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Journal articles on the topic 'Wastewater'
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1
Gulyas, H., R. von Bismarck, and L. Hemmerling. "Treatment of industrial wastewaters with ozone/hydrogen peroxide." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0217.
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Treatment with ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide was tested in a laboratory scale reactor for removal of organics from four different industrial wastewaters: wastewaters of a paper-mill and of a biotechnical pharmaceutical process as well as two process waters from soil remediation by supercritical water extraction. Moreover, an aqueous solution of triethyleneglycoldimethylether and humic acid which was a model for a biologically treated oil reclaiming wastewater was also oxidized. The aim of the oxidation of the pharmaceutical wastewater was the removal of the preservative 1.1.1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol (TCMP). Although TCMP could easily be removed from pure aqueous solutions by treatment with ozone/hydrogen peroxide, the oxidation of the wastewater failed to be effective in TCMP degradation because of competitive ozonation of other organic solutes in the wastewater. The ozonation of the paper-mill wastewater and of the soil remediation process waters decreased COD and TOC to some extent. The presence of organic wastewater solutes which contain C-C double bonds (ligninsulfonic acid in the treated paper-mill effluent and humic acid in the oil reclaiming model wastewater) were shown to yield hydrogen peroxide by the reaction with ozone. Therefore, these wastewaters are efficiently ozonated even without addition of hydrogen peroxide. Chemical Oxidation of paper-mill wastewater and of wastewaters resulting from soil remediation did not improve biological degradability of organic wastewater constituents.
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Toczyłowska-Mamińska, Renata, and Mariusz Ł. Mamiński. "Wastewater as a Renewable Energy Source—Utilisation of Microbial Fuel Cell Technology." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 6928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196928.
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An underappreciated source of renewable energy is wastewater, both municipal and industrial, with global production exceeding 900 km3 a year. Wastewater is currently perceived as a waste that needs to be treated via energy-consuming processes. However, in the current environmental nexus, traditional wastewater treatment uses 1700–5100 TWh of energy on a global scale. The application of modern and innovative treatment techniques, such as microbial fuel cells (MFC), would allow the conversion of wastewater’s chemical energy into electricity without external energy input. It has been demonstrated that the chemically bound energy in globally produced wastewater exceeds 2.5 × 104 TWh, which is sufficient to meet Europe’s annual energy demand. The aim of this paper is to answer the following questions. How much energy is bound in municipal and industrial wastewaters? How much of that energy can be extracted? What benefits will result from alternative techniques of waste treatment? The main finding of this report is that currently achieved energy recovery efficiencies with the use of microbial fuel cells technology can save about 20% of the chemical energy bound in wastewater, which is 5000 TWh on a global scale. The recovery of energy from wastewater via MFC technology can reach as much as 15% of global energy demands.
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Aasim, Muhammad Tayyab, Muhammad Shaheer Tariq, Muhammad Danish, Iqra Abbasi, Ali Raza, and Hammad Haider. "Durability Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Geopolymer Concrete Mixed with Wastewater." MATEC Web of Conferences 398 (2024): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439801032.
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The advancement of an environmentally friendly setting is complex due to the significant carbon footprint of cement, substantial construction and demolition waste, and large quantities of industrial waste wastewater. This study aims to increase building sustainability by analyzing the long-term durability of recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete (RGC) manufactured using four different wastewaters. To evaluate each wastewater’s effect on sulfuric acid resistance and chloride ion migration (CIM) at various curing times, RGC was used in place of fresh water in the tests. The results revealed that, when it came to acid attack, RGC made with fertilizer industry wastewater had the highest mass loss (41% higher compared to control concrete) and CIM (29% higher compared to control concrete). According to statistical studies, using wastewater from textile, fertilizer, and sugar firms did not substantially alter mass loss from acid attack or CIM.
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Utomo, Joseph Christian, Young Mo Kim, Hyun Uk Cho, and Jong Moon Park. "Evaluation of Scenedesmus rubescens for Lipid Production from Swine Wastewater Blended with Municipal Wastewater." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184895.
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This study examined the feasibility of using non-sterilized swine wastewater for lipid production by an isolated microalga, Scenedesmus rubescens. Different dilution ratios using municipal wastewater as a diluent were tested to determine the suitable levels of microalgal growth in the wastewaters, its nutrient removal, and its lipid production. The highest lipid productivity (8.37 mg/L/d) and NH4+ removal (76.49%) were achieved in swine wastewater that had been diluted to 30 times using municipal wastewater. Various bacteria coexisted in the wastewaters during the cultivation of S. rubescens. These results suggest the practical feasibility of a system to produce lipids from swine wastewater by using microalgae.
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Verburg, Ilse, H. Pieter J. van Veelen, Karola Waar, John W. A. Rossen, Alex W. Friedrich, Lucia Hernández Leal, Silvia García-Cobos, and Heike Schmitt. "Effects of Clinical Wastewater on the Bacterial Community Structure from Sewage to the Environment." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040718.
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This study pertains to measure differences in bacterial communities along the wastewater pathway, from sewage sources through the environment. Our main focus was on taxa which include pathogenic genera, and genera harboring antibiotic resistance (henceforth referred to as “target taxa”). Our objective was to measure the relative abundance of these taxa in clinical wastewaters compared to non-clinical wastewaters, and to investigate what changes can be detected along the wastewater pathway. The study entailed a monthly sampling campaign along a wastewater pathway, and taxa identification through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results indicated that clinical and non-clinical wastewaters differed in their overall bacterial composition, but that target taxa were not enriched in clinical wastewater. This suggests that treatment of clinical wastewater before release into the wastewater system would only remove a minor part of the potential total pathogen load in wastewater treatment plants. Additional findings were that the relative abundance of most target taxa was decreased after wastewater treatment, yet all investigated taxa were detected in 68% of the treated effluent samples—meaning that these bacteria are continuously released into the receiving surface water. Temporal variation was only observed for specific taxa in surface water, but not in wastewater samples.
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Cséfalvay, Edit, Péter Imre, and Péter Mizsey. "Applicability of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the treatment of wastewater of different origin." Open Chemistry 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-008-0026-3.
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AbstractMembrane separations are finding greater use in wastewater treatment because of their efficiency. In order to prove the effectiveness of membrane filtration an applicability study is carried out. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes are tested under quite different conditions to reduce the chemical oxygen demands (COD) of wastewaters to meet the Council Directive 76/464/EEC release limit. Two kinds of real wastewaters were selected for the investigation. The wastewaters represent extreme different circumstances since the difference between their COD is two orders of magnitude. All of the membranes tested can be applied either to the treatment of wastewater of high COD (pharmaceutical wastewater) or wastewater of low COD (dumpsite leachate), since the different conditions do not change the membrane characteristics. The experimental data show that none of the membranes can decrease the COD to the release limit in one step. However, if two-stage filtrations (nanofiltration followed by reverse osmosis) are accomplished for both of the wastewaters, a total COD reduction of 94% can be achieved. With the application of the two-stage filtration the COD of the wastewater of low COD can be decreased below the release limit but in case of wastewater of the high COD further treatment will be required.
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Shi, X. L., X. B. Hu, Z. Wang, L. L. Ding, and H. Q. Ren. "Effect of reflux ratio on COD and nitrogen removals from coke plant wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 12 (June 1, 2010): 3017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.266.
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A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic-moving bed biofilm reactor (A1-A2-O-MBBR) system was undertaken to treat coke plant wastewaters from two different factories (wastewater A and B). Wastewater B had higher BOD5/COD ratio and COD/TN ratio than wastewater A. The effects of reflux ratios on COD, TN and NH3-N removals were studied. Results indicated that, with the reflux ratio increased from 2 to 5, COD removals of wastewater A and wastewater B increased from 57.4% to 72.6% and 78.2% to 88.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, TN removals were also increased accompanying reflux ratio rise, from 53.1% to 74.4% for wastewater A and 64.2% to 83.5% for wastewater B. At the same reflux ratio, compared with wastewater A, higher COD and TN removal efficiencies were observed in wastewater B, which had higher BOD5/COD and COD/TN ratio. Reflux ratio had no significant influence on NH3-N removal; 99.0% of the overall NH3-N removal efficiency was achieved by the system for both coke plant wastewaters at any tested reflux ratio. MBBR was effective in NH3-N removal, and about 95% of the NH3-N was removed in the MBBR.
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Alalam, Sabine, Farah Ben-Souilah, Marie-Hélène Lessard, Julien Chamberland, Véronique Perreault, Yves Pouliot, Steve Labrie, and Alain Doyen. "Characterization of Chemical and Bacterial Compositions of Dairy Wastewaters." Dairy 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2020016.
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The dairy industry produces large amounts of wastewater, including white and cleaning wastewater originating principally from rinsing and cleaning-in-place procedures. Their valorization into process water and non-fat milk solids, in the case of white wastewater, or the renewal of cleaning solutions could be achieved using pressure-driven membrane processes. However, it is crucial to determine the intrinsic characteristics of wastewaters, such as proximate composition and bacterial composition, to optimize their potential for valorization. Consequently, white and cleaning wastewaters were sampled from industrial-scale pasteurizers located in two different Canadian dairy processing plants. Bacterial profiles of dairy wastewaters were compared to those of tap waters, pasteurized skim milk and unused cleaning solutions. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics as well as non-fat milk solids contents differed drastically between the two dairy plants due to different processing conditions. A molecular approach combining quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metabarcoding was used to characterize the bacteria present in these solutions. The cleaning solutions did not contain sufficient genomic DNA for sequencing. In white wastewater, the bacterial contamination differed depending on the dairy plant (6.91 and 7.21 log10 16S gene copies/mL). Psychrotrophic Psychrobacter genus (50%) dominated white wastewater from plant A, whereas thermophilic Anoxybacillus genus (56%) was predominant in plant B wastewater. The use of cold or warm temperatures during the pasteurizer rinsing step in each dairy plant might explain this difference. The detailed characterization of dairy wastewaters described in this study is important for the dairy sector to clearly identify the challenges in implementing strategies for wastewater valorization.
9
Mahendraker, V., and T. Viraraghavan. "Respirometric Evaluation of Comparative Biodegradability of Municipal and Petroleum Refinery Wastewaters." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.017.
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Abstract This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare aerobic biodegradation of petroleum refinery (before API separator) and municipal wastewaters using an automatic laboratory respirometer. Seed activated sludge was acclimated with a small quantity of wastewater under study, in fill and draw type reactors. Relatively high initial substrate to seed biomass ratios of 20 and 15 were used to encourage growth conditions. Each wastewater sample was diluted to five concentrations, and oxygen uptake was recorded till the beginning of the endogenous phase. Oxygen uptake data were analyzed using Monod and Haldane kinetics. Results showed that the refinery wastewater was inhibitory and kinetic data followed only the Haldane equation. However, the municipal wastewater followed Monod kinetics, except when a higher substrate concentration was used. A comparison of the kinetics led to an assessment of relative biodegradability of the wastewaters, which will be useful in understanding the impact of refinery wastewater discharge to municipal wastewater treatment systems.
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Matsui, S., Y. Okawa, and R. Ota. "Experience of 16 Years' Operation and Maintenance of the Fukashiba Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant of the Kashima Petrochemical Complex – II. Biodegradability of 37 Organic Substances and 28 Process Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0138.
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Twenty-eight process wastewaters and thirty-seven organic substances identified in the wastewater of the Kashima petrochemical complex were subjected to biodegradability tests. The tests consisted of the activated sludge degradability method and a supplementary test using the respiration meter method. Both tests utilized the activated sludge of the Fukashiba industrial wastewater treatment plant, which was acclimatized to the wastewater and organic substances. The 28 process wastewaters were classified into biodegradable, less biodegradable, and non-biodegradable according to the percentage TOC removal and the BOD5/TOC ratio of the wastewater. The 37 organic substances were also classified into biodegradable, less biodegradable and non-biodegradable according to TOC and CODMn removal. In general, chlorinated compounds, nitro-aromatics and polymerized compounds were difficult to biodegrade. From the biodegradability tests of the factory wastewaters, it was found that the refractory CODMn loads of these factories contributed to the load remaining in the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. Various improvements were made to reduce the discharge of refractory substances from the factories.
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Zoric, Jelena, V. Simic, and Ana Petrovic. "On the possibility of using biological toxicity tests to monitor the work of wastewater treatment plants." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 3 (2008): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0803431z.
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The aim of this study was to ascertain the possibility of using biological toxicity tests to monitor influent and effluent wastewaters of wastewater treatment plants. The information obtained through these tests is used to prevent toxic pollutants from entering wastewater treatment plants and discharge of toxic pollutants into the recipient. Samples of wastewaters from the wastewater treatment plants of Kragujevac and Gornji Milanovac, as well as from the Lepenica and Despotovica Rivers immediately before and after the influx of wastewaters from the plants, were collected between October 2004 and June 2005. Used as the test organism in these tests was the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio Hamilton - Buchanon (Cyprinidae). The acute toxicity test of 96/h duration showed that the tested samples had a slight acutely toxic effect on B. rerio, except for the sample of influent wastewater into the Cvetojevac wastewater treatment plant, which had moderately acute toxicity, indicating that such water should be prevented from entering the system in order to eliminate its detrimental effect on the purification process.
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Chupin, V. R. "Application of truck transport in district wastewater discharge systems." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, no. 2 (2022): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-2-232-239.
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The possibility of applying wastewater truck transport in existing, developing and reconstructed wastewater discharge systems is considered. Truck transport in the form of wastewater vacuum trucks has been used for decades to collect and remove wastewaters from cesspools and septic tanks of pri-vate housing and individual enterprises. In this regard, the volumes and distances of economically profitable application of truck transport should be determined, along with the conditions for switching to pipeline wastewater transport in the form of pressure and non-pressure pipelines. Such questions often arise when developing prospective schemes of wastewater discharge in small populated or re-mote urbanized areas. The amount of truck transportation of wastewaters is increasing annually, large-ly due to intensification of individual housebuilding and the need to improve living conditions in rural populated areas. However, the conducted analysis showed the absence of a recommendatory and leg-islative basis for the stated problem to be solved. In the course of the study, the dependences of the life cycle cost of pipeline and truck discharge systems on the volume of wastewaters and the distance of their transportation were obtained. An overlapping of these functions gives intersection points indi-cating the possibility of applying truck and pipeline wastewater transport in certain areas. According to the volumes and distances of wastewater transportation, the application areas of truck transport de-pend on the local conditions of pipeline construction, regional seismic activity, electric power cost and environmental requirements. These results can be used in wastewater logistics, organization and opti-mization of district wastewater discharge systems, as well as when developing methods for optimizing design solutions.
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Olalemi, A., B. Oladejo, and M. Bayode. "Correlation between faecal indicator bacteria in diarrheagenic stools and hospital wastewaters: Implication on public health." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i2.16.
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Background: Hospital wastewaters contain blends of inorganic, natural constituents and contaminants that carry significant health risk when released directly into the environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between faecal indicator bacteria in diarrheagenic stools and wastewaters generated in University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital complex, Akure, Nigeria.Methodology: Quantification of faecal indicator bacteria was carried out on diarrheagenic faecal samples collected from 55 hospitalized patients and 68 wastewater samples from the medical laboratory science and laundry units of the hospital over of period of 12 weeks. Standard membrane filtration technique was performed using membrane intestinal enterococcus (m-ENT), membrane faecal coliform (m-FC), membrane lauryl sulphate (MLSA), eosin methylene blue (EMB) and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar plates, which were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours (MLSA, EMB and SSA), 44ºC for 24 hours (m-FC); and 37ºC for 48 hours (m-ENT). Bacterial colonies on agar plates were counted and expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per 100ml of diarrheagenic stool and wastewater. Pearson’scorrelation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the level of faecal indicator bacteria in diarrheagenic stools and wastewaters at p<0.05 level of significance (and 95% confidence interval).Results: The faecal coliform counts (log 10 CFU/100ml) ranged from 1.18 to 1.54 in diarrheagenic stools, 1.32 to1.64 in laboratory wastewater and 1.08 to 2.19 in laundry wastewater. Escherichia coli count (log 10 CFU/100ml) ranged from 1.08 to 1.40 in diarrheagenic stools, 1.20 to 1.86 in laboratory wastewater and 0.30 to 1.81 in laundry wastewater. Intestinal enterococci count (log 10 CFU/100ml) ranged from 0 to 0.30 in diarrheagenic stools, 0.78 to 0.90 in laboratory wastewaters and 0.48 to 1.11 in laundry wastewaters. Pearson’s correlation co-efficient showed that all the faecal indicator bacteria count in diarrheagenic faecal samples exhibited positive correlation with those in laboratory wastewaters, but not with those from laundry wastewaters.Conclusion: The findings suggest that diarrheagenic stools should be properly disinfected after the performance of laboratory tests to prevent transmission of potential pathogens, and wastewater generated from hospitals should be treated prior to discharge into the environment, to prevent possible infections in the community.
Keywords: Correlation, faecal indicator bacteria, public health, transmission, wastewater
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Nwigwe, V. N., and B. O. Uba. "Role of Electrochemically Active Bacteria in the Treatment of Piggery and Poultry Wastewaters from Umuagwo in Ohaji Egbema Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 2085–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i12.24.
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In this study, piggery and poultry wastewaters were used as agro-based industrial wastewaters to evaluate the role of electrochemically active bacteria in an anodic chamber of microbial fuel cell (MFC) with 0.1M potassium permanganate cathodic cell using salt bridge preparation. The BOD5, COD, TDS, TSS, nitrogen, phosphates, pH and conductivity served as indicative parameters for determining the wastewater treatment efficiencies (WWTE) of the MFCs. Results obtained from the WWTE reveal that the MFCs were able to reduce the piggery wastewater parameters, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, nitrogen, phosphate, pH, conductivity by 89.66, 69.57, 52.20, 69.04, 70.27, 59.57, - 4.41 and 0.99 %, respectively while the same parameters for the poultry wastewater were reduced by 82.61, 78.59, 58.03, 67.13, 70.49, 64.52, 2.70 and 28.04 %, respectively. Statistically, there were significant differences before and after treatments and between wastewater samples revealing that that the effect of treatment before and after on physicochemical parameters were different for piggery wastewater than they were for poultry wastewater. Microbes in the biofilms on the electrodes (potential exoelectrogens) include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Corynebacterium sp., Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. while the fungal isolates include Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp. and Aspergillus sp. in both piggery and poultry wastewaters. Thus, microbial fuel cell bacteria oxidize the organic matter leading to decontamination of the wastewater – a significant approach in addressing the public health threats of these wastes in our country.
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Sushila, Sushila, and Parveen Kumar. "Pollution Load Reduction from Domestic Wastewater with Electrocoagulation Process for Agricultural Reuse." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 14 (April 3, 2024): 1409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i14.168.
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Objectives: The present study is aimed to investigate electrocoagulation of domestic wastewater and assessment of pollutants removal efficiency for potential reuse in agriculture. Methods: The electrocoagulation treatment of domestic wastewater with Fe – Fe electrodes was performed under optimal conditions of pH (8.0), current density (0.6 mA/cm2), treatment time (45 minutes), and NaCl dose (2.8 g/L) in a slurry type of reactor. The primary clarified and biotreated domestic wastewaters were subjected to electrocoagulation with Direct Current (DC) as power source. Findings: There was observed higher pollutants removal efficiency from the biotreated wastewater as compared with the primary clarified wastewater after electrocoagulation. The treated wastewaters showed significant removal of pollutants in terms of BOD (79.5% – 87.9%), COD (86.8% – 89.5%), TDS (87.4% – 89.9%), TSS (66.7% – 75.3%), conductivity (77.8% – 78.4%), turbidity (74% – 81.2%), colour (77.7% – 86.2%), nitrates (44.1% – 51.7%), and phosphates (48.7% – 55.9%) after electrocoagulation treatment. Electrocoagulation considerably improved the biodegradability index of the primary clarified (0.59 to 0.92) and biotreated (0.69 to 0.8) wastewaters. This indicates easy removal of the pollutants further by biological processes in the aquatic ecosystems. Electrocoagulation demonstrated potential for removal of pollution from the domestic wastewater for productive reuse in agriculture and urban areas. Novelty: There exist few studies of use of electrochemical process for treatment and reuse of domestic wastewater. The treated waters complied with the regulatory standards and had satisfactory quality for reuse in agriculture and urban activities. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, Domestic wastewater, Biodegradability index, Agricultural reuse, National Green Tribunal
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Bruchet, A., C. Prolongeau, M. Esperanza, and M. Coquery. "Where do the odorous halogenated phenols in drinking water resources come from?" Water Supply 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.070.
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An SPME-GC/MS method was optimised for the analysis of halogenated phenols in raw and treated wastewaters. Method detection limits range from 50 to 200 ng/L in treated wastewaters. The method was applied at six wastewater plants sampled on three consecutive days. Seven halophenols were found in the wastewater effluents at concentrations up to 340 ng/L. It is concluded that wastewater emissions contribute to the presence of halophenols in water resources and, depending on the dilution ratio, may represent an organoleptic threat during the subsequent production of drinking water.
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Kishimoto, Naoyuki, Takuya Kitamura, and Yu Nakamura. "Applicability of an electrochemical Fenton-type process to actual wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 6 (June 4, 2015): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.279.
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The applicability of an electrochemical Fenton-type process (EF-HOCl-ReFe) to the treatment of three actual wastewaters, namely wastewater from an automobile factory (automobile wastewater), metal scrap-cleansing wastewater, and municipal wastewater, is discussed in this research. The EF-HOCl-ReFe successfully removed the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from automobile wastewater pre-treated by a coagulation process without any inhibition. The apparent current efficiency reached 86%, 46% of which was ascribed to the electrochemical Fenton-type mechanism. The metal scrap-cleansing wastewater had a yellow colour and high concentrations of COD (6550 mg/L) and Cl− (1560 mM). The EF-HOCl-ReFe could achieve almost complete COD removal and decolourization after 48 h of treatment, although a temporary intensification of colour was observed before the decolourization. The EF-HOCl-ReFe was also effective in the removal of 1,4-dioxane from municipal wastewater pre-treated by activated sludge and coagulation processes, which were unable to remove 1,4-dioxane. The 1,4-dioxane removal efficiency after 30 min of treatment reached 68.5%. Thus, the EF-HOCl-ReFe was applicable to the treatment of these actual wastewaters.
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Gao, Ai Hua, Shui Jiao Yang, Shang Bin Hu, Xiao Qing He, and Zhi Guo Lu. "Discharge Plasma for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3075.
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The treatment of industrial wastewaters collected from petrochemical works, gypsum plant, and printing and dyeing mill, was investigated at atmospheric pressure in air discharge plasma. The degradation effects of organic contaminants in water were compared for the printing and dyeing wastewater under different discharging conditions and for the wastewater from the other two plants under the same discharging conditions. The influences of several factors on chemical oxygen demand (COD) remove rate were studied experimentally. The results showed that the treatment effects for the same industrial wastewater differed significant under different discharge conditions. There may be a suitable discharge plasma treatment to specific industrial wastewater. Due to the removal rates of COD of industrial wastewaters with discharge plasma isn’t very high, therefore the discharge plasma water treating needs to combine conventional water treating methods or addition other catalyst to effectively remove organic pollutants in wastewater and obtain the expected treatment effect.
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Khajah, Mishari, Mohd Elmuntasir Ahmed, and Abdullah Al-Matouq. "Characterization of Reverse Osmosis Reject Wastewater Generated from Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment Plant." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 14, no. 1 (2023): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2023.14.1.1417.
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Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment Plant (Kuwait) is considered as one of the largest wastewater treatment plants that use Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes in their processes to reclaim water from municipal wastewaters for indirect potable water reuse. This result in considerable wastewater treatment brine which needs to be further investigated before discharge. Samples were collected on daily basis from the RO reject wastewater (brine wastewater) for one month and analyzed in situ and in the laboratory. The results obtained showed that the brine wastewater met the requirements of the Kuwait Environment Public Authority with the exception of biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and total phosphate. In Kuwait, the brine wastewater is either used for deep-well injection or is discharged to the seawater. Based on the monitoring results, potential reuse options of wastewater brine include surface water discharge, sewer disposal, deep-well injection, and land application. Treatment options via evaporation ponds using membrane filters will further enhance the quality of the brine wastewater.
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Jokela, P., E. Ihalainen, J. Heinänen, and M. Viitasaari. "Dissolved air flotation treatment of concentrated fish farming wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 8 (April 1, 2001): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0478.
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Fish farming wastewaters contain nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, which promote eutrophication in the typically shallow farming sites in Finland. Fish farming wastewater treatment is problematic because of large quantities of very dilute wastewater (200 – 600 m3/kg fish produced). In practice wastewater treatment is concentrated on suspended solids removal. Treatment can be done in two steps: concentration of the very dilute wastewater and subsequent treatment of the concentrated wastewater. Dissolved air flotation pilot trials were conducted using two types of concentrated wastewaters: settled solids from a sludge hopper of a cultivation basin and swirl separator concentrate. Two different pilot plants were used and performances compared. Both mechanical treatment and precipitation by ferric salts were applied. Depending on the influent quality, 70 to 90% phosphorus reductions were achieved without chemicals. Chemical precipitation and flotation produced 90% phosphorus reductions and effluent concentrations at the level of 0.05 mgP/l when 13 m3/(m2h) hydraulic loading was used.
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Kamaz, Mohanad, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Satchithanandam Eswaranandam, Wen Zhang, Steven M. Jones, Michael J. Watts, and Xianghong Qian. "Investigation into Micropollutant Removal from Wastewaters by a Membrane Bioreactor." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081363.
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Direct potable reuse of wastewater is attractive as the demand for potable water increases. However, the presence of organic micropollutants in industrial and domestic wastewater is a major health and environmental concern. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not designed to remove these compounds. Further many of these emerging pollutants are not regulated. Membrane bioreactor based biological wastewater treatment has recently become a preferred method for treating municipal and other industrial wastewaters. Here the removal of five selected micropollutants representing different classes of emerging micropollutants has been investigated using a membrane bioreactor. Acetaminophen, amoxicillin, atrazine, estrone, and triclosan were spiked into wastewaters obtained from a local wastewater treatment facility prior to introduction to the membrane bioreactor containing both anoxic and aerobic tanks. Removal of these compounds by adsorption and biological degradation was determined for both the anoxic and aerobic processes. The removal as a function of operating time was investigated. The results obtained here suggest that removal may be related to the chemical structure of the micropollutants.
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Böhm, B. "A test method to determine inhibition of nitrification by industrial wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 6 (September 1, 1994): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0265.
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A biotest to investigate wastewaters for the presence of nitrification-inhibiting substances has been developed. The principal feature of the test system is a packed-bed fixed-film biological reactor operated as a differential reactor. The test has been used to determine the effects on nitrification of wastewaters especially from textile and leather industries. Inhibition could be found even when the wastewater was diluted considerably. Tannery sewage may cause particularly severe problems in biological wastewater treatment, as the degree of inhibition of this wastewater has been observed to be similar to that of a solution of 2 mg/L allythiourea.
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Vítězová, Monika, Anna Kohoutová, Tomáš Vítěz, Nikola Hanišáková, and Ivan Kushkevych. "Methanogenic Microorganisms in Industrial Wastewater Anaerobic Treatment." Processes 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121546.
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Over the past decades, anaerobic biotechnology is commonly used for treating high-strength wastewaters from different industries. This biotechnology depends on interactions and co-operation between microorganisms in the anaerobic environment where many pollutants’ transformation to energy-rich biogas occurs. Properties of wastewater vary across industries and significantly affect microbiome composition in the anaerobic reactor. Methanogenic archaea play a crucial role during anaerobic wastewater treatment. The most abundant acetoclastic methanogens in the anaerobic reactors for industrial wastewater treatment are Methanosarcina sp. and Methanotrix sp. Hydrogenotrophic representatives of methanogens presented in the anaerobic reactors are characterized by a wide species diversity. Methanoculleus sp., Methanobacterium sp. and Methanospirillum sp. prevailed in this group. This work summarizes the relation of industrial wastewater composition and methanogen microbial communities present in different reactors treating these wastewaters.
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Lettinga, G., and L. W. Hulshoff Pol. "UASB-Process Design for Various Types of Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 8 (October 1, 1991): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0220.
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In this paper the design of UASB-reactors is discussed for different types of wastewater, viz. industrial soluble non-complex wastewaters, SS-rich complex wastewaters and domestic sewage. The paper not only deals with the UASB-reactor design, but also with other treatment steps, pre- as well as post-treatment, that are required for as complete as possible overall wastewater purification.
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Rodríguez, L., J. Villaseñor, and F. J. Fernández. "Use of agro-food wastewaters for the optimisation of the denitrification process." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.307.
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The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of the denitrification process enhancement, in the Ciudad Real (Spain) WWTP, by dosing agro-food wastewaters generated nearby the city. The studied agro-food wastewaters were characterised by a high COD and low nutrients concentration. The denitrification rates with these wastewaters were lower than those obtained either with acetate or urban sewage, however the dose of agro-food wastewaters raised significantly the denitrification capacity in the WWTP because of the significant increase of easily biodegradable substrates in the wastewater. From the laboratory NUR batch test it was observed that the best agro-food wastewater to enhance the denitrification process was that coming from tomato processing, which presented an average denitrification rate of 1.9 mg NOX-N/(g VSS·h) and an average denitrification yield of 0.2 mg NOX-N/mg COD. The viability of the use of tomato processing wastewater was checked in a pilot plant optimised for urban sewage treatment with biological nutrient removal. The optimum dose, 5.9 mg COD/mg NOX-N, was applied and 99% of the nitrate was removed from the wastewater without influencing negatively either the COD or P effluent concentrations.
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Pham, Van Doanh, Binh Minh Nguyen, and Thi Viet Nga Tran. "Application of aerobic granulation in SBR technology to treat low-strength urban wastewater." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 11 (November 25, 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(11).44-47.
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Sequencing Batch Reactor - SBR is an advanced technology to treat wastewater in Vietnam and around the world. Many studies showed that aerobic granular sludge could adapt to various types of wastewater with different organic loads such as industrial wastewater, winery and brewery wastewaters, landfill wastewater, municipal wastewaters. This paper presents the removal results of COD, NH4+-N, T-N, T-P by applying aerobic granulation in SBR technology to treat low-strength urban wastewater at Hanoi in the laboratory. Research wastewater is taken from Kim Lien wastewater treatment plant with OLR 0.4-0.6 kg COD/m3.day, equivalent to COD 150-200 mg/l, and studied for 55 days. Research is processed using the SBR technology with a bubble column of 0.11 m in diameter, 1 m in height, a water storage height of 0.8 m, and a working volume of 2.5 l. The reactor was sequentially operated 6 cycles/day. A cycle time is 4 h, in which: water filling phase 1-2 min, aeration phase 180 min, resting phase 20-30 min, discharge phase 10-15 min. The results showed the stable operation of the SBR technology with COD removal efficiency over 92% COD, 90% NH4+-N, 20% T-N, and 50% T-P.
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El Bakraoui, Houria, Miloudia Slaoui, Jamal Mabrouki, Driss Hmouni, and Céline Laroche. "Recent Trends on Domestic, Agricultural and Industrial Wastewaters Treatment Using Microalgae Biorefinery System." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010068.
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In addition to producing bioenergy and molecules with high added value, microalgae have been recognized as an efficient microorganism for wastewater treatment. However, a major obstacle preventing its widespread use is the high energy cost of pretreatment, cultivation and downstream processes. Different types of wastewaters have been tested as culture mediums for microalgal biorefinery system. This review gives a summary of the most used microalgae strains for wastewater treatment, as well as information on the physical and chemical characteristics of domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewaters. It also discusses wastewater pretreatment techniques, nutrient uptake and removal, biomass production and biomolecules productivities. There is also discussion on how microalgae remove contaminants from wastewater. Additionally, the problems and restrictions of microalgae-based wastewater treatment are explored, and recommendations are made for additional study and advancement. This literature review demonstrates that microalgae monoculture systems have proven to be beneficial as an innovative wastewater treatment technology, due to its high efficiencies in pollutant removals and biomolecule production; however, the upstream and downstream treatment pose a limit to industrialize the process. Until now, there has been no conventional design of the wastewater treatment process using microalgae in the biorefinery system, which constitutes a huge gap to assess a real life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno economic analysis (TEA).
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Włodarczyk, Barbara Janina, and Paweł Piotr Włodarczyk. "Feeding a Membrane-less Microbial Fuel Cell by Mixed Municipal and Industrial Wastewater." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 33, no. 4 (January 23, 2024): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59440/ceer/178189.
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Due to the constant growth of the world's population, the amount of generated wastewater is also constantly increasing. One of the devices that can use wastewater as a raw material for energy production is a microbial fuel cell (MFC). MFCs technology is constantly evolving. However, to increase its use, it is necessary to improve its efficiency. There are various possibilities to ensure this, such as the use of new electrode materials, new cell designs, or the use of wastewaters from different sources. In this paper the analysis of MFC operation (cell voltage, power, and current density) fed by mixed municipal and industrial wastewaters was shown. Moreover, the change in time of COD was analyzed. Due to cost reduction the membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) was chosen. It was noted that the addition of concentrated process wastewater increases the COD reduction time in the ML-MFC. An increase of generated bioelectricity during fed ML-MFC by mixed municipal and industrial (process wastewater from yeast production) wastewater was demonstrated. The highest values of average cell voltage (598 mV), maximum power (4.47 mW) and maximum current density (0.26 mA·cm-2) were obtained for a 10% share of yeast process wastewater in the mixed wastewater, which fed the ML-MFC.
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Kyllönen, Hanna, Juha Heikkinen, Eliisa Järvelä, Lotta Sorsamäki, Virpi Siipola, and Antti Grönroos. "Wastewater Purification with Nutrient and Carbon Recovery in a Mobile Resource Container." Membranes 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120975.
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Water reuse from wastewater treatment plants can significantly reduce freshwater demand. Additionally municipal sewage and some industrial wastewaters could be used as sources of nutrients and carbon more effectively than they are used today. Biological treatments have attracted the most attention in wastewater purification, whereas, so far, only a little attention has been paid to the physico-chemical technologies. These technologies could, however, have great potential to recover nutrients when purifying wastewater. In this study, the main emphasis was to study the possibilities to utilize existing physico-chemical unit operations for wastewater purification and nutrients as well as carbon recovery. Unit operations were selected so that they could produce exploitable circular economy products from wastewaters and be assembled in a mobile container for carrying out recovery anywhere that is suitable. The results showed that in a mobile container, solids could be successfully separated from the studied wastewaters by flocculation-assisted solid/liquid separation and then processed into hydrochar by hydrothermal carbonization. Phosphate was precipitated using lime milk as calcium phosphate, and ammonium nitrogen was captured from the wastewater using membrane contactor technology resulting in ammonium sulphate for fertilizer use. Additionally, reverse osmosis retained residual impurities well, producing good quality water for reuse. The techno-economic feasibility seems promising.
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Väänänen, Pentti, Pekka Pouttu, and Timo Kulmala. "Joint Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater – Case Project: City of Kotka, Finland." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0013.
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The National Board of Waters in Finland has proposed a study on the joint treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters of the City of Kotka. This study is of great interest due to the large forest products industry and food industry in Kotka. All of the wastewaters from the forest products and the food industry and the municipal sewage have been found to be suitable for biological treatment, which makes the joint treatment applicable. An activated sludge process is selected because it takes advantage of the large amount of nutrients in the municipal sewage and it has proved to be the most efficient treatment method for forest industry wastewaters. However, municipal wastewater contains more nutrients than needed for the biological process, which can cause eutrophication problems in the watercourse. To reduce the pollution caused by the nutrients, chemical treatment of the wastewater is also proposed in the joint treatment. It was concluded that the joint treatment of wastewater is economically, technically and environmentally the best way to arrange wastewater treatment for the industry and the city.
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Aziz, Shuokr, and Sardar Bruska. "Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq." Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 14, no. 1 (2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2101031a.
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Treatment is essential for wastewaters prior to its disposal to the environment or water sources. Numerous wastewater treatment techniques are applied for the treatment of wastewater types. To date, dilution via mass balance approach has not been reported for treatment of various types of wastewaters in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Consequently, the aim of this work was to examine the treatment of various types of wastewaters using dilution method by river water through applying mass balance approach. Characteristics of different types of wastewaters and Greater-Zab River water in Erbil City were studied. Slaughterhouse, tannery, municipal, landfill-leachate, dairy, and refinery wastewaters in Erbil City were used in the present work. Mass balance approach was applied to verify that dilution of various types of wastewaters using Greater-Zab river water. Dilution factor and required amount of river water were calculated. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were studied using mass balance approach. Results revealed that dilution factor for Erbil wastewaters varied from 10.36 to 513.91. Mixing of wastewaters with Greater-Zab river water led to decreasing of DO in the river water by 3.525 % and increasing of BOD in the Greater-Zab River water. Dilution using various quantities of raw river water via applying mass balance approach resulted in decreasing the pollutants in the wastewaters to an acceptable level and it was regarded as a treatment process. Each type of wastewater needs a definite quantity of raw water for the treatment. Commonly, sedimentation is suggested prior dilution of wastewater with the Greater-Zab River water. Maximum discharge of 1,182 m3/s is sufficient for treatment of all mentioned types of wastewaters in Erbil City.
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Tran, Lan Thu, Anh Tien Do, Tuan Hung Pham, Kim Thanh Nguyen, and Hung Cong Duong. "Decentralised, small-scale coagulation-membrane treatment of wastewater from metal recycling villages – a case study from Vietnam." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 2125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.493.
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Abstract Effective treatment of wastewaters laden with heavy metals is critical to the sustainable social and economic growth of metal recycling villages in Vietnam. Currently, most wastewaters from metal recycling villages in Vietnam are directly discharged, posing great threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a small-scale combined coagulation-membrane filtration treatment of wastewater collected from a metal recycling village in Vietnam was experimentally investigated. The experimental results manifested the technical viability of the combined coagulation-membrane filtration process for the treatment of the heavily polluted metal recycling wastewater for beneficial reuse. In this combined treatment process, coagulation using ferric chloride (FeCl2) served as a pre-treatment prior to the microfiltration (MF)/reverse osmosis (RO) process. Under the optimised conditions, coagulation at the dosage of 0.2 g FeCl2 per 1,000 ml wastewater removed more than 90% of heavy metals (i.e. most notably including aluminium and chromium) from the wastewater, reducing the aluminium and chromium concentrations in the wastewater from 548.0 to 52.3 mg/L to 32.6 and 1.7 mg/L, respectively. The MF treatment of the wastewater following the coagulation further removed suspended solids and organic matters, rendering the wastewater safe for the subsequent RO filtration with respect to membrane fouling. Given the efficient pre-treatment of coagulation and MF, the RO process at the controlled water recovery of 50% was able to effectively treat the wastewater to potable water.
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Canpolat, Özgür, and Ece Vanlı. "Erkenez Çayı’nda (Kahramanmaraş) Süt Ürünleri, Boya ve Tekstil Fabrikası Atık Sularından Kaynaklanan Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1858-1866.2758.
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Industries, as a source of pollution, have a considerable impact on aquatic ecosystems due to the diversity in the composition of their wastewater. In this study, it is aimed to determine the heavy metal pollution caused by the wastewater of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory in the Organized Industrial Zone of Kahramanmaraş province. For this purpose, seasonal concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg) have been determined in wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and in the region where these wastewaters discharge in the Erkenez Stream. The seasonal variation of heavy metals in all stations, generally the lowest concentrations of all elements were determined in winter and the highest concentrations were determined in summer. When the heavy metal contents of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory wastewaters were compared, the highest values were found in textile factory wastewater. When all stations are taken into consideration, according to USEPA and water quality criteria, it is determined that the wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and the area of the Erkenez Stream, where these wastewaters are discharged, were very dirty in term of heavy metals. When these results are taken into consideration, it is clear that the wastewater of these factories causes serious heavy metal pollution in the Erkenez Stream.
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Selvabharathi, G., S. Adishkumar, S. Jenefa, G. Ginni, J. Rajesh Banu, and Ick Tae Yeom. "Combined homogeneous and heterogeneous advanced oxidation process for the treatment of tannery wastewaters." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.139.
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This study investigated the practical application of combined advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as homogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis and heterogeneous photo-Fenton, for the treatment of tannery wastewaters. An optimization study was conducted on the photocatalytic degradation of tannery wastewaters, in order to understand the effects of different operating parameters on the degradation kinetics. The chemical oxygen demand of tannery wastewater decreased from an initial level of 3,400 mg/L in raw wastewater to 140 mg/L (96% removal) in wastewater treated by the combined advanced oxidation process at optimum pH 7, TiO2 dosage of 0.2 g/L, Fe2+ dosage of 0.5 g/L, H2O2 dosage of 1.8 g/L and a treatment time of 4 hours. The biodegradability of wastewater increased from an initial level of 0.4 to 0.7 after treatment under optimum experimental conditions at a treatment time of 60 min. An annual treatment cost of US$21.34/m3 of treated water was obtained. The combined advanced oxidation process proved to be an efficient and appropriate technique for the effective removal of complex organic compounds in industrial wastewater.
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Gulyas, H. "Processes for the removal of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0471.
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Processes that are suitable for the elimination of recalcitrant organics from industrial wastewaters are reviewed. Most advantageous are separation processes which enable not only reuse of the water phase but also the recycling of the wastewater constituents. Besides separation processes many degradative wastewater techniques are available. However, for the removal of recalcitrant organics biological processes (which are economically beneficial) cannot be chosen, but a variety of nonbiological degradative processes exist which can be divided into oxidative and reductive technologies. The latter are in the research and development state. The chemical oxidative treatment technologies comprise wastewater incineration and wet air oxidation for wastewaters with high organic concentrations, the so-called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as e.g. ozone/hydrogen peroxide which generate the nonselective but very powerful oxidant OH radical, and processes with other oxidants as e.g. Fe(VI) compounds or peroxodisulfate. Also electrochemical oxidation of organic wastewater constituents is possible. All degradative processes that do not lead to total mineralization of organic wastewater constituents may form transformation products which sometimes are more toxic than the original organic compounds.
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Ahmed, Mohd Elmuntasir, Adel Al-Haddad, and Suad Al-Dufaileej. "Characterization and Profiling of Industrial Wastewater Toxicity in Kuwait." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 13, no. 2 (2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2022.13.2.1369.
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Toxicity reduction is a main criterion in prioritizing industrial wastewater treatment objectives. This paper utilized a comprehensive survey of 41 industrial facilities to characterize their wastewater quality parameters and to assess their wastewater toxicity. The 41 factories were grouped under eleven industrial categories. Microtox relative toxicity test results indicated that industrial wastewater in Kuwait are mostly very toxic to toxic with the exception of farms wastewater which was found to be slightly toxic. The highest ranking toxic wastewaters where found to be metal forming, printing, dairy, slaughterhouses, petrochemical, poultry, food, paper and packaging, beverage, and construction materials industries in order. Among the contributing factors to the toxicity of industrial wastewater are temperature, pH, metals, COD, TOC, NH3, TPH, phenol, and BTEX.
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Shahraki, Abdol Aziz. "Managing urban wastewater to fight the pandemic of COVID-19 effectively." Health and Environment 3, no. 1 (2021): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/he.2022.01.001.
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The paper reveals the role of wastewaters in the spread of Coronavirus in cities and focuses on the need for collection, treatment, and management of wastewaters. While the focus of the fight against COVID-19 is on the production of vaccines, drugs and treatments, this article emphasizes the cleanliness of the environment with wastewater management. This paper is a novel work, since it presents a multi-side research concerning fighting against coronavirus through wastewater collection and treatment. Studies show that coronavirus exists in urban wastewaters and spread the COVID-19 everywhere. Coronavirus is attacking people globally and shrinking the economy. The question addressed by this paper is; will communities overcome the coronavirus without well-collected and treated wastewaters? The methods to achieve the goals are theoretical surveys, case study strategy, mathematical modeling, statistical procedures, forecasting the future, and discussions. A mathematical model will be built to calculate the number of deaths caused by the coronavirus with the help of registered statistics and predict the future trend of the disease pandemic in Iran. Since Coronavirus has been seen in wastewaters, results of this research demonstrate the need for carefully collected and treated wastewaters to overcome the coronavirus. This paper gives suitable techniques to treat wastewater as stabilization ponds, bacterial reactors, and anaerobic ponds. Concluding, this paper suggests indicators to select a wastewater treatment technique in every city, and its outcome will assist the global community in fighting the coronavirus more successfully.
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Paśmionka, Iwona B., Piotr Herbut, Grzegorz Kaczor, Krzysztof Chmielowski, Janina Gospodarek, Elżbieta Boligłowa, Marta Bik-Małodzińska, and Frederico Márcio C. Vieira. "Influence of COD in Toxic Industrial Wastewater from a Chemical Concern on Nitrification Efficiency." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 14124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114124.
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COD is an arbitrary indicator of the content of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of COD of industrial wastewater on the nitrification process. This research covered wastewater from acrylonitrile and styrene–butadiene rubbers, emulsifiers, polyvinyl acetate, styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian® (self-extinguishing polystyrene intended for expansion) production. The volume of the analyzed wastewater reflected the active sludge load in the real biological treatment system. This research was carried out by the method of short-term tests. The nitrification process was inhibited to the greatest extent by wastewater from the production of acrylonitrile (approx. 51%) and styrene–butadiene (approx. 60%) rubbers. In these wastewaters, nitrification inhibition occurred due to the high COD load and the presence of inhibitors. Four-fold dilution of the samples resulted in a two-fold reduction in the inhibition of nitrification. On the other hand, in the wastewater from the production of emulsifiers and polyvinyl acetate, a two-fold reduction in COD (to the values of 226.4 mgO2·dm−3 and 329.8 mgO2·dm−3, respectively) resulted in a significant decrease in nitrification inhibition. Wastewater from the production of styrene, solvents (butyl acetate, ethyl acetate) and owipian® inhibited nitrification under the influence of strong inhibitors. Lowering the COD value of these wastewaters did not significantly reduce the inhibition of nitrification.
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Lehto, Marja, Ilkka Sipilä, Laura Alakukku, and Hanna-Riitta Kymäläinen. "Water consumption and wastewaters in fresh-cut vegetable production." Agricultural and Food Science 23, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.41306.
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Controlled water use is an important component of sustainable fresh-cut vegetable production because of limited water resources, and also for controlling the quality of wastewater re-used in vegetable processing or for irrigating on fields. In our study the water consumption in vegetable processing plants varied from 1.5 to 5.0 m3 t-1 of finished product. In one plant, monitored over three years, almost 90% of water was used for washing and rinsing of vegetables, but more than 90% of the organic load of the wastewater was generated from the processing stage. The results including organic load and the microbial quality of the wastewaters showed that the wastewater should be treated beforere-use.Separate treating of wastewaters from processing stage is recommended. Pre-treatment of wastewater using precipitation chemicals and sedimentation in basins decreased the organic load and total solids in the water, allowing further treatment of the waters.
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Al-Jabri, Hareb, Probir Das, Shoyeb Khan, Mahmoud Thaher, and Mohammed AbdulQuadir. "Treatment of Wastewaters by Microalgae and the Potential Applications of the Produced Biomass—A Review." Water 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010027.
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The treatment of different types of wastewater by physicochemical or biological (non-microalgal) methods could often be either inefficient or energy-intensive. Microalgae are ubiquitous microscopic organisms, which thrive in water bodies that contain the necessary nutrients. Wastewaters are typically contaminated with nitrogen, phosphorus, and other trace elements, which microalgae require for their cell growth. In addition, most of the microalgae are photosynthetic in nature, and these organisms do not require an organic source for their proliferation, although some strains could utilize organics both in the presence and absence of light. Therefore, microalgal bioremediation could be integrated with existing treatment methods or adopted as the single biological method for efficiently treating wastewater. This review paper summarized the mechanisms of pollutants removal by microalgae, microalgal bioremediation potential of different types of wastewaters, the potential application of wastewater-grown microalgal biomass, existing challenges, and the future direction of microalgal application in wastewater treatment.
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Ahmad, Imran, Norhayati Abdullah, I. Koji, A. Yuzir, and S. E. Mohamad. "Potential of Microalgae in Bioremediation of Wastewater." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10616.413-429.
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The increase in global pollution, industrialization and fast economic progress are considered to inflict serious consequences to the quality and availability of water throughout the world. Wastewater is generated from three major sources, i.e. industrial, agricultural, and municipal which contain pollutants, such as: xenobiotics, microplastics, heavy metals and augmented by high amount of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen compounds. Wastewater treatment is one of the most pressing issues since it cannot be achieved by any specific technology because of the varying nature and concentrations of pollutants and efficiency of the treatment technologies. The degradation capacity of these conventional treatment technologies is limited, especially regarding heavy metals, nutrients, and xenobiotics, steering the researchers to bioremediation using microalgae (Phycoremediation). Bioremediation can be defined as use of microalgae for removal or biotransformation of pollutants and CO2 from wastewater with concomitant biomass production. However, the usage of wastewaters for the bulk cultivation of microalgae is advantageous for reducing carbon, nutrients cost, minimizing the consumption of freshwater, nitrogen, phosphorus recovery, and removal of other pollutants from wastewater and producing sufficient biomass for value addition for either biofuels or other value-added compounds. Several types of microalgae like Chlorella and Dunaliella have proved their applicability in the treatment of wastewaters. The bottlenecks concerning the microalgal wastewater bioremediation need to be identified and elucidated to proceed in bioremediation using microalgae. This objective of this paper is to provide an insight about the treatment of different wastewaters using microalgae and microalgal potential in the treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, with the specialized cultivation systems. This review also summarizes the end use applications of microalgal biomass which makes the bioremediation aspect more environmentally sustainable. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Prokkola, Hanna, Anne Heponiemi, Janne Pesonen, Toivo Kuokkanen, and Ulla Lassi. "Reliability of Biodegradation Measurements for Inhibitive Industrial Wastewaters." ChemEngineering 6, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010015.
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Industrial wastewaters may contain toxic or highly inhibitive compounds, which makes the measurement of biological oxygen demand (BOD) challenging. Due to the high concentration of organic compounds within them, industrial wastewater samples must be diluted to perform BOD measurements. This study focused on determining the reliability of wastewater BOD measurement using two different types of industrial wastewater, namely pharmaceutical wastewater containing a total organic carbon (TOC) value of 34,000 mg(C)/L and industrial paper manufacturing wastewater containing a corresponding TOC value of 30 mg(C)/L. Both manometric respirometry and the closed-bottle method were used in the study, and the results were compared. It was found that the dilution wastewaters containing inhibitive compounds affected BOD values, which increased due to the decreased inhibiting effect of wastewater pollutants. Therefore, the correct BOD for effluents should be measured from undiluted samples, while the diluted value is appropriate for determining the maximum value for biodegradable organic material in the effluent. The accuracy of the results from the blank samples was also examined, and it was found that the readings of these were different to those from the samples. Therefore, the blank value that must be subtracted may differ depending on the sample.
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Yousuf, Sumra, Payam Shafigh, Zakaria Che Muda, Herda Yati Binti Katman, and Abid Latif. "Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review." Water 15, no. 15 (August 4, 2023): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152828.
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Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems are under pressure due to climate changes, industrialisation, population growth, urbanisation, and the lack of proper water resource management. The lack of potable water has resulted in the search for possible alternatives, such as seawater, treated industrial wastewater, treated sewage wastewater, carwash service station wastewater, wastewater from ready-mix concrete plants, and wastewater from the stone-cutting industry. All of these water resources can be used in concrete to achieve adequate industry standards for the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. This study is a comprehensive review of the existing information regarding the effects of alternate water resources on the fresh, physical, strength, and durability properties of CBMs. The review shows that the research on the utilisation of wastewater in CBMs is limited. The development of different procedures and methods is urgently needed to utilise various wastewaters in concrete production. The usage of various wastewaters in concrete construction overcomes their adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
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Al-Khirbash, Bassim, Saif Al-hakimi, and Hani Al-Aswadi. "Impact of wastewaters on groundwater quality of Bani Al-Hareth and Arhab areas in northern Sana’a city, Yemen." مجلة جامعة صنعاء للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2024): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.59628/jast.v2i1.578.
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The purpose of this research is to determine the impacts of wastewater effluents on groundwater quality of the northern suburbs of Sana’a city. Fourteen duplicate groundwater and wastewater samples were collected from the study area and analyzed. The groundwater samples were analyzed for major elements, and anionic and cationic groups using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The wastewater samples were analyzed for Total Coliform (TC), Fecal Coliform (FC), and oxygen demands. For characterizing the groundwater and wastewater qualities of the study area, analysis results were tabulated, statistically treated, and elements and ionic groups were graphically plotted on diagrams and on the Piper well known diagram. The analysis results had shown that some groundwater samples were chemically and biologically contaminated. Moreover, the effluent wastewater samples had shown that all samples contain greater Fecal Coliform (FC) bacteria count and high ammonia content. In addition, the effluent wastewaters are featured with high COD and BOD, reflecting low quality wastewater effluent for the WWTP. Sludge and wastewaters used by farmers, containing high pathogens and parasites, have created or will create significant environmental and health hazards. Similarly, land resources, infrastructure and groundwater quality of the areas are highly, if not already, jeopardized or polluted. Such findings require further detailed studies for monitoring development of pollution in the area.
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Nicolau, Julia Teodoro de Souza, João Henrique Alves Souza, Pedro Augusto Arroyo, Elias Trevisan, Ricardo Souza Vasconcellos, and Leonir Bueno Ribeiro. "Biomass productivity of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in fish and dairy cattle wastewaters." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p1369.
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The biomass productivity and nutrient composition of microalgae, such as Chlorella vulgaris, depend on the cultivation process and the nutrient content of growth media. Thus, in this study aimed to investigate the biomass productivity of C. vulgaris cultivated in fish and dairy cattle wastewaters. Thirty wastewater samples (2.5 L) were collected from system of production. Microalgae were cultivated in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 10 mL of microalgae and 1,790 mL of wastewater under constant light of 5,000 lux for 16 days at 25 ± 2.0 °C. Wastewater samples differed in composition. Biomass productivity was 47 % higher (P<0.0001) in dairy cattle than in fish wastewater, reaching 67.61 g m?3 day?1 (dry matter basis, DM) when compared by Student’s t-test (P<0.05). Cultivation media also had an effect on biomass chemical composition. The C. vulgaris grown in dairy cattle wastewater was higher in crude protein and ash contents (359.6 g kg?1 DM and 230.4 g kg?1 DM, respectively), whereas microalgae grown in fish wastewater had higher nitrogen-free extract content (347.8 g kg?1 DM). Crude fat content did not vary greatly (mean of 313.15 g kg?1 DM). The pH (8.0 – 8.7) and ammonia concentration (0.07 to 0.4 mg L?1) in fish wastewater was stable throughout the 16-day experimental period. In dairy wastewater, pH increased up (6.3 to 8.9) to the fourth day and remained constant thereafter, and ammonia concentration increased up (24.3 to 28.7 mg L?1) to the eighth day and then it declined (2.1 mg L?1). The C. vulgaris was successfully grown in both wastewaters, but productivity was higher in dairy cattle wastewater.
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Vasic, Vesna, Marina Sciban, Dragana Kukic, Jelena Prodanovic, and Nikola Maravic. "Sequential micro and ultrafiltration of distillery wastewater." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 46 (2015): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1546177v.
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Water reuse and recycling, wastewater treatment, drinking water production and environmental protection are the key challenges for the future of our planet. Membrane separation technologies for the removal of all suspended solids and a fraction of dissolved solids from wastewaters, are becoming more and more promising. Also, these processes are playing a major role in wastewater purification systems because of their high potential for recovery of water from many industrial wastewaters. The aim of this work was to evaluate the application of micro and ultrafiltration for distillery wastewater purification in order to produce water suitable for reuse in the bioethanol industry. The results of the analyses of the permeate obtained after micro and ultrafiltration showed that the content of pollutants in distillery wastewater was significantly reduced. The removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand, dry matter and total nitrogen was 90%, 99.2% and 99.9%, respectively. Suspended solids were completely removed from the stillage.
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Rueda Márquez, Juan, Irina Levchuk, and Mika Sillanpää. "Application of Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation for Industrial and Urban Wastewater Treatment: A Review." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120673.
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Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) is emerging as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) of significant promise, which is mainly due to its efficiency for the decomposition of recalcitrant organic compounds in industrial and urban wastewaters and relatively low operating costs. In current study, we have systemised and critically discussed the feasibility of CWPO for industrial and urban wastewater treatment. More specifically, types of catalysts the effect of pH, temperature, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations on the efficiency of CWPO were taken into consideration. The operating and maintenance costs of CWPO applied to wastewater treatment and toxicity assessment were also discussed. Knowledge gaps were identified and summarised. The main conclusions of this work are: (i) catalyst leaching and deactivation is one of the main problematic issues; (ii) majority of studies were performed in semi-batch and batch reactors, while continuous fixed bed reactors were not extensively studied for treatment of real wastewaters; (iii) toxicity of wastewaters treated by CWPO is of key importance for possible application, however it was not studied thoroughly; and, (iv) CWPO can be regarded as economically viable for wastewater treatment, especially when conducted at ambient temperature and natural pH of wastewater.
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Gürel, Levent, and Hanife Büyükgüngör. "Treatment of slaughterhouse plant wastewater by using a membrane bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.677.
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The use of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for removal of organic substances and nutrients from slaughterhouse plant wastewater was investigated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of slaughterhouse wastewater were found to be approximately 571 mg O2/L, 102.5 mg/L, and 16.25 mg PO4-P/L, respectively. A submerged type membrane was used in the bioreactor. The removal efficiencies for COD, total organic carbon (TOC), TP and TN were found to be 97, 96, 65, 44% respectively. The COD value of wastewater was decreased to 16 mg/L (COD discharge standard for slaughterhouse plant wastewaters is 160 mg/L). TOC was decreased to 9 mg/L (TOC discharge standard for slaughterhouse plant wastewaters is 20 mg/L). Ammonium, and nitrate nitrogen concentrations of treated effluent were 0.100 mg NH4-N/L, and 80.521 mg NO3-N/L, respectively. Slaughterhouse wastewater was successfully treated with the MBR process.
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Czikkely, Marton, and Csaba Fogarassy. "Urban Wastewater Management in Focus of Heavy Metal Contamination." YBL Journal of Built Environment 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jbe-2018-0007.
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Abstract In our study, we focused on urban wastewater management, with special regard to the problems caused by heavy metal contaminations. Heavy metals function at low concentrations as a biogenic element, but at the same time in higher amounts (especially above the limit value) are considered as pollutants. We determined the basic wastewater treatment problem: which is the main problem of heavy metal contaminated urban wastewaters and how could eliminate heavy metals. We focused on wastewater origin heavy metal mobility in environment and effect (risk) on human health. In the following, we undertook to analyse urban wastewater in this direction.
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Mazlomi, Sajad, Amir Hossain Mahvi, Mehran Mamghani negad, Mahmood Kamalzadeh, Ghodrat Allah Daryaei, and Mahdi Khodayari. "Hospital Wastewater, Wastewater Quality, Wastewater Treatment." Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jehe.1.2.84.
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