Journal articles: 'Water and sanitary engineering'

1

Vashurina, M. V., and A. V. Fyodorova. "CURRENT SANITARY-ECOLOGICAL STATE AND ENSURING OF SAFETY EXPLOITATION OF FRESH GROUND WATERS INTAKES FOR DRINKING PURPOSES WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE KHMAO - YUGRA TERRITORY." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2015-3-117-122.

Full text

Abstract:

Based on the results of the hydro-geo-ecological investigation carried out at acting drinkable water intakes lo-cated at settlements within the limits of the KHMAO-Yugra territory an estimation was made of sanitary-engineering state of water-intake facilities and ecological state of the sanitary protection zone. A complex of measures is recommended the implementation of which will enable to improve the exploitation and to prevent fresh ground waters pollution.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Barraqué, B., R. M. Formiga Johnsson, and A. L. Nogueira de Paiva Britto. "The development of water services and their interaction with water resources in European and Brazilian cities." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (August 26, 2008): 1153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1153-2008.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. The extension and complexity of large cities creates "urban water" and a related issue: public water services, including public water supply, sewage collection and treatment, and storm water control, had previously become a policy sector separate from water resource allocation issues thanks to water transport and treatment technologies. Large metropolitan areas today cannot take nature for granted anymore, and they need to protect water resources, if only to reduce the long term cost of transporting and treating water. In this paper, we compare the historical development of water services in European and Brazilian metropolitan areas, placing the technological developments in their geographic, socio-economic and political contexts. Our frame is to follow the successive contributions of civil engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering: the "quantity of water" and civil engineering paradigm allowed to mobilise water in and out of the city, and up the hills or the floors; in the "water quality" and chemical/sanitary engineering paradigm, water treatment gave more freedom to cities to take water from rivers closer to them, but also to reduce sewer discharge impacts; lastly, the environmental engineering paradigm proposes to overcome the supply side perspective, by introducing demand side management, water conservation, water allocation flexibilisation, and an integrated approach to water services, water resources management, and land use policies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Yuriev, Yuri, Konstantin Katerinin, Oleg Konovalov, Dmitry Shchitov, and Pavel Sidyakin. "Engineering solution, increasing the environmental safety of water industry enterprises." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109008.

Full text

Abstract:

Drainage systems are one of the most important types of engineering equipment providing the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for the population life and the safe operation of industrial enterprises. A necessary condition for the long-term and reliable operation of water intake facilities (hereinafter WIF) is their effective protection against corrosion caused by various factors. Search for new engineering solutions to solve the problem of corrosion and biofouling on WIF is relevant at the moment, as it gives an opportunity to provide effective protection of WIF metal surfaces, which is directly related to the increase in the environmental performance of water enterprises.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Schmitt, F., and C. F. Seyfried. "Sulfate Reduction in Sewer Sediments." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 8 (April 1, 1992): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0182.

Full text

Abstract:

The Institute of Sanitation Engineering and Waste Management of the University of Hannover made investigations on sediments in sanitary sewers. These were aimed to assess how sediments influence the sewer environment, with regard especially to water quality, gas atmosphere and corrosion progress. The sulfate reduction from sediments could be determined. It was 82 % higher than the reduction rate of biofilm. A prediction of sulfate reduction with equations from biofilm theory is possible. The biologically active sediment layer for sulfate reduction has a thickness of 5 to 7.5 cm. The sulfide formation in a large sanitary sewer in Hannover depends only on water temperature with a correlation of 91 %.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Kollatsch, Dirk-Th, and J. Bünzel. "Detention of Sanitary Sewage as a Method to Reduce Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Loads." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 6 (September 1, 1991): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0160.

Full text

Abstract:

Sanitary sewage yields the basic and most important pollution load diverted to receiving waters during combined sewer overflow (CSO). To reduce overflow pollution loads, it is proposed to store waste water in sanitary sewage detention tanks (SST). For high efficiency those SSTs should be filled and emptied by pumps or gates, operated by control devices. Control strategies have to be worked out depending on different situations and parameters (catchment, rain and flow characteristics).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Di Berardino, S. E. "Water and sanitation management in medieval Portugal." Water Supply 18, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.132.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Water and sanitation played a crucial role in the evolution of Portugal and its empire, which in the sixteenth century dominated large portions of the world. Two relevant civilizations, the Roman Empire and the Arab invasion, had great influence on Portugal's water and sanitation knowledge. Following the creation of Portugal in AD 1143, the Cistercian order was called for removing Arab influence and received large domains, where it built large monasteries, all provided with remarkable examples of water supply, sanitation and waste management, merging the Roman background in sanitary engineering with the local Arab experience. One of them, the Monastery of Christ in Tomar, is provided with a brilliant water and waste self-sustainable system, based on rainwater collection and storage, wastewater treatment and application in agriculture of treated waste and effluent. It testifies to the experience and innovative expertise of the Cistercian Order in sanitary/hydraulic engineering. It shows also one of the world's first examples of a wastewater treatment plant. Their knowledge influenced also the lifestyle and water management of Portuguese medieval cities, ruled by municipalism, and protected the population from pestilence until the first half of the fourteenth century, making Portugal a powerful country, in contrast with the rest of Europe.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Kim, Tae Jin. "Water Rights Related to Water Supplies and Uses." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.4.211.

