Academic literature on the topic 'Water conservation. land-use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Water conservation. land-use"
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Hassan, Marwan A., and Graham McIntyre. "Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use." Digest of Middle East Studies 21, no. 2 (November 2012): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x.
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Pokhrel, Shiva, and Chungla Sherpa. "Analysis of Land Use Land Cover in Annapurna Conservation Area in Gandaki Province, Nepal using Vegetation Index and Land Use Land Cover Datasets." Journal of Geographical Studies 2, no. 2 (May 19, 2019): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.18020204.
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Conservation areas are originally well-known for protecting landscape features and wildlife. They are playing key role in conserving and providing a wide range of ecosystem services, social, economic and cultural benefits as well as vital places for climate mitigation and adaptation. We have analyzed decadal changes in land cover and status of vegetation cover in the conservation area using both national level available data on land use land cover (LULC) changes (1990-2010) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (2010-2018) in Annapurna conservation area. LULC showed the barren land as the most dominant land cover types in all three different time series 1990, 2000 and 2010 with followed by snow cover, grassland, forest, agriculture and water body. The highest NDVI values were observed at Southern, Southwestern and Southeastern part of conservation area consisting of forest area, shrub land and grassland while toward low to negative in the upper middle to the Northern part of the conservation area.
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Kenway, S. J., G. M. Turner, S. Cook, and T. Baynes. "Water and energy futures for Melbourne: implications of land use, water use, and water supply strategy." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2013): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.188.
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This paper quantifies the effect of three policy levels on the water and energy futures of Melbourne, Australia. During a time of severe water shortages attributed to climate change, water strategies lacked consideration of energy consequences. Modeling, guided by urban metabolism theory, demonstrated that a compact urban form, reduced water consumption by 90 GL/a, compared with a sprawling city, and had greater water conservation impact than simulated demand management measures. Household water conservation, coupled with increased use of solar hot water systems, reduced grid energy use by some 30 PJ/a. Desalination, tripled water supply energy demand, growing to a total of 4.5 PJ/a, by 2045. While the increase is less than 1% of total Melbourne urban energy use, it contributes to a substantial increase in the energy bill for urban water provision. Importantly, the energy impact could be offset through demand management measures. Recommendations for the combined management of water and energy include improving energy characterization of the urban water cycle; impact-evaluation of regional plans; using total urban water and energy balances in analysis to provide context; and developing reporting mechanisms and indicators to help improve baseline data across the water and energy systems.
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Pan, Tianshi, Lijun Zuo, Zengxiang Zhang, Xiaoli Zhao, Feifei Sun, Zijuan Zhu, and Yingchun Liu. "Impact of Land Use Change on Water Conservation: A Case Study of Zhangjiakou in Yongding River." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010022.
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The implementation of ecological projects can largely change regional land use patterns, in turn altering the local hydrological process. Articulating these changes and their effects on ecosystem services, such as water conservation, is critical to understanding the impacts of land use activities and in directing future land planning toward regional sustainable development. Taking Zhangjiakou City of the Yongding River as the study area—a region with implementation of various ecological projects—the impact of land use changes on various hydrological components and water conservation capacity from 2000 to 2015 was simulated based on a soil and water assessment tool model (SWAT). An empirical regression model based on partial least squares was established to explore the contribution of different land use changes on water conservation. With special focus on the forest having the most complex effects on the hydrological process, the impacts of forest type and age on the water conservation capacity are discussed on different scales. Results show that between 2000 and 2015, the area of forest, grassland and cultivated land decreased by 0.05%, 0.98% and 1.64%, respectively, which reduces the regional evapotranspiration (0.48%) and soil water content (0.72%). The increase in settlement area (42.23%) is the main reason for the increase in water yield (14.52%). Most land use covered by vegetation has strong water conservation capacity, and the water conservation capacity of the forest is particularly outstanding. Farmland and settlements tend to have a negative effect on water conservation. The water conservation capacity of forest at all scales decreased significantly with the growth of forest (p < 0.05), while the water conservation capacity of different tree species had no significant difference. For the study area, increasing the forest area will be an effective way to improve the water conservation function, planting evergreen conifers can rapidly improve the regional water conservation capacity, while planting deciduous conifers is of great benefit to long-term sustainable development.
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Pamukcu, Pinar, Nurgul Erdem, Yusuf Serengil, and Timothy O. Randhir. "Ecohydrologic modelling of water resources and land use for watershed conservation." Ecological Informatics 36 (November 2016): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.09.005.
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Li, Lin, Yan Mei Chen, and Yan Ping Wang. "The Water Conservation Capacity of the Ecotone of the Forest and Grassland in HulunBuir." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1875.
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Based on the remote sensing data and meteorological data of MODIS, this paper studied the water conservation capacity of different land use type of the ecotone of the forest and grassland in Hulun Buir with the help of the ArcGIS software. The results shows that the average of the water conservation capacity of 11 years of the whole ecotone of the forest and grassland in Hulun Buir is 62.78×108m3/yr. Among of these, the forest land accounts for 69.37% of the total water conservation capacity, and the grassland, the cultivated land and the unused land account for 23.36%, 3.67% and 3.60%. And the water conservation capacity of the four land use types presented a fluctuated improving trend. The average water conservation capacity in each year of the unit area of the ecotone achieved its maximum value, 498.43m3/hm2 ,in 2003, and achieved its minimum value,193.03m3/ hm2,in the year of 2007.
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Yang, Xiaonan, Wenyi Sun, Pengfei Li, Xingmin Mu, Peng Gao, and Guangju Zhao. "Integrating agricultural land, water yield and soil conservation trade-offs into spatial land use planning." Ecological Indicators 104 (September 2019): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.082.
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N*, Akshatha, and Shankar B. "Conservation Measures for Improving Land Use and Land Cover in Dalvoy Lake Environs of Mysore City." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 10, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a5831.0510121.
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In recent years of Indian urbanization, the structure of large cities is undergoing rapid land use and land cover changes in lake environs, particularly in Mysore. Mysore is one of the fastest growing tier II cities, located in southern part of Karnataka. The city comprises of several large and small water bodies viz, Karanji Lake, Dalvoy Lake, Kukkarahalli Lake and Devanoor Lake. These lakes play an important role in recharging ground water, regulates microclimate, home for flora and fauna, recreational place for each neighborhood involving in community participation, improve aesthetic of the city and finally influence living condition of the people. Due to rapid transformation of land use and landcover in Mysore has resulted in degradation of water bodies. Dalvoy Lake is one of the major Lakes in Mysore City and it is deteriorating as a result of land use change, growth of industries and urbanization pressures. The total catchment area of Dalvoy Lake is 2165 acres. According to sixth sustainable development goals (clean water and sanitation) targets to protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including wetlands, rivers, and lakes. This paper deals with land use and landcover changes and its analyzing around Dalvoy Lake and its catchment using Remote sensing data and ERDAS imagine software and propose sustainable strategies for environmental improvement and management of the lake.
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Wilson, G. L., B. J. Dalzell, D. J. Mulla, T. Dogwiler, and P. M. Porter. "Estimating water quality effects of conservation practices and grazing land use scenarios." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 69, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2489/jswc.69.4.330.
