Academic literature on the topic 'Water consumption Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water consumption Australia"
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Tariq, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman, Riley Raimond Damnics, Zohreh Rajabi, Muhammad Laiq Ur Rahman Shahid, and Nitin Muttil. "Identification of Major Inefficient Water Consumption Areas Considering Water Consumption, Efficiencies, and Footprints in Australia." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186156.
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Due to population growth, climatic change, and growing water usage, water scarcity is expected to be a more prevalent issue at the global level. The situation in Australia is even more serious because it is the driest continent and is characterized by larger water footprints in the domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors. Because the largest consumption of freshwater resources is in the agricultural sector (59%), this research undertakes a detailed investigation of the water footprints of agricultural practices in Australia. The analysis of the four highest water footprint crops in Australia revealed that the suitability of various crops is connected to the region and the irrigation efficiencies. A desirable crop in one region may be unsuitable in another. The investigation is further extended to analyze the overall virtual water trade of Australia. Australia’s annual virtual water trade balance is adversely biased towards exporting a substantial quantity of water, amounting to 35 km3, per trade data of 2014. It is evident that there is significant potential to reduce water consumption and footprints, and increase the water usage efficiencies, in all sectors. Based on the investigations conducted, it is recommended that the water footprints at each state level be considered at the strategic level. Further detailed analyses are required to reduce the export of a substantial quantity of virtual water considering local demands, export requirements, and production capabilities of regions.
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Reutter, Beatriz, Paul A. Lant, and Joe L. Lane. "Direct and indirect water use within the Australian economy." Water Policy 20, no. 6 (September 24, 2018): 1227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.055.
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Abstract We present the first analysis of water use in the Australian economy to account for inter-state trade, exports and consumption patterns, across all economic sectors and incorporating a temporal analysis. This is achieved by using the environmentally extended input-output technique, combining state-level input-output and water accounts from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results show that the three big eastern economies (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland) rely mostly on water used within their jurisdictions. Approximately one-third of water consumption is for exported commodities, with the biggest export flows of virtual water being associated with agricultural production. Comparing results across the years (2000–2011), the water consumption associated with the provision of goods and services has decreased by 32% for exports, and by 38% for domestic markets. To date in Australia, the focus for improved trans-boundary water management (within Australia) has been on improved mechanisms for sharing physical allocation of water; these results provide the trans-boundary economic dependencies related to water availability. Recent innovations in the compilation of economic input-output models create an opportunity to progress this analysis, exploring in detail the economy–water interlinkages. It is our intention that the paper shows the value of analysing water flows using the multi-regional input-output techniques.
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Adapa, Sujana. "Factors influencing consumption and anti-consumption of recycled water: Evidence from Australia." Journal of Cleaner Production 201 (November 2018): 624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.083.
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Evenden, A. R. "Sea water reverse osmosis - energy efficiency & recovery." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.023.
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The Adelaide desalination plant, located in South Australia, was designed and built by the AdelaideAqua construction consortium for the South Australian Water Corporation (SA Water), a wholly owned public utility. Construction commenced in 2009 at a green field site (Port Stanvac) south of Adelaide, with drinking water production from October 2011 and full production capability and handover to the plant operator on 12 December 2012. The facility uses 100% renewable energy and provides the people of South Australia with one of the most energy efficient sea water desalination plants in the World. This paper examines the performance of the Adelaide desalination plant in terms of energy efficiency. Specific energy saving technologies and innovations are described, including assessment of design and actual performance. The Adelaide desalination plant has achieved 8% lower energy consumption compared to the project's initial design requirements and the specific energy consumption of 3.48 kWh/m3 compares well with industry benchmark efficiencies.
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Lim, Allan E. K., Anthony Perkins, and John W. M. Agar. "The carbon footprint of an Australian satellite haemodialysis unit." Australian Health Review 37, no. 3 (2013): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13022.
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Objectives. This study aimed to better understand the carbon emission impact of haemodialysis (HD) throughout Australia by determining its carbon footprint, the relative contributions of various sectors to this footprint, and how contributions from electricity and water consumption are affected by local factors. Methods. Activity data associated with HD provision at a 6-chair suburban satellite HD unit in Victoria in 2011 was collected and converted to a common measurement unit of tonnes of CO2 equivalents (t CO2-eq) via established emissions factors. For electricity and water consumption, emissions factors for other Australian locations were applied to assess the impact of local factors on these footprint contributors. Results. In Victoria, the annual per-patient carbon footprint of satellite HD was calculated to be 10.2 t CO2-eq. The largest contributors were pharmaceuticals (35.7%) and medical equipment (23.4%). Throughout Australia, the emissions percentage attributable to electricity consumption ranged from 5.2% to 18.6%, while the emissions percentage attributable to water use ranged from 4.0% to 11.6%. Conclusions. State-by-state contributions of energy and water use to the carbon footprint of satellite HD appear to vary significantly. Performing emissions planning and target setting at the state level may be more appropriate in the Australian context. What is known about the topic? Healthcare provision carries a significant environmental footprint. In particular, conventional HD uses substantial amounts of electricity and water. In the UK, provision of HD and peritoneal dialysis was found to have an annual per-patient carbon footprint of 7.1 t CO2-eq. What does this paper add? This is the first carbon-footprinting study of HD in Australia. In Victoria, the annual per-patient carbon footprint of satellite conventional HD is 10.2 t CO2-eq. Notably, the contributions of electricity and water consumption to the carbon footprint varies significantly throughout Australia when local factors are taken into account. What are the implications for practitioners? We recommend that healthcare providers consider local factors when planning emissions reduction strategies, and target setting should be performed at the state, as opposed to national, level. There is a need for more comprehensive and current emissions data to enable healthcare providers to do so.