Full text

Abstract:

As human development and urbanization progress, concepts of water rights for water use have been applied to water consumption for managing human life. The water cycle can be divided into natural and artificial water cycles, whereas water rights can be divided into water supply and water use rights for humans and nature. In this paper, the relationships between the river act, dam construction act, sanitary act, sewerage act, forest resource act, and other acts and water rights corresponding to water-right categories and government ministries are summarized and organized. In addition, the legal inclusive scope and redefinition of water rights are proposed. The results of this study can be applied to river and reservoir engineering models based on water rights in residential areas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Suzdaleva, Antonina, Anna Hirsch, and Maria Kuchkina. "Ecological engineering of small urban water bodies." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015702026.

Full text

Abstract:

The ecological and sanitary epidemiological condition of small urban water bodies is an important factor in ensuring safety in urbanized areas of the technosphere. All modern small urban water bodies are naturaltechnical systems that can be uncontrollable or controllable. In managed natural-technical systems, favorable environmental conditions are formed as a result of the operation of special engineering devices and systems called ecological regulators. Their creation and ensuring sustainable existence are the main goal of ecological engineering of small urban water bodiesThe choice of a strategy for the environmental engineering of water bodies should be determined on the basis of a prognostic assessment of the possibility of improving or maintaining its positive functions: videoecological, recreational, biotopical potential, and also cultural, historical or religious significance. In addition, it is necessary to take into account public opinion, which can be changed by disseminating positive information about the goals of the proposed activity (active ecological image-making). The issue of organizing long-term technical maintenance of ecological regulators and monitoring of natural-technical systems of water bodies is being considered. The paper provides a classification of small urban water bodies and a generalized scheme of their ecological engineering. The necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to decision making and the development of syncretic thinking in this area is substantiated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Schilling, W., and E. Hagen. "Project-based learning in sanitary engineering - preliminary conclusions after three years' experience." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0046.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper describes an ongoing study based on the mandatory “Sanitary Engineering Basic Course” that was taught for third year environmental engineering students at the University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway (NTNU) in the spring semesters of 1997, 1998 and 1999. The focus is on teaching and learning methodology (i.e. traditional individual frontal lecture-based versus project-based in groups). Experience shows that project-based learning (PBL) is a suitable teaching method. PBL challenges the students to stay active throughout the semester and thus results in higher learning efficiency. Simultaneously, both students and teachers need to use more time. Technical skills (“design calculations”) were not improved, but students clearly developed project management skills (communication, organisation, group work, etc.).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Djebbar, Y., and P. T. Kadota. "Estimating sanitary flows using neural networks." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0404.

Full text

Abstract:

The estimation of sanitary sewer flows is required to effectively plan, design, build, operate, and maintain sewerage facilities. Existing flow estimation methods are crude and often not intended to represent actual conditions but rather to act as guidelines, often for design purposes. This study proposes a neural network approach to estimating actual sanitary flows under dry weather conditions. Development as well as validation showed the neural network model to produce results with an average error less than 16% when compared to measured data.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Berglund, Cajsa. "Environmental hydraulics of sanitary landfills." Journal of Hydraulic Research 36, no. 1 (January 1998): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221689809498380.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Angelakis, A. N. "Urban waste- and stormwater management in Greece: past, present and future." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (March 22, 2017): 1386–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.042.

Full text

Abstract:

Urban wastewater and storm management has a long history which coincides with the appearance of the first organized human settlements (ca. 3500 BC). It began in prehistoric Crete during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3200 BC) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages known as Minoan civilization. One of its salient characteristics was the architecture and function of its hydraulic works and especially the drainage and sewerage systems and other sanitary infrastructures in the Minoan palaces and other settlements. These technologies, although they do not give a complete picture of wastewater and stormwater technologies in ancient Greece, indicate that such technologies have been used in Greece since the Minoan times. Minoan sanitary technologies were transferred to the Greek mainland in the subsequent phases of Greek civilization, i.e. in the Mycenaean, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and present times. The scope of this article is the presentation and discussion of the evolution of waste- and stormwater management through the long history of Greece, focusing on the hydraulic characteristics of sanitary infrastructures. Also, the present and future trends of wastewater and stormwater management are considered. Practices achieved in prehistoric Greece may have some relevance for wastewater engineering even in modern times.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Barraqué, B., R. M. Formiga Johnsson, and A. L. Britto. "Sustainable water services and interaction with water resources in Europe and in Brazil." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (September 14, 2007): 3441–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-3441-2007.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. The increasing interaction between large cities and nature makes "urban water" an issue: water resources and water services – including public water supply, sewage collection and treatment, and in large cities, storm water control –, which had become separate issues thanks to the process of water transport and treatment technologies, are now increasingly interfering with each other. We cannot take nature for granted anymore, and we need to protect water resources, if only to reduce the long term cost of transporting and treating water. In this paper, we compare the historical development of water industry technologies in European and Brazilian metropolitan areas, in their socio-economic and political context, tracing it through three "ages" of water technology and services which developed under civil engineering, sanitary engineering, and environmental engineering perspectives: the "quantity of water" and civil engineering paradigm was developed on the assumption that water should be drawn from natural environments far from the cities; in the "water quality" and chemical/sanitation engineering paradigm, water treatment was invented and allowed cities to take water from rivers closer to them and treat it, but also to reduce sewer discharge impacts; finally, the environmental engineering paradigm proposes to overcome the supply side perspective, by introducing demand side management, water conservation, water allocation flexibilisation, and an integrated approach to water services, water resources management, and land use policies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Radenkova-Yaneva, Magdelinka, Emilia Kostakeva, and Dimiter Toshev. "Contaminant migration from sanitary landfill leachate through soil monoliths." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0236.

Full text

Abstract:

It is well known that the leachates from solid domestic waste sanitary landfills are heavily polluted with organic and inorganic substances. As they are of a potential danger for the environment, their uncontrolled seepage is avoided in the modern sanitary landfills by means of suitable insulation. This is mostly made of natural materials with a low filtration coefficient. The present paper considers the results of the filtration characteristics, studying natural clayey soil model liners. The leachate contaminants distribution from the sanitary landfill in Sofia (Suhodol) is traced out in different liner depths. The mechanism of pollutant attenuation in the liners is considered. It is found that a part of the leachate components (Fe, Mn, SO42−, PO43−) stays in clayey liners. Besides, as a result of pore colmatation the permeability of the liners is decreased. It is shown that soil monoliths with a proper thickness might serve as a sufficiently safe barrier against leachate filtration in adjacent aquifers. On the base of the results obtained the thickness of the clay liners in the solid domestic waste sanitary landfills could be optimized.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Yang, Jun Kai. "Design of Intelligent Flushing System." Advanced Materials Research 709 (June 2013): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.709.445.

Full text

Abstract:

The design uses intelligent flushing system simulation demonstrator developed by C51 series microcontroller (AT89S52) to achieve light control automatic flushing, and tap water leakage automatic detection and alarm. This system is characterized by high rate of water saving, sanitary, convenient, and low cost.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Dmochowski, Tymon. "Preventing diseases in an urban scale." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500112.

Full text

Abstract:

A perfect setup to prevent epidemics is currently in affect throughout the world. Sanitary engineering, though not directly, is largely responsible for the annihilation of many diseases that used to be very problematic, such as typhus or cholera. However, these diseases are outdated and haven't been a problem for over a century due to the success of infrastructure such as water treatment and sewage. Modern causes of death (such as car accidents) are still overshadowed by the death toll taken up by illness. What is different is the nature of those diseases. In order to prevent them, on a larger scale, a new approach must be created. This paper offers an idea on how to return to the core of sanitary engineering and improve modern health conditions by exploring the etiology of these afflictions and providing precise engineering solutions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Butler, D., K. Littlewood, and N. Orman. "Forces on sanitary solids in small sewers." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0064.

Full text

Abstract:

An experimental and modelling study has been carried out to investigate the movement mechanisms and behaviour of large sanitary solids in small sewers. The overall performance of the model has already been verified in terms of limiting solids transport distance, but in this paper the wave profile across the solid is also shown to fit model predictions well when compared visually. Further insight into how solids behave is also explored in this paper by plotting the interplay of the main horizontal and vertical forces acting on the solid. These results illustrate the dynamics of movement initiation, transport and deposition and indicate the most important forces. Model predictions of movement ‘time per hop’ have also been experimentally verified, giving further credence to the model. Experimental verification of the magnitude of the forces involved is planned.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Slompo, Nathalie Dyane Miranda, Larissa Quartaroli, Grietje Zeeman, Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva, and Luiz Antonio Daniel. "Black water treatment by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor: a pilot study." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 8 (October 15, 2019): 1505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.402.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Decentralized sanitary wastewater treatment has become a viable and sustainable alternative, especially for developing countries and small communities. Besides, effluents may present variations in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total nitrogen values. This study describes the feasibility of using a pilot upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor to treat wastewater with different organic loads (COD), using black water (BW) and sanitary wastewater, in addition to its potential for preserving nutrients for later recovery and/or reuse. The UASB reactor was operated continuously for 95 weeks, with a hydraulic retention time of 3 days. In Phase 1, the reactor treated simulated BW and achieved 77% CODtotal removal. In Phase 2, treating only sanitary wastewater, the CODtotal removal efficiency was 60%. Phase 3 treated simulated BW again, and CODtotal removal efficiency was somewhat higher than in Phase 1, reaching 81%. In Phase 3, the removal of pathogens was also evaluated: the efficiency was 1.96 log for Escherichia coli and 2.13 log for total coliforms. The UASB reactor was able to withstand large variations in the organic loading rate (0.09–1.49 kg COD m−3 d−1), in continuous operation mode, maintaining a stable organic matter removal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Goormans, T., D. Engelen, R. Bouteligier, P. Willems, and J. Berlamont. "Design of self-cleansing sanitary sewer systems with the use of flushing devices." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.430.