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López, N., A. Márquez Romance, and E. Guevara Pérez. "Change dynamics of land-use and land-cover for tropical wetland management." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.049.
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Abstract In hydrographic basins with wetlands, changes in land use (LU) and land cover (LC) impact the conservation of natural resources, leading to dynamics analysis for integral management. A method is proposed offering greater accuracy in determining the LU and LC bi-temporal and spatial change dynamics in tropical wetlands. LU and LC monitoring is based on Landsat images from 1986 to 2017. ‘Pre-classification’ and ‘post-classification’ methods are applied. In the former, reflectance image differencing and principal component N° 1 image differencing are analyzed to estimate the rate of change/no change area. In the latter, supervised classification is carried out of image pairs from different dates. The principal components method shows that principal component N° 1 collects between 88 and 93% of the reflectance variance in n spectral bands of each satellite image, which improves accuracy in determining LU and LC change dynamics.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Water conservation. land-use"
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China, Samuel Soita. "Land use planning using geographic information systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239501.
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Ren, Bo. "Who was in charge of the water conservation? : investigation of water conservation and management in the upper reaches of the Huai, 1912-1949." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41089/.
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This thesis examines water conservation in the upper valley of the Huai River in Anhui Province, close to the border between north and south China, during the Republic of China (ROC) era (1912-1949). Two main flood relief and water conservation projects are studied in detail. In order to gain a deeper and broader understanding of water conservation policies and practices in China during that period, additional comparative studies were undertaken of two water conservation projects in the lower areas of the Yangtze River in south and northwest China. The main question addressed in the thesis is: What are the key factors affecting the conservation and management of water in China during the ROC era? A further aim of the thesis is to reveal the inter-relationships between water conservation and ROC government policies, and the influence of grass roots actors and international powers in that period. This thesis includes a review of the literature on environmental history, in particular the history of water conservation. For the empirical investigation, a multi-disciplinary, mixed method was adopted, combining the study of historical documents and fieldwork in a series of detailed case studies. Firstly, this study investigates the relief work project in the upper area of the Huai River. The work and the lives of peasant labourers in a water conservation project, including their cooperation and conflicts with upper class engineers and officials are considered in order to provide a vivid and thorough exploration of the worksite. Secondly, the thesis describes and analyses the relationships between various groups (including engineers, the gentry, residents and officials of the Anfengtang Pond community), through a series of stories that highlight their activities, roles and priorities within water conservation and management initiatives. Thirdly, the thesis considers the history of the Lotus Polder and the story of the Jinghui Channel. Fourth, it explores the relationship between international politics and water conservation in the ROC to explain how modern culture and industry penetrated an old water conservation community. The interplay and influence of a wide variety of factors that affected water conservation in the ROC era, such as land policies, economic situation, national finance, wars, traditions and western factors, are addressed and analysed in this thesis.
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Londono, Mario. "A Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Land Use and Water Quality in Southern Miami Dade County." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2174.
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This thesis research employs a multi-pronged analysis approach to contribute to the existing knowledge regarding land use and water quality in southern Miami Dade County. Nutrient concentrations for TP, NOx-N, and NH3-N were evaluated for water quality monitoring stations across seven canals for two time periods: 1990-2003 and 2009-2014. Overall, the sites did not surpass the mandated TP threshold but a number of sites exceeded the NOx-N and NH3-N criteria set by multiple government agencies. Statistical tests demonstrated that the sites had differing distributions, not sharing similar median concentrations. Land use classifications were derived for the area interest for the years 1994 and 2013. Regression models relating land use classifications to nutrient concentrations at various spatial scales provided mixed results. Lastly, a trend analysis for nutrient concentrations at the stations for 1990-2003 and 2009-2014 demonstrated that there were either no trends or a decreasing trend at most sites.
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Rachman, Seaful, and n/a. "Infiltration under different landuse types at the Upper Ciliwung watershed of West Java, Indonesia." University of Canberra. School of Resource, Environmental and Heritage Sciences, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20041215.124610.
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Infiltration, the process of water movement through the soil surface is one of most important hydrological processes to be considered in watershed management. The process depends on rainfall, soil, vegetation and
topographic conditions. The last three variables can be influenced by human land-uses. This study is concerned with the influence of landuse
types (categories) on infiltration at the upper
Ciliwung watershed of West-Java, Indonesia. Sixty six infiltration measurements were carried out in 5 types of land-uses i.e. natural forest, agriculture, settlement, productive (old) tea and new tea plantation areas. The measurements were done using ring infiltrometers. The data
obtained were expressed in the form of Philip's equation I = st1I2 + At, where I is cumulative infiltration; S is sorptivity; t is time; A is a parameter which was calculated from saturated hydraulic conductivity (K). Crown cover, slope gradient and soil variables such as soil moisture, organic carbon content, total porosity,
bulk density were also analysed from each of the 66 sites. The results of the study shows that land-use types have significant influence on these soil variables and on infiltration. Crown cover and human activities in term of land management are among the most important factors which affect soil condition. These variables mostly influence total porosity of soil which is the most important variable to determine sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity. High percentage of crown cover and less human activity
in forest area result in high accumulation of litter and humus and high total porosity of soil. On the other hand, settlement and new tea plantation areas have comparatively low crown cover and more frequent human activity which
result in soil compaction. Discriminant function analysis of land-use categories shows that the soil under forest is very distinct from the soils under other land-use types. However, the soils under the remaining land-use types are
more similar to each other, especially between the soil of settlement and tea plantations.
The rank of infiltration rate from the highest to the lowest magnitude is as follows; natural forest, agriculture, productive tea plantation, new tea plantation and settlement areas. Infiltration rates under natural forest and agriculture are significantly different from each
other as well as from those in the last three land- use types. However, there are no significant differences in infiltration rates among the last three land-use types. The result of this study also provides basic information
for landuse management and further research in
order to solve soil and water conservation and management problems in the watershed.
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Du, Plessis Lily Lozelle. "An assessment of selected non-water benefits of the Working for Water Programme in the Eastern and Southern Cape." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/340.
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1.1 Background to, and motivation for, the study: The Working for Water programme (WfW) is a public works programme designed to clear South Africa of water-consuming invasive alien tree and plants, and to replace them with low water consuming indigenous species. This would prevent a loss of more than 4000 million cubic metres water per annum from the hydrological cycle (DWAF, 1998). The economic viability of the programme has been established in the Western Cape and Kwazulu-Natal (van Wilgen, Little, Chapman, Görgens, Willems and Marais, 1997; Gilham and Haynes, 2001), but questioned in the Eastern and Southern Cape (Hosking, du Preez, Campbell, Wooldridge and du Plessis, 2002). Hosking et al. (2002) investigated the economic case for the programme by performing a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), based on increased water yield and livestock potential, on six selected sites in the Eastern and Southern Cape, viz. Albany, Kat River, Pot River, Tsitsikamma, Kouga and Port Elizabeth Driftsands.
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Mello, Kaline de. "Forest cover and water quality in tropical agricultural watersheds." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-03082017-101658/.
