concentrations in relation to suitability within the tolerance limit. The results revealed that heavy metals such as lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), Magnesium (Mg) and arsenic (As) have concentrations above World Health Organization (WHO 2017) and SON (2015) standards. The high concentrations are mostly associated with the Baryte and Lead-zinc mineralization present in Keana / Awgu formations in the Middle Benue Trough. Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and iron (Fe2+) have their concentrations within World Health Organization (WHO 2017) drinking water permissible limits. The cations and anions present in the groundwater in the study areas had varying levels in terms of physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. In some areas bacteriological contamination rendered water sources unfit for human consumption, but suitable for agricultural purposes. Therefore, regular monitoring of the water sources in the affected areas are highly recommended.

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Danilov-Danil’yan, V. I., and V. G. Pryazhinskaya. "Scenarios of sustainable regional water consumption under climate change." Studies on Russian Economic Development 18, no. 2 (March 2007): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075700707020050.

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Bigelow, Daniel P., and Hongliang Zhang. "Supplemental irrigation water rights and climate change adaptation." Ecological Economics 154 (December 2018): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.07.015.

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Ringler, Claudia, and Menaal Ebrahim. "Policy Nook: "Climate Change and Water: What Can Economics Tell Us?"." Water Economics and Policy 01, no. 03 (September 2015): 1571002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15710022.

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REED, BRIAN, ROBERT MENDELSOHN, and BABATUNDE O. ABIDOYE. "THE ECONOMICS OF CROP ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA." Climate Change Economics 08, no. 03 (August 2017): 1740002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007817400024.

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We examine the potential for farmers in South-East Asia to adapt to climate change using a survey of farmers from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. We model farmers’ current choices using cross-sectional analysis. We test the climate sensitivity of when to plant, which crop to plant, whether to irrigate, and how much inputs to use. We find that all these choices are sensitive to climate in this region. Farmers are likely to adapt to future climate change by growing more rice and oilseed crops, planting more often from November through March, and relying more heavily on ground water irrigation for water short seasons.

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Leroux, Anke D., Vance L. Martin, and Kathryn A. St. John. "Modeling time varying risk of natural resource assets: Implications of climate change." Quantitative Economics 13, no. 1 (2022): 225–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1597.

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A multivariate GARCH model of natural resources is specified to capture the effects of time varying portfolio risk. A special feature of the model is the inclusion of realized volatility for natural resource assets that are available at multiple frequencies as well as being sensitive to sudden changes in climatic conditions. Natural resource portfolios under climate change are simulated from bootstrapping schemes as well as being derived from global climate model projections. Both approaches are applied to a multiasset water portfolio model consisting of reservoir inflows, rainwater harvesting, and desalinated water. The empirical results show that while reservoirs remain the dominant water asset, adaptation to climate change involves increased contributions from rainwater harvesting and more frequent use of desalinated water. It is estimated that climate change increases annual water supply costs by between 7% and 44% over a 20‐year forecast horizon.

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Haug, Ola, Xeni K. Dimakos, Jofrid F. Vårdal, Magne Aldrin, and Elisabeth Meze-Hausken. "Future building water loss projections posed by climate change." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 2011, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03461230903266533.

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Ansink, Erik, and Arjan Ruijs. "Climate Change and the Stability of Water Allocation Agreements." Environmental and Resource Economics 41, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-008-9190-3.

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Roy, Apurba, and Mohammed Ziaul Haider. "Stern review on the economics of climate change: implications for Bangladesh." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2017-0089.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of climate change on economic development in Bangladesh. More specifically, the research aims to figure out the influence of climate change on gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate related to different sectors such as agriculture, forest, water, health and infrastructure. It also attempts to explore the effect of climate change on the coastal economy of Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach A set of statistical and econometric techniques, including descriptive and correlation analysis and time series regression model, was applied to address the objective of the research. Sector-wise time series economic data were collected from the World Bank for the period between 1971 and 2013. Climate data were received from the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council online database for the period between 1948 and 2013. Findings The results from the statistical analysis show that climate variables such as temperature and rainfall have changed between 1948 and 2013 in the context of Bangladesh. The econometric regression analysis demonstrates that an increase by 1°C of annual mean temperature leads to a decrease in the GDP growth rate by 0.44 per cent on average, which is statistically significant at the 5 per cent level. On the other hand, the estimated coefficients of agriculture, industry, services, urbanization and export are positively associated with GDP growth rate, and these are statistically significant at the 1 per cent level. Sector-wise correlation analysis provides statistical evidence that climate change is negatively associated with various sectors, such as agriculture, forest, human health and arable land. In contrast, it has a positive relation to water access and electricity consumption. Analysis of coastal regions shows that climate change negatively affects the local economic sectors of the coastal zone of the country. Originality/value Although this study has received significant insight from the world-renowned research publication “The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review”, there is a dearth of research on the economic impact of climate change in the context of Bangladesh. The findings of the paper provide deep insight into and comprehensive views of policy makers on the impact of climate change on economic growth and various sectors in Bangladesh.

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Debaere, Peter. "The Global Economics of Water: Is Water a Source of Comparative Advantage?" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.2.32.

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With newly available data, I investigate to what extent countries' international trade exploits the very uneven water resources on a global scale. I find that water is a source of comparative advantage and that relatively water abundant countries export more water-intensive products. Additionally, water contributes significantly less to the pattern of exports than the traditional production factors labor and physical capital. This suggests relatively moderate disruptions to overall trade on a global scale due to changing precipitation in the wake of climate change. (JEL F14, O13, O19, Q15, Q25, Q54)

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Dong, Xin, Linkun Jiang, Siyu Zeng, Ru Guo, and Yani Zeng. "Vulnerability of urban water infrastructures to climate change at city level." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 161 (October 2020): 104918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104918.

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Olmstead, Sheila M. "Climate change adaptation and water resource management: A review of the literature." Energy Economics 46 (November 2014): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.09.005.

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Zilberman, David. "Editorial — The Economics of Climate Change and Water: An Introduction to the Special Issue." Water Economics and Policy 01, no. 03 (September 2015): 1502001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15020014.

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Zhou, Shudong, Wenkui Zhou, Guanghua Lin, Jing Chen, Tong Jiang, and Man Li. "Adapting to climate change: scenario analysis of grain production in China." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2016-0173.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of future climate change and the corresponding adaptation activities on grain production and its regional distribution in China. Design/methodology/approach This paper applied the Chinese Agricultural Policy Analysis model, in combination with the findings from agronomic literature with highly detailed agricultural census data, to conduct equilibrium analysis under alternative impact (seasonal drought and climate warming) scenarios and adaptation scenarios (promoting water-saving irrigation, introducing new varieties, and the integrated) associated with climate change. Findings Simulation results indicate that climate change-induced seasonal drought and the resulting yield reduction will incur substantial losses to China’s grain production (by ~8 percent at a national scale). The application of water saving techniques can be an effective solution to seasonal drought. Introducing new varieties will increase the combination of promoting water-saving irrigation and new variety adoption will increase combination of promoting water-saving irrigation and new variety adoption constitute an effective approach to offsetting the negative effects of climate change on grain production. Research limitations/implications Simulation results indicate that climate change-induced seasonal drought and the resulting sown area reduction will incur substantial losses to China’s grain production by approximately 8 percent, despite farmers’ adaptation activities of switching from water use-intensive crops to drought-tolerant crops to mitigate this negative effect. The application of water saving techniques is an effective solution to seasonal drought; it can lead to a nationwide increase in the sown area by 3.48 percent and in the grain production by 4.15 percent. Introducing new varieties will increase grain outputs and change the spatial distribution of crop production across the country. The combination of promoting water-saving irrigation and new variety adoption will increase the national grain production by 19.6 percent, and thus constitute an effective approach to offsetting the negative effects of climate change on grain production. Originality/value Results from this study provide practical implications formulate strategies in response to climate change. Central government should reinforce the policies such as new varieties promotion and improve the subsidy method to guide the introduction of new varieties.

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DeMaagd, Nathan, and Michael J. Roberts. "How Will Climate Change Affect Residential Water Demand? Evidence from Hawai‘i Microclimates." Water Economics and Policy 07, no. 01 (January 2021): 2150005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x21500053.

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The effect that climate change will have on water resource sustainability is gaining international interest, particularly in regions where stocks are strained due to changing climate and increasing populations. Past studies focus mainly on how water availability will be affected by climate change, with little attention paid to how consumer behavior is likely to react. How a changing climate affects water demand could be equally or more important to management solutions as its influence on water supply. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between residential water use and climate on the Hawaiian island of O‘ahu, and apply a variety of climate projections to estimate end-of-century water use. The island is serviced by only one water utility yet has a wide range of consumers and microclimates, which makes it an ideal location for studying these relationships. We find that climate is strongly associated with residential water use in a manner that is likely causal. If the association is causal, our mean estimates imply that residential demand may increase up to 36% island-wide by the end of the century, holding all else the same, depending on the climate model projection. Mean estimates, however, mask a large degree of uncertainty largely due to the wide range of projected climate outcomes. Strategies for offsetting the projected increase in demand are also considered, along with the study’s place in broader literature examining watershed management and consumer welfare.

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Wara, S. T., and S. E. Abe. "Mitigating Climate Change by the Development and Deployment of Solar Water Heating Systems." Journal of Energy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/679035.

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Solar energy is becoming an alternative for the limited fossil fuel resources. One of the simplest and most direct applications of this energy is the conversion of solar radiation into heat, which can be used in Water Heating Systems. Ogun State in Nigeria was used as a case study. The solar radiation for the state was explored with an annual average of 4.775 kWh/m2recorded. The designed system comprised storage tanks and the collector unit which comprises wooden casing, copper tube, and aluminium foil. Test results for the unlagged and lagged storage tanks for water temperature at various angles of inclination (2.500°–20.000°) were on the average 27.800°C and 28.300°C, respectively, for the inlet temperature and 60.100°C and 63.000°C for the outlet temperature, respectively. The efficiency of the Solar Water Heating System was 72.500% and the power saved 2.798 kW. The cost of the unit is put at 1121,400 ($145) as at August 2012. The unit developed can be applied for the purpose of reducing the cost of energy, dealing with environmental challenges, and improving the use of energy, hence serving as a climate mitigation process as this can be extended for water heating for domestic and other industrial purposes.

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Lavonen, Jari. "CLIMATE EDUCATION: A GRAND CHALLENGE." Journal of Baltic Science Education 21, no. 2 (April 20, 2022): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/22.21.176.

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Climate change and its mitigation represent a major global challenge, alongside biodiversity loss, global pandemics, and shortages of fresh water and food. It has the power to shape the environment and future; however, policymakers seek to prevent undesirable changes through environmental and education policies. Hinesjeffrey et al. (2013) consider climate education to be a major challenge. For example, the mitigation of climate change requires an understanding of climate change as a multidisciplinary phenomenon that must be considered in addition to the natural sciences, at least from the perspective of the social sciences, engineering, economics and education. This mitigation requires individuals to have a wide range of competences, such as creative and critical thinking and socioemotional skills (Hestness, 2015).

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Kirby, Mac, Jeff Connor, Mobin-ud Din Ahmad, Lei Gao, and Mohammed Mainuddin. "Irrigator and Environmental Water Management Adaptation to Climate Change and Water Reallocation in the Murray–Darling Basin." Water Economics and Policy 01, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15500095.

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In an earlier paper (Kirby et al. 2014a), we showed that climate change and a new policy which reallocates water to the environment will impact both the flow of water and the income derived from irrigation in the Murray–Darling Basin. Here, we extend the analysis to consider irrigator and environmental water management strategies to adapt to these new circumstances. Using an integrated hydrology-economics model, we examine a range of strategies and their impact on flows and the gross income of irrigation. We show that the adaptation strategies provide a range of flow and economic outcomes in the Basin. Several strategies offer significant scope to enhance flows without large adverse impacts on the gross income of irrigation overall. Some environmental water management strategies enhance flows in the Murray part of the basin even under the drying influence of a projected median climate change. Irrigator strategies that include carryover of water in storage from one year to the next provide for lesser year to year variability in gross income and may be regarded as more advantageous in providing security against droughts. Flows and the gross income of low value irrigation industries strategies are sensitive to climate change, irrespective of adaptation strategy. Should a projected dry extreme climate change be realized, no strategy can prevent a large reduction in flows and also in gross income, particularly of low value irrigation industries. Nevertheless, environmental water management strategies mitigate the impact on flows, and in some cases may also help mitigate the impacts on gross income. High value irrigation industries are less affected (in terms of gross income, though net income will reduce because of rising water prices) by projected climate change, consistent with observation in the recent long term drought.

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Garrick, Dustin E., Michael Hanemann, and Cameron Hepburn. "Rethinking the economics of water: an assessment." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 36, no. 1 (2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grz035.

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Abstract Water is rising on the policy agenda as population growth and climate change intensify scarcity, shocks, and access inequalities. The conventional economic policy recommendations—privatization, pricing, and property rights—have struggled due to a failure to account adequately for the politics of water and the associated distributional conflicts. We identify distinctive social and physical characteristics of water supply and demand, and explore their implications for three central areas of water policy: financing infrastructure, pricing, and property rights reform. Growing dependence on groundwater and non-networked water supplies exacerbates these challenges and reinforces the need to rethink the economics of water and tackle the political challenges head on. Meeting the water sustainable development goals would require institutional and technological innovations to supply, allocate, and manage water, as well as a sustained political and financial commitment to address those who might be left behind.

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Teotónio, Carla, Miguel Rodríguez, Peter Roebeling, and Patrícia Fortes. "Water competition through the ‘water-energy’ nexus: Assessing the economic impacts of climate change in a Mediterranean context." Energy Economics 85 (January 2020): 104539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104539.

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Zapata, Oscar. "The relationship between climate conditions and consumption of bottled water: A potential link between climate change and plastic pollution." Ecological Economics 187 (September 2021): 107090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107090.

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Wei, Yi-Ming, Ke Wang, Hua Liao, and Hirokazu Tatano. "Economics of climate change and risk of disasters in Asia–Pacific region." Natural Hazards 84, S1 (October 7, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2590-8.

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Candau, Fabien, Charles Regnacq, and Julie Schlick. "Climate change, comparative advantage and the water capability to produce agricultural goods." World Development 158 (October 2022): 105963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105963.

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Konrad, Maria Theresia, Hans Estrup Andersen, Steen Gyldenkœrne, and Mette Termansen. "Synergies and Trade-offs in Spatially Targeted Water Quality and Climate Change Mitigation Policies." Land Economics 93, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.93.2.309.

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Tarigan, Nita, Perdinan, and Bambang Dwi Dasanto. "Bogor Water Adequacy Status for 2009-2019." Agromet 36, no. 1 (May 20, 2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.36.1.42-50.

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Water adequacy becomes one of the global concerns as the trend of population growth continues to arise. The condition of water adequacy can be worse in some regions since it also relates to rainfall, which is greatly influenced by global climate change. Here we explore water adequacy at local scale especially in Bogor, Indonesia based on sectoral water demands. The study aims to analysis water adequacy for 2009-2019 based on a climatic water balance. Water supply-demand analysis was performed using water usage index (WUI) in which high WUI corresponds to high critical water balance. Our results showed there was a deceased trend for water supply in Bogor approximately 0.6% per year, whereas an increased trend was observed for water demand (1.7% per year). The main contributor for the increased demand was from domestic water demand by 48%. Generally, water adequacy in Bogor for the period analysis (2009 -2019) is still adequate, but a proper management of water resource will ensure water adequacy in the long run in response to population explosion and climate change.

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Vargas, Renato, Maynor Cabrera, Martin Cicowiez, Pamela Escobar, Violeta Hernández, Javier Cabrera, and Vivian Guzmán. "Climate risk and food availability in Guatemala." Environment and Development Economics 23, no. 5 (August 2, 2018): 558–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x18000335.

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AbstractIn this paper, we use a computable general equilibrium model to simulate the effects of drought and a decrease in agricultural productivity caused by climate change in Guatemala. A reduction in agricultural productivity would mean a considerable drop in crop and livestock production, and the resulting higher prices and lower household income would mean a significant reduction in the consumption of agricultural goods and food. The most negative effects of a drought would be concentrated in agriculture, given its intensive use of water. Because agricultural production is essential to ensuring food availability, these results suggest that Guatemala needs a proper water-distribution regulatory framework.

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Borsuk, M. E., and L. Tomassini. "Uncertainty, imprecision, and the precautionary principle in climate change assessment." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 6 (September 1, 2005): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0170.

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Statistical decision theory can provide useful support for climate change decisions made under conditions of uncertainty. However, the probability distributions used to calculate expected costs in decision theory are themselves subject to uncertainty, disagreement, or ambiguity in their specification. This imprecision can be described using sets of probability measures, from which upper and lower bounds on expectations can be calculated. However, many representations, or classes, of probability measures are possible. We describe six of the more useful classes and demonstrate how each may be used to represent climate change uncertainties. When expected costs are specified by bounds, rather than precise values, the conventional decision criterion of minimum expected cost is insufficient to reach a unique decision. Alternative criteria are required, and the criterion of minimum upper expected cost may be desirable because it is consistent with the precautionary principle. Using simple climate and economics models as an example, we determine the carbon dioxide emissions levels that have minimum upper expected cost for each of the selected classes. There can be wide differences in these emissions levels and their associated costs, emphasizing the need for care when selecting an appropriate class.

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Fercovic, Juan, William Foster, and Oscar Melo. "Economic development and residential water consumption in Chile." Environment and Development Economics 24, no. 1 (November 23, 2018): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x18000463.

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AbstractA better understanding of the relative importance of factors related to climate change and to changes associated with economic growth would serve to inform water policy and to focus scarce public resources on anticipated problems arising from distinct sources of changes in water demand. This article investigates the determinants of residential water consumption in Chile, a developing country that has seen noteworthy changes in incomes, household size, poverty rates and levels of urbanization, and which is projected to experience significant climatic but varied changes, depending on the region of the country. Panel data for 1998-2010 at the municipal level is used to analyze the sensitivity of residential water demand to climate and development-related factors. In the case of Chile, the effect on water consumption of these development-related changes is estimated to be several times that of the changes associated with climate projections for 50 to 80 years in the future.

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Thaker, Jagadish, Edward Maibach, Anthony Leiserowitz, Xiaoquan Zhao, and Peter Howe. "The Role of Collective Efficacy in Climate Change Adaptation in India." Weather, Climate, and Society 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-14-00037.1.

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Abstract Research on adaptive capacity often focuses on economics and technology, despite evidence from the social sciences finding that socially shared beliefs, norms, and networks are critical in increasing individuals’ and communities’ adaptive capacity. Drawing upon social cognitive theory, this paper builds on the first author’s Ph.D. dissertation and examines the role of collective efficacy—people’s shared beliefs about their group’s capabilities to accomplish collective tasks—in influencing Indians’ capacity to adapt to drinking water scarcity, a condition likely to be exacerbated by future climate change. Using data from a national survey (N = 4031), individuals with robust collective efficacy beliefs were found to be more likely to participate in community activities intended to ensure the adequacy of water supplies, and this relationship was found to be stronger in communities with high levels of community collective efficacy compared to communities with low levels of community collective efficacy. In addition, community collective efficacy was positively associated with self-reported community adaptation responses. Public education campaigns aimed at increasing collective efficacy beliefs are likely to increase adaptive capacity.

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Nyamwanza, Admire M., and Krasposy K. Kujinga. "Climate change, sustainable water management and institutional adaptation in rural sub-Saharan Africa." Environment, Development and Sustainability 19, no. 2 (January 20, 2016): 693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9762-2.

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TOL, RICHARD S. J. "Emission abatement versus development as strategies to reduce vulnerability to climate change: an application of FUND." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 5 (October 2005): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002354.

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Poorer countries are generally believed to be more vulnerable to climate change than richer countries because poorer countries are more exposed and have less adaptive capacity. This suggests that, in principle, there are two ways of reducing vulnerability to climate change: economic growth and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Using a complex climate change impact model, in which development is an important determinant of vulnerability, the hypothesis is tested whether development aid is more effective in reducing impacts than is emission abatement. The hypothesis is barely rejected for Asia but strongly accepted for Latin America and, particularly, Africa. The explanation for the difference is that development (aid) reduces vulnerabilities in some sectors (infectious diseases, water resources, agriculture) but increases vulnerabilities in others (cardiovascular diseases, energy consumption). However, climate change impacts are much higher in Latin America and Africa than in Asia, so that money spent on emission reduction for the sake of avoiding impacts in developing countries is better spent on vulnerability reduction in those countries. His last big project in a long career, Jan Feenstra managed the Netherlands Climate Change Assistance Programme through which the Dutch Government sponsors climate change research in developing countries. He hated how climate change detracted from what he considered to be the real issues. This paper is dedicated to his memory.

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Thiollet-Scholtus, M., A. Muller, C. Bailly, R. Koller, L. Ley, N. Nassr, R. Nibaudeau, C. Rabolin-Meinrad, and J. Weissbart. "Success of organic and biodynamic system experiment to produce high quality wines." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501032.

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Reducing input use and in particular pesticide use is very important in OIV 2018 new resolutions. Also Europe and France promote research and co-design with winegrowers in more sustainable viticulture according to a combination of climate change. It is also very important to take into account soil diversity and Protected Designation Areas constraints to make sure that new wines will ensure the sustainability of the wineries. This study explores design, experiment and assess of new realistic viticulture production systems located in Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) areas and with already organic or biodynamic certification for six consecutive years, in winery production conditions. It also discusses the chosen assessment indicators and the adoption of such new production systems by winegrowers. Eleven cases were studied in a system experiment network in Alsace (France) and in six consecutive production years. Contrasted production years, PDO areas combined to organic or biodynamic certification allow testing the resilience of experimented systems over time. Combination of new practices are tested to drastically reduce input and in particular pesticide. Assessed performances of the systems deal with 14 main indicators: social acceptability (1) and economic viability (1), agronomy (yield (1), harvested berries quality (2), fungi damage (3), soil quality (1), and wine sensorial analysis (1) and environment (Frequency Treatment Index (1), Cupper rate (1), INDIGO® method (2)). Several innovations were selected by co-design with winegrowers: adding essential oil and Propolis to copper spraying; total grass cover of the vine site; new decision rules for rate and time pesticide spraying; decision aid tool; resistant grape varieties planted. The assessment results support that the performance of the 14 indicators is very good for most of the eleven systems during the six assessed years. Combinations of tested innovations are neither dangerous nor difficult to enforce in the field by the vineworkers. Innovations do not increase the cost of grape production. The yield ratios were satisfactory the 6-yeared of observation because calculated yield match with targeted yield. Harvested berries quality support that the 7 vine sites succeed in targeted total acidity and sugar rate according to the different PDO conditions every years. Wines were Alsace or Grand Cru PDO labelled and successful marketed. At least, the Treatment Frequency Index is reduced by an average of 40% for all vine sites and assessed years. TFI can be reduced at a maximum of 89% and TFI median is 38%. Cupper rate can be reduced at a maximum of 97% and Cupper rate median is 54%. I-pest from INDIGO® method indicate a minimal risk taking for groundwater, surface water, air and beneficial organisms contamination. And finally, flora richness indicator is stable or steadily increases during the 6 study years. In this study, we demonstrated that drastically monitoring reduction of pesticide and other inputs is possible. Chosen indicators allow a exhaustive assessment, but could also been aggregated all together to give a synthetic information to winegrowers and make them easier to adopt the innovative systems. Introduction of innovation combinations in highly sustainable organic and biodymanic systems are validated to produce high quality wines. Now, it is possible to serenely promote and disseminate these highly sustainable innovative systems, taking into account of course vineyard diversity.

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Ibrahim, Ali, Kathy Knox, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele, and Denni Arli. "Segmenting a Water Use Market." Social Marketing Quarterly 24, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500417741277.

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Water scarcity due to climate change, low rainfall, and the damaging effects of human activity is a global concern. In the United Arab Emirates, water consumption rates are among the highest in the world. Recently, researchers have suggested social marketing might assist to change individual water consumption. Guided by the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB), this study sought to identify segments in one water use market, drawing on demographic, geographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation bases. A cross-sectional theoretically based online survey was designed based on the TIB constructs to collect data about one residential population’s water knowledge/awareness attitudes, emotions, religiosity, habits, surrounding social norms, and facilitating factors. E-mail invitations to complete the survey were sent to the target population. Two-step cluster analysis was used to analyze the data ( N = 1350), and three major water user segments were identified (regular, conscious, and careless users), who could be characterized based on psychographic and water use (behavioral) determinants. Audience segmentation is often absent or done on the fly, and this article proposes that effectiveness could be improved by applying a rigorous and theoretically based approach. Opportunities for social marketers to develop interventions targeting specific user groups are subsequently identified, along with a future research agenda.

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Lee, Sang-Hyun, Jin-Yong Choi, Seung-Oh Hur, Makoto Taniguchi, Naoki Masuhara, Kwang Soo Kim, Shinwoo Hyun, Eunhee Choi, Jae-hoon Sung, and Seung-Hwan Yoo. "Food-centric interlinkages in agricultural food-energy-water nexus under climate change and irrigation management." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 163 (December 2020): 105099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105099.

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Ioan Mogos, Radu, Mihaela Diana Negescu–Oancea, Sorin Burlacu, and Victor Adrian Troaca. "Climate Change and Health Protection in European Union." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n3p97.

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Climate change (CC) represents a real fact with consequences that start to be seen more and more often and that is why it cannot be ignored anymore. It affects many domains of the human activities and also the health of the people. Climate-specific actions are needed to be taken in order to protect the people and to save the environment. For each affected domain, new regulations and actions regarding climate change prevention must be designed, promoted and implemented. Besides phenomena like heat waves, storms, increased temperature, forest fires, floods, etc. which represent direct results of the CC, also indirect results like human health may be encountered. Human health is affected by elements that are having a big impact over the environment of the people and over the resources that they need (resources like water, food, air, natural resources, etc.). CC has also implications on people migration, the fight over the natural resources, political and economic environments. This paper offers an overview of the most important factors that are affecting the health of the people from the CC point of view and which are the main challenges that most affected countries from EU are dealing with.

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Srivastava, Lorie, Michael Hand, John Kim, José J. Sánchez, Frank Lupi, Cloé Garnache, Raymond J. Drapek, and James F. Quinn. "How Will Climate Change Affect the Provision and Value of Water from Public Lands in Southern California Through the 21st Century?" Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 49, no. 1 (April 2020): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2020.3.

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AbstractWe estimate the ecosystem service value of water supplied by the San Bernardino National Forest in Southern California under climate change projections through the 21st century. We couple water flow projections from a dynamic vegetation model with an economic demand model for residential water originating from the San Bernardino National Forest. Application of the method demonstrates how estimates of consumer welfare changes due to variation in water supply from public lands in Southern California can inform policy and land management decisions. Results suggest variations in welfare changes over time due to alterations in the projected water supply surpluses, shifting demand limited by water supply shortages or surpluses, and price increases. Results are sensitive to future climate projections—in some cases large decreases in welfare due to supply shortages—and to assumptions about the demand model.

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Bhattacharya, Dr Sumanta. "Understanding the Relationship between Plastic Waste and Climate Change with the Need to Move towards Sustainable Plastic Waste Management." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38965.

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Abstract: Plastic is the most deadly product which can amplify the climate change affect. It is a solid waste which is durable . Plastic waste is a 400 years of problem, where the plastic production contributes to 99% change in the climate by the burning of fossil fuels and then transportation , the over all process in the production of plastic has resulted in climate change, followed by only 9 % of the plastic waste is recycled . 90 % are thrown into the river , every year 8.6 million tones of plastic waste is dumped in the oceans , seas which has ultimately affected humans we can easting , drinking and breathing plastic resulting in the death of thousand of people across the globe, we need to cut down our production rate and reuse and recycle what ever is possible, we need to adopt the use of jute or cloth bags instead of plastic carry bags , use banana leaves instead of paper plates, use of copper bottles for water . The plastic waste should be properly managed and thrown into the required place or in bins instead on the road side or near the rivers. It is a very important to keep our environment free from plastic which can resolve a quarter of the problem related to climate change. Keyword: Plastic waste, climate change, durable, fossil fuels, environment, oceans, recycled, reuse

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Papadaskalopoulou, C., E. Katsou, K. Valta, K. Moustakas, D. Malamis, and M. Dodou. "Review and assessment of the adaptive capacity of the water sector in Cyprus against climate change impacts on water availability." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 105 (December 2015): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.017.

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Anderson, Terry L. "Dynamic Markets for Dynamic Environments: The Case for Water Marketing." Daedalus 144, no. 3 (July 2015): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00344.

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Static models used in economics and ecology ignore dynamic processes at work in both human and natural systems. In the case of water management, whether for quantity or quality, static models fail to connect changing human demands on water systems with changing supplies due to short-run climate variations and long-run climate change. Water markets provide a way of connecting human demands to nature's supplies through prices, which signal values and scarcity. For water markets to make this connection, water rights must be well-defined, enforced, and tradeable. When they are, entrepreneurs are able to meet old and new demands on water ecosystems in novel ways, as examples in this essay illustrate.

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Marques, Ana Paula, Rosa Huertas, Jorge Bernardo, Beatriz Oliveira, João Goulão Crespo, and Vanessa Jorge Pereira. "Retention and Inactivation of Quality Indicator Bacteria Using a Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor." Catalysts 12, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070680.

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The development of effective disinfection treatment processes is crucial to help the water industry cope with the inevitable challenges resulting from the increase in human population and climate change. Climate change leads to heavy rainfall, flooding and hot weather events that are associated with waterborne diseases. Developing effective treatment technologies will improve our resilience to cope with these events and our capacity to safeguard public health. A submerged hybrid reactor was used to test the efficiency of membrane filtration, direct photolysis (using ultraviolet-C low-pressure mercury lamps, as well as ultraviolet-C and ultraviolet-A light-emitting diodes panels) and the combination of both treatment processes (membrane filtration and photolysis) to retain and inactivate water quality indicator bacteria. The developed photocatalytic membranes effectively retained the target microorganisms that were then successfully inactivated by photolysis and advanced oxidation processes. The new hybrid reactor could be a promising approach to treat drinking water, recreational water and wastewater produced by different industries in small-scale systems. Furthermore, the results obtained with membranes coated with titanium dioxide and copper combined with ultraviolet-A light sources show that the process may be a promising approach to guarantee water disinfection using natural sunlight.

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Yoon, Jim, Christian Klassert, Philip Selby, Thibaut Lachaut, Stephen Knox, Nicolas Avisse, Julien Harou, et al. "A coupled human–natural system analysis of freshwater security under climate and population change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 14 (March 29, 2021): e2020431118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020431118.

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Limited water availability, population growth, and climate change have resulted in freshwater crises in many countries. Jordan’s situation is emblematic, compounded by conflict-induced population shocks. Integrating knowledge across hydrology, climatology, agriculture, political science, geography, and economics, we present the Jordan Water Model, a nationwide coupled human–natural-engineered systems model that is used to evaluate Jordan’s freshwater security under climate and socioeconomic changes. The complex systems model simulates the trajectory of Jordan’s water system, representing dynamic interactions between a hierarchy of actors and the natural and engineered water environment. A multiagent modeling approach enables the quantification of impacts at the level of thousands of representative agents across sectors, allowing for the evaluation of both systemwide and distributional outcomes translated into a suite of water-security metrics (vulnerability, equity, shortage duration, and economic well-being). Model results indicate severe, potentially destabilizing, declines in freshwater security. Per capita water availability decreases by approximately 50% by the end of the century. Without intervening measures, >90% of the low-income household population experiences critical insecurity by the end of the century, receiving <40 L per capita per day. Widening disparity in freshwater use, lengthening shortage durations, and declining economic welfare are prevalent across narratives. To gain a foothold on its freshwater future, Jordan must enact a sweeping portfolio of ambitious interventions that include large-scale desalinization and comprehensive water sector reform, with model results revealing exponential improvements in water security through the coordination of supply- and demand-side measures.

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Hamududu, Byman H., and Hambulo Ngoma. "Impacts of climate change on water resources availability in Zambia: implications for irrigation development." Environment, Development and Sustainability 22, no. 4 (February 7, 2019): 2817–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00320-9.

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Rupp, Danielle L., and Amy S. Larsen. "Surface water area in a changing climate: Differential responses of Alaska’s subarctic lakes." PLOS Climate 1, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): e0000036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000036.

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Lake surface area in arctic and sub-arctic Alaska is changing in response to permafrost deterioration, changes in precipitation, and shifts in landscape hydrology. In interior Alaska, the National Park Service’s Central Alaska Network Shallow Lakes program studies lakes and ponds in a wide range of geomorphological settings ranging from alpine lakes to low lying lakes on fluvial plains. The purpose of this study was to determine if and how lake area was changing across this diverse environment. Using the USGS Dynamic Surface Water Extent product, we tested landscape-scale trends in surface water area from 2000–2019 in 32 distinct ecological areas, or ecological subsections, within the three parks. Surface water area declined in 9 subsections, largely in glaciated landscapes with coarse substrates and areas underlain by ice-rich permafrost. Surface water increase was seen in one subsection in the floodplain of the Copper River in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. No net change was observed in many subsections, but individual lake analysis showed that within several ecological subsections some lakes were increasing in area while others decreased in area, masking changes in lake surface area within the subsection. Over the course of the study period, surface water area in all parks experienced similar fluctuations, likely due to oscillations in regional climate. Periods of high surface water area coincided with relatively warm, wet periods. Climate change models project increases in both temperature and precipitation in Alaska; our results suggest periods of regional wetting may mask longer-term declines in surface water area in some geomorphological settings. Overall, lake surface area declined over the study period; declines were greatest in the Glaciated Lowlands in Denali National Park and Preserve.

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Braun, Yvonne A. "Environmental change, risk and vulnerability: poverty, food insecurity and HIV/AIDS amid infrastructural development and climate change in Southern Africa." Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 13, no. 2 (July 2020): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa008.

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Abstract The Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) is a transnational multi-dam infrastructural development project to sell water from Lesotho to South Africa. Based on field and secondary research in Lesotho, I demonstrate how infrastructural projects such as the LHWP shape a geography of risk and become a medium through which riskscapes are created or exacerbated in both South Africa and Lesotho. Project-induced changes interacted with and intensified co-occurring vulnerabilities for communities directly and indirectly affected by the LHWP over time. I focus specifically on risks to livelihood, food insecurity and health, within the context of increased climatic shocks in the region.

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Goklany, Indur M. "Evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs on Aspects of the Economics of Climate Change." Energy & Environment 16, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305054672312.