Full text

Abstract:

Many European countries tend to shift from constructing combined sewer systems to separate ones, in order to optimise wastewater treatment efficiency and reduce CSO impact on surface waters. An economic design minimises maintenance requirements by aiming at self-cleansing pipes. However, providing the necessary slopes for self-cleansing sanitary sewer pipes often is unfeasible in flat regions, resulting in an increased risk of loss of hydraulic capacity or blocking. To reduce these risks, flushing tanks can be installed in the sewer system. Where most other researchers contribute to a better understanding of the hydraulics of flushing, this paper rather tries to formulate a methodology to design and test flushing devices in sanitary sewer systems using standards and hydrodynamic simulations. Therefore, several aspects that require consideration when incorporating flushing devices into a sanitary sewer system are discussed. For instance, when flushing sanitary sewers the increase in discharge has to be explicitly considered. A Belgian case study is used to investigate the suitability of the developed methodology. Although the pipe slopes in the methodology are derived assuming uniform flow, the simulation results comply with it. Furthermore, pressurisation of the conduits due to multiple flushing waves remains within acceptable limits.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Bandeira, J. V., R. M. Mingote, M. B. Baptista, D. M. Oliveira, and F. P. Lima. "The use of tritium content as an indicator of the groundwater contamination by sanitary landfills leachates in the region of Belo Horizonte City, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 12 (June 1, 2008): 1915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.266.

Full text

Abstract:

Tritium content in the leachate of sanitary landfills, in concentrations well above those observed in global precipitation, can be used as a tracer for the evaluation of the contamination of groundwater in piezometers of the landfills and in neighbouring tubular wells. This possibility was first investigated in Brazil for sanitary landfills in the region of Belo Horizonte City. Tritium levels together with the content of metals present in water and the measurement of soil electrical conductivity, proved to be valuable for these studies and also as a tracer for hydrodynamic studies of the surface water in the Ressaca creek.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Basupi, Innocent. "Integrating water‐saving schemes in the design of sanitary sewers." Water and Environment Journal 34, no. 4 (May 22, 2019): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12483.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Soyeux, E., F. Blanchet, and B. Tisserand. "Stormwater overflow impacts on the sanitary quality of bathing waters." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 11 (December 1, 2007): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.742.

Full text

Abstract:

New European Directive 2006/7/EC concerning the management of bathing water quality introduces the concept of ‘active management of bathing water sanitary quality’ which could lead to a temporary bathing prohibition in case of short term pollution. For the last three bathing seasons, Veolia has carried out in experimental mode this ‘active management’ concept at more than one hundred bathing sites with various characteristics. Results confirm the high level of microbiological pollution observed in sewer overflows during rainy periods, which is the main cause of bathing water quality deterioration. An on-line treatment solution has been successfully tested. This solution may be used in dense urban areas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Coelho, Adenilson Roberto, Helena Ravache Samy Pereira, Luciana Faganello, and Luiz Veriano Oliveira Dalla Valentina. "Study of Water Retention in Mortars Produced with Foundry Powder." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.488.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of foundry waste in civil engineering is one of the most discussed issues by several environmental polities. This is caused by the excessive deposition of foundry waste on sanitary landfills. In order to find solutions to overcome this situation, this paper investigates the effect of the foundry powder concentration in the structure of mortars. Experiments were conducted with mortars processed at several concentrations of binders, aggregates and foundry powder. Results indicate that mortars built with foundry waste have water retention above to 75%. This observation indicates that mortars processed with foundry waste can be used in civil construction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Viraraghavan, T., and A. Ayyaswami. "Use of peat in water pollution control: a review." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-035.