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Tropical forests are under continual threat due to deforestation and forest fragmentation processes which are driven by the economic activities growth, mainly agriculture. Replacing forest with other land uses can cause severe impacts on river water quality, altering its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The Atlantic Forest, in particular, had its original vegetation cover reduced to about 11%, wherein the crop lands expansion and urban sprawl still threatening this important ecosystem and the ecosystem services that it provides. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to investigate the relation between forest cover and water quality of tropical agricultural watersheds. For that, six experimental watersheds with different percentage of forest cover were selected in the Sarapuí River watershed, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Water samples were collected during a hydrologic year to obtain water quality parameters that represent impacts induced by anthropic activities. According to the percentage of forest cover, the watersheds were denominated as \"forested\", when they presented more than 55% of forest cover, and \"degraded\", with less than 35%. Multivariate statistical models were applied to identify differences between these two groups. In a second moment, the relation of land use/land cover within the watershed and within its respective riparian zone, represented in this study by the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), with water quality was compared through mixed models and redundancy analysis to identify the main factors that influenced water quality variability. Lastly, a watershed simulation modeling was applied to verify the impact of riparian forest restoration on water quality of the Sarapuí River watershed, wherein each experimental watershed was represented by a sub-watershed in the model. The results showed that the degraded watersheds presented higher values of solids, turbidity, nutrients and coliforms, besides presenting greater temporal data variability compared to forested watersheds. This variation is associated with the stream flow changes during the year. In general, forest cover was related to good water quality, while agriculture and urban areas were responsible for the water quality degradation. Pasture presented mixed impacts, but it was not generally correlated with poor water quality. The water quality parameters responded differently to the influence of land-use/land-cover patterns in the watershed and riparian zone, but the overall water quality is better explained by the landscape composition within the watershed. Nevertheless, the watershed simulation indicated that PPA restoration reduces the sediment and nutrients loading into the river. Thus, it is possible to conclude that tropical forest plays a fundamental role in the water resources conservation, reducing impacts of human activities in watersheds and the watershed management with forest restoration strategies for the entire watershed is critical for the maintenance of water quality to water supply, despite the importance of the riparian zone.As florestas tropicais estão sob constante ameaça devido ao processo de desmatamento e fragmentação florestal impulsionado pelo crescimento das atividades econômicas, em especial, a agricultura. A substituição de áreas florestadas por outros usos do solo pode causar impactos severos na qualidade da água de rios, alterando suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas. A Mata Atlântica, em especial, teve sua cobertura original reduzida a cerca de 11%, sendo que a expansão de terras cultiváveis e urbanização ainda ameaçam esse importante ecossistema e os serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por ele. Nesse sentido, este estudo propôs investigar a relação da cobertura florestal com a qualidade da água de microbacias agrícolas tropicais. Para tanto, foram selecionadas seis microbacias experimentais com diferentes porcentagens de cobertura florestal na bacia do rio Sarapuí, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, onde foram feitas coletas de amostras de água por um ano hidrológico para a obtenção de parâmetros que representassem alterações na água induzidas por atividades antrópicas. Inicialmente as microbacias foram classificadas em \"florestadas\" e \"degradadas\", e modelos estatísticos multivariados foram aplicados para identificar diferenças entre os grupos. Em um segundo momento comparou-se a relação do uso e cobertura do solo na microbacia e na Área de Preservação Permanente (APP) com a qualidade da água utilizando-se modelos mistos e análise de redundância para identificar os principais fatores que influenciam a variabilidade da qualidade da água. Por último foi gerado um modelo hidrológico para simular o impacto da restauração da floresta ripária na qualidade da água da bacia do rio Sarapuí onde cada microbacia experimental desse estudo foi representada por uma sub-bacia do modelo. Os resultados mostram que as microbacias degradadas apresentam valores maiores de sólidos, turbidez, nutrientes e coliformes. Além disso, apresentam maior variabilidade temporal dos dados em relação às microbacias florestadas associada às alterações da vazão do rio. Em geral, a cobertura florestal foi relacionada à boa qualidade da água, enquanto que agricultura e ocupação urbana foram os usos do solo responsáveis pela degradação da qualidade da água. O uso pastagem apresentou impactos mistos, porém no geral não foi correlacionado à qualidade da água ruim. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água responderam de forma diferente quanto à influência dos padrões de uso e cobertura do solo na microbacia e na APP, porém, considerando-se todos parâmetros em conjunto, a qualidade da água é melhor explicada pela composição da paisagem da microbacia. Ainda assim, a simulação do modelo indicou que a restauração das APPs reduz a carga de sedimentos e nutrientes para o rio. Com isso, conclui-se que a floresta tropical tem papel fundamental na conservação dos recursos hídricos, reduzindo impactos das atividades humanas exercidas nas microbacias e que, apesar da importância das APPs na redução de poluentes para o rio, o manejo de bacias com estratégias de restauração florestal para toda a microbacia é extremamente importante para a manutenção da qualidade da água para abastecimento.
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Jaggwe, Assad. "Effects of Environmental Variables on Four Aquatic Insect Taxa among Smaller Water Bodies of Different Ages on Farmland; A Pilot Study." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28504.
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High anthropogenic modification like infrastructural development, drainage, eutrophication, dumping garbage, is a threat to biodiversity of smaller water bodies in agricultural landscapes. However, smaller water bodies have historically been constructed for drainage, waste treatment and other purposes. Further, new small water bodies are now being constructed in agricultural areas in Sweden, mainly to remove nutrients and to improve landscape biodiversity. This creates two different age classes (old and new) of smaller water body habitats. I sampled aquatic insects in 27 smaller water bodies of varying types and ages in Halmstad region and related insect biodiversity, species richness, composition structure to environmental variables. I partitioned the region into two locations (Northern and Southern) for easy data comparison and due to difference in topography. The data was analysed using a Canonical Correspondence (CCA) and regression analysis. The CCA results show a difference in the species composition between old and new sites. The most important variables in explaining species assemblage structure was age of the aquatic water bodies. The species richness decreased with increase in nutrient concentration (total phosphorus) according to regression analysis. Species composition and diversity were related to Vegetation and tree cover in and around the water body. The results of my study shows that the older the water bodies the better for specific species like Aeshna cyanea and the new water bodies tolerate more specimens. My results suggest that, as there is need to facilitate plant growing, protecting vegetation and trees to better mimic natural conditions of water bodies, creating new water bodies while protecting aged water bodies is important for conservation of biodiversity.
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Zhang, Lulu. "Impact of Land Use and Climate Change on Hydrological Ecosystem Services (Water Supply) in the Dryland Area of the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-183409.
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Driven by many factors, the water supply services (streamflow and groundwater) of many rivers in the dryland area of China have declined significantly. This aggravates the inherent severe water shortages and results in increased severity in the water use conflicts that are threatening sustainable development in the region. Innovative strategies towards more water-efficient land management are vital for enhancing water quantity to ensure water supply security. A key step in the successful development and implementation of such measures is to understand the response of hydrological processes and related services to changes in land management and climate. To this end, it was decided to investigate these processes and responses in the upper reaches of the Jing River (Jinghe), an important meso-scale watershed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River on the Loess Plateau (NW China).
