Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wastewater treatment Irrigation

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Wastewater treatment Irrigation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wastewater treatment Irrigation"

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GURJAR, D. S., R. KAUR, and K. P. SINGH. "Irrigation requirement, water use efficiency and bulb productivity of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i12.85442.

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A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of wastewater irrigation on bulb productivity and water use efficiency in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes at Water Technology Centre (WTC) farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during three consecutive years (2013-16). The experiment comprised varied wastewater irrigation schedules [at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 irrigation depth (ID)/cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratios], conjunctive use of ground and municipal wastewaters (at ID/CPE of 1.0) and only groundwater irrigations (at ID/CPE of 1.0) were laid-out in randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that maximum irrigations (32 nos.) were applied in the plots where wastewater irrigations applied at 1.4 ID/CPE, whereas minimum irrigations (14 nos.) were applied in the treatment of wastewater irrigations at 0.6 ID/CPE. Irrigation requirement of tuberose was appreciable which increased from 700 mm to 1600mm with increasing ID/CPE. The data on bulb parameters such as number of bulblets (bulbs having diameter less than 20 mm), number of bulbs (bulbs having diameter more than 20 mm), bulb diameter, bulb length, weight of bulblets, weight of bulbs, and total bulb yield/plant were significantly not altered under application of wastewater irrigation at different ID/CPE, whereas appreciably higher values were observed in the treatment where wastewater irrigations were applied at 1.2 ID/CPE.
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Kundu, PK, TK Acharjee, and MA Mojid. "Growth and Yield of Wheat under Irrigation by Sugar Mill’s Wastewater." Progressive Agriculture 24, no. 1-2 (June 17, 2014): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19174.

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The possibility of using sugar mill’s wastewater/effluent in irrigation was evaluated by investigating the effects of wastewater on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Prodip). The experiment was conducted at North Bengal Sugar Mill site in Natore during December 2011 to March 2012. Three irrigation treatments (I1: irrigation with fresh/tubewell water, I2: irrigation with a mixture of fresh and wastewater at 1:1 ratio and I3: irrigation with wastewater) under a main factor and three fertilizer treatments (F0: no application of fertilizer, F1: half dose fertilizer and F2: full dose fertilizer) under a sub factor were evaluated. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications of the treatments. Wheat was grown with three irrigations totaling 14 cm applied at 4, 26 and 43 days after sowing (DAS). Important growth and yield data of the crop were recorded. The highest grain yield of 1.829 t/ha was obtained under mixed water irrigation and the lowest grain yield of 1.469 t/ha was obtained under wastewater irrigation. The three irrigation treatments, however, provided statistically similar (p = 0.05) grain yield. For the interaction between irrigation and fertilizers, mixed water irrigation and full dose fertilizer application (I2F2) provided significantly higher grain yield (2.757 t/ha) than all other treatment combinations. The second highest yield, produced under freshwater irrigation and full dose fertilizer (I1F2), was statistically similar to the yield under wastewater irrigation and full dose fertilizer (I3F2). Results of this experiment thus exposed good prospects of irrigating wheat by sugar mills’ wastewater.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v24i1-2.19174 Progress. Agric. 24(1&2): 211 - 218, 2013
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DANESHVAR, Mashallah, Farhad FATTAHI, Hamid R. RAHMANI, Seyed A. M. MODARRES SANAVY, and Masoud SAMI. "Effect of municipal wastewater irrigation and well water on plant and soil characteristics." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb12210767.

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In order to investigate the effect of treated wastewater on forage yield, nutrient elements and heavy metals in corn plants (Zea maize, 704 single cross), a field experiment was conducted in RCBD with three treatments in four replications in 2017. Irrigation with well water as first treatment, irrigation with wastewater as second treatment and irrigation with well water and wastewater was alternately applied as a third treatment. The results showed that the highest amount of forage corn yield, stalk and ear dry weight, plant height and leaf number and spade index were obtained in irrigation with wastewater. The highest nitrogen content of leaf and stalk and corn grain was obtained in irrigation with wastewater treatment and the least amount in irrigation with well water treatment was obtained. The amount of phosphorus and potassium measured in leaf and stalk of corn in all three treatments were not significantly different. Also, the highest amount of iron and zinc in leaf and stalk of corn was obtained in irrigation with wastewater treatment. The results showed that the amount of heavy metals including lead, cadmium and nickel in soils were not significantly different in all three treatments. According to the results, the use of urban wastewater not only does not cause soil and plant pollution to heavy elements, but also increases plant yield and nutrition.
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Tsadilas, C. D., and P. S. Vakalis. "Economic benefit from irrigation of cotton and corn with treated wastewater." Water Supply 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0066.

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The effect of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater on the agricultural income from cotton and corn crops was studied by a three-year field experiment (1995-1997), carried out within the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the city of Larissa, central Greece. The experimental design for both crops was randomised complete blocks with five treatments (M- control-irrigation with fresh water, W-irrigation with wastewater and no mineral fertilization, MF- irrigation with fresh water and complete mineral fertilization, WSF- irrigation with wastewater and reduced mineral fertilization, WTF- irrigation with wastewater and complete mineral fertilization). Each treatment was replicated four times. The agricultural income was assessed using the yield of the crops and the economic data of the area. The results showed that in the case of corn, the treatment WTF gave the highest agricultural income. The treatments W and WSF gave higher agricultural income compared to the control but was not significantly different compared to the treatment MF. In the case of cotton, all the treatments included wastewater use, increased significantly the agricultural income in comparison to the control, but at similar level as the treatment MF did. From the data of this study, it is concluded that treated wastewater can be used for irrigation of corn and cotton, saving fresh water and mineral fertilizers and obtaining the same or better economic results.
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Aghajani Shahrivar, A., D. Hagare, B. Maheshwari, and M. Muhitur Rahman. "The effect of irrigation using recycled waters obtained from MBR and IDAL wastewater treatment systems on soil pH and EC under kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) production." Water Supply 20, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.049.