Full text

Abstract:

Peat, besides being plentiful and inexpensive, possesses several other qualities that make it an effective medium for the removal of pollutants. This paper presents a review of its use in water pollution control — in the treatment of sanitary and industrial wastewaters. Key words: peat, water pollution control, wastewater treatment, onsite wastewater systems, industrial wastes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Armstrong, Peter M., Meg Uapipatanakul, Ian Thompson, Duane Ager, and Malcolm McCulloch. "Thermal and sanitary performance of domestic hot water cylinders: Conflicting requirements." Applied Energy 131 (October 2014): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.021.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Basupi, Innocent. "Design of Integrated Water Systems: Water Distribution System, Household Water-Saving Scheme, and Sanitary Sewer Perspectives." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 147, no. 2 (February 2021): 04020102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001309.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Kaeseberg, Thomas, Frank Blumensaat, Jin Zhang, and Peter Krebs. "Assessing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in sanitary sewage." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 2 (November 22, 2014): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.467.

Full text

Abstract:

The release of antimicrobial substances into surface waters is of growing concern due to direct toxic effects on all trophic levels and the promotion of antibiotic resistance through sub-inhibitory concentration levels. This study showcases (1) the variation of antibiotics in sanitary sewage depending on different timescales and (2) a method to assess the antibiotic resistance based on an inhibition test. The test is based on the measurement of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) in wastewater samples with increasing concentrations of the selected antibiotic agents. The following antibiotics were analysed in the present study: clarithromycin (CLA) was selected due to its high toxicity to many microorganisms (low EC50), ciprofloxacin (CIP) which is used to generally fight all bacteria concerning interstitial infections and doxycyclin (DOX) having a broad spectrum efficacy. Results show that CLA inhibited the OUR by approximately 50% at a concentration of about 10 mg L−1, because Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli are resistant, whereas CIP inhibited about 90% of the OUR at a concentration equal to or greater than 10 mg L−1. In the case of DOX, a moderate inhibition of about 38% at a concentration of 10 mg L−1 was identified, indicating a significant antibiotic resistance. The results are consistent with the corresponding findings from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Thus, the presented inhibition test provides a simple but robust alternative method to assess antibiotic resistance in biofilms instead of more complex clinical tests.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Matos, J. Saldanha, and E. Ribeiro de Sousa. "Prediction of dissolved oxygen concentration along sanitary sewers." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1996): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0592.

Full text

Abstract:

The oxygen balance in wastewater collection systems is important in respect to the degree of biological oxidation that occurs within the stream and in respect to the control of septicity and its effects. In this paper, a simple mathematical model is presented, in order to predict dissolved oxygen concentration profiles along sanitary sewers. The mathematical model was developed based on an analytical solution of the simple differential equation of dissolved oxygen balance in sewers, and includes an empirical expression for prediction of dissolved oxygen transfer to the slime layer on the pipe walls. Because the factors controlling dissolved oxygen balance in sewers are so complex, it would be unrealistic to expect, that with this rather simple model, dissolved oxygen concentrations can be accurately predicted. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to suppose that the predictions may be adequate for some design and operation purposes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Hedberg, Torsten. "Attitudes to traditional and alternative sustainable sanitary systems." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0216.

Full text

Abstract:

The sanitary system is the most important supply system in a society. A central problem today is the provision of a future urban system which meets the requirements clearly borne out in environmental documents and action plans at local and global levels. The conventional water and wastewater systems have been questioned whether they can be considered as sustainable or not. Other small, decentralized systems have been implemented and a short description of different systems is shown. The attitudes, at different administrative levels in the society, to traditional and alternative sanitary systems are discussed. The general conclusion is that there is a strong driving force and an interest in changing the systems. However, the evaluation of the systems implemented so far shows that it is important to have time for careful and thorough investigations of new but also of existing systems in the light of the criteria for sustainability.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Schilling, W., and D. T. Kollatsch. "Reduction of Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Loads by Detention of Sanitary Sewage." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0306.

Full text

Abstract:

For mixed combined/separate sewer systems it is proposed, in times of combined sewage overflows (CSO), to store sanitary sewage at the inlet point to the combined system. Thereby, sanitary sewage (with high strength) is kept in the system for further treatment after the storm whereas less-polluted CSO are diverted to the receiving water. By using data of an existing catchment different scenarios are evaluated and the potential benefit of sanitary sewage detention is quantified. This approach is compared to current German CSO regulations. It is more effective than conventional CSO detention if more than 60 % of the population upstream of the CSO diversion are served by a separate system. A key problem of this concept is the control strategy that determines when to activate and empty the storage tanks. A number of criteria are compared. Considerations are also made on operational aspects such as chemical transformations in stored sewage, maximum allowable detention time, and cleansing of storage tanks.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Fasciolo, G. E., M. I. Meca, E. Gabriel, and J. Morábito. "Effects on crops of irrigation with treated municipal wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0018.