It has been shown that vegetation restoration efforts (planting trees and grass) are effective in controlling soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. Shifts in land cover/use lead to modifications of soil physical properties. Yet, it remains unclear if the hydraulic properties have also been improved by vegetation restoration. A better understanding of how vegetation restoration alters soil structure and related soil hydraulic properties, such as water conductivity and soil water storage capacity, is necessary. Three adjacent sites, with comparable soil texture, soil type, and topography but contrasting land cover (Black locust forest, grassland, and cropland), were investigated in a small catchment in the upstream Jinghe watershed (near Jingchuan, Gansu province). Seasonal variations of soil hydraulic properties in topsoil and subsoil were examined. Results revealed that the type of land use had a significant impact on field-saturated, near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water characteristics. Specifically, conversion from cropland to grass or forests promotes infiltration capacity as a result of increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and macroporosity. Moreover, conversion from cropland to forest tends to promote the formation of mesopores that increase soil water storage capacity. Tillage in cropland temporarily created well-structured topsoil, but also compacted subsoil, as indicated by low subsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity, air capacity, and plant available water capacity. An impact of land cover conversion on unsaturated hydraulic conductivities was not identified, indicating that changes in land cover do not affect functional meso- and microporosity. Changes in soil hydraulic properties and associated hydrological processes and services due to soil conservation efforts need to be considered, should soil conservation measures be implemented in water-limited regions for sustaining adequate water supply.
To differentiate between the impacts of land management and climate change on streamflow, the variation of annual streamflow, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and climatic water balance in a small catchment of the upstream Jinghe watershed (near Pingliang, Gansu province) was examined during the period of 1955 – 2004. During this time the relative contributions of changes in land management and climate to the reduction of streamflow were estimated. A statistically significant decreasing trend of -1.14 mm y-1 in annual streamflow was detected. Furthermore, an abrupt streamflow reduction due to afforestation and construction of terraces and check-dams was identified around 1980. Remarkably, 74% of the total reduction in mean annual streamflow can be attributed to the soil conservation measures. Among various conservation measures, streamflow could be considerably reduced by afforestation and terracing (including damland creation), due to their low contribution to water yield. In contrast, slope farmland and grassland can maintain a certain level of water supply services due to higher runoff coefficients. According to a meta-analysis of the published studies on the Loess Plateau, the impact of changes in land management on annual streamflow appears to diminish with increasing catchment size while the impact of climate change appears uniform across space. This means that there is a dependency between the catchment size and the response of hydrological processes to environmental change. At least at the local scale, it appears that well-considered land management may help to ensure the water supply services.
Due to limited surface water availability, groundwater is an essential water source for supporting ecosystem and socio-economic development in the dryland region. However, the groundwater process is susceptible and vulnerable to changes in climate and landscape (i.e., land cover and form) that in turn can result in profound adverse consequences on water supply services in water-limited regions. In addition, an improved understanding of the response of groundwater related processes to natural and artificial disturbances is likely to ensure more secure and more sustainable governance and management of such regions, as well as better options for adapting to climate change. Yet, this topic has seldom been researched, especially in areas that have already experienced large-scale alteration in landscape and are located in dryland regions, such as the Loess Plateau. Therefore, an investigation of the baseflow variation along the landscape change was conducted. The average annual baseflow has significantly decreased at catchment scale during the period of 1962 – 2002 without any obvious significant change in climate. At decadal scale, the reduction accounts for approximately 9% in the 1970s, 48% in the 1980s, and 92% in the 1990s, while the baseflow index declines averaging 5%, 16% and 67%, respectively. All of the monthly baseflow levels dropped at varying rates except in January, among which July was the most severe in terms of both magnitude (-4.17) and slope (-0.09 mm y-1). In perspective of landscape change, landform change (terrace and check-dam) tends to reduce baseflow by reallocation of surface fluxes and retention for crop growth causing limited deep drainage in other areas. Land cover change (i.e., afforestation) reduced the baseflow to a larger extent by enhanced evapotranspiration and thus hampered deep drainage as suggested by the soil moisture measurement underneath. The study indicates that knowledge about baseflow formation on catchment scale needs further improvement. Integrated soil conservation and water management for optimizing landscape structure and function in order to balance soil (erosion) and water (supply) related hydrological ecosystem services is vital.
The governing processes to the changes of water-supply-services-related hydrological process (e.g., streamflow) are assumed to be different across space. To this end, the factors controlling streamflow were investigated on both a small and large scale. Streamflow in small catchments was found to be mainly controlled by precipitation and land cover type. On a larger scale, evaporative demand was found to be another additional major driving force. Hydrological modeling is a frequently used tool for the assessment of impacts of land use and climate change on water balance and water fluxes. However, application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the upstream Jinghe watershed was unsuccessful due to difficulties in calibration. The inability of the SWAT model to take the influence of terraces on steep slopes into consideration and the method how to calculate lateral flow were the main reasons for unsatisfactory calibration, at least for the current version of SWAT used in this study. Alternatively, Budyko’s frameworks were applied to predict the annual and long-term streamflow. However, the effect of changes in land management (e.g., afforestation) on streamflow could not be assessed due to a lack of vegetation factors. Therefore, an empirical analysis tool was derived based on an existing relationship for estimation. This method was found to be the most effective in reproducing the annual and long-term streamflow. The incorporation of temporal changes in land cover and form in the approach enables the estimation of the possible impact of soil conservation measures (e.g., afforestation or terracing). The importance of adaptive land management strategies for mitigating water shortage and securing the water supply services on the Loess Plateau was highlighted.
A cross-sectoral view of the multiple services offered by managed ecosystems at different spatial scales under changing environments needs to be integrated to improve adaptive land management policy. In a water limited environment, such as the Loess Plateau, multiple ecosystem services including hydrological services need to be balanced with minimum trade-offs. This can only be achieved when management is based on a holistic understanding of the interdependencies among various ecosystem services and how they might change under alternative land management.
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Kaati, Patrik. "Small-Scale Farmers Land Use and Socioeconomic Situation in the Mount Elgon District in Northwestern Kenya : A Minor Field Study - Combined Field Mapping and Interview." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Geografi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-10161.
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This Minor Field Study was carried out during November and December in 2011 in the Mount Elgon District in Western Kenya. The objective was to examine nine small-scale farming household´s land use and socioeconomic situation when they have joined a non-governmental organization (NGO) project, which specifically targets small-scale farming households to improve land use system and socioeconomic situation by the extension of soil and water conservation measures. The survey has worked along three integral examinations methods which are mapping and processing data using GIS, semi structured interviews and literature studies. This study has adopted a theoretical approach referred to as political ecology, in which landesque capital is a central concept. The result shows that all farmers, except one, have issues with land degradation. However, the extent of the problem and also implemented sustainable soil and water conservation measures were diverse among the farmers. The main causes of this can both be linked to how the farmers themselves utilized their farmland and how impacts from the climate change have modified the terms of the farmers working conditions. These factors have consequently resulted in impacts on the informants’ socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore it was also registered that social and economic elements, in some cases, were the causes of how the farmers manage their farmland. The farmer who had no significant problem with soil erosion had invested in trees and opportunities to irrigate the farmland. In addition, it was also recorded that certain farmers had invested in particular soil and water conservation measures without any significant result. This was probably due to the time span these land measures cover before they start to generate revenue. The outcome of this study has traced how global, national and local elements exist in a context when it comes to the conditions of the farmers´ land use and their socioeconomic situation. The farmers atMt.Elgon are thereby a component of a wider context when they are both contributory to their socioeconomic situation, mainly due to their land management, and also exposed to core-periphery relationships on which the farmers themselves have no influence.