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Miller, Caroline, Kerry Ettridge, Melanie Wakefield, Simone Pettigrew, John Coveney, David Roder, Sarah Durkin, Gary Wittert, Jane Martin, and Joanne Dono. "Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Juice, Artificially-Sweetened Soda and Bottled Water: An Australian Population Study." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030817.
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Reducing consumption of free sugars, such as those found in high concentrations in manufactured products such as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juices, is a global public health priority. This study aimed to measure prevalence of widely available pre-packaged non-alcoholic water-based beverages (carbonated sodas, sports drinks, energy drinks, artificially-sweetened sodas, fruit juices (any type), and bottled water) and to comprehensively examine behavioral, environmental, current health, and demographic correlates of consumption. A cross-sectional, nationally-representative population survey of 3430 Australian adults (18+ years) was conducted using computer-assisted telephone (mobile and landline) interviewing. Past week prevalence of pre-packaged drinks containing free sugar was 47.3%; daily prevalence was 13.6%. Of all the pre-packaged drinks assessed, consumption of fruit juices (any type) was the most prevalent (38.8%), followed by bottled water (37.4%), soda (28.9%), artificially-sweetened soda (18.1%), sports drinks (8.1%), and energy drinks (4.2%). Higher soda consumption was associated with males, younger age, socio-economic disadvantage, frequent takeaway food consumption, availability of soda in the home, obesity, and a diagnosis of heart disease or depression. A diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes was associated with increased likelihood of consuming artificially-sweetened sodas and decreased likelihood of consuming sugar-sweetened soda. SSB consumption is prevalent in Australia, especially among young adults and males, foreshadowing continued population weight gain and high burdens of chronic disease. To reduce consumption, Australia must take a comprehensive approach, incorporating policy reform, effective community education, and active promotion of water.
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Moazzem, Shadia, Enda Crossin, Fugen Daver, and Lijing Wang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Apparel Consumption in Australia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0006.
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Abstract This study presents the environmental impact of apparel consumption in Australia using life cycle assessment methodology according to ISO14040/14044:2006. Available published references, the Ecoinvent v3 dataset, the Australian life cycle assessment dataset and apparel country-wise import data with the breakdown of apparel type and fibre type were used in this study. The environmental impact assessment results of the functional unit were scaled up to the total apparel consumption. The impact results were also normalized on a per-capita/year basis. The Total Climate Change Potential (CCP) impact from apparel consumption of 2015 was estimated to be 16 607 028 tonnes CO2eq and 698.07 kg CO2eq/per capita-year. This study also assessed the impact of acidification potential (AP), water depletion (WD), abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP) - fossil fuel and agricultural land occupation (ALO) using the same methodology. The market volume of cotton apparel in Australia is 53.97 %, which accounts for 45 %, 96 %, 40 %, 46 % and 79 % of total CCP, WD, ADP, AP and ALO impact, respectively. Apparel broad categories of cotton shirt, cotton trouser, polyester shirt and polyester trouser have a high volume in the apparel market as well as a high environmental impact contribution. These high-volume apparel products can be included in the prioritization list to reduce environmental impact throughout the apparel supply chain. It was estimated that from 2010 to 2018 the per capita apparel consumption and corresponding impact increased by 24 %.
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Ridoutt, B. G., P. Juliano, P. Sanguansri, and J. Sellahewa. "Consumptive water use associated with food waste: case study of fresh mango in Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 23, 2009): 5085–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-5085-2009.
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Abstract. In many parts of the world, freshwater is already a scarce and overexploited natural resource, raising concerns about global food security and damage to freshwater ecosystems. This situation is expected to intensify with the FAO estimating that world food production must double by 2050. Food chains must therefore become much more efficient in terms of consumptive water use. For the small and geographically well-defined Australian mango industry, having an average annual production of 44 692 t of marketable fresh fruit, the average virtual water content (sum of green, blue and gray water) at orchard gate was 2298 l kg−1. However, due to wastage in the distribution and consumption stages of the product life cycle, the average virtual water content of one kg of Australian-grown fresh mango consumed by an Australian household was 5218 l. This latter figure compares to an Australian-equivalent water footprint of 217 l kg−1, which is the volume of direct water use by an Australian household having an equivalent potential to contribute to water scarcity. Nationally, distribution and consumption waste in the food chain of Australian-grown fresh mango to Australian households represented an annual waste of 26.7 Gl of green water and 16.6 Gl of blue water. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce food chain waste will likely have as great or even greater impact on freshwater resource availability as other water use efficiency measures in agriculture and food production.