Full text

Abstract:

The fertilizing potential of treated municipal wastewater (oxidation ditch) and crop sanitary acceptability for direct human consumption were evaluated in Mendoza, Argentina. Two experiments were performed on a pilot plot planted with garlic (1998) and onions (1999) using furrow irrigation with three types of water in 10 random blocks: treated effluent (2.5 × 103 MPN Escherichia coli/100ml, 3 helminth eggs/l, and Salmonella (positive); and well water (free of microorganisms), with and without fertilizer. Two responses were evaluated: (1) crop yield, and (2) crop microbiological quality for human consumption at different times after harvest. Crop yields were compared using Variance analysis. Crops' sanitary acceptability was assessed using a two-class sampling program for Salmonella (n=10; c=0), and a three-class program for E. coli (n=5, c=2, M=103 and m=10 MPN/g) as proposed by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) for fresh vegetables. Wastewater irrigation acted as well water with fertilizer, increasing garlic and onion yields by 10% and 15%, respectively, compared to irrigation with well water with no fertilizer. Wastewater-irrigated garlic reached sanitary acceptability 90 days after harvest, once attached roots and soil were removed. Onions, which were cleaned immediately after harvest, met this qualification earlier than garlic (55 days). Neither the wastewater-irrigated crops nor the control crops were microbiologically acceptable for consumption raw at harvest.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Kelly, Emma R., Ryan Cronk, Emily Kumpel, Guy Howard, and Jamie Bartram. "How we assess water safety: A critical review of sanitary inspection and water quality analysis." Science of The Total Environment 718 (May 2020): 137237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137237.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

González-Amarillo, Carlos Andrés, Cristian Cárdenas-García, and Miguel Mendoza-Moreno. "M2M system for efficient water consumption in sanitary services, based on intelligent environment." DYNA 85, no. 204 (January 1, 2018): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v85n204.68264.

Full text

Abstract:

Este documento describe el proceso investigativo cumplido para el desarrollo de un sistema inteligente para el uso eficiente del agua en unidades sanitarias del entorno doméstico. Fundamentalmente la investigación se centró en dos procesos, en primer lugar, el desarrollo de un sistema de alta confiabilidad para monitorear los consumos reales de las unidades sanitarias y en segundo lugar el desarrollo de un sistema realzado para el control inteligente de los consumos de la misma unidad sanitaria. La investigación destaca la constitución de una solución tecnológica M2M, de alta precisión que impacta la sostenibilidad ambiental, por medio de la generación de conciencia respecto al uso racional del recurso hídrico en las acciones cotidianas de higiene personal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Leite, V. D., H. W. Pearson, J. T. de Sousa, W. S. Lopes, and M. L. D. de Luna. "The removal of ammonia from sanitary landfill leachate using a series of shallow waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.103.

Full text

Abstract:

This study evaluated the efficiency of a shallow (0.5 m deep) waste stabilization pond series to remove high concentrations of ammonia from sanitary landfill leachate. The pond system was located at EXTRABES, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Northeast Brazil. The pond series was fed with sanitary landfill leachate transported by road tanker to the experimental site from the sanitary landfill of the City of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba. The ammoniacal-N surface loading on the first pond of the series was equivalent to 364 kg ha−1 d−1 and the COD surface loading equivalent to 3,690 kg ha−1 d−1. The maximum mean ammonia removal efficiency was 99.5% achieved by the third pond in the series which had an effluent concentration of 5.3 mg L−1 ammoniacal-N for an accumulative HRT of 39.5 days. The removal process was mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization (stripping) from the pond surfaces as a result of high surface pH values and water temperatures of 22–26°C. Shallow pond systems would appear to be a promising technology for stripping ammonia from landfill leachate under tropical conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Shypanski, A. H., Z. Yuan, and K. Sharma. "Influence of pressure main pumping frequency on sulfide formation rates in sanitary sewers." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 3 (2018): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00428a.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Verberk, J. Q. J. C., P. E. Hoogeveen, H. Futselaar, and J. C. van Dijk. "Hydraulic distribution of water and air over a membrane module using AirFlush®." Water Supply 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0076.

Full text

Abstract:

Delft University of Technology, Department of Sanitary Engineering, is researching the fundamentals of air-water flushing (AirFlush®) for membrane cleaning. The research is focused on two topics: velocities of water and air for optimal cleaning and the distribution of water and air over the cross sectional area of the module. In an earlier study the velocities of water and air to achieve an optimal cleaning for tubular membranes have been investigated. In this article the distribution of water and air over the cross sectional area of a 3ʺ-membrane module will be discussed. Experiments have been performed and the fundamental processes that influence the distribution of air and water have been studied.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Guo, Shuai, Xiang Shi, Xujia Luo, and Haoming Yang. "River water intrusion as a source of inflow into the sanitary sewer system." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 2472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.516.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Previous studies on the extraneous water problem (or infiltration/inflow) in sanitary sewer systems assumed that the wastewater flow is mainly composed of foul sewage (FS), groundwater infiltration (GWI) and rainfall-derived inflow and infiltration (RDII). Most existing assessment methods are based on this assumption. In 2018, China initiated the ‘Protection of the Yangtze River Program’, and the two-year research data showed that it was neither the GWI nor the RDII but the direct surface water intrusion (DSWI), which has rarely been reported in literatures, that serves as the main source of the extraneous water in many local sewer systems. The discovery has enriched the understanding of the extraneous water in sewer systems. Meanwhile, it brings new challenges for the assessment of extraneous water. In this study, starting from the analysis of the low influent concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater treatment plant in a southeastern city in China, a river water intrusion point was successfully localized and the volume of river water intrusion was quantified by a series of field experiments. The methodology used in this study can also be applied in other areas with DSWI.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Mendes, B., P. Urbano, C. Alves, N. Lapa, J. Morais, J. Nascimento, and J. F. S. Oliveira. "Sanitary quality of sands from beaches of azores islands." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0725.