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Begotti, Rodrigo Anzolin. "O papel dos remanescentes florestais na retenção da biodiversidade e conservação da água em uma paisagem fragmentada na região central de Rondônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25022014-111649/.
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Em toda a superfície terrestre o uso humano está transformando grande parte das florestas, especialmente na região tropical. O desmatamento de florestas tropicais é uma das principais fontes de emissão de gases do efeito estufa e a principal ameaça à conservação de espécies e dos serviços ambientais prestados pela floresta. Dentro desse contexto que também envolve a fragmentação do habitat, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar como as relações entre a dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra afetaram a estrutura e composição da comunidade de vertebrados, e também a qualidade da água em riachos no Sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira. Nós analisamos esse processo em uma área de aproximadamente 50000 km² por meio de mapas classificados a partir de imagens de satélite ao longo de 36 anos de monitoramento. Nós observamos uma perda de floresta da ordem de 24826 km² relacionada, dentre outros fatores, à expansão da malha viária de 3158 km para 12863 km de extensão, tornando a área de estudo como uma das mais desmatadas de toda a Amazônia brasileira. A dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra ao longo da série temporal mostra que as paisagens com desmatamento mais recente apresentaram fragmentação mais intensa do que aquelas com desmatamento mais antigo e onde ocorreu pequena ou nenhuma derrubada de floresta. Os resultados da inferência com modelos generalizados de mínimos quadrados mostram que a proximidade das estradas é um dos fatores que contribuem para o aumento no desmatamento, principalmente em áreas com menor declividade e distantes dos rios. Os modelos lineares generalizados com os maiores valores de importância relativa para explicar a riqueza de espécies, biomassa agregada e o índice de vulnerabilidade à caça foram compostos pela área, número e distância entre os fragmentos como variáveis independentes. A área de floresta é importante também para a conservação da água, principalmente quanto à sua proporção na faixa de 100 m ao longo dos riachos amostrados. Levando-se em conta as características dos solos predominantes na microbacias e a sazonalidade, principalmente nos meses chuvosos, a redução de floresta próxima aos rios é responsável pelo aumento nas concentrações de alumínio, fosfato, sedimentos em suspensão, amônio e nitrato, de acordo com nossos modelos lineares generalizados. Ao final, considerações foram feitas a respeito do aumento da fiscalização e da regularização fundiária para impedir que a fronteira do desmatamento continue a avançar sobre áreas de floresta primária, e que o manejo das áreas fragmentadas inclua a restauração da floresta, principalmente ao longo dos rios para diminuir o isolamento dos fragmentos remanescentes. Nós ressaltamos também, a necessidade de se estudar como as perturbações recorrentes nos fragmentos como corte seletivo e incêndios continuam afetando a comunidade de vertebrados que ocorrem fora das áreas contínuas de floresta.Extensive areas across the Earth surface have been modified by human land uses, particularly in the tropical region. Deforestation is one of main sources of emissions of greenhouse gases and the main threat to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by tropical forests. In the context of human-modified landscapes, including forest fragmentation, the main goal of this work is to understand the relationships between land use and land cover dynamics and the changes in the structure and composition of forest vertebrate community and also, the alterations in the quality of surface water in catchments. We assess land use dynamics about 50,000 km² of study area located in Southwestern Brazilian Amazon. By mean of maps of land cover classified from satellite images based in a 36-year monitoring, we observed a forest loss of 24,826 km² related to the expansion of road network from 3158 km to 12863 km in the same period. This result makes the study area as the most deforested of entire Brazilian Amazon. The land use dynamics show that fragmentation is higher in recent deforestation frontier than in both older deforestation and landscapes with few or no deforestation detected. Our results from inference with generalized least square models show that distance to the roads affects negatively the deforestation rates, mainly in flat areas and near to small and large rivers. The generalized linear models with higher relative importance to explain the species richness, aggregate biomass and the index of hunting vulnerability had as predictors the fragment area, number of patches and distance between fragments as major attributes of the landscape that affects the vertebrate community. The forest is important for maintenance of stream water quality, particularly if there is forest cover in the 100 m strips alongside the streams, considering the soil characteristics such as proportion of bases and seasonality. In our GLM multi-model analysis, the higher proportion of forest in surroundings the streams contributes to the increasing of concentrations in the rainy season of aluminum, phosphate, suspension sediments, ammonium and nitrate. At the end, we made consideration about law enforcement and landownership, to preclude the deforestation toward extensive areas of pristine forest. Moreover, we suggest that in fragmented landscapes the conservation efforts to be concentrated in forest restoration, mainly near to rivers, to reduce the isolation of the fragments. We highlighted the importance in monitoring the biodiversity responses to recurrent disturbing sources such as selective logging and accidental forest fires in fragmented landscapes.
Books on the topic "Water conservation. land-use"
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Center, Utton Transboundary Resources. Land & water: Making the connection. [Albuquerque, NM]: Utton Center, 2011.
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Planning, Western Australia Ministry for. Jandakot land use and water management strategy. Perth, W.A: Ministry for Planning, 1995.
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Texas. Parks and Wildlife Department. Land and water resources conservation and recreation plan. Austin, Tex.]: Texas Parks & Wildlife, 2002.
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L, Fisher Brian, ed. Conservation of water and related land resources. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 2001.
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Black, Peter E. Conservation of water and related land resources. 2nd ed. Totowa, N.J: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987.
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Michael, Yohannes Gebre. From indigenous knowledge to participatory technology development. Bern: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne, 2000.
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Water, CSIRO Land and. Science for a sustainable future. Edited by Griffiths Lynne. [Canberra]: CSIRO Land and Water Communication Group, 1999.
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Hua, Fu, and Wu Yanhua, eds. Yang yu ren lei de mu qin : tu di. Beijing: Tong xin chu ban she, 1997.
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Bruce, Mitchell. Ontario conservation authorities: Myth and reality. [Waterloo, Ont.]: Dept. of Geography, University of Waterloo, 1992.
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Tiffen, Mary. More people, less erosion: Environmental recovery in Kenya. Chichester: J. Wiley, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Water conservation. land-use"
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Oue, Hiroki, and Sanz Grifrio Limin. "Local-Level Water Conservation Assessment in the Upstream Watershed Based on Land-Use Scenarios." In Sustainable Water Management, 53–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1204-4_4.
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Bably, A. Z. El, and S. A. Abd El-Hafez. "Sustainable Development and Management Policies for Soil and Water Conservation in Egypt." In Developments in Soil Classification, Land Use Planning and Policy Implications, 633–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5332-7_37.
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Kumar, Rajesh, Prem Chandra Pandey, Pyarimohan Maharana, Hemant Gautam, and Vijendra Kumar Pandey. "Assessing the Impacts of Temperature, Precipitation and Land Use Change on Open Water Bodies of Middle Ghaghara River Basin." In Water Conservation, Recycling and Reuse: Issues and Challenges, 185–202. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3179-4_10.
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Kleinhans, Alexander, and Gerhard Gerold. "The Effects of Rainforest Conversion on Water Balance, Water Yield and Seasonal Flows in a Small Tropical Catchment in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." In Land Use, Nature Conservation and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Southeast Asia, 353–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08237-9_20.
