Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water balance'
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Aulin, Beatrice, and Henriksson Linnea. "The water balance in Graminha Basin." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226430.
Full textIdag återstår endast 7% av den atlantiska regnskogen som en gång täckte Brasilien södra kust. Regnskogen försvinner snabbt vilket har lett till att Brasiliens regering de senaste åren visat ett ökat intresse att bevara regnskogen. Fler och fler områden har förvandlats till nationalparker och reservat. I utkanten till ett av dessa reservat ligger forskningsstationen Iracambi. Iracambi bedriver forskning i och runt området för att hitta metoder för att bevara regnskogen och öka kunskapen om området. Detta projekt är ett litet bidrag till detta arbete. Det övergripande syftet med projektet var att upprätta en vattenbalans över floden Graminhas avrinningsområde. Detta är huvudfloden i området och genom upprätta en vattenbalans kan förståelsen för förändringarna av vattentillgången i ekosystemet öka. Ett viktigt mål med projektet var också att finna verktyg som forskningsstationen Iracambi kan använda för kontinuerliga mätningar av de parametrar som ingår i vattenbalansen.Projektets genomfördes under regnperioden mellan den 13 februari och den 12 april, 2012. Flödesmätningarna utfördes vid fem mätstationer längs floden Graminha. Två typer av utrustning användes: flygel och konduktivitetsmätare. Rekommendationen för Iracambi var att fortsätta mätningarna med framförallt konduktivitetsmätaren. Uppskattningarna av avdunstningen genomfördes på två sätt: dels genom upprättandet av en evaporationspanna, dels genom beräkningar. Beräkningarna genomfördes med Penman-Monteith ekvationen och det kunde konstateras att även om de ingående parametrarna innehåller en del osäkerheter, så var detta den mest passande metoden för att beräkna avdunstningen. Nederbörd mättes på två platser med hjälp av enkla regnmätare konstruerade av pet-flaskor.Slutligen upprättades en vattenbalans för området. Utifrån denna kunde det konstateras att vattenmagasinet för hela orådet minskade under mätperioden. Utifrån flödesmätningar samt observationer kunde slutsatsen dras att skogsområdena drabbades mindre än de gräsbevuxna områdena av de kraftiga översvämningarna som uppstod under intensiva regn. Vidare visar resultaten att forskningsstationen Iracambi kan få en bra uppskattning av flödesförändringar, nederbörd och avdunstning med hjälp av den enkla utrustning som användes i detta projekt.
Minor Field Study
Desta, Assefa, and Aregai Tecle. "Water Balance in Upper Lake Mary." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296627.
Full textQureshi, Suhail Ahmad. "Soil water balance of intercropped corn under water table management." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23289.
Full textCropping system showed no significant effects on evapotranspiration, and on soil moisture distribution. It was observed that the 0.5 m and 0.75 m controlled water tables (CWT) provided the same soil moisture trends in both cropping systems. The soil moisture was always higher in controlled water table plots compared to freely drained plots. The water use efficiency of 0.75 m CWT in both cropping systems was high compared to 0.5 m CWT.
The soil moisture contents at three depths were only 2% to 10% less in intercropped plots compared to monocropped plots. The soil moisture was 12 to 13% higher in CWT plots compared to freely drained plots for both cropping systems. The soil moisture in 0.5 m CWT and 0.75 m CWT plots was not significantly different. The average water table levels in monocropped plots were not significantly different from intercropped plots.
Al-Ali, Mahmoud. "Soil water conservation and water balance model for micro-catchment water harvesting system." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10941.
Full textAlbright, William Henry. "Field water balance of landfill final covers /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/3209130.
Full text"August, 2005." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
Joe, Sommer Nicole. "Quantifying errors in large scale water balance." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2146.
Full textThesis research directed by: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
Sell, D. "Oxygen consumption and water balance in insects." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354956.
Full textHaigh, R. A. "Water balance and water quality studies in an underdrained clay soil catchment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371543.
Full textDiaz-Nieto, Jacqueline. "A GIS water balance approach to support surface water flood risk management." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15005/.
Full textOliveira, Sandra Maria Sousa de [UNESP]. "Determinação da acurácia de instrumentos de medidas para obter a evapotranspiração de referência com erros fixados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100807.