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Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation using three different types of waters, namely treated wastewater through membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, treated wastewater via intermittently decanted aerated lagoon (IDAL) process and tap water (TW) on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) under kikuyu grass production. No fertilizer was added during the study period (1 year). Irrigation waters and water and soil samples extracted from different soil depths were analysed in laboratory. Considerable changes occurred in soil characteristics over the study period under various treatments. Soil pH increased more than 1 unit under irrigation with treated wastewater produced by the IDAL system while soil irrigated with treated wastewater from the MBR treatment system showed little change and TW irrigated soil evidenced a slight decrease when compared to pH at the beginning of the study. There was also a remarkable increase recorded for EC1:5 of top soils irrigated with treated wastewaters compared to the initial EC of the soil. The results from this study highlighted the benefits of irrigation with treated wastewater from the MBR system due to its lower cost of treatment compared to the IDAL process while providing additional nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the wastewater for plant growth.
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Xie, Yi, Zhenchang Wang, Xiangping Guo, Sirikanya Lakthan, Sheng Chen, Zhiming Xiao, and Yousef Alhaj Hamoud. "Effects of Different Irrigation Treatments on Aquaculture Purification and Soil Desalination of Paddy Fields." Water 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071424.

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Aquaculture wastewater contains considerable quantities of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Irrigation of paddy rice with aquaculture wastewater can make full use of water and fertilizer, which has practical significance for alleviating water-use conflicts in the coastal areas of Jiangsu Province and promoting soil desalinization. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of water quality indexes of surface discharge in paddy fields, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) losses of discharge in paddy fields, growing indexes of plants, grain yield, as well as soil salinity affected by the different irrigation treatments. To achieve this objective, experiments were conducted from May to October in 2017. There were four treatment combinations: I1W1 (shallow–frequent irrigation and aquaculture wastewater), I2W1 (shallow–wet irrigation and aquaculture wastewater), I3W1 (flooding irrigation and aquaculture wastewater), and I1W2 (shallow–frequent irrigation and fresh water). The results revealed that there was no significant difference in grain yield among the three wastewater irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, the values of water quality indexes were optimal in I3W1; the total losses of TN and TP of the I3W1 treatment were the lowest over the three important growth stages; the desalinization rate of I3W1 was the largest due to its long hydraulic retention time and large irrigation depth. The overall results suggested that the I3W1 treatment was the optimal treatment.
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Cornel, P., and B. Weber. "Water reuse for irrigation from waste water treatment plants with seasonal varied operation modes." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0085.

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Irrigation periods are usually limited to vegetation periods. The quality requirements for treated wastewater for disposal and for reuse are different. The reuse of water for irrigation allows partly the reuse of the wastewater's nutrients (N and P). Outside the irrigation period the water must be treated for disposal, thus nutrient removal is often required in order to avoid detrimental effects on the receiving surface water body. Only wastewater treatment plants with different operation modes for different seasons can realise these requirements. The nitrification is the most sensitive biological process in the aerobic wastewater treatment process. At low water temperatures the nitrifying bacteria need several weeks to re-start full nitrification after periods without NH4-removal. Therefore it is necessary to develop options for waste water treatment plants which allow a fast re-start of the nitrification process. Based on theoretical considerations and computer simulations of the activated sludge treatment process, one possibility for implementing a wastewater treatment plant with different seasonal operation modes is evaluated.
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Hamoda, Mohamed F., and Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Improvement of effluent quality for reuse in a dairy farm." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0664.

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This study examined the chemical treatment of wastewaters from a dairy farm in order to improve effluent quality and evaluated the reuse of treated effluent in irrigation. An extensive sampling and analysis program was conducted over a period of one year to determine wastewater characteristics at the plant. It has been found that the wastewater COD, BOD, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus content are relatively high but daily variations in pollution loads are not considerably high. Waste treatment in primary settling tanks was found to be insufficient since the effluent quality cannot satisfy the requirements set by the municipal. Experimental results on chemical treatment using alum as a coagulant indicated that the wastewater pollutants could be effectively reduced in order to obtain a good effluent for reuse in irrigation. A wastewater treatment system has been proposed based on the results of the industrial waste survey, evaluation of the existing treatment, and analysis of the jar tests on chemical treatment. The proposed system can be implemented to produce a good quality effluent for beneficial reuse in irrigation of farm land.
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Mulidzi, A. R. "Winery wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands and the use of treated wastewater for cash crop production." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 2 (July 1, 2007): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.478.