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Mons, M. N., J. M. L. van der Wielen, E. J. M. Blokker, M. I. Sinclair, K. F. A. M. Hulshof, F. Dangendorf, P. R. Hunter, and G. J. Medema. "Estimation of the consumption of cold tap water for microbiological risk assessment: an overview of studies and statistical analysis of data." Journal of Water and Health 5, S1 (September 1, 2007): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.141.
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The volume of cold tap water consumed is an essential element in quantitative microbial risk assessment. This paper presents a review of tap water consumption studies. Study designs were evaluated and statistical distributions were fitted to water consumption data from The Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany and Australia. We conclude that the diary is to be preferred for collecting water consumption data. If a diary is not feasible, a 24 h recall would be the best alternative, preferably repeated at least once. From the studies evaluated, the mean daily consumption varies from 0.10 L to 1.55 L. No conclusions could be drawn regarding the effects of season, age and gender on tap water consumption. Physical activity, yearly income and perceived health status were reported to influence water consumption. Comparison of the different statistical probability distribution functions of the datasets demonstrated that the Poisson distribution performed better than the lognormal distribution as suggested by Roseberry and Burmaster. For quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) it is recommended to use country-specific consumption data and statistical distributions, if available. If no country specific data are available we recommend to use the Australian distribution data from the Melbourne diary study (Poisson, λ=3.49 glasses/d) as a conservative estimate.
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Worthington, Andrew C., Helen Higgs, and Mark Hoffmann. "Residential water demand modeling in Queensland, Australia: a comparative panel data approach." Water Policy 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.063.
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This paper uses monthly data from eleven local governments to model residential water demand in Queensland, Australia from 1994 to 2004. In the sample, residential consumption is charged using a variety of structures including fixed charges without allowance, fixed charges with allowance and excess rates, two-part tariffs comprising an access charge and a flat consumption rate, and multi-part tariffs with an access charge and two or more limits with increasing consumption rates. Water demand is specified as average monthly household water consumption and the demand characteristics include the marginal and average price of water and daily average maximum temperatures and rainfall. The findings confirm residential water as price inelastic, more responsive to average than marginal prices, and more responsive to changes in temperature than rainfall. The results also suggest that cross-sectional variation in demand is related to local government-specific factors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water consumption Australia"
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com, emmayuen@hotmail, and Emma Yuen. "Water Consumption Patterns in Australian Aboriginal Communities." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051119.134422.
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Aboriginal Australians have a significantly lower health status than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. To facilitate healthy living practices necessary for good health, a high level investment is currently made in water services, on the assumption that there is a relationship between the volume and quality of water supplied with health outcomes, despite the high economic and environmental cost. This thesis investigates whether the current design supply criteria of 1000-1200 litres per person per day of water, meeting the Australian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines, is both sufficient and necessary to improve the health of Aboriginal Australians. The scope of the thesis is limited to the sufficiency of design guidelines although it necessarily also touches on the broader issues of Aboriginal health.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore current water consumption patterns of consumers at multiple hierarchical levels (community, household and individual) and hence the requirements of physical infrastructure on which consumers depend. Multiple linear regression was used to consider factors correlated with supply volume, while metering was used at both the domestic and appliance level to determine where and how water was used. Meters were installed on fixtures in two houses in a community near Alice Springs. This was then complemented by qualitative information obtained through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observation in the field. The appropriateness of the supply of high quality water for all uses was addressed by considering the volume of drinking water intake and its impact on the derivation of water quality guidelines. This was achieved by a face-to-face survey involving 57 volunteers. Fieldwork was conducted predominantly in three communities near Alice Springs although some additional data was collected in other communities in Western Australia and the Northern Territory.
The results showed that the factors influencing water consumption were highly complex and variable between communities and individuals. However, there were some culturally specific needs identified in Aboriginal communities, such as the need for temperature and dust control, as well as the reduction of losses. The unique characteristics of each community made it difficult to provide a more precise estimate for design supply. As a result, overly conservative guidelines such as those already used are necessary in the short term despite there being no guarantee of improved health. In the long term, issues of community governance and capacity building will start to be addressed, and the realisation that social systems are both complex and dynamic will need to be reflected in policy. These issues were represented in a systemic conceptual model at the end of the thesis, which also highlighted inadequacies of reductionist approaches such as design supply guidelines. The thesis concluded that complex problem situations such as that of health, require a systems approach.
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Dhakal, Raju S. "Evaluating residential satisfaction with an innovative dual water supply system in water sensitive urban development." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/867.