Full textInstituto Federal Triangulo Mineiro
A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) é mais frequentemente obtida em diferentes situações e locais por meio de métodos de estimativa. A não verificação do erro da ETo, devido ao uso de instrumentos de medidas, pode conduzir os trabalhos de pesquisa a resultados não confiáveis e inconsistentes. Utilizando os Métodos de Hargreaves; Radiação Solar e Penman-Monteith, com os erros da ETo fixados em 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% e 10%, determinou-se as acurácias dos instrumentos de medidas necessárias para obter a estimativa da ETo, com os erros citados. Os dados foram coletados em uma Estação Meteorológica Automatizada, modelo Vaisala, da Usina Hidroelétrica de Nova Ponte, de propriedade da CEMIG, localizada no Rio Araguari. Estes valores foram registrados por meio da média diária de cada informação. A obtenção da ETo com erros propostos neste trabalho requer instrumentos de medidas com acurácias para os Métodos: de Hargreaves com temperatura do ar de 0,2645% a 2,6335% e radiação líquida de 0,0331% a 0,3315%; de radiação solar com temperatura do ar de 0,15% a 1,47%, velocidade do vento de 0,01% a 0,04%, umidade relativa do ar de 0,14% a 0,1,43% e radiação líquida de 0,02% a 0,23% e o de Penman-Monteith com Temperatura do ar de 0,33% a 3,2%, Velocidade do vento de 0,10% a 1,00%, de Umidade Relativa do ar de 0,06% a 0,58% e de Radiação Líquida entre 0,02% a 0,17%. As acurácias obtidas permitirão selecionar instrumentos de medidas para determinação da ETo, pelos métodos de Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves e Radiação Solar com erros máximos pré-estabelecidos. O método da Radiação Solar apresentou uma maior acurácia dos equipamentos meteorológicos utilizados em relação aos métodos PM (FAO 56) e Hargreaves
The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is most often obtained in different situations and locations through estimation methods. The failure to find the error of ETo, due to the use of measuring instruments, can conduct research work to unreliable and inconsistent results. Using Hargreaves, Solar Radiation and Penman-Monteith methods, with ETo errors fixed in 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% ,5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10%, determined the accuracy of the instruments necessary to acquire the estimated ETo with the errors cited. The data were obtained in an Automated Weather Station, Vaisala model, of Nova Ponte Hydroelectric Plant, owned by Cemig, located in Araguari River. These values were recorded by the daily-average of each information. The attainment of ETo with errors proposed in this work requires measurement instruments with accuracies for the methods: Hargreaves with air temperature 0.2645% to 2.6335% and Net Radiation 0.0331% to 0, 3315% of solar radiation in air temperature 0.15% to 1.47%, wind speed 0.01% to 0.04%, Relative Humidity 0.14% of the 0,1,43% and Net Radiation 0.02% to 0.23% and the Penman-Monteith with air temperature 0.33% to 3.2%, wind speed 0 , 10% to 1.00% RH air 0.06% to 0.58% and net radiation between 0.02% to 0.17%. The accuracy obtained will allow the selection of measurement instruments to determine the ETo by the Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves and Solar Radiation methods with pre-established maximum errors. The solar radiation method showned a greater accuracy of meteorological equipment used in the methods PM (FAO 56) and Hargreaves
Pinto, Victor Meriguetti. "Simulation of water and nitrogen dynamics in a Cerrado soil under coffee cultivation using SWAP and ANIMO models." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-02022016-105753/.
Full textA agricultura focada apenas na produção leva ao uso insustentável de recursos resultando em consequências negativas para o meio ambiente e a saúde humana. Uma consequência do uso excessivo de fertilizantes é a contaminação dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos e superficiais em ecossistemas agrícolas e nos seus arredores. Devido o solo da região do Cerrado ser pobre em nutrientes, predominantemente arenoso e com alta acidez, o uso de insumos agrícolas é intensificado e o transporte químico de nutrientes via lixiviação é um problema para a agricultura intensiva nas diferentes regiões. Informações sobre as atuais práticas de uso de fertilizantes e seus efeitos no ambiente de Cerrado precisam ser coletadas para reduzir os impactos da agricultura nesse ecossistema. Modelos baseados em processos físicos e químicos são ferramentas úteis para simular a dinâmica da água e nutrientes no meio agrícola e as perdas associadas aos manejos adotados, com potencial para avaliar diferentes cenários de previsão dos resultados dessas práticas. Entre os modelos baseados em processos, o SWAP (modelo Solo, Água, Atmosfera e Planta) tem sido utilizado com sucesso em várias condições agronômicas para descrever processos hídricos, e o ANIMO (modelo de nitrogênio na agricultura) para simular o ciclo do nitrogênio em sistemas agrícolas. Nosso estudo apresenta uma aplicação do SWAP para culturas de café perenes maduras ao longo de um ciclo produtivo, com foco nas perdas por drenagem e no manejo da irrigação em um sistema típico do Cerrado Brasileiro. A combinação dos modelos SWAP/ANIMO foi utilizada nesse estudo para simular a absorção de N pelas plantas de café e a lixiviação do nitrogênio na forma de nitrato (NO3-N) resultante de uma prática de manejo de fertilizantes intensiva. O ANIMO foi calibrado para o cenário correspondente à aplicação de 400 kg ha-1 ano-1 de fertilizante mineral, e foi avaliado com dados independentes de NO3-N na solução do solo medidos em parcelas de outro tratamento que receberam 800 kg ha-1 ano-1. O balanço hídrico anual obtido pelo SWAP foi semelhante ao obtido pelo balanço sequencial climatológico, de Thornthwaite e Matter. No entanto, os valores mensais de drenagem profunda obtidos pelo SWAP e comparados com os resultados do balanço climatológico apresentaram diferenças, com um coeficiente de determinação de 0,77 na linearização dos resultados. Cenários de irrigação com intervalos de 3 (IF3), 5 (IF5), 10 (IF10) e 15 (IF15) dias entre aplicações de água foram simulados utilizando o SWAP e comparados com a prática de manejo da fazenda onde o estudo experimental foi realizado. As simulações dos cenários com o SWAP mostraram que as irrigações com intervalos mais longos (IF15) apresentam menores quantidades de perdas por drenagem, maior produtividade da água e produtividade relativa da cultura. As medidas de absorção de N pelas plantas obtidas experimentalmente foram similares às estimativas do modelo ANIMO. As analises de sensibilidade do modelo mostraram que as previsões da lixiviação e concentração de NO3-N na solução do solo são sensíveis às variáveis pH do solo e temperatura de referência dos processos de decomposição. Conclui-se que a combinação dos modelos unidimensionais baseados em processos SWAP/ANIMO foi eficaz na descrição do ciclo do N avaliado no sistema solo-planta do Cerrado
Last, Ewan W. "City water balance : a new scoping tool for integrated urban water management options." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1757/.