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A 45 m long, 4 m wide and 1 m deep wetland was constructed at Goudini in 2002 to treat distillery and winery effluent. After the plants were fully established, the wastewater with an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 14,000 mg/l was introduced to the wetland system at a rate of 4,050 litres per day. After treatment, wastewater at the outlet had an average COD of 500 mg/ l, indicating more than 90% COD removal. After treatment, the wastewater was used to irrigate cash crops as part of poverty alleviation for farm workers. The experiment consisted of four treatment: clean irrigation water with fertilizer applied (B1); clean irrigation water without fertilizer applied (B2); wastewater irrigation with fertilizer applied (B3); and wastewater irrigation without fertilizer applied (B4). These were replicated seven times. Cabbage was cultivated as a cash crop. The results indicated that cabbage could be irrigated with winery wastewater treated by wetlands. The study found that there was significant difference between treatments that were fertilized compared with those that were not fertilized. The results indicated that wastewater irrigation improved the nutritional status of the soil.
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Saab, Marie Therese Abi, Claude Daou, Isam Bashour, Antoun Maacaron, Salim Fahed, Dany Romanos, Yara Khairallah, et al. "Treated municipal wastewater reuse for eggplant irrigation." August 2021, no. 15(08):2021 (August 1, 2021): 1095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.08.p2711.

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In the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon, the availability of freshwater is limited and therefore farmers must start using alternative water sources such as treated wastewater for irrigating crops. The present study is of great importance, since it provides evidence of some on-farm options that farmers can adopt when irrigating with treated effluent, in order to minimize the health risks. Eggplant was grown under two water quality regimes (Freshwater (FW) and treated wastewater (TW)) and two agronomic practices (no mulch (N_Mu) and use of plastic mulch (Mu)). Treatments were arranged in a split plot design with four replicates. Water quality regime was the main plot factor, while agronomic practices were the subplot factors. Water quality, soil, the marketable yield and other parameters were measured. Fruit samples were evaluated for bacterial contamination. The drip line performance was monitored. The study results revealed that the treatment with treated effluent gave more fruits.m-2, yield and mean fruit weight than the treatment using fresh water irrigation, with an increase of 3.98%, 10.74% and 5.63%, respectively. In addition, the use of mulch (Mu) resulted in an increase in yield (24.23%) and number of fruits (14.11%). Concerning the emitters’ performance and sensitivity to clogging, discharge reduction rate (Rd = 6.75%) for drippers delivering TW was lower than the admissible value of 20% discharge variation, indicating that the quality of water has little effect on emitter performance. Concerning bacterial contamination of fruits, irrigation with treated wastewater showed no contamination in terms of fecal streptococci, salmonella or E. coli. However, the fruits were contaminated with fecal coliforms that were present at a concentration less than 200 CFU.100 g-1. Following the World Health Organization Guidelines, pathogens could be reduced through post treatment health-protection control measures such as drip irrigation, product washing, disinfection and produce peeling
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wastewater treatment Irrigation"

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Tyrrell, Sean R. "Microtopographic enhancement of land-based wastewater treatment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11311.

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There is a regulatory tension within wastewater treatment, between the requirement to meet tightening consents and the need to reduce the carbon footprint of treatment processes. With 75% of wastewater treatment works serving populations of less than 2,000, low-energy tertiary treatment options suitable to small rural works need to be developed. One option that lends itself particularly well to small works is land-based wastewater treatment (LBWWT). The aim of this research was to evaluate the role of LBWWT in the UK water industry and investigate the impact ridge-and-furrow enhanced microtopography (MT) may have upon a particular type of LBWWT - slow-rate (SR) infiltration. This was achieved through meeting three objectives. Firstly, the use of LBWWT was reviewed and assessed. Secondly, the impact of ridge-and-furrow enhanced MT upon the vegetation diversity and nutrient removal of a SR- LBWWT was established by means of a three year field trial. Finally, the cost- effectiveness of SR-LBWWT and the impact of ridging and furrow irrigation upon cost-effectiveness were evaluated using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA). The first objective comprised of a review of the historical and current use of LBWWT, a review of the relevant changing legislation to identify what may be required of LBWWT and an assessment of LBWWT’s potential to meet these requirements. The result of the evaluation found that, based upon the literature, SR-LBWWT is ‘fit-for-purpose’ as tertiary treatment for small treatment works. To meet the second objective, a SR-LBWWT system trial was established at a small wastewater treatment works in Knowle, Hampshire. The trial consisted of three clay-loam grass plots irrigated with secondary treated effluent. There were two configurations of trial plot - flat and ridge-and-furrowed. Effluent (sub- surface soil water) nutrient concentrations were monitored as was vegetation diversity. In addition a number of physical, hydrological and biogeochemical parameters were monitored and hydrological modelling carried out. Mean nutrient removal performances of 90% for ammonia, 72% for nitrate, and 91% for phosphate were observed with the ridge-and-furrowed plot. Ridging and furrow irrigation was found to not have a significantly detrimental effect upon the trial plots’ removal performance for ammonia, nitrate or phosphate. Extrapolation modelling suggested, however, that this would not be the case for LBWWT systems on predominantly clay or sand soils. Ridging and furrow irrigation was found to have a statistically significant positive effect upon the vegetation diversity of the LBWWT trial plots; with mean final year Shannon-Wiener values of 0.96 and 0.69, for the ridge-and-furrowed and non-ridged plots, respectively. For the final objective, analysis found that SR-LBWWT are cost-effective when compared to horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW), an established low-energy treatment option. Mean cost-effectiveness ratio values of £208.5 and £262.7 per % effectiveness were observed for LBWWT and HSSFCW, respectively. Following the field trial CEA was extended to include ridge-and-furrowed SR-LBWWT systems. This found that ridging and furrow irrigation improves the cost-effectiveness of SR-LBWWT serving small populations, reducing the mid cost-effectiveness ratio to £193 per % effectiveness. This is a result of the cost-reducing effect of ridge-and-furrowing over laser-level grading; and based upon the findings of the trial that ridging and furrow irrigation can be achieved (in clay-loam soil slow-rate systems) without significant detriment to the water treatment effectiveness of LBWWT. The main conclusions of this thesis are: that SR-LBWWT has a role to play in the UK water industry, as tertiary treatment for small wastewater treatment works. That SR-LBWWT is cost-effective in relation to HSSFCW. That ridging and furrow irrigation increases that cost-effectiveness by reducing the construction and operational costs. That ridging and furrow irrigation can be employed without significant detriment to a SR-LBWWT system’s water treatment performance. And finally, that ridging and furrow irrigation can have a positive impact upon the establishment vegetation diversity of a SR-LBWWT system.
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Monnett, Gregory Thomas. "Evaluation of spray irrigation as a methodology for on-site wastewater treatment and disposal on marginal soils." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08032007-102238/.