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Sunito, Satyawan. "Robo and the Water Buffalo: The Lost Souls of the Pekurehua of the Napu Valley." In Land Use, Nature Conservation and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Southeast Asia, 67–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08237-9_4.
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Neef, Andreas, Liane Chamsai, Martina Hammer, Apai Wannitpradit, Chapika Sangkapitux, Yeeb Xyooj, Prapinwadee Sirisupluxuna, and Wolfram Spreer. "Water Tenure in Highland Watersheds of Northern Thailand: Tragedy of the Commons or Successful Management of Complexity?" In Land Use, Nature Conservation and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Southeast Asia, 367–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08237-9_21.
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Horning, Ned, Julie A. Robinson, Eleanor J. Sterling, Woody Turner, and Sacha Spector. "Measuring and monitoring land cover, land use, and vegetation characteristics." In Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199219940.003.0011.
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In terrestrial biomes, ecologists and conservation biologists commonly need to understand vegetation characteristics such as structure, primary productivity, and spatial distribution and extent. Fortunately, there are a number of airborne and satellite sensors capable of providing data from which you can derive this information. We will begin this chapter with a discussion on mapping land cover and land use. This is followed by text on monitoring changes in land cover and concludes with a section on vegetation characteristics and how we can measure these using remotely sensed data. We provide a detailed example to illustrate the process of creating a land cover map from remotely sensed data to make management decisions for a protected area. This section provides an overview of land cover classification using remotely sensed data. We will describe different options for conducting land cover classification, including types of imagery, methods and algorithms, and classification schemes. Land cover mapping is not as difficult as it may appear, but you will need to make several decisions, choices, and compromises regarding image selection and analysis methods. Although it is beyond the scope of this chapter to provide details for all situations, after reading it you will be able to better assess your own needs and requirements. You will also learn the steps to carry out a land cover classification project while gaining an appreciation for the image classification process. That said, if you lack experience with land cover mapping, it always wise to seek appropriate training and, if possible, collaborate with someone who has land cover mapping experience (Section 2.3). Although the terms “land cover” and “land use” are sometimes used interchangeably they are different in important ways. Simply put, land cover is what covers the surface of the Earth and land use describes how people use the land (or water). Examples of land cover classes are: water, snow, grassland, deciduous forest, or bare soil.
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Farooqi, Zia Ur Rahman, Muhammad Ashar Ayub, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Shabaan, Zahoor Ahmad, Wajid Umar, and Irfan Iftikhar. "Precision Agriculture to Ensure Sustainable Land Use for the Future." In Examining International Land Use Policies, Changes, and Conflicts, 210–30. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4372-6.ch011.
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Global food security is coupled with the preservation and safe use of arable land resources. Land use competition in terms of commercial land use and urbanization has imparted enormous pressure on soil resources. The arable land of the world is already shrinking due to land degradation and desertification while our efforts to ensure commercial land availability is making the current scenario even worse. Soil degradation has put millions of acres of land as devoid of sustainable use over the past few decades and research shows that situation is going to be worse day by day. Precision agriculture can not only ensure the optimal use of available land but also can increase the restoration potential of global agriculture sectors. Integrated nutrient and pest management along with zero tillage, organic farming, and vertical plantation can be visualized as insurance of land and water conservation for the future. This chapter is an effort to contribute comprehensive information regarding the role of precision farming in the restoration and optimal use of global land resources.
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"Rural And Agricultural Development Through Soil And Water Conservation: Hariyali Project Of Varakkad Watershed Of Nileshwar Block, Kasaragod District, Kerala State." In Integrated Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, 289–302. Apple Academic Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18816-24.
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"Assessment of current land use and potential soil and water conservation measures on surface run-off and sediment yield." In Mitigating Land Degradation and Improving Livelihoods, 128–44. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315754444-15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Water conservation. land-use"
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LUCENA CANÇADO, VANESSA, NÍVIA CARLA RODRIGUES, TALITA SILVA, JULIAN CARDOSO ELEUTÉRIO, and NILO DE OLIVEIRA NASCIMENTO. "DEFINITION OF PRIORITY AREAS FOR RECOVERY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN WATER SUPPLY CATCHMENT AREAS ACCORDING TO LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1839.
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SÂRBU, Daniela, Mihaela DULĂU, Stelian STĂNESCU, Ileana TĂNASE, and Marinela MOLDOVEANU. "Identification and Evaluation of Potential Floodplain Areas Using the Floodplain Evaluation Matrix - Romanian Case Study." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2021 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2021_10.
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A large number of floodplains got lost due to settlements, infrastructure and agriculture. The reconnection of floodplains plays a significant role considering water retention potential and other aspects such as biodiversity conservation, improvement of water status and river morphology. The delineation and evaluation of potential floodplains and their reconnection capacity require the consideration of the multiple parameters to characterize the effectiveness of floodplains in terms of hydrology/hydraulics, ecology and sociology. In order to delineate floodable area within the lower part of the Desnatui river an unsteady 1D hydrodynamic model has been built up and calibrated, using HEC-RAS software. The Floodplain Evaluation Matrix tool has been applied taking into account the following categories of parameters: hydrology (peak reduction ΔQ, flood wave translation Δt), hydraulics (water level Δh), ecology (connectivity of floodplain water bodies, existence of protected species) and socio-economics (potentially affected buildings, land use). The results showed that identified floodplain areas have high demand for restoration.
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Wong, Kaufui V., and Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.
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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.
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Swanson, Jessica M., Tom Kunicky, and Pete Poohkay. "Environmental Considerations for Pipeline Abandonment: A Case Study From Abandonment of a Southern Alberta Pipeline." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31669.
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Since the 1920s, over 400,000 km of petroleum pipelines have been installed in Alberta. Pipeline abandonment is an increasingly relevant issue as the pipeline network ages. The full or partial abandonment of pipeline systems is necessitated by factors such as wind or water erosion issues, pipeline integrity issues, changes in source supply and customer demand, urban development encroachment and regulatory requirements. Pipeline abandonment-in-place is generally the preferred option based on the technical condition and environmental sustainability of the pipeline, however, in some cases pipeline removal or partial removal cannot be avoided. In all cases, the planning process for abandonment includes technical evaluation, risk assessment, environmental assessment, landowner consultation and/or evaluation of future land use. Abandonment plans must also include environmental protection measures to be implemented during the removal of any pipeline segment and consideration of the post-abandonment implications of any pipeline left in place. These measures include topsoil conservation, erosion/sediment control and reclamation. This paper discusses environmental protection measures for pipeline abandonment, using issues faced during abandonment of one of the oldest natural gas pipelines in Alberta as a case study. Challenges faced during this project included gathering of appropriate historical information including leak history and maintenance records, removal of all aboveground facilities, accommodations for future land use plans including road development and measures taken to minimize the risk of the abandoned pipeline becoming a water conduit. In addition, the paper will discuss the extensive planning and construction effort required to undertake pipeline abandonment at several fish-bearing watercourse crossings, where pipeline exposures during high water events necessitated pipeline removal. A primary objective in the planning and the removal of the abandoned pipeline was minimal disturbance of the land.
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Small, Dorothy S. "Technical Considerations in a Zero Energy Home." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54179.
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Building a zero energy home requires several major considerations: site selection for the home; considerations to use less; conservation of what you produce; and evaluation the best choices of renewable resources. This paper discusses the use of climate data collection software, heat loss and heat gain considerations and software; how to achieve a zero energy building and qualifying as a LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Certified Platinum home. Site selection is the first step. This first step can be taken after you have identified your goals. What alternative energy systems do you want to use? Do you want to use more than one alternative source? What other site considerations are important? In my case, I wanted to use solar energy as my primary alternative energy source. Why? I want comfort, reliability and ease of use. Other alternatives may require more maintenance. Wind power will be a second source that will be incorporated to produce electricity when the PV system can not produce. The site selected is a south facing mountain that has a steady breeze most of the time. Another consideration for me is the ability to use earth-sheltering as a measure of high efficiency construction. The south-facing mountain also provides the opportunity to “nestle” into the mountainside. Calculations and basis of design are presented. Using less is a key mindset that we all need to move toward. Using less does not mean that you suffer. This house will be comfortable year round with little effort because the house uses passive solar design for lighting and space heating, active solar hot water for additional heating of the floor and domestic hot water, and PV/wind/biodiesel generator backup to generate electricity for lighting and other typical electrical loads. The construction materials provide high R-values and green products that contribute to excellent indoor air quality. SIPs (Structural Insulated Panels) will be used as the structural components for the walls and roof. All electrical appliances, refrigerator, lighting, and washer/dryer were selected to use less electricity and water. Data describing the energy requirements are provided. Reuse all that you can. I am incorporating a masonry heater, also known as a Russian Fireplace. The combustion efficiency of the masonry fireplace is typically 92–94 percent with very low emissions. The masonry fireplace will provide passive mass for passive release of the woodburning energy during the evening and heat hot water coils in the fireplace as well (as the hot water backup system). The use of hard woods from the land will provide heat overnight, heat for cooking and supply additional BTUs for domestic hot water and radiant heat. Many of the building materials that are selected for construction are from the land; stone and whole cut wood from the land will be used for esthetic appeal and thermal mass thereby reducing harmful manufacturer’s emissions. My site is an excellent site for a hybrid solar and wind power (with a biodiesel generator as backup) system. The orientation and wind profile of the land is optimal for solar and wind energy applications. Site specific data and optimization of active solar, passive solar and PV/wind systems are presented. Life cycle costs are presented to show the cost comparison using Years-to-Payback and Return on Investment approaches for the energy systems and LEED certification costs for new construction.
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Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo. "Tracer hydrology of the data-scarce and heterogeneous Central American Isthmus." In I Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/cicen.1.36.
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Numerous socio-economic activities depend on the seasonal rainfall and groundwater recharge cycle across the Central American Isthmus. Population growth and unregulated land use changes resulted in extensive surface water pollution and a large dependency on groundwater resources. This chapter uses stable isotope variations in rainfall, surface water, and groundwater of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras to develop a regionalized rainfall isoscape, isotopic lapse rates, spatial-temporal isotopic variations, and air mass back trajectories determining potential mean recharge elevations, moisture circulation patterns, and surface water-groundwater interactions. Intra-seasonal rainfall modes resulted in two isotopically depleted incursions (W-shaped isotopic pattern) during the wet season and two enriched pulses during the Mid-Summer Drought and the months of the strongest trade winds. Notable isotopic sub-cloud fractionation and near-surface secondary evaporation were identified as common denominators within the Central American Dry Corridor. Groundwater and surface water isotope ratios depicted the strong orographic separation into the Caribbean and Pacific domains, mainly induced by the governing moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea, complex rainfall producing systems across the N-S mountain range, and the subsequent mixing with local evapotranspiration, and, to a lesser degree, the eastern Pacific Ocean fluxes. Groundwater recharge was characterized by a) depleted recharge in highland areas (72.3%), b) rapid recharge via preferential flow paths (13.1%), and enriched recharge due to near-surface secondary fractionation (14.6%). Median recharge elevation ranged from 1,104 to 1,979 m a.s.l. These results are intended to enhance forest conservation practices, inform water protection regulations, and facilitate water security and sustainability planning in the Central American Isthmus.
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Lott, Melissa C., Carey W. King, and Michael E. Webber. "Analyzing Tradeoffs in Electricity Choices Using the Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS)." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90135.
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The Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS) is an interactive analytical tool developed at the University of Texas at Austin for quantitatively comparing the first-order economic and environmental tradeoffs of different electricity production methods in Texas. The tool is designed for analysis of different power choices and is presented in an online format for use by students, the general public, and government decision-makers. The core electricity industry data are Texas-specific, but the flexibility of the framework, when combined with user supplied content, extends its applicability to the United States and world electricity markets. TIPS provides a method for assessing the tradeoffs of electricity generation technologies in terms of economic costs and environmental impacts. Economic costs include major factors such as the cost of capacity, fuel, operation and maintenance (O&M), as well as the costs of conservation programs and environmental impact mitigation technology. Environmental impacts include market externalities such as the environmental impacts on air, land, and water, and are normalized per kWh generated (for example, pounds of CO2 or NOx, acres of land, or gallons of cooling water consumed per kWh of generated electricity). Environmental impacts can further be associated with a cost, which is included in the overall levelized cost of electricity. Users can supply their own data for interactive experimentation, though peer-reviewed data are provided as default values. TIPS’ outputs include text, graphs, and pictograms showing the electricity output and environmental impact of the user’s selections, which allow the user to interpret the overall impact for different fuel mixes. Source data are incorporated from government sources and peer reviewed technical literature. The TIPS interactive interface allows the user to analyze a desired electricity mix according to the percentage breakdown of electricity production for each generation technology. The user input determines the overall direct and indirect costs of a unit of electricity according to the particular cost parameters associated with each generation technology. This manuscript discusses the methodology used in TIPS calculation and shares the results of using TIPS to analyze the cost and environmental impacts for a variety of illustrative and possible generation scenarios in Texas, including the following: high carbon prices, nuclear renaissance, and continuing wind market growth.
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Crosa, Giampaolo, Maurizio Lubiano, and Angela Trucco. "Modelling of PV-Powered Water Electrolysers." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90906.
Full textAbstract:
In the near future the hydrogen production by means of advanced water electrolysers powered by renewable hybrid energy systems (Photovoltaic solar/wind) could help to resolve the electricity supply and environmental problems relating to the use of fossil fuels. In the light of this perspective the hydrogen represents an alternative energy carrier, helping to overcome all the problems related to the intermittent nature of solar and wind sources. A non linear dynamic simulator of a photovoltaic-hydrogen energy system has been realised, aiming to provide a useful instrument for the development of innovative strategies for plant control and plant operating guidance. The lumped parameter physical approach has been used, applying the fundamental conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum to every component of the plant. The water electrolyser model has been tailored on the characteristics of an advanced pressurised system, using a Casale Chemicals S.A. advanced cell bipolar design, with alkaline electrolyte (KOH solution), whose mathematical models was described by the authors in previous papers. A first version of this simulator has been improved by introducing a reliable thermal model, able to predict the solar panel temperature profile that affects the PV array performance; the panel model has been modified in order to reproduce precisely the I/V characteristics of any PV module, starting from its nominal data. Thanks to this model improvement, the simulator allowed to be used to maximise the PV power production, evaluating different control strategies: a Maximum Power Point Tracking (M.P.P.T) block has been then introduced in the model to optimise the generated power by the photovoltaic plant. The Joule losses due to the PV field internal wiring and to its feeding connection with the electrolyser have been also considered: it consents to separately compute the energy losses in the different PV-electrolyser coupling configurations, thus evaluating the best panel disposition in order to minimise the electric power dissipation. The simulator proved to be able to robustly predict the performance of the PV-electrolysis system for different configurations, operating conditions and control strategies. A steady-state analysis not appears in fact to be an adequate tool for these purposes.