Full textJuston, John. "Water and Carbon Balance Modeling: Methods of Uncertainty Analysis." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12160.
Full textHow do additional data of the same and/or different type contribute to reducing model parameter and predictive uncertainties? This was the question addressed with two models – the HBV hydrological water balance model and the ICBM soil carbon balance model – that were used to investigate the usefulness of the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method for calibrations and uncertainty analyses. The GLUE method is based on threshold screening of Monte Carlo simulations using so-called informal likelihood measures and subjective acceptance criterion. This method is highly appropriate for model calibrations when errors are dominated by epistemic rather than stochastic uncertainties. The informative value of data for model calibrations was investigated with numerous calibrations aimed at conditioning posterior parameter distributions and boundaries on model predictions. The key results demonstrated examples of: 1) redundant information in daily time series of hydrological data; 2) diminishing returns in the value of continued time series data collections of the same type; 3) the potential value of additional data of a different type; 4) a means to effectively incorporate fuzzy information in model calibrations; and 5) the robustness of estimated parameter uncertainty for portability of a soil carbon model between and tropical climate zones. The key to obtaining these insights lied in the methods of uncertainty analysis used to produce them. A paradigm for selecting between formal and informal likelihood measures in uncertainty analysis is presented and discussed for future use within a context of climate related environmental modeling.
Telmer, Kevin H. "Biogeochemistry and water balance of the Ottawa River basin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21018.pdf.
Full textFullick, Simon Geoffrey. "Energy Balance Models With Three Phases Of Water Feedback." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9440.
Full textAlimohammadi, Negin. "Modeling Annual Water Balance in The Seasonal Budyko Framework." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5099.
Full textM.S.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering; Water Resources Engineering
Oliveira, Paulo Tarso Sanches de. "Water balance and soil erosion in the Brazilian Cerrado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16012015-170452/.
Full textO desmatamento nas regiões de Cerrado tem causado intensas mudanças nos processos hidrológicos. Essas mudanças no balanço hídrico e erosão do solo são ainda pouco entendidas, apesar de fundamentais na tomada de decisão de uso e manejo do solo nesta região. Portanto, torna-se necessário compreender a magnitude das mudanças nos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo, em escalas locais, regionais e continentais, e as consequências dessas mudanças. O principal objetivo do estudo apresentado nesta tese de doutorado foi de melhor entender os mecanismos dos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo no Cerrado Brasileiro. Para tanto, utilizou-se diferentes escalas de trabalho (vertentes, bacias hidrográficas e continental) e usando dados experimentais in situ, de laboratório e a partir de sensoriamento remoto. O estudo de revisão de literatura indica que a erosividade da chuva no Brasil varia de 1672 to 22,452 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. Os menores valores encontram-se na região nordeste e os maiores nas regiões norte e sudeste do Brasil. Verificou-se que os valores de interceptação da chuva variam de 4 a 20% e o escoamento pelo tronco aproximadamente 1% da precipital total no cerrado. O coeficiente de escoamento superficial foi menor que 1% nas parcelas de cerrado e o desmatamento tem o potencial de aumentar em até 20 vezes esse valor. Os resultados indicam que o método Curve Number não foi adequado para estimar o escoamento superficial nas áreas de cerrado, solo exposto (grupo hidrológico do solo A), pastagem e milheto. Portanto, nesses casos o uso do CN é inadequado e o escoamento superficial é melhor estimado a partir da equação Q = CP, onde C é o coeficiente de escoamento superficial. O balanço hídrico a partir de dados de sensoriamento remoto para todo o Cerrado Brasileiro indica que a principal fonte de incerteza na estimativa do escoamento superficial ocorre nos dados de precipitação do TRMM. A variação de água na superfície terrestre calculada como o residual da equação do balanço hídrico usando dados de sensoriamento remoto (TRMM e MOD16) e valores observados de vazão mostram uma correlação significativa com os valores de variação de água na superfície terrestre provenientes dos dados do GRACE. Os dados do GRACE podem representar satisfatoriamente a variação de água na superfície terrestre para extensas regiões do Cerrado. A média anual de perda de solo nas parcelas de solo exposto e cerrado foram de 15.25 t ha-1 yr-1 and 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, respectivamente. O fator uso e manejo do solo (fator C) da Universal Soil Loss Equation para o cerrado foi de 0.013. Os resultados mostraram que o escoamento superficial, erosão do solo e o fator C na área de cerrado variam de acordo com as estações. Os maiores valores do fator C foram encontrados no verão e outono. Os resultados encontrados nesta tese de doutorado fornecem valores de referência sobre os componentes do balanço hídrico e erosão do solo no Cerrado, que podem ser úteis para avaliar o uso e cobertura do solo atual e futuro. Além disso, conclui-se que os dados de sensoriamento remoto apresentam resultados satisfatórios para avaliar os componentes do balanço hídrico no Cerrado, identificar os períodos de seca e avaliar as alterações no balanço hídrico devido à mudanças de uso e cobertura do solo.
Kosmerl, Paul F. "Water Balance of Retrofit, Right-of-way Rain Gardens." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337347745.
Full textYoder, Jay Alan. "The impact of insect diapause on water balance physiology /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487693923198332.
Full textCarnell, John. "Calculating the balance between water resources and water demands an approach using risk analysis." Thesis, Aston University, 1999. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/13269/.
Full textBuchanan, Margaret MacNeill. "Soil Water Flow and Irrigated Soil Water Balance in Response to Powder River Basin Coalbed Methane Product Water." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/buchanan/BuchananM0505.pdf.
Full textGustafson, Joseph Rhodes. "Quantifying Spatial Variability of Snow Water Equivalent, Snow Chemistry, and Snow Water Isotopes: Application to Snowpack Water Balance." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193330.
Full textShipton, Jemma. "Balance, gravity waves and jets in turbulent shallow water flows /." St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/708.
Full textSharma, Rohit M. "Water balance considerations in modeling of PEM fuel cell systems." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011866.
Full textCherneski, Patrick L. "Modeling the water balance of the Upper Battle Creek Watershed." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ54695.pdf.
Full textShipton, Jemma. "Balance, gravity waves and jets in turbulent shallow water flows." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/708.
Full textMhlauli, Ntuthuzelo Columbus. "Growth analysis and soil water balance of selected vegetable crops." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26200.
Full textDissertation (M Inst Agrar (Horticulture Science))--University of Pretoria, 2000.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
Chen, Liping. "Soil Characteristics Estimation and Its Application in Water Balance Dynamics." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9789/.
Full textChen, Liping Acevedo Miguel Felipe. "Soil characteristics estimation and its application in water balance dynamics." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9789.
Full textAbebe, Yibekal Alemayehu. "Managing the soil water balance of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to improve water productivity." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25257.
Full textThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
Chadha, Kush. "Improvement of water management in PEM fuel cells using water balance and electrochemical noise analysis." Thesis, Poitiers, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021POIT2251.
Full textThis thesis deals to optimize the performance of PEMFC fuel cells, through the development of new flow-field plate designs. Tools such as water balance and electrochemical noise analysis have been used to diagnose water management within a PEMFC single cell. Optimal management of the water transport enables an increase of the performance and durability of fuel cells. Water balance method was used to measure and frame the value of the effective water diffusion coefficient within the membranes of fuel cells. New flow-flied plate geometries have been developed and characterized by conventional polarization curve and pressure measurements. The electrochemical noise technique was used to detect phenomena related to the behavior of water during fuel cell operation for each geometry developed. Electrochemical noise measurements have been associated with source mechanisms through an experimental approach and an appropriate signal processing based on frequency and time analysis. The descriptors obtained by time and frequency analysis shows that it possible to obtain the signature in normal operation of a fuel cell using a classical serpentine. This signature was compared to the new developed designs allowing to characterize the influence of these new geometries on the water transport. Finally, to complete the experimental approach carried out on the water diffusion coefficient within the membranes of PEMFC fuel cells, a model based on polarization curve, considering this coefficient, was developed and compared to the experimental curves of performances. In perspective, the impact of the new developed geometries has been extended in a stack utilization and a prognosis model based on artificial neural networks has been proposed
Moreira, LuÃs ClÃnio JÃrio. "Estimating irrigated watermelon evapotranspiration using sebal, soil-water balance and eddy correlations." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5217.
Full textIn applications of the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm parameters for physical processes adjusted for other regions of the planet are commonly used. Therefore, there is a need for validation of the estimates made with the algorithm compared with other conventional methods of estimating evapotranspiration. Thus, this study main goal was to evaluate the satellite-based algorithm to estimate evapotranspiration of irrigated watermelon using as comparative methods: soil water balance and eddy correlation. The studied area was a plot of 1 ha located in the irrigated district of the low Acaraà River. Foliar coverage was obtained from digital images taken from a camera. Sensors were installed from the soil surface to a height of 1.5 m for monitoring the temperature in the air. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of the soil was obtained using the instantaneous profile method. The water balance in the soil was done on days 17, 18 and 19 December, 2008, in the 0 to 30 cm depth using soil moisture capacitive sensors. To evaluate the components of net radiation and evapotranspiration using the method of eddy correlation, a micrometeorological tower was installed in the center of the studied area, where latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H) and evapotranspiration were determined. With climate data from a meteorological station nearby and using the FAOÂs methodology, net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flow (G) were determined. The SEBAL algorithm was applied in two Landsat5 satellite images acquired in 17/12/2008 and 02/01/2009 for estimating the net radiation and daily evapotranspiration. The measured temperature at the soil surface and in the air at 10 cm high was over 40  C near noon time. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function found was of the form K (θ) = 0.089 e28, 53θ and K (θ) = 0.0469 e48, 773θ, respectively for 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm. The evapotranspiration obtained from soil water balance with capacitive sensors in the study period was 9.37; 12.18 and 11.27 mm day-1, respectively in 17; 18 and December 19, 2008. For the radiation balance it was found that the latent heat flux was underestimated by using the method of eddy correlation with maximum values of the order of 150 W m-2. The sensible heat flux was always larger than the LE during the day, with maximum values near 300 W m-2. The energy balance done but accounting H + LE and Rn â G produced a residual error of around 60%. The daily average values of ETc (eddy correlations) for part of the experimental period were in the range of 0.91 to 1.18 mm day-1, with an average of 0.96 mm day-1. The satellite image that was applied to SEBAL algorithm presented many clouds, affecting the estimation of the components of radiation balance and evapotranspiration. In the area of watermelon, SEBAL estimates of evapotranspiration for dates 17/12/2008 and 02/01/2009 were 6.5 and 4.0 mm day-1, respectively. For validation, the ETo obtained by Penman-Montheith method at the time of satellite overpass was 0.53 mm h-1, while Etc obtained with SEBAL, eddy correlation and soil-water balance was 0.78; 0.11 and 0.55 mm h-1, respectively.
Nas aplicaÃÃes feitas com o SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land), estÃo sendo utilizadas parametrizaÃÃes de processos fÃsicos ajustados para outras regiÃes do planeta. Portanto, existe uma necessidade de validaÃÃo das estimativas feitas com o algoritmo comparando com outros mÃtodos usuais de estimativa de evapotranspiraÃÃo. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o algoritmo SEBAL na estimativa da evapotranspiraÃÃo da melancia irrigada usando como mÃtodos comparativos o balanÃo hÃdrico no solo e mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas (eddy correlation). A Ãrea estudada foi um lote de 1 ha localizado no PerÃmetro Irrigado Baixo AcaraÃ. A cobertura Foliar foi obtida a partir de fotografias digitais. Foram instalados sensores a partir da superfÃcie do solo atà a altura de 1,5 m para monitoramento da temperatura no ar. Para fazer o balanÃo hÃdrico no solo foi encontrada a funÃÃo da condutividade hidrÃulica nÃo saturada atravÃs da metodologia do perfil instantÃneo. O balanÃo hÃdrico no solo foi feito nos dias 17, 18 e 19/12/2008 na camada de 0 a 30 cm usando sensores capacitivos de umidade. Para avaliar os componentes do balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo atravÃs do mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas foi instalada uma torre micrometeorolÃgica no centro da Ãrea, onde o fluxo de calor latente (LE), o fluxo de calor sensÃvel (H) e a evapotranspiraÃÃo foram determinados. Com dados climÃticos de uma estaÃÃo meteorologia prÃximo a Ãrea e usando a metodologia da FAO foi estimado a radiaÃÃo lÃquida (Rn) e o fluxo de calor no solo (G). O algoritmo SEBAL foi usado nas imagens do TM-Landsat 5 dos dias 17/12/2008 e 02/01/2009 para estimar o balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo diÃria. A temperatura na superfÃcie e a 10 cm de altura prÃximos ao meio dia foi superior a 40ÂC. A funÃÃo da condutividade hidrÃulica no solo nÃo saturado para camada de 0 â 15 e 15 â 30 cm foi: K(θ) = 0,089e28,53θ e K(θ) = 0,0469e48,773θ, respectivamente. A evapotranspiraÃÃo obtida atravÃs do balanÃo hÃdrico com sensores capacitivos nos dias analisados foi 9,37; 12,18 e 11,27 mm dia-1, respectivamente em 17; 18 e 19 de dezembro de 2008. No balanÃo de energia observou-se que o fluxo de calor latente foi subestimado usando o mÃtodo das correlaÃÃes turbulentas apresentando valores mÃximos no dia nunca superiores a 150 W m-2. O fluxo de calor sensÃvel esteve sempre maior que o LE durante o dia, apresentando valores mÃximos prÃximos a 300 W m-2. O erro de fechamento da equaÃÃo do balanÃo de energia obtido atravÃs do equacionamento entre H + LE e Rn â G foi de cerca de 60%. Os valores mÃdios diÃrios da ETc (correlaÃÃes turbulentas) para parte do perÃodo experimental estiveram na faixa de 0,91 a 1,18 mm dia-1, com mÃdia de 0,96 mm dia-1. As imagens de satÃlites em que foi usado o algoritmo SEBAL apresentaram nuvens comprometendo a estimativa dos componentes do balanÃo de radiaÃÃo e a evapotranspiraÃÃo. Na Ãrea da melancia, a evapotranspiraÃÃo diÃria usando o SEBAL nos dias 17/12/2008 e 02/01/2009 foi 6,5 e 4,0 mm dia-1, respectivamente. Na anÃlise comparativa, a ETo na hora da passagem do satÃlite foi de 0,53 mm h-1, enquanto a ETc foi de 0,78; 0,11 e 0,55 mm h-1 estimada com o SEBAL, mÃtodos das correlaÃÃes turbulentas e balanÃo hÃdrico, espectivamente.
Jó, Aline Chieka. "Balanço hídrico e energético de um sistema predial de aproveitamento de água de chuva." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257793.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O uso da água de chuva como fonte alternativa de abastecimento de água é uma prática em grande ascensão, principalmente pela importância no que concerne à conservação dos recursos hídricos. No entanto, comumente o usuário desconsidera o consumo energético que este sistema possa demandar, e dependendo da concepção do mesmo, pode ser considerado um fator relevante na sua aplicação. As concepções e os componentes de um sistema de aproveitamento de água de chuva variam em função da necessidade de cada usuário e da destinação final do uso da água. Existem sistemas simples, que compõem equipamentos básicos de tratamento e reservação, e sistemas complexos que envolvem equipamentos automatizados, estes geralmente demandam energia, como bombas de elevação e sistemas de desinfecção. Diante disso, o presente trabalho apresenta o modelo equacional teórico aplicável para qualquer concepção de sistema predial de aproveitamento de água de chuva, do qual se obtém um índice de valor energético para cada volume de água de chuva efetivamente aproveitada pelo sistema. A partir desse modelo, pode-se também verificar a eficiência e a viabilidade do sistema, tanto na questão conservacionista quanto na econômica. Como exemplo de aplicação do modelo, utilizou-se o sistema predial de aproveitamento de água de chuva instalado no campus do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo (IPT), que destina a água de chuva para a lavagem de piso da cozinha e do refeitório do referido local. O índice médio obtido foi de 3,17 kWh/m³, considerado alto, se comparado com sistemas públicos de abastecimento que em média o índice é de 0,60 kWh/m³ e outros sistemas de aproveitamento de água de chuva que é de 0,05kWh/m³. Este alto índice está relacionado com o consumo de energia do sistema de desinfecção por ozônio, e não com o da bomba hidráulica, como se havia suposto inicialmente. O período de retorno do investimento foi de cinco a seis anos. Concluindo, o modelo teórico servirá como ferramenta de avaliação do sistema de aproveitamento de água de chuva em estudo, de forma que o projetista ou usuário consiga otimizá-lo, considerando as particularidades de cada situação
Abstract: The use of rainwater as an alternative source of water supply is a practice on the rise, mainly for its importance in conservation of water resources. However, the user often ignores the energy that this system may require, and depending on its design, can be considered a relevant factor in its application. The conceptions and components of a rainwater harvesting system vary depending on the needs of each user and its final destination. There are simple systems made with basic equipaments and reservation processing, and complex systems involving automated equipments, which generally require energy, such as lifting pumps and disinfection systems. Therefore, this paper presents a theoretical and equational model, applicable at any building to realize a rainwater harvesting system, from which you get an energy value index for each volume of rainwater effectively utilized by the system. From this model, it is also possible to check the system's efficiency and viability, both in conservation and economic question. As an example of an applied model, the rainwater harvesting building system installed on the campus of the Institute for Technological Research of São Paulo (IPT) was used, which directs rain water to wash the kitchen floor and the cafeteria of this site. An average rate of 3,17 kWh/m³ was obtained, considered elevated when compared to public supply systems, that on average attains rates of 0,60 kWh/m³, and other systems with 0,05kWh/m³. This high rate is related to the energy consumption of the ozone disinfection system, not with the hydraulic pump, as had been assumed initially. The payback period is five to six years. In conclusion, the theoretical model will serve as an evaluating tool of the rainwater harvesting system in study, so that the designer or user can optimize it, considering the particularities of each situation
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
Knight, Erik Lloyd. "A Water budget and land management recommendations for Upper Cienega Creek Basin." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0026_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Full textZhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.
Full textRollet, Fabien Alexandre. "A conceptual water balance model of paved surfaces in urban catchments." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.730019.
Full textMbarushimana, Kagabo Desire. "Modelling the soil water balance of potatoes for improved irrigation management." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07192007-134318.
Full textBrubaker, Kaye L. (Kaye Lorraine). "Nonlinear dynamics of water and energy balance in land-atmosphere interaction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36513.
Full textKaram, Hanan Nadim. "Estimating evapotranspiration from the Amazon Basin using the atmospheric water balance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35086.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 98-101).
The spatio-temporal patterns of evapotranspiration (ET) in the Amazon basin are still poorly understood. Field studies in the Amazonian forest have shown that at some sites, deep roots allow trees to sustain elevated transpiration during several months of minimal rainfall, whereas at others, trees experience evident dry season water limitation. However, the few sites investigated are inadequate to characterize the conditions of transpiration throughout the basin. As a result of this uncertainty in modeling trees' access to deep soil moisture, land surface models cannot provide reliable estimates of transpiration in the region. From a basin-averaged perspective, it remains uncertain whether transpiration is water-limited, peaking during the basin's wet season, or energy-limited, peaking during the dry season when clearer skies allow for higher surface radiation. In this work, we investigate an approach to deriving a spatially-averaged ET estimate for the Amazon basin, which avoids modeling the forest's terrestrial hydrology. ET is computed as a residual of the atmospheric water balance, using basin-averaged convergence of atmospheric water vapor flux [C], precipitation [P], and tendency of total atmospheric water vapor [dw/dt] as inputs.
(cont.) As our resulting estimate of ET is only as good as the input estimates of the other hydrologic components, we analyze multiple cutting-edge datasets that may be used to compute these components. [P] data are obtained from GPCP and TRMM products. The three global reanalyses, NCEP/NCAR, NCEP/DOE and ECMWF ERA-40 provide data on atmospheric fields to compute [C] and [dw/dt]. The large discrepancies between [C] estimates produced by the different reanalyses, interpreted as uncertainty in these estimates, led to a thorough investigation of data on this field over a time period dating back to 1980. Concurrent time series of precipitation and Amazon river discharge are used to evaluate the accuracy of the various reanalyses in simulating [C] at the monthly and annual timescales. A measure of the random error associated with [C] estimates from each data source is derived, and used as a weighting factor to combine information from the three reanalyses. The resulting estimates of monthly basin-averaged ET are significantly lower in their long-term mean than estimates published in the literature. The resulting climatological annual cycle of basin-averaged ET suggests a switch between water and energy limited conditions for transpiration over a year's duration.
by Hanan Nadim Karam.
S.M.
Rim, Chang-Soo. "Daily estimation of local evapotranspiration using energy and water balance approaches." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191190.
Full textThompson, Thomas L., and Kerri L. Maki. "Subsurface Drip Irrigation of Leaf Lettuce and Broccoli II: Water Balance." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221450.
Full textHommel, Robert. "The interrelation of carbon and water balance in beech-dominated forests." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17536.
Full textCurrent climate models predict that many important forest regions in Central Europe will experience increasing frequencies and severities of drought periods. Beech-dominated forests are an important part of these forest regions. Shortage in water supply is one of the most important limiting factors for growth of plants and thereby linked to a reduced carbon gain. Another key stressor is the competition between as well as within a plant communities. Due to this fact it is important to understand the plants physiological mechanisms during drought as well as inter-specific and intra-specific competition in beech dominated forest ecosystems. This present study documents the interrelation of carbon and water balance and the interactions of its pathways during drought on different spatial (leaf area to the stand level) and temporal scales (intra-annual to decadal). Six relevant species were selected in total (tree species: Fagus sylvatica, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior and species from the understorey of beech dominated forests: Impatiens noli tangere, Mercurialis annua and Allium ursinum). All of them have developed various strategies to cope with competition and avoid or tolerate drought stress. Depending on the drought intensity (e.g. moderate realistic drought) small effects in mesophyll conductance (gm), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and amount of new assimilates within trees occurred.
Vicentini, Liliana Pedroso. "Componentes do balanço hídrico para avaliação de perdas em sistemas de abastecimento de água." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-03072013-151444/.
Full textThis project has the purpose of treat the conceptions involving losses in water distribution systems and different performance indicators, used as a major instrument of management support systems in water supplies. Bibliographic review presents a historic of the works on the control and reduction of water losses that have been developed in Brazil and other countries. It shows the diversity of existing indicators of water losses and incessant studies and discussions in the search for its standardization, coordinated by the International Water Association (IWA). It also deals with important issues related to the subject of the dissertation, such as the elaboration of the water balance and the limits of uncertainty of its variables, and the existing initiatives around the world related to the energy efficiency and its interface with the reduction of losses in water supply systems. In the second stage of the work, the Water Balances of three different supply sectors of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo were developed step by step. Because of the difficulty of measurements of some volumes of incoming Water Balance, one resorted to the alternative of calculating them through estimates, whose default values were researched in existing literature. Due to this, the flow of Water Balance study showed ranges of values, depicting the limits of uncertainty to which they are submitted. The Water Balance of three supply sectors were compared, evaluating their uncertainties, analyzing their results and recommending where actions should be directed to the control and reduction whether they are real or apparent losses. It is important to say that since it is correlated themes to dissertations developed by Galvão (2007), Melato (2010), Oliveira (2011) and Palo (2010), will represent, therefore, as continuity to their works.
Schoorlemmer, Gerhardus H. M. "Body fluid regulation during water deprivation, role of solute balance in osmoregulation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24038.pdf.
Full textGärdenäs, Annemieke. "Soil organic matter in forest soils : effects of climate and water balance /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5530-8.gif.
Full textCotter, Colin John. "Model reducation for shallow water dynamics : balance adiabatic invariance and subgrid modelling." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415125.
Full textRenner, Maik. "Land use effects and climate impacts on evapotranspiration and catchment water balance." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-131554.
Full textDie Verdunstung ist ein maßgeblicher Prozess innerhalb des Klimasystems der Erde, welche den Wasserkreislauf mit dem Energiehaushalt der Erde verbindet. Eine zentrale wissenschaftliche Herausforderung ist, zu verstehen, wie die regionale Wasserverfügbarkeit durch Änderungen des Klimas oder der physiographischen Eigenschaften der Landoberfläche beeinflusst wird. Mittels einer integrierten Datenanalyse von vorhandenen langjährigen Archiven hydroklimatischer Zeitreihen werden die folgenden wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen dieser Dissertation diskutiert: - Haben beobachtete Änderungen der Landoberfläche und des Klimas zu nachweisbaren, instationären hydroklimatischen Änderungen geführt? - Lassen sich die hydroklimatischen Auswirkungen von Klimaänderungen und Änderungen der Landoberfläche voneinander unterscheiden? - Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Sensitivität von Abfluss und Verdunstung auf Veränderungen der klimatischen und physiographischen Randbedingungen? Hierbei fokussiert sich die Arbeit auf Änderungen im langjährige Mittel und im Jahresgang von hydroklimatischen Variablen auf der räumlichen Skala von Flusseinzugsgebieten. Zur Untersuchung des hydrologischen Regimes wurde ein harmonischer Filter angewandt, der es erlaubt, die Eintrittszeit des Jahresgangs (Phase) zu quantifizieren. Diese klimatologische Kenngröße wurde für eine Vielzahl von Einzugsgebieten in Sachsen untersucht, wobei sich vor allem für die Gebiete in den Kammlagen des Erzgebirges signifikante Veränderungen ergaben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die signifikante Phasenverschiebung der Temperatur seit Ende der 1980er Jahre zu einer verfrühten Schneeschmelze und dadurch zu einem Rückgang des Abflusses bis in die Sommermonate hinein geführt hat. Desweiteren wurde eine modellbasierte Datenanalyse entwickelt, welche auf Massen- und Energieerhalt von Einzugsgebieten im langjährigen Mittel beruht. Das entwickelte Konzept erlaubt es, Auswirkungen von Klimaänderungen von anderen Effekten, welche z.B. durch Landnutzungsänderungen bedingt sind, abzugrenzen und zu quantifizieren. Die Ergebnisse einer Sensitivitätsanalyse dieses Konzeptes sowie die Anwendung auf einen umfangreichen hydroklimatischen Datensatz der USA zeigen: (i) Veränderungen im Wasser- oder Energiedargebot beeinflussen auch die Aufteilung der Wasser- und Energieflüsse. (ii) Die Aridität des Klimas und nachgeordnet die physiographischen Faktoren bestimmen die Sensitivität von Verdunstung und Abfluss. (iii) Beide Faktoren beeinflussen die Stärke und Richtung der Auswirkungen von physiographischen Änderungen. (iv) Anthropogene Veränderungen der Landoberfläche führten zum Teil zu stärkeren Auswirkungen als klimatisch bedingte Änderungen. Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass Änderungen von Landnutzung und Klima zu Verschiebungen im Wasserhaushalt führen können und damit auch die Annahme von Stationarität verletzen. Hydroklimatische Veränderungen bieten aber auch eine Gelegenheit zum Testen von Theorien und Modellen, um somit die grundlegenden Zusammenhänge zu erkennen, welche nicht durch Änderungen der Randbedingungen hinfällig werden
Chen, Xi. "Climate and landscape controls on seasonal water balance at the watershed scale." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6263.
Full textPh.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
Hussein, Ahmed El Shazli Ahmed [Verfasser]. "Water balance of the Aswan High Dam Reservoir / Ahmed El.Shazli Ahmed Hussein." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162496487/34.
Full textThadei, Simon Yuda. "Evaluation of effective rainfall by a physically-based soil-water balance model." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316263.
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