Full text

Abstract:

An evaluation of the sanitary quality of the sand beaches of Azores archipelago was undertaken May-October 1994 and 1995. The samples were analysed for total and faecal coliforms, faecal enterococci, Clostridium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi (keratinolytic, yeasts, potential pathogenic and allergic and/or environmental saprophytes). The results were evaluated according to a “Proposal Guideline for the Microbiological Quality of Sand”. The data showed good or satisfactory sanitary quality of the sand beaches. The results indicated that the faecal enterococci can be a better indicator organism than the total and faecal coliforms. The fungi could be used as indicator organisms. The application of the “Proposal” should complete the criteria used in the “Blue Flag” distinction for high environmental quality beaches.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Shapiro, L. N., and V. A. Sharapov. "Schemes of improving the sanitary and engineering state and use of multipurpose reservoirs." Hydrotechnical Construction 22, no. 10 (October 1988): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01429033.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Castillo, G., and A. Ortega. "Use in Agriculture of Sludge from Chemical Treatment of Sewage." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0052.

Full text

Abstract:

The reutilization in agriculture of the sludge produced in the chemical treatment of sewage is investigated. Aluminium sulfate (50 mg/l) and sodium hydroxide (50 and 200 mg/l) are added to domestic sewage allowing it to settle and eliminating floating materials. Three kinds of raw chemical sludge are digested and dried. Their sanitary quality is determined by two bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms) and one viral indicator (E. coli bacteriophage) and the fertilizing capability of digested and dry sludge by sowing leguminous crops (Phaseolus spp ) in soil with 11 tons/ha sludge application rate. Digested and dried sludge from conventional treatment in equal conditions to those of chemical sludge is used as reference. Sanitary quality results show that raw and digested chemical sludge are not recommended for use in agriculture due to their high microbiological contamination. Dry sludge could be considered for this purpose due to its low fecal organisms content. However the development of leguminous crops in soil with dry aluminium sludge application shows no seed germination. The results of leguminous growth in digested sludge of sodium hydroxide (200 mg/l) justify an additional treatment to adequate its sanitary quality for use in agriculture.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Davies, J. W., D. Butler, J. L. Small, V. Sekuloski, and C. Jefferies. "Gross solids transport and degradation." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0016.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper describes the first stages of a study of the origin, transport, and fate of sewer gross solids. The background to the project, its overall plan, and relevant previous studies are outlined. Progress to-date is described. A laboratory study of physical degradation of gross solids has confirmed general existing field observations that many sanitary solids undergo little degradation, whereas toilet paper and faeces are readily degraded. A study of solid advection and deposition in a laboratory pipe system has covered a wide variety of sanitary and artificial solids. The velocity at which sanitary solids are advected with the flow has been observed to be similar for most solids in spite of a considerable range of shapes and sizes. Pipe-full conditions, introducing the retarding effect of the pipe wall at the soffit, have tended to reduce solid velocities especially for floating solids. Generally the advective velocity of artificial solids of the same material and shape has not varied significantly with solid size. However size has had a clearer influence on deposition: with decreasing size, solids of the same density have been deposited at lower values of depth and velocity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Gujer, W. "Environmental engineering education at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0041.

Full text

Abstract:

A revised ten-semester curriculum in environmental engineering was introduced at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in 1998 which is based on 10 years of experience with a previous less focused curriculum. The scope of the new curriculum is rather broad and includes sanitary engineering, water resources management, soil pollution control and resource and waste management. Air pollution is not fully developed yet. Based on broad basic studies (first four semesters) the professional studies (semesters 5 to 9) require the students to choose two out of four possible areas of specialization. These studies are followed in credit groups which combine advanced courses and extensive project work designed to reach scientific depth in an exemplary fashion. There is an exchange of teaching units between Environmental Engineering and Environmental Natural Sciences but the two curricula are quite different and lead to significantly different professional profiles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Friedler, Eran, David M. Brown, and David Butler. "A study of WC derived sewer solids." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 9 (April 1, 1996): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0166.