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Wolf, Jens, and Jinyue Yan. "Simulation of Steam-Based Gasification Processes for Topping Combustion in the Biomass Air Turbine (BAT) Cycle." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0021.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, steam-based gasification is investigated as a technology for fuel gas production for topping combustion in a biomass air turbine (BAT) cycle. For different systems, based on flash or conventional pyrolysis, the characteristics of the product gas quality are studied. The gas composition and the heating value of the produced gas are simulated by changing the main system parameters such as the moisture content of the biomass, the operating temperature and the composition of the biomass. A model of the gasification process has been developed to evaluate each process. The model is based on mass conservation, the thermodynamic equilibrium of the water-gas-shift reaction and the methane yield during pyrolysis. A gasification system with flash pyrolysis is identified as a promising technology for fuel gas production for use in topping combustion. The major features of the system are: first, the system provides a gas with a heating value of near to 16 MJ/Nm3 and small amounts of nitrogen gas; second, the application of a water knock out unit eliminates the influence of the water content in the feedstock on the product gas quality; third, the gasification process can be conducted in a tubular reactor within the furnace of the BAT cycle. This reduces the number of reactors and keeps the costs low.
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El-Masri, Maher A. "Thermodynamics and Performance Projections for Intercooled/Reheat/Recuperated Gas Turbine Systems." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-108.
Full textAbstract:
Intercooled/Recuperated gas turbine systems provide high-efficiency and power density for naval propulsion. Current aero-derivative systems are capable of about 43% thermal efficiency in this configuration. With continued progress in gas-turbine materials and cooling technology, the possibility of further improving system performance by incorporation of gas-turbine reheat arises. A preliminary scan of this class of cycles is presented and compared with non-reheat intercooled/recuperated cycles at two levels of component technology. For conservative component technology, the reheat is found to provide very modest performance advantages. With advanced components and ceramic thermal barrier coatings, the reheat is found to offer potential for specific power improvements of up to 33% and for modest efficiency gains, on the order of one percentage point, while enabling turbine inlet temperatures well below those for the most efficient non-reheat cycles. The high-performance reheat systems, however, require reheat-combustor inlet temperatures beyond current practice. The use of water-injection in the intercooler, together with an aftercooler and a water-injected evaporative-recuperator is found to produce very large gains in efficiency as well as specific power. This modification may be feasible for land-based systems, where it can compete favourably with combined cycles. Despite the difficulty of obtaining pure water for a shipboard propulsion system, those large gains may justify further studies of this system and of means to provide its water supply in marine applications.
Reports on the topic "Water conservation. land-use"
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Bedford, Philip, Alexis Long, Thomas Long, Erin Milliken, Lauren Thomas, and Alexis Yelvington. Legal Mechanisms for Mitigating Flood Impacts in Texas Coastal Communities. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.mitigatingfloodimpactstx.
Full textAbstract:
Flooding is a major source of concern for Texas’ coastal communities. It affects the quality of infrastructure, the lives of citizens, and the ecological systems upon which coastal communities in Texas rely. To plan for and mitigate the impacts of flooding, Texas coastal communities may implement land use tools such as zoning, drainage utility systems, eminent domain, exactions, and easements. Additionally, these communities can benefit from understanding how flooding affects water quality and the tools available to restore water bodies to healthy water quality levels. Finally, implementing additional programs for education and ecotourism will help citizens develop knowledge of the impacts of flooding and ways to plan and mitigate for coastal flooding. Land use tools can help communities plan for and mitigate flooding. Section III addresses zoning, a land use tool that most municipalities already utilize to organize development. Zoning can help mitigate flooding, drainage, and water quality issues, which, Texas coastal communities continually battle. Section IV discusses municipal drainage utility systems, which are a mechanism available to municipalities to generate dedicated funds that can help offset costs associated with providing stormwater management. Section V addresses land use and revenue-building tools such as easements, eminent domain, and exactions, which are vital for maintaining existing and new developments in Texas coastal communities. Additionally, Section VI addresses conservation easements, which are a flexible tool that can enhance community resilience through increasing purchase power, establishing protected legal rights, and minimizing hazardous flood impacts. Maintaining good water quality is important for sustaining the diverse ecosystems located within and around Texas coastal communities. Water quality is regulated at the federal level through the Clean Water Act. As discussed in Section VII, the state of Texas is authorized to implement and enforce these regulations by implementing point source and nonpoint source pollutants programs, issuing permits, implementing stormwater discharge programs, collecting water quality data, and setting water quality standards. The state of Texas also assists local communities with implementing restorative programs, such as Watershed Protection Programs, to help local stakeholders restore impaired water bodies. Section VIII addresses ecotourism and how these distinct economic initiatives can help highlight the importance of ecosystem services to local communities. Section VIX discusses the role of education in improving awareness within the community and among visitors, and how making conscious decisions can allow coastal communities to protect their ecosystem and protect against flooding.
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Dodd, Hope, David Peitz, Gareth Rowell, Janice Hinsey, David Bowles, Lloyd Morrison, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, and Jefrey Williams. Protocol for Monitoring Fish Communities in Small Streams in the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284726.
Full textAbstract:
Fish communities are an important component of aquatic systems and are good bioindicators of ecosystem health. Land use changes in the Midwest have caused sedimentation, erosion, and nutrient loading that degrades and fragments habitat and impairs water quality. Because most small wadeable streams in the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) have a relatively small area of their watersheds located within park boundaries, these streams are at risk of degradation due to adjacent land use practices and other anthropogenic disturbances. Shifts in the physical and chemical properties of aquatic systems have a dramatic effect on the biotic community. The federally endangered Topeka shiner (Notropis topeka) and other native fishes have declined in population size due to habitat degradation and fragmentation in Midwest streams. By protecting portions of streams on publicly owned lands, national parks may offer refuges for threatened or endangered species and species of conservation concern, as well as other native species. This protocol describes the background, history, justification, methodology, data analysis and data management for long-term fish community monitoring of wadeable streams within nine HTLN parks: Effigy Mounds National Monument (EFMO), George Washington Carver National Monument (GWCA), Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (HEHO), Homestead National Monument of America (HOME), Hot Springs National Park (HOSP), Pea Ridge National Military Park (PERI), Pipestone National Monument (PIPE), Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (TAPR), and Wilson's Creek national Battlefield (WICR). The objectives of this protocol are to determine the status and long-term trends in fish richness, diversity, abundance, and community composition in small wadeable streams within these nine parks and correlate the long-term community data to overall water quality and habitat condition (DeBacker et al. 2005).