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Fiorentino, Carmine <1978&gt. "Modelling to Manage Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant and Facultative Lagoons Finishing for Irrigation Reuse." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8054/1/Fiorentino_Carmine_tesi.pdf.

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In the last years, the role of wastewater treatment plants has become even more relevant not only as final destination of the collected sewage but also as a center of the sustainable approaches for the water cycle. Moreover, the considerable improvements in wastewater treatment control technologies enable now the implementation of advanced sustainable management perspectives. A particular incentive to increase the efficiency of WWTPs performances comes from the possibility to reuse treated wastewater. In this context, the overall aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate the implementation of models in the most relevant sections of pilot and full-scale plants, and to study the possibility on reusing treated wastewater coming from the effluent flow rate of existing plants for irrigation purpose. We have implemented the WEST 2012 modeling software that allows different control policies using data acquired on a pilot plant located in Trebbo di Reno (Italy). These simulations have evidenced the real possibility to manage small-scale plants with automatic controller while respecting the legal limits for discharge. We have also studied the finishing effect of the natural treatment phase using data recorded during several monitoring campaigns on the Santerno full-scale plant located in Imola (Italy). The removal efficiency resulting from the monitoring campaigns reaches 40% for Ammonium and 20% for Total Nitrogen. The disinfection capacity, E. coli removal efficiency up to 40%, does not permit irrigation reuse so appropriate management policies are necessary. In addition, a pilot plant has been designed and implemented in the Santerno area and the first monitoring data show a real possibility to test management policies first in the pilot-plant and then on full scale plant. Finally, we observed that organic chemicals in wastewater treatment plant have a low biodegradability and can be drastically accumulated during irrigation, which represents a critical issue in the future.
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Tomasini, Horacio Reynaldo. "Permeate quality assessment and concentrate recovery in wastewater treatment by membrane processes and reuse for irrigation purposes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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The reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation is fundamental in the management of water resources. The aims of this study were the performance assessment of NF/RO processes for reclamation of MBR-treated wastewater, the concentrate recovery and permeate quality assessment for irrigation. Wastewater processed by MBRs in “ITOB” wastewater treatment plant, located in Izmir, Turkey, was used in NF/RO filtration tests in a pilot-scale plant containing BW30 (RO), NF90 (NF) and NF270 (NF) membranes. Experiments were conducted using single membrane modules (in batch mode and concentrate recirculation flow configuration) and with two membranes connected in series. MBR effluent and NF/RO permeate quality were compared with the standard values found in guidelines (FAO, WHO and USEPA) and regulations (Turkish and Italian regulations). Permeate flux was higher for NF270 membrane while the lowest was for BW30 membrane. Salt rejections of BW30 membrane were significantly higher than those obtained with NF270 membrane, while with NF90 membrane, permeate fluxes were slightly lower than those of NF270 membrane with salt rejections close to those of an RO membrane. With concentrate recirculation flow configuration, the concentrate recovery was increased by increasing the concentrate recirculation. However, the operation has to be stopped when the feed solution concentration can compromise the performances of the system and shorten the membrane life. In the system with two membranes in series, high water recovery was achieved. BW30-NF270 system showed higher permeate flux, however, its quality is comparable to this one of NF270 membranes. NF90 and BW30 permeates meet the standards for irrigation, and negative effects on soil permeability can be minimized by mixing them with low amounts of MBR effluent. NF270 permeates contain excessive amount of nitrogen, and NaCl. MBR effluent is not suitable for irrigation, due to excessive salinity, NaCl, TDS and nitrogen content.
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Zammit, Ian. "Antibiotic Resistance Mitigation Using Novel Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Urban Wastewater Treatment and its Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2020. http://elea.unisa.it:8080/xmlui/handle/10556/5865.