Full text

Abstract:

Little is currently known about the nature, quantity or variability of WC derived sewer solids. This work describes results of a one week domestic WC usage survey in the UK. Specific attention is paid to solid production including faecal matter, toilet paper and sanitary refuse. Significant quantities of solids were found to be produced. The results illustrate distinctive diurnal usage patterns including the surprisingly low evening faecal related flush usage. Weekend usage exceeded week day usage on average, but with reduced morning peaks. Differences between males and females usage were also noted, in particular the much larger toilet paper usage and sanitary refuse disposal associated with females.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Baptista, M., S. Barraud, E. Alfakih, N. Nascimento, W. Fernandes, P. Moura, and L. Castro. "Performance-costs evaluation for urban storm drainage." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0037.

Full text

Abstract:

The design process of urban stormwater systems incorporating BMPs involves more complexity unlike the design of classic drainage systems for which just the technique of pipes is likely to be used. This paper presents a simple decision aid methodology and an associated software (AvDren) concerning urban stormwater systems, devoted to the evaluation and the comparison of drainage scenarios using BMPs according to different technical, sanitary, social environmental and economical aspects. This kind of tool is particularly interesting so as to help the decision makers to select the appropriate alternative and to plan the investments especially for developing countries, with important sanitary problems and severe budget restrictions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Soroushian, Parviz, Habibur Chowdhury, and Tewodros Ghebrab. "Evaluation of Water-Repelling Additives for Use in Concrete-Based Sanitary Sewer Infrastructure." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 15, no. 2 (June 2009): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0342(2009)15:2(106).

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Long, S. C., J. D. Plummer, T. Tauscher, and M. Aull. "Using a weight-of-evidence approach for management of watersheds." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.450.

Full text

Abstract:

This research used a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate sources of contaminants in a drinking water watershed that serves as part of the City of Boston's water supply. The approach incorporated land use analysis using GIS, sanitary surveys, traditional water quality monitoring and microbial source tracking (MST) tools. Case-study tributaries were selected based on elevated faecal coliform counts. Land use analysis and sanitary surveys were used to identify suspected microbial sources, including residential septic systems, agricultural animal operations, commercial/industrial operations and wildlife activity. Sampling sites were selected to hydrologically isolate potential contamination sources. Samples were collected seasonally over 1 year and analysed for traditional and MST parameters. Results demonstrated that both septic systems and a horse stable were contributing microbial loads in the first tributary. In the second tributary, septic systems from the townhouses were contributing microbial loads while a plant nursery was contributing organic matter. This evidence was used to evaluate best management practices to mitigate the contamination.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

LOCKWOOD, F. W. "The Sanitary Administration of Belfast (1898)." Water and Environment Journal 9, S1 (March 1995): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1995.tb01172.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Buralli, G. M., R. H. Born, O. Gerola, and M. P. Pimont. "Soil Disposal of Residues and the Proliferation of Flies in the State of São Paulo." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0050.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper analyses aspects of the proliferation of flies in São Paulo State as regards their sanitary importance. The most usual flies are from the Muscidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae families. The presence of these vectors is due to the disposal of vinasse on the soil, organic residues used in crop production and the lack of basic sanitary facilities. Their proliferation is intensified in the alcohol production and sugar-cane crop areas, and by poultry activities (in keeping with the country's economic model based upon the export of poultry and manufactured goods, and urbanization). Some attempts to control the proliferation of flies are discussed. Expert staff participation for the control of vectors in organic waste disposal on the soil was found to be necessary.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Basupi, Innocent. "Performance analyses of existing sanitary sewers with the selection of household water-saving schemes." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 11 (October 12, 2020): 2400–2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.492.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The widespread uptake of household water-saving systems (i.e. appliances, fittings, rainwater harvesting tanks, etc.) usually aims to reduce the gap between water demand and supply without considering the performances of downstream sanitary sewers (SSs). This paper presents an analysis approach that examines the lifespan interaction of water-saving schemes (WSSs) and operation of existing SSs. Examined are three probable ways of using (or not using) these water systems, including the conventional (baseline), full application and optimal selection of efficient WSSs. For optimality, a method that maximises the WSS potential efficiency (overall) and minimises the cost of WSSs including the associated savings across the entire existing SS subject to constraints at the end of the planning horizon has been formulated. The problem is solved using a non-dominated genetic algorithm to obtain optimal solutions. Decision variables include various water use (or saving) capacities of water-saving schemes at different inflow nodes (locations). The method was demonstrated on the subsystem of the Tsholofelo Extension SS. The results indicate impactful and revealing interactions between water use efficiency, instantaneous hydraulic performances and existing SS upgrade requirements due to different applications of WSSs. The impacts and revelations observed would inform decisions during lifespan operations and management of SSs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

KHIARI, B., and S. BENMABROUK. "Technical and economic survey of low enthalpy solar installations for heating sanitary water." Desalination 165 (August 15, 2004): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(04)00234-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Water and sanitary engineering'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles