Dissertations / Theses: 'Water allocation'

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Colvin, Jamie Cameron. "Water markets : factors in efficient water allocation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50546.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water is essential for life. Like the very air that surrounds us the omnipresent and indispensable qualities of water pervade throughout all of our lives. For reasons of health, community and trade the beginnings of all civilisations were proximate to the mighty rivers of the world. In a rapidly expanding global village, the priority for our future is to secure the management of increasing levels of water demand, given the finite natural cycle that all water is subject to and derived from; the hydrological cycle. The focus of this papers investigation is how best to allocate the value of water through the relatively nascent developments of water markets. The premise of utilising markets for allocative efficiency is suitably ingrained in the workings of many societies today, and the need to treat water with commensurate value and avoid waste is encapsulated in the Dublin Principles, where #4 states; 'Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognised as an economic good'. Which in isolation has merit, the legacy of state water management is usually associated with underperformance at best or incompetence and corruption at worst, and therefore the introduction of market mechanisms to provide water with allocative efficiency and true value, should be a positive undertaking for change. However the requisite conditions for proficient markets and perfect competition; which primarily include, that all agents are buyers and sellers, for a homogeneous product, with perfect information, without externalities, after the full and fair assignment of property rights, where all goods and services are private goods, and where transaction costs remain close to zero; would seldom be applicable to water. The many idiosyncrasies of water inhibit the application of competitive markets. Water could easily be defined as a public good with riparian rights, subject to a range of social and environmental externalities, whilst incurring high structural entry costs and remaining subject to the problematic vagaries of the natural supply cycle. Demand profiles also give water a heterogeneous definition, as domestic uses include both sanitation and drinking water, whilst various levels of quality are required for industry and agriculture, and even recreation. This paper seeks to define those factors that both warrant and limit the introduction of market functions to water management. The premise of this paper remains the search for better ways of valuing water, and how to incorporate fully the foundations of the environment and social criteria of health, and poverty reduction within these economic considerations. The conclusion defines a premium / discount solution to market traded water prices, which internalises these factors.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water is noodsaaklik vir lewe. Net soos die lug wat ons omring het water ook alomteenwoordige eienskappe wat In onskeibare deel van ons lewens vorm. Die ontstaan van alle beskawings is te vinde in die nabyheid van groot en gevestigde riviere vir redes van gemeenskaplikheid, gesondheid en handel. Vandag se geintegreerde en snel-groeiende samelewing met sy toenemende vraag na water, noodsaak 'n toekomsgerigte benadering om waterbronne te bestuur gegewe die vaste water natuursiklus waar water vandaan kom en bewaar word in. Die fokus van hierdie studie is om die beste metodes te vind vir waterallokasie met verwysing na die ontwikkeling van water markte oor die eeue. Die gebruik van die markstelsel om water effektief te allokeer is die grondslag van baie samelewings vandag. So erken die Dublin beginsels die noosaaklikheid om 'n waarde te plaas op water beklemtoon dat dit nie vermors moet word nie. Beginsel #4 bepaal: "Water het 'n ekonomiese waarde in al sy vele gebruike en moet ooreenkomstig erken word as ekonomiese saak". Die bestuur van waterbronne deur 'n owerheid word gewoonlik vereenselwig met 'n nie-optimale of selfs korrupte onbevoegdheid. Hier behoort die bekendstelling van mark beginsels om 'n waarde en nut op water te plaas dus 'n positiewe ontwikkeling te wees. Tog is dit ook duidelik dat die vereistes vir 'n effektiewe mark; alle agente is kopers en verkopers, 'n eenvormige produk, deursigtigheid in informasie, geen eksternaliteite, erkenning van besitreg, alle goedere en dienste is privaat goedere, transaksie koste is naby aan nul; nie volkome toepasbaar is op water nie. Die eenvoudige asook komplekse aard van water verhoed dat standaard markstelsel en beginsels van kompetisie eenvormig toepasbaar is. Water kan ook maklik gekategoriseer word as publieke goedere met gemeenskapsregte, wat dit dan onderhewig sal maak aan verskeie maatskaplike en omgewingsmaatreëls, hoë toetrede kostes, en logistieke probleme van die verskaffingsiklus. Dit is egter die vraag na water wat defineer dit as heterogene produk met huishoudelike gebruike vir beide persoonlike verbruik asook sanitasie, terwyl doelgerigte gebruike in landbou, handel en nywerheid ook spesifieke kwaliteite kan vereis. Hierdie werkstuk beoog om die faktore te defineer wat die bekendstelling van 'n mark stelsel vir water bestuur daarstel en ook beperk. Die uitgangspunt van hierdie studie was om maniere te vind vir beter ekonomiese waardasie van water en dit dan te kombineer met die fondasies van die omgewing, maatskaplike & gesondheidsmaatreëls, asook die toeganklikheid van basiese dienste aan almal.

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Tomkins, Claire Danielle. "Allocation and pricing of water resources /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Akhand, Md Nurul Alam. "A canal irrigation water allocation model." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185910.

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A water allocation model was developed to assist with allocation of canal water to competing crop irrigation demands. Multi-period linear programming was utilized to optimally allocate water in both time and space to maximize benefits for an irrigated farm. Irrigation scheduling, crop response and canal water delivery models were used to support the water allocation decisions. The irrigation scheduling model supplied information on crop evapotranspiration and soil water storage. The crop response model predicted crop yield in response to the irrigation water applications. The canal delivery model checked the feasibility of supplying the allocation quantities through the control structures and turnouts. The allocation model was evaluated by tests of water allocation for the University of Arizona, Maricopa Agricultural Center demonstration farm. In crop scenarios which emphasized cotton production, the model recommended deficit irrigation for the barley, cotton, grapes and wheat fields during periods when the quantity of irrigation water demanded was greater than that supplied. Analysis of the effects of changes in water cost and crop returns showed the basis of the solution remained unchanged for a wide range of data. The basis was, however, found to be unstable with very limited water supplies. In addition to serving as a planning tool, the allocation model could be used as a real time management tool. It is believed to have broad applicability to other irrigation projects in other areas with characteristics similar to Arizona test conditions.

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Patrick, Marian J. "Scale and justice in water allocation." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/474.

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Water allocation is a fundamental part of water resources management. Water allocation is often a contested process because it involves multiple uses and users of water. Issues of justice arise when resources are, or are perceived to be, in short supply. When water is allocated the rules for the distribution of the resource may result in just outcomes for some stakeholders but may create injustices for other stakeholders. Issues of scale thus form an important component of water allocation. This thesis draws from an amalgam of ideas on justice, scale and water management and aims to present a conceptual framework that explicitly utilises an understanding of scale and levels as a means to enrich the concept of justice in the context of the water allocation. The discovery that there was no existing conceptual framework described in the literature that explicitly addressed and defined water, scale and justice simultaneously and in sufficient depth revealed the necessity to develop such a framework hence providing the primary impetus for this study. Two scales – a regulatory and an institutional scale – were identified using a specific issue facing water management within the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia, namely Domestic and Stock (D&S) dams. The management of D&S dams currently falls outside the formal water entitlement framework for the Basin and presents a scenario of perceived injustice in that water share holders pay for their water and rely on it for their livelihoods while those accessing water for D&S use do not pay for it and often it is for aesthetic purposes. Five levels within the regulatory and institutional scale were found to be relevant to this issue and comprised the federal, basin, state, regional and local levels. These levels described the boundary of the system under investigation and they defined the scope of the study. They also provided the means to identify the relevant legislation, strategy and policy documentation at each level within the regulatory scale and the relevant institutions and key decision makers that were interviewed at each level in the institutional scale. Content analysis techniques were used to examine five regulatory documents and ten interview transcripts; one document from each of the five levels within the regulatory scale and two interviewees from each of the levels within the institutional scale formed the primary data source for the study. The texts were coded, categories were identified, ideas were clustered and three themes were developed. These themes were entitled: Broadening the Scope of Justice; A Continuum of Justice and The Dynamics of Justice. Each of these themes provided a different perspective of justice and contributed to the development of a conceptual framework entitled The Cycles and Spirals of Justice. This study explored justice through the lens of the issue of Domestic and Stock (D&S) dams. The issue of D&S dams was taken up by a number of institutions and addressed via a number of policies and regulations. As it moved through the various levels of the regulatory and institutional scales it was perceived to be dealt with justly by some and resulting in injustices by others. Justice is in the eye of the beholder! Politics and power shifted the D&S issue around the system; it was reframed by institutions along the way to suit their mandates and their cause. What was deemed as a just way of dealing with D&S dams at one level was deemed unjust at another. Three justice for whom categories were identified and explored through the case study, namely justice for social, economic or environmental concerns. They were found to vary between the levels of the regulatory and institutional scale and their positions on each scale shifted under extreme water scarce conditions. The case study illustrated the interdependency of social, economic and environmental concerns, the need to be fully inclusive of all three concerns within a scope of justice. Striving for or managing for justice is not a static act; if justice is achieved at one level, it might not be at another. What is often perceived as a just outcome at one level of one scale could result in injustices at another level or scale. It is important to recognise that there exists at each level a cycling continuum of justice and injustice, and that because we are dealing with issues in a complex system we need to be cognisant of the relationship between justice and injustice in the decision making process. There exists a distinct possibility that we might be unaware of the injustices that our actions at one level might have at another. I have developed a conceptual framework entitled the Cycles and Spirals of Justice that helps make sense of the relationship between justice and injustice in the context of the water allocation decision making by explicitly utilising an understanding of scale and levels. This is a transdisciplinary study so it is hoped that the findings of this research will contribute to building bridges between disciplines, enhance the current understanding of the concepts of justice and scale in the context of water allocation and ultimately contribute in some small way to water being used and distributed more justly and sustainably in the future.

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Wang, Lizhong. "Cooperative Water Resources Allocation among Competing Users." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/867.

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A comprehensive model named the Cooperative Water Allocation Model (CWAM) is developed for modeling equitable and efficient water allocation among competing users at the basin scale, based on a multiperiod node-link river basin network. The model integrates water rights allocation, efficient water allocation and equitable income distribution subject to hydrologic constraints comprising both water quantity and quality considerations. CWAM allocates water resources in two steps: initial water rights are firstly allocated to water uses based on legal rights systems or agreements, and then water is reallocated to achieve efficient use of water through water transfers. The associated net benefits of stakeholders participating in a coalition are allocated by using cooperative game theoretical approaches.

The first phase of the CWAM methodology includes three methods for deriving initial water rights allocation among competing water uses, namely the priority-based multiperiod maximal network flow (PMMNF) programming, modified riparian water rights allocation (MRWRA) and lexicographic minimax water shortage ratios (LMWSR) methods. PMMNF is a very flexible approach and is applicable under prior, riparian and public water rights systems with priorities determined by different criteria. MRWRA is essentially a special form of PMMNF adapted for allocation under the riparian regime. LMWSR is designed for application under a public water rights system, which adopts the lexicographic minimax fairness concept. The second step comprises three sub-models: the irrigation water planning model (IWPM) is a model for deriving benefit functions of irrigation water; the hydrologic-economic river basin model (HERBM) is the core component of the coalition analysis, which searches for the values of various coalitions of stakeholders and corresponding optimal water allocation schemes, based on initial water rights, monthly net benefit functions of demand sites and the ownership of water uses; the sub-model cooperative reallocation game (CRG) of the net benefit of the grand coalition adopts cooperative game solution concepts, including the nucleolus, weak nucleolus, proportional nucleolus, normalized nucleolus and Shapley value, to perform equitable reallocation of the net benefits of stakeholders participating in the grand coalition. The economically efficient use of water under the grand coalition is achieved through water transfers based on initial water rights.

Sequential and iterative solution algorithms utilizing the primal simplex method are developed to solve the linear PMMNF and LMWSR problems, respectively, which only include linear water quantity constraints. Algorithms for nonlinear PMMNF and LMWSR problems adopt a two-stage approach, which allow nonlinear reservoir area- and elevation-storage relations, and may include nonlinear water quality constraints. In the first stage, the corresponding linear problems, excluding nonlinear constraints, are solved by a sequential or iterative algorithm. The global optimal solution obtained by the linear programming is then combined together with estimated initial values of pollutant concentrations to be used as the starting point for the sequential or iterative nonlinear programs of the nonlinear PMMNF or LMWSR problem. As HERBM adopts constant price-elasticity water demand functions to derive the net benefit functions of municipal and industrial demand sites and hydropower stations, and quadratic gross benefit functions to find the net benefit functions of agriculture water uses, stream flow demands and reservoir storages, it is a large scale nonlinear optimization problem even when the water quality constraints are not included. An efficient algorithm is built for coalition analysis, utilizing a combination of the multistart global optimization technique and gradient-based nonlinear programming method to solve a HERBM for each possible coalition.

Throughout the study, both the feasibility and the effectiveness of incorporating equity concepts into conventional economic optimal water resources management modeling are addressed. The applications of CWAM to the Amu Darya River Basin in Central Asia and the South Saskatchewan River Basin in western Canada demonstrate the applicability of the model. It is argued that CWAM can be utilized as a tool for promoting the understanding and cooperation of water users to achieve maximum welfare in a river basin and minimize the damage caused by water shortages, through water rights allocation, and water and net benefit transfers among water users under the regulated water market or administrative allocation mechanism.

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Movik, Synne. "Fluid rights South Africa's water allocation reform." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488584.

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The perceived threat of water scarcity and the rise of the integrated water resources management paradigm have prompted policy reforms worldwide, with South Africa's 1998 Water Act being regarded as particularly progressive.

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Benninghoff, Benjamin Daniel. "An evaluation of Ontario's water allocation system, the perspectives of water users." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ55654.pdf.

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Santos, Roman Deborah Matilde. "Systematization of water allocation systems: an engineering approach." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4909.

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The allocation of water resources is typically accomplished within the framework of water allocation systems (WAS). In general, a WAS sets priorities, applies rules, and organizes responses to a range of water allocation scenarios. This research presents a comprehensive study of water allocation strategies and provides a conceptual framework of principles and guidelines for designing, assessing, implementing and supporting WAS. The voluminous compilation of international treaties and conventions, interstate compacts, intrastate administrative documentation, and scientific/engineering literature was researched in order to identify different water allocation strategies and mechanisms. From this analysis eight fundamental areas of WAS were identified: water rights, determination of water allotment, administrative systems, reservoir storage considerations, system reliability, multiple uses, instream flow requirements, and drought management. The systematic scrutiny of these eight areas at the international, interstate, and intrastate levels defined the conceptual framework for assessing WAS. The Texas experience with regard to its Water Availability Modeling system is also reviewed with particular emphasis on the application of the Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) model in supporting water allocation efforts. The Lower Rio Grande WAS was used as a case study to demonstrate how the principles presented in the conceptual framework can be used to assess water allocation issues and identify alternative strategies. Three WRAP simulation studies utilizing several components of the conceptual framework were performed in order to assess the Lower Rio Grande WAS. The simulations focused on three of the major water allocation issues of the Texas Rio Grande: reallocation among uses, instream flow requirements, and drought management. The simulations showed several deficiencies in the Lower Rio Grande WAS, particularly regarding the size of the domestic-municipal-industrial (DMI) reserve and its effect on the reliability of other uses. The simulation results suggest that water from the DMI can be liberated to be used by irrigators and to support environmental flows without affecting the reliability to municipal users. Several strategies were proposed that can potentially improve the overall efficiency of the system. Nonetheless, implementing new strategies and water allocation policies in the Lower Rio Grande WAS would require considerable changes in regulation policies.

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Lee, Lisa Yu-Ting. "EFFICIENT WATER ALLOCATION IN A HETEROGENEOUS CATCHMENT SETTING." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2466.

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Doctor of Philosophy
The problem of water scarcity has become one of the most controversial topics in Australia over the past decades, with particular focus being the ‘sustainable’ allocation of water between extractive and environmental purposes. Geographical factors are defining the extreme variability in climate and water supply in Australia and, in the past, this was used as a rationale for the construction of large irrigation projects to deliver water to rural, urban, and industrial users. During this ‘expansionary’ phase of Australia’s water use sector, the cost of augmenting supply was relatively low and environmental considerations were secondary to the development imperative. As a result, water resources became over-allocated for extractive uses spurred on by consistent underpricing of water, which indicated a failure to reflect the true cost of water supply. As Australia’s water economy entered a ‘mature’ phase, it was no longer possible to increase supply cheaply as the most easily accessible water resources had already been captured. This was followed by widespread environmental degradation manifested in the Murray- Darling Basin, the nation’s largest river basin which hosts much of Australia’s agricultural production. Consequently, the focus shifted towards demand management, leading to a myriad of regulation aimed at increasing the allocative efficiency of scarce water resources. Towards this end, substantial government funding was injected into the various initiatives throughout the water reform process. Despite the on-going government activities in the area of water reform, the understanding of the actual economic impact and environmental outcomes of various water policies in practice remains limited. In the absence of such understanding, the effectiveness of various government water initiatives is ambiguous and inevitably compromised. The present study addresses this knowledge gap by establishing a method for evaluating the economic and environmental outcomes of environmentally-oriented polices that affect irrigated industries in a catchment. The method is based on an integrated biophysical and economic modelling approach, which enables spatial relationships to be captured accurately allowing a more realistic analysis. Information generated from a computer based biophysical simulation model form the basis of an economic optimisation model with constraints pertaining to environmental targets and water supply limits. The economic model consists of a linear programming and dynamic programming component, and involves the optimisation of resource use from a catchment manager’s perspective, seeking to achieve efficient resource use but at the same time conform to given environmental objectives. This embedded linear and dynamic programming approach was required to determine the optimal intra-seasonal and inter-seasonal water allocation, given various catchment environmental targets. The interdisciplinary approach enables the economic and ecological outcomes of the catchment management policies to be simulated and assessed at a spatially explicit scale, due to the link to Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the biophysical model. The overall objective was to create a decision-making framework that could be used to determine the least-cost means of meeting environmental targets and resource constraints. The solutions to the analysis are directly applicable to the case study, the Mooki catchment in northern New South Wales (NSW), but with an adaptable framework that can be applied to other catchments. Specific objectives include an evaluation of the possibility of using alternative irrigation systems, as well as an evaluation of the benefits that can be realised by establishing water market, in the light of environmentally-oriented catchment policies for the case study. The economic cost of achieving environmental targets pertaining to environmental flow requirements and salinity reduction, in the form of end-of-valley salinity targets, was explicitly calculated through the economic model. While salinity targets have been set for NSW catchments, the practicality of such targets is in question, given the substantial reductions in water allocation to irrigation activities, which is one of the key contributors to deep-drainage. An additional objective in this study was therefore to investigate the value of having deep drainage targets. A further consideration is the effect of “external agents” in the form of government plans to buyback entitlements from irrigation districts, or the possibility of significant water rights purchases from mining industries. The implications of external water market entrants on the regional agricultural industry were examined.

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Silva, Samiria Maria Oliveira da. "Compensation and risk management mechanism in water allocation." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14819.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The process of water allocation between different and competing uses in an uncertain climate scenario reinforces the motivation to study risk management of water systems. In this way, the purpose of this study is to propose the incorporation of a climate risk management mechanism in the process of water allocation, aiming an equitable and efficient management of these resources. For this, an aggregate model consisting of a reservoir of regulation and two users (urban supply and irrigation) was used to build and evaluate a financial mechanism. Afterwards, a disaggregation model consisting of multiple reservoirs was used to apply the concepts defined in the previous model. Initially, an indicator was chosen to be used as a trigger for the financial mechanism. This trigger started the mechanism whenever any rigorous state of drought in the water system was detected, which were classified in four different types: moderate drought, severe drought, extreme drought and exceptional drought. The amount of compensation was calculated based on the benefits achieved by the sector that lost water guarantee during the scarcity period. This evaluation was performed by the application of two methods for apportioning the water availability: linear apportionment and priority system. The available water flow for allocation was calculated using the reservoir operation strategy with inflows zero in the semester of the year. However, the incorporation of climate information in the process was also tested. Two triggers were proposed for the financial mechanism: Drought indices and Rationing level. The drought indices were built based on the average precipitation (standardized precipitation index), the inflow (standardized index flow) and the final volume of system operation (synthetic index). The rationing level mechanism is based on the available water flow for allocation and it was chosen due to its existing relation with the volume stored. This relationship allows the trigger to perform well both for the drought detection probability as for the false alarm. In addition, a conceptual framework for incorporating the financial mechanism to charge for the water use was elaborated, as well as an evaluation of the performance of the system as for the incorporation of the financial mechanism through two indicators: economic efficiency and equity (allocative justice). The performance evaluation showed that the payment of compensation in a period of drought due higher warranty (priority) of other uses operates to a greater equity and efficiency in water allocation. In order to keep the funds collected by the charge to cover the compensation, a regularization fund that has annual revenues of parcels carried out by the urban water supply and by the government was created. This regularization fund ensures the financial sustainability and also a good ability to adapt the incorporation mechanism to the collect instrument. Consequently, the financial compensation is a viable option for both water managers, who will have greater flexibility in their decisions, as well as for the water resources system, that will have more equity in their process of water allocation.
O processo de alocaÃÃo de Ãgua entre usos diferentes e conflitantes em um cenÃrio de incerteza climÃtica reforÃa a motivaÃÃo para estudar a gestÃo de riscos em sistemas hÃdricos. Dessta forma, o presente estudo propÃe a incorporaÃÃo de um mecanismo de gestÃo de risco climÃtico no processo de alocaÃÃo de recursos hÃdricos visando o gerenciamento equitativo e eficiente desses recursos. Para isso, utilizou-se um modelo agregado composto por um reservatÃrio de regularizaÃÃo e dois usuÃrios abastecimento urbano e irrigaÃÃo, para construir e avaliar o mecanismo financeiro. Em seguida, utilizou-se um modelo desagregado, com mÃltiplos reservatÃrios, para aplicar os conceitos definidos no modelo anterior. Inicialmente, foi definido um indicador para ser utilizado como gatilho do mecanismo financeiro. Esse gatilho acionou o mecanismo sempre que foi detectado algum estado de severidade seca no sistema hÃdrico, sendo utilizado quatro estados: seca moderada, seca severa, seca extrema e seca excepcional. O valor da compensaÃÃo foi calculado com base nos benefÃcios alcanÃados pelo setor que perdeu garantia hÃdrica no perÃodo de escassez. Essa avaliaÃÃo foi realizada por meio da aplicaÃÃo de dois mÃtodos de rateio das disponibilidades hÃdricas: rateio linear e sistema de prioridades. A vazÃo disponÃvel para alocaÃÃo foi determinada utilizando a estratÃgia de operaÃÃo do reservatÃrio com afluÃncias zero no semestre do ano. Entretanto, tambÃm testou-se a incorporaÃÃo da informaÃÃo climÃtica nesse processo. Foram propostos dois gatilhos para o mecanismo financeiro: Ãndices de seca e NÃvel de Racionamento. Os Ãndices de seca foram construÃdos com base na precipitaÃÃo mÃdia (Ãndice padronizado de precipitaÃÃo), na vazÃo afluente (Ãndice padronizado de escoamento) e no volume final da operaÃÃo do sistema (Ãndice sintÃtico). O nÃvel de racionamento possuiu como base a vazÃo disponÃvel para alocaÃÃo (retirada controlada). A escolha dessa variÃvel deu-se pela relaÃÃo existente entre ela e o volume armazenado Essa relaÃÃo permite que o gatilho obtenha um bom desempenho tanto para a probabilidade de detecÃÃo de seca quanto para o falso alarme. AlÃm disso, elaborou-se uma base conceitual para incorporar o mecanismo financeiro a cobranÃa pelo uso da Ãgua e avaliou-se o desempenho do sistema quanto Ã incorporaÃÃo do mecanismo financeiro por meio de dois indicadores, eficiÃncia econÃmica e equidade (justiÃa alocativa). A avaliaÃÃo de desempenho mostrou que o pagamento da compensaÃÃo em um perÃodo de seca devido Ã maior garantia (prioridade) de outros usos opera no sentido de uma maior equidade e eficiÃncia na alocaÃÃo de Ãgua. No intuito de guardar os recursos financeiros arrecadados pela cobranÃa para a cobertura das compensaÃÃes propÃs-se um fundo de regularizaÃÃo que possui parcelas de arrecadaÃÃo anual realizadas pelo abastecimento urbano e pelo governo. O fundo de regularizaÃÃo garante a sustentabilidade financeira e a incorporaÃÃo do mecanismo ao instrumento de cobranÃa uma boa capacidade de adaptaÃÃo ao sistema. Assim, a compensaÃÃo financeira Ã uma opÃÃo viÃvel tanto para os gestores de recursos hÃdricos que terÃo maior flexibilidade nas suas decisÃes quanto para o sistema de recursos hÃdricos que terÃ maior equidade no seu processo de alocaÃÃo de Ãgua.

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Manaweera, Wickramage Heshani Anjalie Manaweera. "Bankruptcy Model Application to Missouri River Water Allocation." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31733.

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Growing demand for water and improper resource management over the years have led conflicts among states and countries. This research applies cooperative game theory. The bankruptcy model, where claims for resources exceed their total availability, was applied to Missouri River water allocation during dry years. In this study, five allocation rules were applied. These include Proportional, Constrained Equal Award, Sequential Sharing Rules based Proportional, Mianabadi’s methodology, and a proposed Modified Constrained Equal Award rule in allocating Missouri River water among two agents where their primary purposes were managing the reservoir water level and navigation channel. Selection of the best allocation rule depends on the beneficiaries, and there is no exact method to choose the best. However, this study reveals that the best approaches are proposed Modified Constrained Equal Award and Proportional rules to allocate water among the agents in the Missouri River for dry years.

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Eden, Susanna. "Negotiation and the resolution of water allocation disputes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191993.

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Negotiation as a process for resolving water allocation disputes has advantages and disadvantages with respect to other dispute resolution methods. The principal advantages are derived from direct participation of interested parties. The chief disadvantages are that it cannot produce agreement in all conflicts and that such agreements as are reached may not adequately consider the public interest. In this thesis, criteria for determining whether a particular conflict is likely to be resolved through negotiation are enumerated. No satisfactory method was found to evaluate the public interest content of negotiated settlements, although several paradigms are examined. Instead, the public interest was assumed to receive adequate protection in negotiations when all the parties with a stake in the outcome participate or are represented. Because participation requires power to be effective, the sources of negotiating power are examined, along with the relation of negotiating structures to the distribution of such power.

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Ivkovic, Karen Marie-Jeanne, and kardami@optusnet com au. "Modelling Groundwater-River Interactions for Assessing Water Allocation Options." The Australian National University. Centre for Resources, Environment and Society, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080901.134545.

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The interconnections between groundwater and river systems remain poorly understood in many catchments throughout the world, and yet they are fundamental to effectively managing water resources. Groundwater extraction from aquifers that are connected to river systems will reduce river flows, and this has implications for riverine ecosystem health, water security, aesthetic and cultural values, as well as water allocation and water management policies more generally. The decline in river flows as a consequence of groundwater extractions has the potential to threaten river basin industries and communities reliant on water resources. ¶ In this thesis the connectivity between groundwater and river systems and the impact that groundwater extractions have on river flows were studied in one of Australias most developed irrigation areas, the Namoi River catchment in New South Wales. ¶ Gauged river reaches in the Namoi River catchment were characterised according to three levels of information: 1) presence of hydraulic connection between aquifer-river systems; 2) dominant direction of aquifer-river flux; and 3) the potential for groundwater extraction to impact on river flows. The methods used to characterise the river reaches included the following analyses: 1) a comparison of groundwater and river channel base elevations using a GIS/Database; 2) stream hydrographs and the application of a baseflow separation filter; 3) flow duration curves and the percentage of time a river flows; 4) vertical aquifer connectivity from nested piezometer sites; and 5) paired stream and groundwater hydrographs. ¶ The theoretical responses for gaining, losing and variably gaining-losing river reaches were conceptualised along with the processes that operate in these systems. Subsequently, a map was prepared for the Namoi River catchment river reaches indicating aquifer-river connectivity and dominant direction of flux. Large areas of the Upper Namoi River catchment were found to have connected aquifer-river systems, with groundwater extraction bores located in close proximity to the rivers. Accordingly, the potential for groundwater extraction to impact on river flows in these areas was considered significant. The Lower Namoi was assessed as having mostly disconnected aquifer-river systems. ¶ In order to investigate the impacts of groundwater extraction on river flows in connected aquifer-river systems, a simple integrated aquifer-river model entitled IHACRES_GW was developed for use at the catchment scale. The IHACRES_GW model includes a dynamic, spatially-lumped rainfall-runoff model, IHACRES, combined with a simple groundwater bucket model that maintains a continuous water balance account of groundwater storage volumes for the upstream catchment area relative to the base of the stream, assumed to be the stream gauging station. The IHACRES_GW model was developed primarily: 1) to improve upon existing water allocation models by incorporating aquifer-river interactions; 2) to quantify the impacts of groundwater extraction on river flows within unregulated, connected aquifer-river systems; 3) to inform water policy on groundwater extraction; and 4) to be able to utilise the model in future integrated assessment of water allocations options at the catchment scale. ¶ The IHACRES_GW model was applied within the Coxs Creek subcatchment in order to test its validity. The model was used to simulate a range of extraction scenarios which enabled the impacts of groundwater extractions on river flows to be assessed. In particular, the historical impacts of groundwater extraction on the timing, magnitude and frequency of baseflow events were quantified over a 15-year (1988-2003) simulation period. The IHACRES_GW model was also used to evaluate the implications of water sharing plans for the Coxs Creek subcatchment. ¶ A spatially-lumped modelling approach in the management of water resources has a number of limitations, including those arising from the lack of spatial considerations. However, it offers a number of advantages including facilitating a better understanding of large-scale water management issues, assessing the impacts of water allocation and groundwater extraction on river flows at the catchment scale, and informing water sharing plans. In particular, this type of modelling approach lends itself to integrated assessments of water allocation options in which hydrological, ecological and socioeconomic data sets are combined, and where data is commonly aggregated to a larger scale of interest in response to the requirements of policy makers. The research findings from this thesis provide some insights into how to better manage the impacts of groundwater extraction in connected aquifer-river systems.

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Mahan, Robert Colin. "Efficient allocation of surface water resources in southern Alberta." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq24600.pdf.

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15

Maeda, Shigeya. "Optimization of wasteload allocation for river water quality management." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/78139.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第9623号
農博第1251号
新制||農||843(附属図書館)
学位論文||H14||N3655(農学部図書室)
UT51-2002-G381
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授河地利彦, 教授青山咸康, 教授高橋強
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Handley, Christopher David. "Water stress : some symptoms and causes : a case study of Ta'iz, Yemen." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29232/.

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This study claims that to develop water resources sustainably in areas facing water shortage an understanding of the factors leading to scarcity require an integrated, interdisciplinary and holistic approach. This hypothesis has been tested in the context of a water shortage crisis in the Yemeni city of Ta'iz (population 400,000) that peaked in 1995. The crisis was triggered by the demise of the main aquifer supplying the city. Numerical assessment of the aquifer's water resources permits an historical reconstruction of its degradation. The environmental cost of its demise, were irrigated agriculture to cease so that the aquifer could recover, is modelled. The returns to water from agriculture and industry are estimated in economic and livelihood provision terms, and contrasted. Sectoral contribution to water resource pollution is also contrasted. The area's dependence on grain imports is evaluated in terms of 'virtual water' (Allan, 1998). Adaptation to water shortage of individual households and water-related businesses is assessed quantitatively (through questionnaires) and that of political actors qualitatively through interviews. An assessment of the influence of the legal and institutional frameworks to the adaptive process utilises secondary data and interviews. These data and analysis suggest that the reality of water allocation in the Ta'iz area reflects politcal rather than economic factors, and economic rather than water resource criteria. The data are also used to examine critically the causes of the crisis in terms of political ecology and environmental reconstructionist models of sustainable development. An alternative model is proposed which incorporates economic progress, environmental protection and equity provision. Northern hydropolitical theory is found inadequate to encompass the allocative process of a Southern weak state (Migdal, 1988).

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Rafiei, Yousef. "Improved oil production and waterflood performance by water allocation management." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2758.

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This thesis has evaluated a wide range of techniques to militate one of the big challenges of petroleum industry, water production. The techniques discussed waterflooding management, all aim to reduce excessive water production. The injection and production history at a well and field level are most common available data in any oil field, especially when nowadays we can have these data in real time with the implementation of the digital oil field and the intelligent well completion. This research aims to understand the strength and weaknesses of the existing techniques and “repackage” them to provide an optimum combination for more effective waterflood management by analysing injection and production data history. The first part of this research reviewed, tested and compared the analytical techniques that have been previously used for analysing the injection and production. The methods studied fell in to two distinct classes: those that monitor the waterflood performance secondly, methods for determining the inter-well connectivity. The second part of this thesis showed that an improved workflow used the captured information from the phase one methods could be combined to give more effective waterflood management via combination of reservoir voidage management (RVM), water allocation management (WAM) and production allocation management (PAM). Finally, a semi-analytical method was introduced in this thesis for performing RVM. Two approaches were defined for WAM and new techniques developed for PAM, all of which employed only the production and injection history. The results from these techniques were compared with the more advanced reservoir simulation methodologies such as gradient free optimisation. This comparison showed the reliability of the proposed techniques.

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Dube, Beatrice. "Distributive justice : water allocation reform in the Greater Tzaneen Municipality." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75996.

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The thesis investigates deliberateness in water allocation to historically disadvantaged individuals (HDIs) through a water infrastructure development project, the Great Letaba River Water Development Project (GleWaP) within a context of water allocation reform (WAR). WAR is a programme set to redress past discriminatory laws and practices in the allocation of water in South Africa and seeks to address racial and gender inequalities inherited from past political epochs. The study interrogates the concept of individual water rights for women in a context where the collective is prioritised over the individual. The qualitative study uses data collected from 73 participants using interviews, two focus group discussions and surveys. John Rawls’ theory of distributive justice and Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction theory are applied to interrogate water allocation discourses and processes to understand whether genuine justice can be achieved through water allocation reform. The study is set within the critical social theory paradigm where the interlinkages between power, politics, race and gender are interrogated in search of social justice. Study findings reveal that the intentions of WAR as articulated in the goals are far from achievable with other variables such as land ownership still to be addressed. After several years, WAR remains steeped in theoretical rhetoric while lacking in practicality, as victims of past discriminatory practices still have no access to water resources, while legislation continues to protect and benefit a minority. The study identifies deficit thinking as one of the challenges in the implementation of the reform strategy. It concludes that the water allocation reform strategy does not break away from colonial and apartheid concerns for white beneficiaries as there does not seem to be a deliberate attempt to allocate water to predominantly black historically disadvantaged individuals. The thesis thus recommends measurable outcomes for water allocation reform, development of a vibrant black rural water economy, and the use of expropriation of water as a measure to speed up water reform.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Anthropology and Archaeology
PhD
Restricted

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Bekchanov, Maksud [Verfasser]. "Efficient Water Allocation and Water Conservation Policy Modeling in The Aral Sea Basin / Maksud Bekchanov." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1053467311/34.

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Oliveira, MarcÃlio Caetano de. "Proposed methodology of allocation of water in periods water shortage for vale do Rio Curu-CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11199.

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A escolha acertada de um modelo de alocaÃÃo de Ãgua em perÃodos crÃticos ameniza o sofrimento causado pela ausÃncia de um bem tÃo precioso. Apesar da infraestrutura hÃdrica existente, o estado do CearÃ vem sofrendo com os problemas causados pela estiagem. A metodologia de alocaÃÃo de Ãgua, sobretudo em perÃodos de escassez, precisa ser formatada e discutida com os agentes envolvidos nesse processo. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de estratÃgia para alocaÃÃo de Ãgua, em perÃodo de escassez, para o Vale do Rio Curu, CearÃ, construÃda a partir da junÃÃo de dois mecanismos de alocaÃÃo: a formaÃÃo de consenso entre usuÃrios e instrumentos econÃmicos. Ã demonstrado, para isso, que o uso da Ãgua no Vale do Curu Ã predominante na atividade de irrigaÃÃo. Dessa forma, a estratÃgia proposta Ã composta por um sistema de prioridades de uso de Ãgua intrassetorial para irrigaÃÃo, com base na cobranÃa pelo uso da Ãgua variando em funÃÃo da garantia de longo prazo. Os recursos arrecadados com essa cobranÃa serÃo utilizados para pagamento de seguro e compensaÃÃo financeira, em anos secos, aos usuÃrios com garantia menores. A metodologia de alocaÃÃo proposta alcanÃou resultados satisfatÃrios quanto aos critÃrios de eficiÃncia econÃmica, legitimidade e sustentabilidade polÃtica, equidade, sustentabilidade financeira e capacidade de adaptaÃÃo. Para sua efetiva implantaÃÃo, foram sugeridas as medidas necessÃrias de controle, monitoramento e fiscalizaÃÃo do uso da Ãgua, alÃm da adequaÃÃo da legislaÃÃo vigente. A discussÃo e deliberaÃÃo pelo ComitÃ de Bacia HidrogrÃfica do Rio Curu foi apresentada como premissa fundamental para efetivaÃÃo da metodologia proposta
The right choice of a model of water allocation in critical periods alleviates the suffering caused by the absence of so precious. Despite the existing water infrastructure, the state of CearÃ has been suffering with the problems caused by drought. The methodology for allocation of water, especially in times of scarcity needs to be formatted and discussed with stakeholders in this process. This research aims to propose a strategy for allocating water in lean period for the River Valley Curu, CearÃ, built from the junction of two allocation mechanisms consensus building between users and economic instruments. It is shown that for this water use in Curu Valley is dominantly in the activity irrigation. Thus the proposed strategy consists of the definition of a system of priorities for the use of intra-sectoral water for irrigation from the payment of charges for water use varies depending on the long-term warranty. The funds raised from this collection will be used to pay insurance and financial compensation, in dry years, users with lower collateral. The proposed allocation methodology achieved satisfactory results regarding the criteria of economic efficiency, legitimacy and political sustainability, equity, financial sustainability and adaptability. For its effective implementation were suggested appropriate measures for monitoring, control and supervision of water use, the adequacy of current legislation. The discussion and deliberation by the committee River basin Curu was presented as a prerequisite for realization of the proposed methodology

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Gorantiwar, Sunil Digambar. "A model for the planning and operation of heterogeneous irrigation schemes in semi-arid regions under rotational water supply." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11706.

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This research is aimed at developing the method for efficiently using the water in irrigation schemes in semi-arid regions. These irrigation schemes are often short of water to irrigate entire culturable command area (CCA) with maximum water requirement of different crops and are characterised with different weather patterns, soils and the possibility to grow several crops. The CCA of these schemes is also large with several users or units, each having different characteristics. The previous research in this field was mostly either on optimum allocation of the resources considering the irrigation scheme as a whole or on evaluating the performance of the irrigation scheme for certain irrigation schedules for different units in the scheme. However in such schemes optimum allocation of resources (land and water) to different crops and their distribution over different units is important (optimum allocation plan, OAP). In the present study, the method and a computer model are developed to prepare OAPs for these irrigation schemes under rotational water supply, by incorporating the concepts of deficit irrigation and productivity and equity in the optimisation process. The previous research stressed the importance of equity observed in different ways but seldom adopted in optimum allocation of resources. Therefore this method includes the preparation of OAPs while observing equity in allocation of land and water resources and distribution of crop production and net benefits. The developed model, Area and Water Allocation Model (A WAM), consists of four phases each one for generating irrigation strategies, preparing irrigation programme for each irrigation strategy, screening irrigation programmes and allocating resources optimally to different crops in different units. The A W AM estimates the irrigation water requirement, crop yield and net benefits by simulating the various process in the irrigation scheme, produces the OAPs at preseason planning with different scenarios of productivity and equity and management options, develops the steady OAP by considering the temporal variability in the weather and modifies the allocation plan optimally during the intraseasonal operation of the irrigation scheme. A W AM operates in seven different modes to achieve this. These are simulation, calibration, generation, optimisation, planning, operation and evaluation. The A W AM was applied to Nazare Medium Irrigation Project (medium lmgation scheme) in semi-arid region of Maharashtra State, India to evaluate the existing practice of irrigation (fixed depth irrigation), full depth irrigation and deficit irrigation for obtaining the OAPs. The practice of deficit irrigation was found to be beneficial over the existing approach and full depth irrigation. The OAPs at preseason planning are obtained for several alternatives and compared. The OAPs were obtained for different equity criteria. The productivity and equity were found to be inversely related. The method is proposed to obtain the stable OAP with A WAM by considering several years' data. The present research contributes towards efficient utilisation of water in the irrigation scheme by incorporating the deficit irrigation and productivity and equity in obtaining OAPs, developing the methods to obtain the steady OAP and modifying the allocation plan optimally during the intraseasonal operation of the irrigation scheme.

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Gastélum, Pérez Jesús R. "Analysis of Water Resources Alternatives to Improve Water Allocation on the Conchos Basin During Drought Situations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305124.

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The Conchos Mexican basin is part of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin. This basin provides water to irrigate 120,000 ha and water supply to one million of population and its different activities in the state of Chihuahua. Moreover, this basin has historically delivered most of the water, around 54%, to the United States of the six Mexican rivers included on the international Water Treaty signed between these two countries in 1944. Drought occurrences, such as the 1950's and 1990's, have demonstrated the basin's vulnerability. This has produced not only considerable economic losses on the region but also generated economic problems and political frictions with United States given the inability of México to comply with the Water Treaty's specifications. Because of this problematic, the lack of understanding of the water resources management, and the poor development and application of some new introduced water resource policies such as water right transfers, the present study is focused to develop two research lines: 1) to create a Decision support System (DSS), a lumped semi-distributed model, created using System Dynamics (SD) and running in monthly basis. For the short and long term, the DSS carries out simulation of water resources allocation, reservoir operation policies, increased water distribution efficiencies and temporary water rights transfers. And 2) to make an analysis of the current water right allocation mechanism aimed to understand more this current policy from an institutional perspective. The final expected outcome of this research is to identify alternatives oriented not only to improve the water resources management on the Conchos basin but also to facilitate México’s compliance with the Treaty requirements.

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Bright, John Charles. "Optimal control of irrigation systems : an analysis of water allocation rules." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2089.

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A feasibility study of an irrigation development proposal should include an analysis of the effects of water supply conditions on the degree to which development objectives are expected to be realised. A method of making this analysis was developed based on procedures for solving two problems. These were; (a) optimally allocating a property's available supply of water among competing crops, and, (b) optimally controlling an open channel distribution system to meet temporally and spatially varying water demand. The procedure developed for solving (a) was applied. A stochastic dynamic programming procedure was developed to optimally schedule the irrigation of a single crop, subject to constraints on the timing of water availability and total application depth. A second procedure was developed, employing a constrained differential dynamic programming algorithm, for determining optimal irrigation schedules for use with variable application depth systems, and when several crops compete for an intra-seasonally limited supply of water. This procedure was called, as frequently as water supply conditions allowed, to provide short-term irrigation schedules in a computer simulation of the optimal irrigation of several crops. An application system model was included in these procedures to transform a crop water-use production function into the required irrigation water-use production function. This transformation was a function of the application device type and the mean application depth. From an analysis of the on-property effects of water supply conditions, it was concluded that in order to achieve high economic and irrigation efficiencies, water supply conditions must be sufficiently flexible to allow the application system operator to vary the mean application depth but not necessarily the time periods of water availability. Additionally, irrigation scheduling procedures which seek economically optimum strategies offer the potential to achieve a maximum level of net benefit at levels of water availability significantly lower than has previously been used for design purposes.

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Starkey, Stephen Robert. "Water Allocation Under Uncertainty – Potential Gains from Optimisation and Market Mechanisms." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Management, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10205.

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This thesis first develops a range of wholesale water market design options, based on an optimisation approach to market-clearing, as in electricity markets, focusing on the extent to which uncertainty is accounted for in bidding, market-clearing and contract formation. We conclude that the most promising option is bidding for, and trading, a combination of fixed and proportionally scaled contract volumes, which are based on optimised outputs. Other options include those which are based on a post-clearing fit (e.g. regression) to the natural optimised outputs, or constraining the optimisation such that cleared allocations are in the contractual form required by participants. Alternatively, participants could rely on financial markets to trade instruments, but informed by a centralised market-clearing simulation. We then describe a computational modelling system, using Stochastic Constructive Dynamic Programming (CDDP), and use it to assess the importance of modelling uncertainty, and correlations, in reservoir optimisation and/or market-clearing, under a wide range of physical and economic assumptions, with or without a market. We discuss a number of bases of comparison, but focus on the benefit gain achieved as a proportion of the perfectly competitive market value (price times quantity), calculated using the market clearing price from Markov Chain optimisation. With inflow and demand completely out of phase, high inflow seasonality and volatility, and a constant elasticity of -0.5, the greatest contribution of stochastic (Markov) optimisation, as a proportion of market value was 29%, when storage capacity was only 25% of mean monthly inflow, and with effectively unlimited release capacity. This proportional gain fell only slowly for higher storage capacities, but nearly halved for lower release capacities, around the mean monthly inflow, mainly because highly constrained systems produce high prices, and hence raise market value. The highest absolute gain was actually when release capacity was only 75% of mean monthly inflow. On average, over a storage capacity range from 2% to 1200%, and release capacity range from 100% to 400%, times the mean monthly inflow, the gains from using Markov Chain and Stochastic Independent optimisation, rather than deterministic optimisation, were 18% and 13% of market value, respectively. As expected, the gains from stochastic optimisation rose rapidly for lower elasticities, and when vertical steps were added to the demand curve. But they became nearly negligible when (the absolute value of) elasticity rose to 0.75 and beyond, inflow was in-phase with demand, or the range of either seasonal variation or intra-month variability reduced to ±50% of the mean monthly inflow. Still, our results indicate that there are a wide range of reservoir and economic systems where accounting for uncertainty directly in the water allocation process could result in significant gains, whether in a centrally controlled or market context. Price and price risk, which affect individual participants, were significantly more sensitive. Our hope is that this work helps inform parties who are considering enhancing their water allocation practices with improved stochastic optimisation, and potentially market based mechanisms.

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Neagley, John P., and Robert T. Jr O'Brien. "Market allocation of agricultural water resources in the Salinas River Valley." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27639.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
The current drought conditions that the Central California coast has been facing and the increasing threat of saltwater intrusion have forced the Salinas Valley to consider alternatives that provide for conserving and allocating limited groundwater resources. Currently, groundwater resources are treated as a common pool resource where there are no clearly defined property rights for groundwater and there is no regulation of use. This thesis examines the question of how to implement a market system for groundwater in the Salinas Valley. The study compares a free-market approach of water allocation to other centralized water management practices. This study found that, in theory, the establishment of clearly defined groundwater rights and a free market system for groundwater would be an efficient method to allocate agricultural groundwater resources.

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Garcia, Ana Teresa Saez. "Dynamics of water allocation in river basin management : an integrated approach." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333034.

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Neagley, John P. O'Brien Robert T. "Market allocation of agricultural water resources in the Salinas River Valley." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA245767.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.
Thesis Advisor(s): Moore, Thomas P. Second Reader: Gates, William R. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 2, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): Water Supplies, Irrigation Systems, Salinas River Valley (California), Theses, Free Market, Water Conservation, Public Policy, Salt Water, Policies, Farm Crops, Marketing. Author(s) subject terms: Groundwater Allocation, Groundwater Markets, Agricultural Groundwater, Salinas River Valley. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-94). Also available in print.

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Mohottala, Gedara Kularatne. "Optimal allocation of water in village irrigation systems of Sri Lanka." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48342/1/Kularatne_Gedara_Thesis.pdf.

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This PhD study examines whether water allocation becomes more productive when it is re-allocated from 'low' to 'high' efficient alternative uses in village irrigation systems (VISs) in Sri Lanka. Reservoir-based agriculture is a collective farming economic activity, which inter-sectoral allocation of water is assumed to be inefficient due to market imperfections and weak user rights. Furthermore, the available literature shows that a „head-tail syndrome. is the most common issue for intra-sectoral water management in „irrigation. agriculture. This research analyses the issue of water allocation by using primary data collected from two surveys of 460 rice farmers and 325 fish farming groups in two administrative districts in Sri Lanka. Technical efficiency estimates are undertaken for both rice farming and culture-based fisheries (CBF) production. The equi-marginal principle is applied for inter and intra-sectoral allocation of water. Welfare benefits of water re-allocation are measured through consumer surplus estimation. Based on these analyses, the overall findings of the thesis can be summarised as follows. The estimated mean technical efficiency (MTE) for rice farming is 73%. For CBF production, the estimated MTE is 33%. The technical efficiency distribution is skewed to the left for rice farming, while it skewed to the right for CBF production. The results show that technical efficiency of rice farming can be improved by formalising transferability of land ownership and, therefore, water user rights by enhancing the institutional capacity of Farmer Organisations (FOs). Other effective tools for improving technical efficiency of CBF production are strengthening group stability of CBF farmers, improving the accessibility of official consultation, and attracting independent investments. Inter-sectoral optimal allocation shows that the estimated inefficient volume of water in rice farming, which can be re-allocated for CBF production, is 32%. With the application of successive policy instruments (e.g., a community transferable quota system and promoting CBF activities), there is potential for a threefold increase in marginal value product (MVP) of total reservoir water in VISs. The existing intra-sectoral inefficient volume of water use in tail-end fields and head-end fields can potentially be removed by reducing water use by 10% and 23% respectively and re-allocating this to middle fields. This re-allocation may enable a twofold increase in MVP of water used in rice farming without reducing the existing rice output, but will require developing irrigation practices to facilitate this re-allocation. Finally, the total productivity of reservoir water can be increased by responsible village level institutions and primary level stakeholders (i.e., co-management) sharing responsibility of water management, while allowing market forces to guide the efficient re-allocation decisions. This PhD has demonstrated that instead of farmers allocating water between uses haphazardly, they can now base their decisions on efficient water use with a view to increasing water productivity. Such an approach, no doubt will enhance farmer incomes and community welfare.

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Kassa, Hailu Belay, Dereje H. Mariam, Farzad Moazzami, and Yacob Astatke. "Energy Efficient Water-Filling Algorithm for MIMO-OFDMA Cellular System." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577502.

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ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA
In this work we evaluated the performance of different water filling algorithms. We have selected four power allocation algorithms: Conventional water-filling (CWF), Constant power water-filling, Inverse Water-filling (IWF), and Adaptive Iterative Water-Filling (AIWF) algorithms. Capacity is the performance metric we used to compare the above algorithms by taking the optimality of transmission power allocation to each sub-channel into account. The power allocation can be calculated with a reference of the water level value that has different approaches for different algorithms. The water level can either be fixed once it is found, or it may be adaptive or different for different sub-channels. Hence, the results show that the adaptive iterative water filling (AIWF) algorithm has a better effect on the performance of MIMO-OFDM system by allocating power adaptively.

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De, Aquino Sandra Cilce. "Water resource allocation in Canada (Manitoba) and Brazil (Ceara), legal and institutional impacts on Bulk Water Removal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62715.pdf.

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Bhaktikul, Kampanad. "Development of a genetic algorithm for real time water allocation and water scheduling in complex irrigation systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10800.

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An optimisation approach based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is developed for real time allocation of irrigation water supplies. Appropriate objective functions for the water allocation problem have been derived previously and solved using quadratic programming (QP). There had been concerns that the QP approach may become computationally bounded for large systems. It was also thought that the approach would be difficult to apply to water scheduling problems. This research describes work on the development of a GA for the water allocation problem. Although GAs have been actively researched for 30 years, only one previous application to an irrigation problem has been found in the literature. The GA approach is very flexible, and is easily set up for a wide range of linear and non-linear objective functions. In developing the GA solver the intention was to have a generic code easily adapted and used. This has been achieved and the same core routine are used for a wide range of problems. Applied to the water allocation problem, the GA approach can provide solutions that are similar to those produced by QP. It is, however, sensitive to string length, and has difficulty in meeting nodal water balance constraints. It is concluded that the GA approach offers no advantage over QP for the water allocation problem. Further development of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve an irrigation water scheduling problem is described. The objective is to optimise the utilisation of water resources during water stress periods in irrigation systems operating on a rotational basis. Objective functions for the water scheduling problem are developed. Solutions are presented using a GA, and the advantages and shortcomings of different approaches are discussed. The objective is to minimise the irrigation water supply to the system when adequate supplies exist, and to distribute crop stress in an equitable manner in periods of water shortage. It was demonstrated that a formulation called the "Zero-1" approach was most effective in solving the problem, performing significantly better than traditional systems, and more recent scheduling developments. A number of practical applications are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the GA approach.

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Rodriguez, Fabián Francisco. "Local resolution for watershed management : the case of water and land allocation of Cotacachi, Ecuador /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1058798180.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 169 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Douglas Southgate, School of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-139).

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Yoo, Young Seong. "Achieving water quality standards in Han River : least cost and its allocation." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285739.

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Monjardin, Laura Celina Ruelas. "A collaborative approach to water allocation in a coastal zone of Mexico." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400410.

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Love, David Keith. "Data-Driven Methods for Optimization Under Uncertainty with Application to Water Allocation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311177.

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Stochastic programming is a mathematical technique for decision making under uncertainty using probabilistic statements in the problem objective and constraints. In practice, the distribution of the unknown quantities are often known only through observed or simulated data. This dissertation discusses several methods of using this data to formulate, solve, and evaluate the quality of solutions of stochastic programs. The central contribution of this dissertation is to investigate the use of techniques from simulation and statistics to enable data-driven models and methods for stochastic programming. We begin by extending the method of overlapping batches from simulation to assessing solution quality in stochastic programming. The Multiple Replications Procedure, where multiple stochastic programs are solved using independent batches of samples, has previously been used for assessing solution quality. The Overlapping Multiple Replications Procedure overlaps the batches, thus losing the independence between samples, but reducing the variance of the estimator without affecting its bias. We provide conditions under which the optimality gap estimators are consistent, the variance reduction benefits are obtained, and give a computational illustration of the small-sample behavior. Our second result explores the use of phi-divergences for distributionally robust optimization, also known as ambiguous stochastic programming. The phi-divergences provide a method of measuring distance between probability distributions, are widely used in statistical inference and information theory, and have recently been proposed to formulate data-driven stochastic programs. We provide a novel classification of phi-divergences for stochastic programming and give recommendations for their use. A value of data condition is derived and the asymptotic behavior of the phi-divergence constrained stochastic program is described. Then a decomposition-based solution method is proposed to solve problems computationally. The final portion of this dissertation applies the phi-divergence method to a problem of water allocation in a developing region of Tucson, AZ. In this application, we integrate several sources of uncertainty into a single model, including (1) future population growth in the region, (2) amount of water available from the Colorado River, and (3) the effects of climate variability on water demand. Estimates of the frequency and severity of future water shortages are given and we evaluate the effectiveness of several infrastructure options.

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Juana, James Sharka. "Efficiency and equity considerations in modeling inter-sectoral water demand in South Africa." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06062008-140425/.

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Bangash, Rubab Fatima. "Analysis of climate change impact on hydrological ecosystem services and water allocation in water scarce mediterranean river basins." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145256.

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The Mediterranean region appears to be particularly responsive to global and climate change, causing decrease in annual river flows and making the region most prone to an increase in drought hazard and water stress. This thesis is an approach to quantify and analyse the water quantity, hydrological ecosystem services and water supply in temperate regions under environmental changes. Hydrological flow and hydrological ecosystem services (water provisioning) models are developed for a low flow Mediterranean river (Francolí river) basin using MIKE BASIN and InVEST respectively. Changes in the delivery of regulating (erosion control) services are also assessed in the heavily humanized Llobregat River basin (NE Spain) considering drivers of climate change (temperature and precipitation). Moreover, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adapted to solve the multi-criteria decision-making problem of alternate water supply for different sectors in Francolí river basin. Climate change have already affected some elements of hydrological ecosystem services and that some are vulnerable in the Mediterranean river basins. Together these effects determine the need of a correct approach for water allocation system and the appropriate alternate water resources at a catchment level due to water scarcity.
Parece ser que la región mediterránea esuna zona particularmente vulnerable al cambio global y climático. Este hecho provoca un descenso en el caudal anual de los ríos y que la zona sea más propensa a un aumento de las sequías y el estrés hídrico. Esta tesis es una aproximación a la cuantificación y el análisis de la cantidad de aguay de los servicios ecosistémicos hidrológicos en regiones templadas bajo cambios ambientales.Se desarrollaron los modelos de caudal hidrológico y servicios ecosistémicos hidrológicos (aprovisionamiento de agua) para una cuenca de río mediterráneo de bajo caudal (río Francolí) utilizando MIKE BASIN e InVEST respectivamente. También se evaluaron los cambios en el subministro del serviciode regulación (control de la erosión) en la cuenca del río Llobregat (NE de España), la cual está fuertemente humanizada, considerando los impactos del cambio climático (temperatura y precipitación). Además, se adaptó el Proceso Jerárquico Analítco (PJA) para solucionar el problema de la alternativa de disponibilidad de agua para diferentes sectores en la cuenca del río Francolí según múltiples criterios de decisión. El cambio climático ya ha causado impactosen algunos elementos de los servicios ecosistémicos hidrológicos que son vulnerables en las cuencas de ríos mediterráneos. Todos estosimpactos determinan que, debido a la escasez de agua, sea necesario un enfoque correcto para el sistema de asignación de agua y los recursos hídricos alternativos apropiados a nivel de cuenca.

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Sungu, Ronald O. "An assessment of the influence of water allocation on sustainable water resources management: A case study of the Nyando river basin, Kenya." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7048.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Water problems prevalent in the Nyando River Basin are due to an ineffective water allocation system and lack of adequate conditions for implementation of sustainable integrated water resources management (IWRM) strategies. The basin is bedevilled by poor water resources management, inequitable allocation of water among consumers, physical infrastructural deficiencies, inefficient water utilisation, illegal water abstractions, natural resource mismanagement, conflicting and weak institutional roles and lack of stakeholder involvement in water resource management. The results of the study reveal sufficient per capita annual water availability with the potential to realise both Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Kenyan Vision 2030. However, analyses from flow duration curves (FDCs) and the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model show that monthly water demands including environmental flow requirements (EFRs) are met only between 43% and 94% of the time. While the Water Act (2002) upholds the principles of IWRM on equitable and sustainable water resources allocation, in practice the current water allocation system falls short of implementing these strategies due to lack of a water allocation plan (WAP), inadequate water demand management (WDM), low infrastructural development and lack of community participation in WRM. For example, the total revenue generated in water supply schemes is only about 25 to 30% of their operational costs, which means that in the absence of subsidies the schemes cannot operate. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of the current water allocation system on water resources management in the Nyando River Basin by comparing the various sectoral water demands in the basin with the available water resources in order to improve understanding of how water allocation systems work in practice. The analyses further revealed that irrigation uses up to 72% of the available water, which is mainly drawn from the regular low flow contrary to the permit order. For example, the Ahero National Irrigation Scheme is permitted to draw 47 m3/day of water from regular flow and 13,500 m3/day from flood flow, but draws the whole amount from the regular flow; hence irrigation is the main cause of water deficits in the basin. Projections show that the irrigation sector will experience 300% increase in an unmet demand of 92.4 Mm3 by 2030 up from the current annual deficit of 2.9 Mm3. In light of the above challenges, both improvement of WDM and infrastructural provision have complementary roles in contributing to sustainable water availability, socioeconomic growth and poverty eradication in the basin and help achieve SDGs at the local scale. The results of the study will facilitate an understanding of the influence of water allocation systems on regional hydrology and form the basis of improving water allocation systems, and inform policy formulations to ensure sustained water availability and environmental sustainability in river basins. In that regard, this study contributes to the on-going global debate on Sustainable Development Goals by exploring ways of realising and improving IWRM strategies and the National targets.

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Perez-Verdin, Gustavo, and Aregai Tecle. "Use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process in Forest Budget Allocation in Durango, Mexico." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296631.

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Yeo, In-Young. "Multistage hierarchical optimization for land use allocation to control nonpoint source water pollution." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1127156412.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 180 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-171). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Zardari, Noor-ul-Hassan Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "An improved multicriterion analysis approach to avoid subjectivity in irrigation water allocation decisions." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41300.

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The performance of the century-old irrigation system of Pakistan (i.e. warabandi) has been evaluated using socio-economic data gathered by the author in multiple farmers?? surveys (n=278) conducted in Indus Basin of Pakistan. In the surveyed regions, the warabandi system was performing poorly. In-built rigidity in water allocations was found as main reason behind its poor performance. The results from the farmers?? surveys also revealed that the objective of increasing irrigation water productivity would never be attained under the warabandi arrangements. Hence, a completely new concept that could replace the warabandi system and improve the productivity of limited irrigation water should be introduced. My aim was to find a better way to allocate the scarce water resource between farmers. In this study, I have introduced a new concept for determining water allocations among the farmers, which is based on a multicriterion decision making (MCDM) approach. The consideration of multiple criteria in irrigation water allocations would improve irrigation water productivity. Upon an extensive survey of well-known MCDM methods, I concluded that all previously existing MCDM methods were using subjective inputs, usually from a single modeller, to establish priorities of alternatives and therefore, a predetermined solution could easily be obtained. I have developed an approach based on conjoint analysis which removes that subjectivity from the chosen MCDM method (i.e. ELECTRE). Interval scales and relative importance criteria weights, two usually subjective inputs in ELECTRE, are objectively estimated from the conjoint analysis study. For that purpose, the author designed a conjoint questionnaire and administered it to 62 farmer respondents in face-to-face interviews. Conjoint analysis, which does not appear to have been previously used in water resources or allocation studies, is a method for creating the interval scales and the relative criteria weights objectively from the respondents?? judgements on the importance of conjoint objects. The objective estimation of these two important factors is a completely new development which can assist in the unbiased determination of the best division or allocation of scarce water resources between farmers. The approach is applied, as a demonstration, to a region with nine distributary watercourses to determine which of the distributaries should have the highest priority for allocation of the regional water.

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Kucukmehmetoglu, Mehmet. "Water resources allocation and conflicts: the case of the Euphrates and the Tigris." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1389276138.

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KuÌˆcÌ§uÌˆkmehmetogÌ†lu, Mehmet. "Water resources allocation and conflicts : the case of the Euphrates and the Tigris /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486462067842566.

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44

Galgale, Harshal. "Spatial optimal allocation of land and water resources using GIS and genetic algorithm." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7862.

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This research focuses on spatial optimal allocation of land and water resources for crop production in agricultural watersheds. The process of optimal allocation is complex due to spatial and temporal variation in supply and demand parameters. In this study methodology that integrates the system simulation models (hydrological and crop growth), economic analysis model, and resource allocation model (using genetic algorithm evolutionary optimisation technique) within GIS is developed to build a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for spatial and optimal allocation of resources. This study investigated different ways of integrating simulation models with GIS (loose coupling, tight coupling and full coupling). The study revealed that the full coupling method is superior to other two methods of integration. The full coupling (integrated) approach is used to develop the SDSS. The hydrological processes such as rainfall, interception, infiltration, runoff, channel routing, deep percolation, evaporation, crop evapotranspiration, irrigation and crop growth are considered for the development of distributed hydrological simulation model in this study. The outputs of this model are runoff, net benefits, crop yields and water use pattern for the specified landuse plan. The resource allocation (optimisation) model developed for optimal spatial allocation of land and water resources in the watershed uses the hydrological simulation model as external evaluation function for GA optimisation technique. The optimisation model is designed to handle various objective functions (to maximise cropped area, crop yields and net benefit; to minimise runoff). The GA generates initial population (landuse plans). These landuse plans are evaluated by the hydrological simulation model and are then ranked according to their fitness. The best performing landuse plans are used to reproduce new landuse plans using crossover and mutation operators of GA. The newly generated landuse plans are evaluated and are competed with the initial set of population to get included in the next generation. The next generation is reranked according to their fitness and the process is repeated till the optimal solution is obtained. The optimal set of population contains land and water resources allocation plans performing on par. The developed SDSS was applied to the Pimpalgaon Ujjaini watershed, a case study watershed from Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India. The satellite remote sensing images of the study area were used to develop the landuse and other thematic maps. These maps were used to generate the initial population. The application of the model resulted in spatial optimal land and water resource allocation plans. These plans enable the decision makers to investigate on what has to be changed and where the changes have to be made for sustainable development. The SDSS gives the decision maker a powerful tool to study the effect of changes in watershed.

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Jacob-David, Dany D. "Effective Resource Allocation for Non-cooperative Spectrum Sharing." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20316.

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Spectrum access protocols have been proposed recently to provide flexible and efficient use of the available bandwidth. Game theory has been applied to the analysis of the problem to determine the most effective allocation of the users’ power over the bandwidth. However, prior analysis has focussed on Shannon capacity as the utility function, even though it is known that real signals do not, in general, meet the Gaussian distribution assumptions of that metric. In a non-cooperative spectrum sharing environment, the Shannon capacity utility function results in a water-filling solution. In this thesis, the suitability of the water-filling solution is evaluated when using non-Gaussian signalling first in a frequency non-selective environment to focus on the resource allocation problem and its outcomes. It is then extended to a frequency selective environment to examine the proposed algorithm in a more realistic wireless environment. It is shown in both scenarios that more effective resource allocation can be achieved when the utility function takes into account the actual signal characteristics. Further, it is demonstrated that higher rates can be achieved with lower transmitted power, resulting in a smaller spectral footprint, which allows more efficient use of the spectrum overall. Finally, future spectrum management is discussed where the waveform adaptation is examined as an additional option to the well-known spectrum agility, rate and transmit power adaptation when performing spectrum sharing.

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Al-Juaidi, Ahmed E. "Water Allocation for Agricultural Use Considering Treated Wastewater, Public Health Risk, and Economic Issues." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/239.

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Increasing demand on limited water resources calls for more efficient and improved approaches to maximize the benefits of water use. Typically, agricultural water use has the largest share among all water use sectors. Therefore, finding the best agricultural water management alternatives to maximize profit and reduce financial and other related risks under limited water availability is essential. Treated wastewater is an important alternative source of agricultural water which has the potential to reduce the stress on freshwater sources from urban and industrial sectors. Thus, further research on optimal agricultural water management is needed to find the best management alternatives that address profitability and reduce stress on freshwater supplies, and related risks, by considering the potential use of treated wastewater when available. The overall goal of this work is to address this research need through an integrated methodology that uses irrigation, economics, and environmental and public health principles. This dissertation consists of three parts. The analysis in the first part determines the optimal crop pattern that maximizes profit under limited water supply that can be applied at regional scale farming operations. The goal is to find different alternatives of land and crop patterns that increase profit and reduce financial risk of not achieving a given revenue target. The second part extends the work of the first part to include the use of treated wastewater to reduce the stress on freshwater sources while maximizing profitability and minimizing public health and environmental concerns. The third part evaluates the economic benefits and limitations of using treated wastewater for agriculture on the urban and industrial sectors. This part also discusses other alternatives such as desalination that increase the net economic benefits, reduce the price of water, and assesses the needs in the institutional setting to encourage the use of treated wastewater in agriculture. The Bear River Valley of Utah was used as the study area for the first part of the work. The results showed that crop rotation leads to larger risk decrease more than crop monoculture and diversification cropping systems. Thus, alfalfa-wheat rotation has significant risk advantages over monoculture production and diversification cropping because of enhanced yield and price offsetting ability. The second part of the study used data and information from the Gaza Strip, Palestine, to demonstrate the potential use of treated wastewater given the severe water shortage facing this region. The tradeoff analysis from this work showed that profitability and economic efficiency of water use can be increased significantly compared to the existing conditions through the use of treated wastewater. Groundwater extraction in Gaza can be reduced from 57 to 36 million m3 allowing the corresponding areas of groundwater table below mean sea level to decrease from 76 km2 to 32 km2 as a result of using treated wastewater, indicating significant aquifer recovery. The final part of the analysis also used the Gaza Strip as the case study. The results showed that the benefits of using treated wastewater increase over time as demands increase and water becomes scarce, but the economic value of water does not fall below the seawater desalination cost of $0.60/m3. The urban and industrial water prices reduced significantly when wastewater is used for agriculture. Net benefits from treating and using wastewater far exceed the institutional change costs borne by the corresponding institutions. The work conducted by this dissertation clearly showed that new methods of integrated analysis using the concepts of water allocation, irrigation principles, economics, environmental concerns, and public health risk can be successfully conducted to improve existing agricultural water allocation and management practices in water deficit regions. Also such analyses will provide valuable information and insight leading to better management of valuable water resources that increase profitability in agricultural production while reducing stress on freshwater supplies through the use of alternative sources of water.

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Bate, R. "A history of the institutions for allocating water in South Africa, and efficiency of allocation of water between agricultural users in the Crocodile River catchment, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596465.

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Irrigation policy from 1870 is examined in detail. History shows that water allocation was made on political grounds, the preferred solution being supply augmentation with economic demand management playing a secondary role. Failure to conduct any proper cost-benefit, or other economic, studies of water use efficiency, led to water abundance for some users and no supply for others. As water resources became economically scarce, and supply augmentation prohibitively expensive and environmentally damaging, water markets evolved in the 1980s in response to demands for more flexible allocation. These markets, which were initially illegal, have improved efficiency. A case study of the Crocodile River catchment explains the history of institutional development since the Second World War and how local institutions allocated water. Much of this institutional change was driven by the racist policy of apartheid. Recent institutional changes, driven by misallocation and droughts, are examined in detail because they enabled a market in tradeable use rights to flourish. The efficiency gains from this market are estimated. The final section of the research examines recent changes in water institutions in South Africa following the end of apartheid and the 1994 elections. The research concludes with a discussion of the likely path that allocation will take given the post-1994 institutions, and possible future research on the catchment, and water use in South Africa.

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Ahmed, Tarek Abdallah. "The development of a systematised decision process for optimising water allocation plans in Egypt." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361546.

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Bösch, Christophe E. (Christophe Eric). "Optimizing the allocation of scarce water resources : a case study of the Gaza Strip." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43926.

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Ndayizigiye, Tharcisse. "Efficient Irrigation Water Allocation and Use for Enhanced Paddy Productivity : Case study of Mugerero in Imbo lowland Region in Burundi." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54285.

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To address increasing irrigation water demand consecutive to the increasing population pressure in terms of food demand, there is an imperative of developing relevant mechanisms to regulate irrigation water consumption patterns. A radical shift from uncontrolled flooding irrigation as currently practiced by farmers in Mugerero paddy farming zone towards efficient allocation and use of water resources is important to save water that could be allocated to other water users.

This paper surveys current and past views on the way irrigation water is allocated in the irrigation scheme of Mugerero and how farmers are using water for paddy production purpose. The existing irrigation water practices as well as paddy productivity are assessed and the results are expected to be useful for water policy professionals, while addressing the growing water demand. According to the respondents, the causes of low paddy yields are the increasing and uncontrolled extension of paddy farming, non adapted irrigation infrastructure and water pricing systems as well as lack of updated knowledge and technologies on irrigation. These issues faced by the paddy farmers have led to pronounced economic, social and environmental consequences which are manifested in conflicts over irrigation water use, increasing soil salinity and pollution, destruction of infrastructure and above all, low irrigation paddy yields.The identification of the core problem in the irrigation system might be important for water managers as it would provide a starting point to establish comprehensive baseline towards efficient irrigation water allocation and use. This would improve paddy productivity within the formal as well as the growing informal paddy farming referred to “hors- perimeter” in the low land of Imbo region.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Water allocation'

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