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Dependence of damage estimates upon assumptions of economic growth and technological development Greater economic growth could, by increasing emissions, lead to greater damages from climate change. On the other hand, by increasing wealth and advancing technological development and human capital, economic growth would also increase a society's adaptive capacity and reduce those damages. Although analyses of the impacts (or damages) of climate change generally incorporate economic growth into the emissions and climate change scenarios that they use as inputs, these analyses do not adequately account for the increase in adaptive capacity resulting from that very growth. Because of this inconsistency, these analyses generally tend to overstate impacts. For instance, the average GDP per capita for developing countries in 2100 is projected to be $11,000 (in 1990 US$, at market exchange rates) under A2, the slowest economic growth scenario, and $66,500 under A1, the scenario with both the greatest economic growth and largest climate change. By comparison, in 1990 the GDP per capita for Greece, for example, was $8,300 while Switzerland, the country with the highest income level at that time, had a GDP per capita of $34,000. Based on historical experience, one should expect that at the high levels of GDP per capita projected by the IPCC scenarios in 2100, wealth-driven increases in adaptive capacity alone should virtually eliminate damages from many climate-sensitive hazards, e.g., malaria and hunger, whether or not these damages are caused by climate change. Current damage estimates are inflated further because they usually do not adequately account for secular (time-dependent) improvements in technology that, if history is any guide, ought to occur in the future unrelated to economic development. A compelling argument for reducing greenhouse gases is that it would help developing countries cope with climate change. It is asserted that they need this help because their adaptive capacity is weak. Although often true today, this assertion becomes increasingly invalid in the future if developing countries become wealthier and more technologically advanced, per the IPCC's scenarios. Damage assessments frequently overlook this. Are scenario storylines internally consistent in light of historical experience? Regardless of whether the economic growth assumptions used in the IPCC scenarios are justified, their specifications regarding the relationship between wealth and technological ability are, in general, inconsistent with the lessons of economic history. They assume that the less wealthy societies depicted by the B1 and B2 scenarios would have greater environmental protection and employ cleaner and more efficient technologies than the wealthier society characterized by the A1F1 scenario. This contradicts general experience in the real world, where richer countries usually have cleaner technologies. Under the IPCC scenarios, the richer A1 world has the same population as the poorer B1 world, but in fact total fertility rates — a key determinant of population growth rates — are, by and large, lower for richer nations and, over time, have dropped for any given level of GDP per capita (Goklany 2001a). Merits of reallocating expenditures from mitigation to international development Halting climate change at its 1990 level would annually cost substantially more than the $165 billion estimated for the minimally-effective Kyoto Protocol. According to DEFRA-sponsored studies, in 2085, which is at the limit of the foreseeable future, such a halt would reduce the total global population at risk (PAR) due to both climate change and non-climate-change-related causes by 3 percent for malaria, 21 percent for hunger, and 86 percent for coastal flooding, although the total PAR for water shortage might well increase. The benefits associated with halting climate change — and more — can be obtained more economically through “focused adaptation”, i.e., activities focused on reducing vulnerabilities to the above noted climate-sensitive hazards, or through broadly advancing sustainable development in developing countries by meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. In fact, such efforts, which together could annually cost donor countries $150 billion according to UN Millennium Project and World Health Organization studies, should reduce global malaria, hunger, poverty, and lack of access to safe water and sanitation by 50 percent (each); reduce child and maternal mortality by at least 66 percent; provide universal primary education; and reverse growth in AIDS/HIV, and other major diseases. These numbers also indicate that no matter how important climate change might be in this century, for the next several decades it would be far more beneficial for human well-being, especially in developing countries, to deal with non-climate change related factors. Not only would either focused adaptation or adherence to the MDGs provide greater benefits at lesser costs through the foreseeable future than would any emission reduction scheme, they would help solve today's urgent problems sooner and more certainly. Equally important, they would also increase the ability to deal with tomorrow's problems, whether they are caused by climate change or other factors. None of these claims can be reasonably made on behalf of any mitigation scheme today. Accordingly, over the next few decades the focus of climate policy should be to: (a) broadly advance sustainable development, particularly in developing countries since that would generally enhance their adaptive capacity to cope with the many urgent problems they currently face, including many that are climate-sensitive, (b) specifically reduce vulnerabilities to climate-sensitive problems that are urgent today and might be exacerbated by future climate change, and (c) implement “no-regret” emission reduction measures, while (d) concurrently striving to expand the universe of no-regret options through research and development to increase the variety and cost-effectiveness of available mitigation options. Ancillary benefits associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions Some GHG emission control options might provide substantial co-benefits by concurrently reducing problems not directly caused by climate change (e.g., air pollution or lack of sustained economic growth, especially in developing countries). However, in both these instances, the same, or greater, level of co-benefits can be obtained more economically by directly attacking the specific (non-climate change related) problems rather than indirectly through greenhouse gas control. On the other hand, a direct assault on the numerous climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria, and many natural disasters) would, as indicated, provide greater benefits more cost-effectively than would efforts to mitigate climate change.

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Ollat, Nathalie, Jean-Marc Touzard, and Cornelis van Leeuwen. "Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations: New Challenges for the Wine Industry." Journal of Wine Economics 11, no. 1 (May 2016): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2016.3.

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AbstractClimate change will have a profound effect on vine growing worldwide. Wine quality will also be affected, which will raise economic issues. Possible adaptations may result from changes in plant material, viticultural techniques, and the wine-making process. Relocation of vineyards to cooler areas and increased irrigation are other options, but they may result in potential conflicts for land and water use. Grapes are currently grown in many regions around the world, and growers have adapted their practices to the wide range of climatic conditions that can be found among or inside these areas. This knowledge is precious for identifying potential adaptations to climate change. Because climate change affects all activities linked to wine production (grape growing, wine making, wine economics, and environmental issues), multidisciplinary research is needed to guide growers to continue to produce high-quality wines in an economical and environmentally sustainable way. An example of such an interdisciplinary study is the French LACCAVE (long-term adaptation to climate change in viticulture and enology) project, in which researchers from 23 institutes work together on all issues related to the impact of climate change on wine production. (JEL Classifications: Q1, Q5)

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Dantas, Adriana. "The Role of WTO Rules to Discipline Climate Change-Related Agriculture Policies." Journal of World Trade 45, Issue 2 (April 1, 2011): 283–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2011010.

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As countries around the globe introduce new strategies to address the effects of climate change on the agriculture sector, greater international coordination and discipline of these policies are increasingly important. Policies to boost renewable energy from agriculture feedstocks, for example, are widespread in the United States and the European Union (EU), despite the uncertainties concerning their impacts on commodity demand, trade flows, water use, and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. This article argues that there is a relationship between market-distorting farm policies and the respective level of environmental impact. This is particularly true in the case of policies that are not decoupled from production. Because the problems involving agriculture production and trade are global and systemic in nature, WTO rules play an important role in securing that new forms of agriculture protectionism, justified by legitimate policy objectives, such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, do not jeopardize agriculture trade liberalization.

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Lv, Haodong, Lin Yang, Jinsheng Zhou, Xian Zhang, Wenjing Wu, Yiming Li, and Dalin Jiang. "Water resource synergy management in response to climate change in China: From the perspective of urban metabolism." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 163 (December 2020): 105095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105095.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Water, Copper, Economics, Climate Change'

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