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2018 - 2019
The Ph. D. project herein deals with the application of a novel photocatalyst and its potential in wastewater treatment. Specifically, for wastewater intended for reuse in crop irrigation and with direct emphasis on antibiotic resistance dissemination. The project is divided in three work packages (WP). WP A - Selection of a suitable photocatalyst deals with the assessment of a number of photocatalyst that was carried out in order to identify a suitable catalyst showing higher efficiencies while having a low-cost synthetic route. The research carried out within this scope resulted in an optimised cerium doped ZnO catalyst which was identified as fitting the pre-established requirements. This catalyst was subsequently studied in the immobilised form in WP B - Catalyst immobilisation here a procedure for coating stainless steel surfaces was set and the catalyst used for the removai of two model antibiotics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, as well as testing the reusability of photocatalytic coatings. Additionally, the immobilised catalyst was used for the inactivation of bacteria in isotonic saline water and for the inactivation of autochthonous bacteria, including antibiotic resistant fractions in reai wastewater. In the latter, Ce-ZnO was more efficient than the industry standard TiO2-P25. This novel catalyst was also applied for controlled irrigation experiments. Lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) were set up in four groups receiving either Ce-ZnO treated wastewater, chlorinated treated wastewater, fresh water or secondary wastewater in WPC- Both water treatments showed marginai differences in concentrations of thè four selected genes (16S rRNA, blaOXA-10 qnrS and intII) in water concentrations. As for concentrations in soil after thè irrigation campaign, both treatments showed lower levels than those from secondary wastewater but higher levels than fresh water with no major differences between treatments.
XXXII ciclo
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Ndunda, E. N. (Ezekiel Nthee). "Wastewater reuse in urban and peri-urban irrigation : an economic assessment of improved wastewater treatment, low-risk adaptations and risk awareness in Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40235.

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The overall goal of this study was to analyse the welfare effect of improved wastewater treatment with the view of making policy recommendations for sustainable urban and peri-urban irrigation agriculture in Kenya. This goal was achieved by investigating three specific objectives. The first objective was to assess the farmers’ awareness of health risks in urban and peri-urban wastewater irrigation. Second objective was to analyse the factors that affect the choice of low-risk adaptations in reuse of untreated wastewater for irrigation. The third objective was to estimate the value that urban and peri-urban farmers who practice wastewater irrigation impute to improvements in specific characteristics of the wastewater input in agriculture. In order to achieve the first objective, an ordered probit model was used to identify the factors that influence farmers’ awareness of health risks in untreated wastewater irrigation. The model was fitted to data collected from a cross-sectional survey of 317 urban farm households in the Kibera informal settlement of Kenya. Results of this study show that gender of household head, household size, education level of household head, farm size, ownership of the farm, membership to farmers’ group, and market access for the fresh produce significantly affect awareness of farmers about health risks in wastewater irrigation. Therefore, there is need for awareness programs to promote public education through regular training and local workshops on wastewater reuse in order to improve the human capital of the urban and peri-urban farmers. To achieve the second objective, the study used a multinomial logit model to analyse the farmers’ choice of low-risk adaptations in untreated wastewater irrigation. A survey of 317 urban and peri-urban farmers was conducted and measures for risk-reduction in wastewater reuse were analysed. The urban and peri-urban farmers were found to have adopted low-risk wastewater irrigation techniques such as cessation of irrigation before harvesting, crop restriction and safer application methods. Results of the study show that adoption of risk-reduction measures is significantly influenced by the following factors: household size, age of the household head, education of household head, access to extension, access to media, access to credit, farmers’ group membership, and risk awareness. Also, marginal analysis of the coefficients confirmed the socio-economic characteristics are key determinants in adoption of low-risk measures in wastewater reuse. The study recommends that policies in support of low-risk urban and peri-urban irrigation agriculture should disaggregate farmers according to their socio-economic and institutional characteristics in order to achieve their intended objectives. To achieve the third objective, the study employed the discrete choice experiment approach to estimate the benefits farmers impute to improvements in attributes of the wastewater irrigation input, whose aim is to reduce the health risks associated with untreated wastewater irrigation. Urban and peri-urban farmers who practice wastewater irrigation drawn from Motoine-Ngong River in Nairobi were randomly selected for the study. A total of 241 farmers completed the presented choice cards for the choice model estimation. A random parameter logit model was used to estimate the individual level willingness to pay for wastewater treatment. The results show that urban and peri-urban farmers are willing to pay significant monthly municipality taxes for treatment of wastewater. Conclusion of this study was that, quality of treated wastewater, quantity of treated wastewater and the riverine ecosystem restoration are significant factors of preference over policy alternative designs in wastewater treatment and reuse.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
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Gunn, Kpoti Mawutodzi. "Developing Strategies For Year-Round Spray Irrigation of Wastewater Effluent in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262207613.

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Grünewald, Niclas, and Gabriella Rullander. "Charcoal vertical gardens as treatment of drainwater for irrigation reuse : a performance evaluation in Kibera slum, Nairobi." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Uppsala University Sustainability Initiatives (UUSI), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-408805.

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Hofstedt, Charlotta. "Wastewater use in Agriculture in Andhra Pradesh, India : An evaluation of irrigation water quality in reference to associated health risks and agricultural suitability." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88888.

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Användandet av obehandlat avloppsvatten inom jordbruket är en växande företeelse i många delar av världen. Speciellt i vattenfattiga områden där avloppsvattnet ses som en värdefull och pålitlig resurs. Det höga näringsinnehållet minskar behovet av konstgödsel och detta ökar böndernas inkomster. Men med användandet av avloppsvattnet följer vissa hälsorisker. Bland annat har man sett en högre förekomst av inälvsmaskar hos bönder som använder orenat avloppsvatten jämfört med de som använder rent vatten. Den här vattenkvalitetstudien har utförts längs floden Musi i Andhra Pradesh, Indien. Musi rinner igenom staden Hyderabad och mycket av stadens avloppsvatten dumpas i floden. Nedströms Hyderabad används detta vatten för bevattning. Längs med floden är dammar byggda, för att avleda vattnet i bevattningskanaler. Reservoirer bildas då flödeshastigheten minskar. Studieområdet sträcker sig från Hyderabad och 28.7 km nedströms. Hypotesen var att reservoirerna fungerar som biodammar och syftet var att kvantifiera dammarnas inverkan på vattenkvaliteten och utvärdera dess lämplighet utifrån ett hälso- och jordbruksperspektiv. Inom studieområdet är reningen med avseende på BOD, Nematoder och E coli 86,9%, 99,9% respektive 99,9%. Trots att reningen är så hög överstiger Nematod- och E coli-koncentrationerna Världshälsoorganisationens riktlinjer och utgör en hälsorisk för bönder och konsumenter. Syre- och salthalt ökar nedströms och den höga salthalten kan ha negativ inverkan på jordbrukets avkastning. Genom att titta på reningsmönster och förändring av olika vattenkvalitetsparametrar är en av slutsatserna av detta arbete att reningen i dammarna motsvarar den rening som sker i de anaeroba bassängerna i ett biodammsystem.


The use of untreated domestic sewage in agriculture is a growing practice in many parts of the world. It is being looked upon as a valuable and reliable resource in water scarce communities. Wastewater is usually rich in nutrients and the use results in high yields without the need for artificial fertilisers. But with the use of untreated wastewater follows a number of associated health risks, e.g. a higher prevalence of helminth infections has been seen among wastewater users compared to non-users. This water quality study was performed along the River Musi in Andhra Pradesh, India. The Musi River flows through the city of Hyderabad carrying the most of the town’s wastewater. Downstream of Hyderabad the wastewater is used by farmers for irrigation. Along the river weirs are constructed which diverts the irrigation water into canals and reservoirs are formed where the flow velocity slows down. The study area stretches from Hyderabad and 28.7 km downstream. The hypothesis was that the existing irrigation infrastructure acts like Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds and the aim was to quantify the impact of the weirs on water quality and to evaluate the irrigation water quality in reference to associated health risks and agricultural suitability. Within the study area the BOD, E coli and Nematode removals were 86.9%, 99.9% and 99.9% respectively. Despite the high removal the E coli and Nematodes, the concentrations exceed WHO guidelines for unrestricted and restricted irrigation, and there exists an excess risk of intestinal nematode- and enteric infections for farmers. Dissolved oxygen and salinity increases downstream and due to the high salinity farmers could experience reduced crop yields. By looking at removal patterns, and the change in water quality parameters, the conclusion can be made that the reservoirs act like anaerobic ponds in a Wastewater Stabilisation Pond system.

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Yu, Xiaojiang. "An environmental feasibility study of land based sewage effluent disposal at Bolivar using plantation trees /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envy94.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Wastewater treatment Irrigation"

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Schneider, Karl. Wastewater irrigation: January 1987 - April 1990. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Schneider, Karl. Wastewater irrigation: January 1987 - April 1990. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Schneider, Karl. Wastewater irrigation: January 1990 - June 1993. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1993.

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Karl, Schneider. Wastewater irrigation: January 1990 - June 1993. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1993.

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Karl, Schneider. Wastewater irrigation: January 1990 - June 1993. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1993.

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Robb, Christina. New Zealand guidelines for utilisation of sewage effluent on land. Rotorua, N.Z: New Zealand Land Treatment Collective and Forest Research, 2000.

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Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1992.

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New York State Energy Research and Development Authority., New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering., Imagineers (Group), and Gas Research Institute, eds. Energy and biomass recovery from wastewater: Final report (December, 1989-December, 1990). Albany, N.Y. (2 Empire State Plaza, Suite 1901, 12223-1253): The Authority, 1995.

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Teasdale, Gregg N. City of Cottonwood wastewater treatment hybrid poplar plantation land application system (agroforest wetlands): Project characterization, evaluation of water quality impacts, and initial site monitoring. Pullman, WA: State of Washington Water Research Center, 1998.

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The toilet papers: Recycling waste & conserving water. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wastewater treatment Irrigation"

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Waller, Peter, and Muluneh Yitayew. "Wastewater Contaminants and Treatment." In Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 413–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9_23.

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Tovihoudji, Pierre G., G. Esaie Kpadonou, Sissou Zakari, and P. B. Irénikatché Akponikpè. "Reclaimed Irrigation Water Affect Soil Properties and Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Growth, Yield and Quality." In Wastewater Treatment, 353–74. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003354475-11.

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Broszat, Melanie, and Elisabeth Grohmann. "Antimicrobial Resistance Spread Mediated by Wastewater Irrigation." In Antimicrobial Resistance in Wastewater Treatment Processes, 207–17. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119192428.ch11.

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Shuval, Hillel, and Badri Fattal. "Health and Treatment Requirements for Wastewater Irrigation." In Hypertrophic Reservoirs for Wastewater Storage and Reuse, 23–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60112-5_3.

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Tiwari, Shelly, and Puneet Pal Singh Cheema. "Irrigation Suitability of Treated Wastewater of Biofilteration Treatment Plant." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 455–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02707-0_52.

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Dinar, Ariel, and Dan Yaron. "Treatment Optimization of Municipal Wastewater and Reuse for Regional Irrigation." In Economics of Water Resources The Contributions of Dan Yaron, 143–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0899-1_11.

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Abdallat, Ghaida, and Noama Shareef. "Performance of Decentralized Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation in Jordan: Enhancing Nitrogen Removal." In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates, 191–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03600-2_11.

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Lazarova, Valentina. "Wastewater Treatment for Water Recycling." In Water Reuse for Irrigation, 163–234. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203499405.ch7.

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"Slow-rate Irrigation Processes." In Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems and Sustainability, 135–65. WORLD SCIENTIFIC (EUROPE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781800610842_0007.

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"Wastewater: Treatment and Utilization in Irrigation." In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Third Edition, 2467–71. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-ess3-120044522.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wastewater treatment Irrigation"

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EL-Zemity, Adel Samir, Ahmed Ali Gaafar, Ahmed Khaled Ahmed, Ahmed Sayed Abdelwahab, Hatim Mohamed Saad, Mostafa Khaled Elboushi, and Amira Mofreh Ibraheem. "Wastewater Treatment Model with Smart Irrigation Utilizing PID Control." In 2020 2nd Novel Intelligent and Leading Emerging Sciences Conference (NILES). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/niles50944.2020.9257882.

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Hafiz, MhdAmmar, Alaa H. Hawari, and Radwan Alfahel. "Treatment of Wastewater Using Reverse Osmosis for Irrigation Purposes." In The International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2020.0093.

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Giungato, Paquale, Roberto Leonardo Rana, and Caterina Tricase. "Impact Assessment of Pomegranate Cultivation Using Reclaimed Wastewater." In 9th BASIQ International Conference on New Trends in Sustainable Business and Consumption. Editura ASE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/basiq/2023/09/051.

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The approval of national specific legislative acts and the subsequent elaboration of the regional Water Protection Plans have raised attention on reclaimed wastewater as an abundant usable resource for irrigation or industrial purposes in the Apulia region. Among interesting cultivation pomegranate represent a commodity with niche market share among consumers paying attention to healthy way of life. In the present paper the objective of evaluating the environmental impact and nutritional efficiency of this resource was achieved by comparing 3 treatment scenarios: a) Irrigation with conventional water and fertilization capable of satisfying 100% of the expected nutritional requirements; b) Irrigation with reclaimed urban wastewater and fertilization capable of satisfying 100% of the expected nutritional requirements and c) Irrigation with refined urban waste water and fertilization capable of satisfying 50% of the expected nutritional requirements. The methodology to evaluate the impact assessment was the Life Cycle Assessment. Findings indicate the reclaimed wastewater scenario as the lowest impacting due to electricity consumption for the pumping system of the irrigation infrastructure of pomegranate. Fertirrigation of pomegranate using reclaimed wastewater with 50% lower fertilization does not satisfy the nutrient needs and this supplement should be commensurate to the reclaimed wastewater nutrient content. Results provide to stakeholders the sustainable decision support and this represent the practical implication of this study. Moreover the case study represents an original subject both for the crop, fertirrigation and the location choice of the cultivation and the methodology used.
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Mohammed Ameen, Zana, and Shuokr Aziz. "Exploration of Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) Technology for Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in Erbil City." In 4th International Conference on Architectural & Civil Engineering Sciences. Cihan University-Erbil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/icace2022/paper.874.

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Recently, biological treatment processes are widely used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to their relative low cost and reasonable removal efficiencies. Around the world, there are many WWTPs which based on rotating biological reactor (RBC) treatment processes ranging from small scale size (package unit plant) such as sewage compact treatment units to large size wastewater treatment plants. Generally, RBC used for both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, but widely used as secondary treatment processes for municipal wastewater treatment, also used as a tertiary (advance) treatment for nitrification and denitrification. RBC is known as low energy consumption technology and low process complexity option for WWTP. This research aimed to study RBC for treatment of Erbil municipal wastewater. The operation expenditure (OPEX) is low because it consumes low energy and is easy to operate. As it is simple system no complex. Consequently, less manpower and skill are required for operation and maintenance. On the other side, RBC has slow process start-up, several mechanical problems and limited process flexibility, and relatively high capital (CAPEX). This research presenting a review of RBCs technology for wastewater treatment process. Also, the proposed RBC unit of WWTP for Erbil has been designed as an aerobic attached growth biological treatment process, which has reasonable removal efficiencies that achieve the consents for reuse especially for irrigation purposes which is more than 85%.
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Tociu, Carmen, Irina-Elena Ciobotaru, Cristina Maria, György Déak, Alexandru-Anton Ivanov, Ecaterina Marcu, Florica Marinescu, Ioana Savin, and Norazian Mohamed Noor. "Exhaustive approach to livestock wastewater treatment in irrigation purposes for a better acceptability by the public." In APPLIED PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER (APCOM 2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5118074.

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Labille, Jerome, Frederic Loosli, Marjolaine Deschamps, Marieh Fatahizadeh, Ghislaine Delarue, and Nicolas Roche. "Fate and treatment of pharmaceutical emerging pollutants in the context of wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12569.