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The Australian water industry is facing two major challenges: a rise in water demand due to a growing population and a decrease in rainfall availability due to a drying climate. This situation has triggered a re-evaluation of traditional water schemes and promoted consideration of alternatives for sustainable urban water management. One possibility is to replace drinking water usage in garden and outdoor irrigation with non-potable groundwater. This could save almost half of the water supplied in the residential sector, which is the biggest consumer of scheme water in most Australian cities. A major hurdle for the success of such fit-for-purpose groundwater schemes can be the lack of the resident’s participation and support. Currently there are uncertainties about the dynamic nature of individual’s attitudes in terms of satisfaction and accepting behaviours towards the fit-for-purpose water use. This can cause ambiguity in planning and implementation of such projects.
The main purpose of this thesis is to address the following specific research questions: What are the factors that determine residential satisfaction with and behaviours towards the fit-for-purpose groundwater system? and What are the implications of such water system for community, water utilities and urban planners?
These questions have been addressed through a quasi-experimental study utilizing two northern suburbs in Perth metropolitan: Ridgewood and “The Green”. “The Green” is selected as an experimental suburb and Ridgewood is selected as a control suburb, which is a standard metropolitan suburb having the usual main drinking water system. The use of non-drinking groundwater through the dual water supply system in “The Green” began in 2008 alongside the main water scheme. A broad spectrum of parallel literature from many disciplines was drawn upon to inform the research. Concurrent preliminary informal conversations with local residents and a number of field observations were helpful in refining and contextualising the research hypotheses regarding the determinants of residential satisfaction with the fit-for-purpose groundwater supply system in the context of water sensitive urban development.
An exploratory mixed method approach was adopted starting with qualitative preliminary interviews with local residents to inform the development of a survey instrument. This was followed by the administration of the survey questionnaires at household level to collect quantitative data to measure the relationship among variables and test a model of residential satisfaction. The survey data and the secondary data about residential water consumption were analysed to develop a workable model for residential satisfaction with and behaviour towards the dual water supply system and water sensitive urban environment. Finally, qualitative information during stakeholder interviews, meetings, and seminars was used to interpret the planning implications of the model and behavioural responses towards the water system and urban development.
The research results indicated that the majority of residents (70%) are satisfied with the nondrinking groundwater supply system in their home and neighbourhood. In “The Green”, the household drinking water consumption was reduced by 40% compared to the metropolitan average; however, excessive garden watering exemptions for new garden establishment caused 30% more water usage in “The Green” than the metropolitan average. This study found that the major components of residential environment satisfaction were the neighbourhood, neighbours, and home. Home satisfaction in “The Green” was determined mainly by home attributes and the garden satisfaction, which in turn was dependent upon garden attributes and satisfaction with the groundwater system. In this way, groundwater satisfaction had an indirect impact on home satisfaction mediated by garden satisfaction. The major determinants of groundwater satisfaction were: positive perceptions of operational issues, and risk of groundwater use (negative relationship), and preference for continuation of the groundwater system after its trial period.
The major research findings are explained in Chapter Six, Seven, and Eight. The dynamic nature of community attitudes and community behaviours towards the fit-for-purpose water projects at urban settings were explored, and the planning and development consequences of the implementation of the alternative water systems were explained. The results of this study are highly applicable for water providers, urban planners, and community developers in promoting the successful implementation as well as improvement of fit-for-purpose water systems from a policy perspective. This thesis equally contributes to building knowledge and understanding of residential satisfaction and its relationship to innovative dual water systems in water sensitive urban environments. It facilitates the sustainable management and planning of urban water resources. The research also demonstrates the need to integrate general models of community satisfaction with specific water system attitudes to provide an indication of the role of water supply systems in the overall success of water sensitive developments.
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Habib, Ramy. "Life cycle GHG emissions and water consumption for a hypothetical 400 MW coal-fired power plant in Western Australia: Impacts of carbon capture and a comparison of two prevailing carbon capture technologies." Thesis, Habib, Ramy (2017) Life cycle GHG emissions and water consumption for a hypothetical 400 MW coal-fired power plant in Western Australia: Impacts of carbon capture and a comparison of two prevailing carbon capture technologies. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40483/.
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Carbon capture technology is expected to play a significant role in Australia to meet its long-term commitment for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so it is important to evaluate its impact by conducting an environmental life cycle assessment to evaluate the total GHG emissions and total lifecycle water consumption.
In this study, a hypothetical 400MW sub-critical coal-fired power plant in Western Australia without carbon capture is considered as the base case. The total life cycle GHG emissions and life cycle water consumption are compared with two prevailing carbon capture technologies (e.g. oxy-fuel combustion and post-combustion carbon capture).
The results show that both carbon capture technologies will reduce the total GHG emissions but will result in an increase of the total life cycle water consumption during the power plant operation and coal mining as a result of the energy penalty imposed by the use of carbon capture technology and the additional water requirement of the carbon capture system (e.g. direct contact cooler in case of post-combustion carbon capture). The study, also, shows that oxy-fuel combustion with carbon capture is more efficient in carbon abatement with less water requirement compared to post-combustion carbon capture.
A sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the effect of using different combustion technologies for the base case and the effect of reducing the percentage of carbon captured on the total GHG emissions and water consumption for all scenarios.
This trade-off between GHG abatement and water consumption as a result of using carbon capture technology will require the use of an environmental indicator that assess the water requirement for different low-carbon technologies against the base case. The Water-Carbon Abated Ratio indicator (WCAR) is proposed as a single indicator that measures the amount of water consumed or saved for each kilogram of carbon abated.
The study shows that oxy-fuel combustion is more efficient in reducing GHG emissions with lower impact on water consumption compared to post-combustion carbon capture (e.g. oxy-fuel combustion has higher WCAR values compared to post-combustion carbon capture).
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Yuen, Emma. "Water consumption patterns in Australian Aboriginal communities /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051119.134422.
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Yuen, Emma. "Water consumption patterns in Australian Aboriginal communities." Thesis, Yuen, Emma (2005) Water consumption patterns in Australian Aboriginal communities. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/419/.
Full textAbstract:
Aboriginal Australians have a significantly lower health status than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. To facilitate healthy living practices necessary for good health, a high level investment is currently made in water services, on the assumption that there is a relationship between the volume and quality of water supplied with health outcomes, despite the high economic and environmental cost. This thesis investigates whether the current design supply criteria of 1000-1200 litres per person per day of water, meeting the Australian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines, is both sufficient and necessary to improve the health of Aboriginal Australians. The scope of the thesis is limited to the sufficiency of design guidelines although it necessarily also touches on the broader issues of Aboriginal health.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore current water consumption patterns of consumers at multiple hierarchical levels (community, household and individual) and hence the requirements of physical infrastructure on which consumers depend. Multiple linear regression was used to consider factors correlated with supply volume, while metering was used at both the domestic and appliance level to determine where and how water was used. Meters were installed on fixtures in two houses in a community near Alice Springs. This was then complemented by qualitative information obtained through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observation in the field. The appropriateness of the supply of high quality water for all uses was addressed by considering the volume of drinking water intake and its impact on the derivation of water quality guidelines. This was achieved by a face-to-face survey involving 57 volunteers. Fieldwork was conducted predominantly in three communities near Alice Springs although some additional data was collected in other communities in Western Australia and the Northern Territory.
The results showed that the factors influencing water consumption were highly complex and variable between communities and individuals. However, there were some culturally specific needs identified in Aboriginal communities, such as the need for temperature and dust control, as well as the reduction of losses. The unique characteristics of each community made it difficult to provide a more precise estimate for design supply. As a result, overly conservative guidelines such as those already used are necessary in the short term despite there being no guarantee of improved health. In the long term, issues of community governance and capacity building will start to be addressed, and the realisation that social systems are both complex and dynamic will need to be reflected in policy. These issues were represented in a systemic conceptual model at the end of the thesis, which also highlighted inadequacies of reductionist approaches such as design supply guidelines. The thesis concluded that complex problem situations such as that of health, require a systems approach.
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Yuen, Emma. "Water consumption patterns in Australian Aboriginal communities." Yuen, Emma (2005) Water consumption patterns in Australian Aboriginal communities. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/419/.
Full textAbstract:
Aboriginal Australians have a significantly lower health status than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. To facilitate healthy living practices necessary for good health, a high level investment is currently made in water services, on the assumption that there is a relationship between the volume and quality of water supplied with health outcomes, despite the high economic and environmental cost. This thesis investigates whether the current design supply criteria of 1000-1200 litres per person per day of water, meeting the Australian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines, is both sufficient and necessary to improve the health of Aboriginal Australians. The scope of the thesis is limited to the sufficiency of design guidelines although it necessarily also touches on the broader issues of Aboriginal health.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore current water consumption patterns of consumers at multiple hierarchical levels (community, household and individual) and hence the requirements of physical infrastructure on which consumers depend. Multiple linear regression was used to consider factors correlated with supply volume, while metering was used at both the domestic and appliance level to determine where and how water was used. Meters were installed on fixtures in two houses in a community near Alice Springs. This was then complemented by qualitative information obtained through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observation in the field. The appropriateness of the supply of high quality water for all uses was addressed by considering the volume of drinking water intake and its impact on the derivation of water quality guidelines. This was achieved by a face-to-face survey involving 57 volunteers. Fieldwork was conducted predominantly in three communities near Alice Springs although some additional data was collected in other communities in Western Australia and the Northern Territory.
The results showed that the factors influencing water consumption were highly complex and variable between communities and individuals. However, there were some culturally specific needs identified in Aboriginal communities, such as the need for temperature and dust control, as well as the reduction of losses. The unique characteristics of each community made it difficult to provide a more precise estimate for design supply. As a result, overly conservative guidelines such as those already used are necessary in the short term despite there being no guarantee of improved health. In the long term, issues of community governance and capacity building will start to be addressed, and the realisation that social systems are both complex and dynamic will need to be reflected in policy. These issues were represented in a systemic conceptual model at the end of the thesis, which also highlighted inadequacies of reductionist approaches such as design supply guidelines. The thesis concluded that complex problem situations such as that of health, require a systems approach.
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Fleming, Nicholas S. "Sustainability and water resources management for the northern Adelaide Plains, South Australia / Nicholas S. Fleming." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19525.
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Includes bibliographical references (64 p.)2 v. : ill., maps (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
The concept of sustainable development is explored with a focus upon water resources and urban development. Simulation of urban growth patterns and water resources management has been undertaken as part of the case study. The artificial Neural Networks technique has been employed to model regional water consumption.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999?
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Crawley, P. D. (Philip David). "Risk and reliability assessment of multiple reservoir water supply headworks systems." 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc911.pdf.
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Crawley, P. D. (Philip David). "Risk and reliability assessment of multiple reservoir water supply headworks systems / by Philip David Crawley." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18555.
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Yardley, Christopher B. "A study of the use of electronic road signs during 2008 in the Australian Capital Territory : "Are road users seeing the message and is it changing their behaviours of water use?"." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147313.
Full textBooks on the topic "Water consumption Australia"
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Crooks, Mary L. Our water mark: Australians making a difference in water reform. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Women's Trust, 2007.
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Domestic water use in Perth, Western Australia: Working papers. Leederville, W.A: J. Tonkin Water Centre, 1987.
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Ghassemi, Fereidoun, and Ian White. Inter-Basin Water Transfer: Case Studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China and India (International Hydrology Series). Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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Nicol, Troy Patrick, ed. Troubled waters: Confronting the water crisis in Australia's cities. Canberra, A.C.T: ANU E Press, 2008.
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Newton, Peter W., ed. Transitions. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097995.
Full textAbstract:
Formidable challenges confront Australia and its human settlements: the mega-metro regions, major and provincial cities, coastal, rural and remote towns. The key drivers of change and major urban vulnerabilities have been identified and principal among them are resource-constraints, such as oil, water, food, skilled labour and materials, and carbon-constraints, linked to climate change and a need to transition to renewable energy, both of which will strongly shape urban development this century.
Transitions identifies 21st century challenges to the resilience of Australia’s cities and regions that flow from a range of global and local influences, and offers a portfolio of solutions to these critical problems and vulnerabilities. The solutions will require fundamental transitions in many instances: to our urban infrastructures, to our institutions and how they plan for the future, and perhaps most of all to ourselves in terms of our lifestyles and consumption patterns.
With contributions from 92 researchers - all leaders in their respective fields - this book offers the expertise to chart pathways for a sustainability transition.
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Hopkins, Graeme, and Christine Goodwin. Living Architecture. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103078.
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Extensively illustrated with photographs and drawings, Living Architecture highlights the most exciting green roof and living wall projects in Australia and New Zealand within an international context.
Cities around the world are becoming denser, with greater built form resulting in more hard surfaces and less green space, leaving little room for vegetation or habitat. One way of creating more natural environments within cities is to incorporate green roofs and walls in new buildings or to retrofit them in existing structures. This practice has long been established in Europe and elsewhere, and now Australia and New Zealand have begun to embrace it.
The installation of green roofs and walls has many benefits, including the management of stormwater and improved water quality by retaining and filtering rainwater through the plants’ soil and root uptake zone; reducing the ‘urban heat island effect’ in cities; increasing real estate values around green roofs and reducing energy consumption within the interior space by shading, insulation and reducing noise level from outside; and providing biodiversity opportunities via a vertical link between the roof and the ground.
This book will appeal to a wide range of readers, from students and practitioners of architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning and ecology, through to members of the community interested in how they can more effectively use the rooftops and walls of their homes or workplaces to increase green open space in the urban environment.
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Yencken, David, and Debra Wilkinson. Resetting the Compass. CSIRO Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643091733.
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Resetting the Compass: Australia's Journey Towards Sustainability Updated Edition sets out Australia's environmental problems in their global context and explains what is now needed to fix them. It also illustrates how ecological sustainability can be achieved together with economic, social and cultural sustainability.
The book examines the pressures on our environment from population growth, consumption patterns and technological change. The specific actions needed to deal with each of the problems identified are described in detail.
This Edition includes:
Assessments from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Figures related to Australia's emissions from the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory.
Assessments of conditions and trends from the National Land and Water Audit.
Estimates of the volume of vegetation clearing and new information on wind farms.
This book is essential reading for politicians and public servants; business leaders and managers; environmentalists; academics and students in environmental courses; and all those interested in environmental issues.
Book chapters on the topic "Water consumption Australia"
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Troy, Patrick. "The Social Determinants of Water Consumption in Australian Cities." In Understanding and Managing Urban Water in Transition, 283–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9801-3_13.
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Saydi, Maryam, and Ian D. Bishop. "Residential Resource Consumption." In New Approaches, Methods, and Tools in Urban E-Planning, 251–87. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5999-3.ch009.
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Residential energy and water consumption depend on dwelling structure and the behaviour of residents. Aspects of residential behaviour can be derived from census data. Dwelling information is harder to obtain. Using both aerial and street-level views from Google mapping products, exterior dwelling characteristics were captured in each of 40 postal areas in and around Melbourne, Australia. This approach saved the time and cost of travelling to the widely spread suburbs and provided data not otherwise available. The census and dwelling data were compared with resource usage statistics in linear regression models. It was found that energy and water use are highly correlated, with socio-economic variables better explaining water consumption and dwelling structure factors better explaining energy consumption. Nevertheless, the proportions of households that include a couple with children and have a swimming pool provided useful models of variations in both energy and water use. Applications to planning through spatially explicit scenario testing were developed in ArcGIS ModelBuilder.
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Żołnierczyk, Anna K. "Nutritional Properties of Edible Insects." In Environmental, Health, and Business Opportunities in the New Meat Alternatives Market, 143–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7350-0.ch008.
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Insects are the biggest animal group on earth. They constitute as much as 80% of the animal kingdom. Over 2000 species of insects are consumed in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently almost 1 billion people on this planet suffer from hunger, and we must strive to increase the efficiency of food production. One of the possible solutions is to use insects as a source of food. An important advantage of insect production is the high environmental safety compared to conventional livestock. Conventional animal husbandry is responsible for at least 18% of total greenhouse gas emissions and large consumption of drinking water. A much smaller amount of water is used to produce insect meat and insects require far less feed. Production of insect protein requires much less land and energy than the more widely consumed forms of animal protein. The nutritional usefulness of edible insects varies depending on the species, on the stage of development of the insect and the method of breeding and feeding. Insects have a high nutritional value. They are a rich source of protein which includes all eight essential amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Edible insects contain on average 10-30% of fat in dry matter and they are good source of edible oil which contains more than 50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) desirable for nutritional and health reasons. The average energy value of edible insects is about 400-500 kcal/100g of dry matter. Insects also contain a variety of water soluble or lipophilic vitamins and minerals. Their consumption can build a well-balanced diet. Insects can be regarded as safe, if properly managed and consumed, but international food regulations are needed.
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Żołnierczyk, Anna K. "Nutritional Properties of Edible Insects." In Research Anthology on Food Waste Reduction and Alternative Diets for Food and Nutrition Security, 1187–209. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5354-1.ch061.
Full textAbstract:
Insects are the biggest animal group on earth. They constitute as much as 80% of the animal kingdom. Over 2000 species of insects are consumed in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently almost 1 billion people on this planet suffer from hunger, and we must strive to increase the efficiency of food production. One of the possible solutions is to use insects as a source of food. An important advantage of insect production is the high environmental safety compared to conventional livestock. Conventional animal husbandry is responsible for at least 18% of total greenhouse gas emissions and large consumption of drinking water. A much smaller amount of water is used to produce insect meat and insects require far less feed. Production of insect protein requires much less land and energy than the more widely consumed forms of animal protein. The nutritional usefulness of edible insects varies depending on the species, on the stage of development of the insect and the method of breeding and feeding. Insects have a high nutritional value. They are a rich source of protein which includes all eight essential amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Edible insects contain on average 10-30% of fat in dry matter and they are good source of edible oil which contains more than 50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) desirable for nutritional and health reasons. The average energy value of edible insects is about 400-500 kcal/100g of dry matter. Insects also contain a variety of water soluble or lipophilic vitamins and minerals. Their consumption can build a well-balanced diet. Insects can be regarded as safe, if properly managed and consumed, but international food regulations are needed.
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Davison, Graeme. "Down the gurgler: Historical influences on Australian domestic water consumption." In Troubled Waters: Confronting the Water Crisis in Australia’s Cities. ANU Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/tw.06.2008.03.
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Merlin, Mark, and William Raynor. "Modern Use and Environmental Impact of the Kava Plant in Remote Oceania." In Dangerous Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143201.003.0020.
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The kava plant, Piper methysticum Forst. f., is an attractive shrub in the pepper family, Piperaceae (figure 12.1). Known by various names in tropical Pacific, such as yagona, kava, kava kava, ’awa, seka, and sakau, it is propagated vegetatively, as are most of the traditional crops in the region. Kava has been used for many centuries to produce psychoactive preparations. Its active principles, several lipidlike substances known as kavalactones, are concentrated in the rootstock and roots. These psychoactive chemicals are ingested traditionally by Pacific islanders as cold-water infusions of chewed, ground, pounded, or otherwise macerated kava stumps and roots. Mind-altering kava preparations are, or once were, imbibed in a wide range of Pacific Ocean societies. These include peoples living in some lowland areas on the large Melanesian island of New Guinea in the western Pacific to very isolated islands such as those in Polynesian Hawai’i, 7,000 kilometers to the northeast (figure 12.2). Beyond this widespread local use in the tropical Pacific, utilization of kava in parts of Europe as a plant source for medicinal preparations has a relatively lengthy history. In Europe it has been used as a sedative, tranquilizer, muscle relaxant, relief from menopausal symptoms, and treatment for urinary tract and bladder ailments (Lebot et al. 1999). Over the past decade, there has been rapidly increasing interest in kava well beyond the areas of traditional use among Pacific Islanders (figure 12.3). This includes a huge surge in the use of kava products in Europe, North America, Australia, and elsewhere. Within the past 3 to 5 years there has been widespread recognition of its potential to emerge as a mainstream herbal product. Modern cultivation and use of kava in the Pacific has significantly expanded in some traditional use areas such as Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Pohnpei. There are also significant signs of rejuvenated interest in kava cultivation in some traditional areas of use where it had been abandoned because of depopulation, political prohibition, or zealous missionary denunciation. Increasing use and cultivation of kava on these Pacific islands has been stimulated by local consumption rates and rising demand for commercial export.
Conference papers on the topic "Water consumption Australia"
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"Temperature and rainfall thresholds corresponding to water consumption in Greater Melbourne, Australia." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l7.sarker.
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Hegazy, Anwar, Alison Subiantoro, and Stuart Norris. "Performance Assessment of a Closed Greenhouse in a Hot Arid Australian Climate." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72960.
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Abstract In this paper, we present a validated thermal model of a greenhouse. Then summer climatic data of a location in South of Australia (Port Augusta), known to have dry and hot summer, is used to compare the potential of different cooling technologies in providing cooling to greenhouse indoor air while considering the minimization of water consumption. Several cases are examined and compared to a reference case which is a closed greenhouse without cooling. The operation cases considered for cooling purpose are 1 - Fogging system; 2 - Single pipe Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE); 3 - Multiple pipe EAHE; 4 - combined operation of Fogging system and EAHE. Results indicated that relying on shallow geothermal energy through an Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) minimized the water consumption of the fogging system reducing it from 11.6 to 4.7 kg/day. Furthermore, the results show that cooling via EAHE is the best strategy in terms of reducing water consumption without significantly affecting the temperature reduction when compared to the water reliant cooling technology fogging system. The combined operation of EAHE and fogging system managed to keep the indoor air condition at the favorable plant cultivation temperature level (20–30°C) and relative humidity (70–80%).
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Schenewerk, William Ernest. "Fuel-Cell and Electrolysis By-Product D2O Improves Third Way to Mitigate CO2." In ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nuclrf2015-49061.
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Rapid atomic power deployment may be possible without using fast breeder reactors or making undue demands on uranium resource. Using by-product D2O and thorium-U233 in CANDU and RBMK piles may circumvent need for either fast breeder reactors or seawater uranium. Atmospheric CO2 is presently increasing 2.25%/a (2.25 percent per year) in proportion to 2.25%/a exponential fossil fuel consumption increase. Roughly 1/3 anthropologic CO2 is removed by various CO2 sinks. CO2 removal is modeled as being proportional to 50-year-earlier CO2 amount above 280 ppm-C. Water electrolysis produces roughly 0.1 kg-D20/kWa. Material balance assumes each electrolysis stage increases D2O bottoms concentration times 3. Except for first electrolysis stage, all water from hydrogen consumption is returned to electrolysis. D2O enrichment from water electrolysis is augmented by using the resulting Hydrogen and Oxygen in fuel cells. Condensate from hydrogen consumption returns to the appropriate electrolysis stage. Fuel cell condensate originally from reformed natural gas may augment second-stage feed. Previously, recycling only hydrogen from combustion back to upper electrolysis stages allowed a 5%/a atomic power expansion. Using fuel-cells to augment upper-stage electrolysis enrichment increases atomic power expansion from 5%/a to 6%/a. Implementation of this process should start by 2020 to minimize peak atmospheric CO2 concentration to 850 ppm-C. Atomic power expansion is 6%/a, giving 45000 GW by 2100. World primary energy increases at the historic rate of 2.25%/a, exceeding 4000 EJ-thermal/a by 2100. J-electric ∼ 3J-thermal. CO2 maximum is roughly 850 ppm-C around year 2100. CO2 declines back below 350 ppm-C by 2250 if the 50-year-delay seawater sink remains effective. The 15-year global temperature rise hiatus is apparently caused by convective heat transfer into seawater. Presumably convective CO2 transfer into seawater also occurs by the same mechanism. Each decade rapid atomic power expansion is delayed results in a 100 ppm increase in maximum atmospheric CO2 concentration. 50 TW dispatchable CSP (concentrated solar power), including 2 TWa storage, costs 1600 trillion USD and covers two Australias.