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Ahmad, Ayesha, and Mohammad Alghouti. "Approaches to achieve Sustainable use and Management of Groundwater Resources in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0074.

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This paper reviews the hydro-geochemical characterization of Qatar’s aquifer. In addition, it highlights the opportunities in the current groundwater management practices to achieve a sustainable groundwater use in Qatar such as assessing and monitoring the groundwater quantity and quality. In this review article, the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework is used to analyze the water resource system in Qatar; begins by describing the causal chain from driving forces of impacts and finally state the responses. As the main driver is the intensive use of groundwater for agriculture irrigation, this causes high pressure on groundwater abstraction and deteriorate the state of the groundwater environment in term of quantity and quality, which has an impact on the food and water supply demands. Therefore, the final response highlights the need for the enhancing the rainfall infiltration to the aquifers, recharging the groundwater aquifers using treated sewage effluent or desalinated water development of groundwater treatment techniques, the use of efficient water irrigation practices, the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation and the development of certain water-use tariff structures and awareness campaigns for farmers.
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Belaiba, Amani, Mha Albqmi, Sebastian Sanchez, and Gassan Hodaifa. "VALORIZATION OF THE SECONDARY THICKENER WASTEWATER FROM THE CONVENTIONAL DEPURATION PLANTS AS A SUBSTRATE FOR MICROALGAE BIOMASS PRODUCTION." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s25.49.

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Conventional wastewater treatment plants (CWWTPs) play a key role in reducing the environmental impact of urban wastewater. But nowadays, this role goes even further with climate change, water scarcity, and the current energy crisis. After the thickening of the secondary sludge, a wastewater flow is generated, which is normally recirculated to the plant head for further treatment. This work aims to use secondary thickener wastewater (STW) as a culture medium for Chlorella vulgaris, Neochloris oleoabundans and Scenedesmus quadricauda growth. These microalgae have the capacity to remove organic and inorganic matters, particularly, in wastewater rich in nitrogen and phosphate compounds. The experiments have been carried out in stirred photobioreactors with 1 L capacity under the following common operating conditions pH 8, mechanical agitation = 200 rpm, air supply rate = 0.5 L/min, continuous artificial illumination intensity = 359 ?E m-2 s-1, and non-sterilized conditions. The net biomass generated for C. vulgaris, N. oleoabundans, and S. quadricauda was 1.89 g/L, 2.73 g/L, and 2.52 g/L, respectively. The kinetic growth study showed a maximum specific growth rate, volumetric biomass productivity and culture duration for C. vulgaris (0.0128 h-1, 0.00583 g/(L h), and 429 h), for N. oleoabundans (0.0151 h-1, 0.00456 g/(L h), and 429 h), and for S. quadricauda (0.0146 h-1 and 0.007362 g/(L h), and 509 h). The microalgae biochemical composition determined biomass rich in energetic compounds (carbohydrates and lipids contents) between 70.9 % and 86.8 % with lower proteins and lipids contents between 9.17 % and 11.5 % and 6.29 % and 13.9 %, respectively. The final water quality registered lower chemical oxygen demand (COD) less than 157 mg O2/L. The final treated water can be direct discharge or used for irrigation.
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Al Ghazawi, Ziad Deeb, and Esra�a Omar Al Diabat. "SALINITY REMOVAL OF RECLAIMED WASTEWATER USING NATURAL AND MODIFIED ZEOLITE AND NANO ZEOLITE PARTICLES." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s02.018.

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Wastewater treatment and desalination are considered important solutions to meet the water scarcity in Jordan. The irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, that usually has elevated salinity levels, may adversely change soil structure, stability, and hydraulic properties. Water traditional desalination techniques require huge energy and capital investments. Zeolites in normal and nano scales enhance the desalination process performance and reduce its economic and energy requirements. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the salinity removal of reclaimed wastewater by using natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite), acid-treated zeolite as well as zeolites nanoparticles. The effect of salt�s initial concentrations, adsorbents mass, and pH on the adsorption process was determined. The results showed that potassium concentration was reduced by 75%, 76%, 81%, and 86% by using 5 g of natural zeolite, nano zeolite, acid-treated zeolite, and acid-treated nano zeolite, respectively. Also, water salinity was reduced by 17%, 12%, 18%, and 23% by using natural zeolite, nano zeolite, acid-treated zeolite, and acid-treated nano zeolite, respectively. It was observed that the nano zeolite performance was worse compared to the other zeolite types, but the acid treatment significantly enhanced the nano zeolite performance. Also, the highest removal efficiencies of potassium ions were achieved at neutral to slightly acidic pH (5-7). On the other hand, the nature of the adsorption process of salts onto zeolites surfaces was favorable and referred to a physical process. The kinetic adsorption was rapid and achieved within 5-10 minutes. It was found that the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms and pseudo second order kinetic model were well fitted to the experimental data. It was concluded that the zeolite and its modified form in normal and nano scales can be widely used for salinity removal of reclaimed wastewater as effective adsorbents.
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Tociu, Carmen, György Déak, Cristina Maria, Irina E. Ciobotaru, Alexandru A. Ivanov, Ecaterina Marcu, Florica Marinescu, Ioana Savin, and Norazian Mohamed Noor. "Technological alternatives for the treatment of livestock wastewater in order to ensure the quality conditions required for the irrigation of agricultural crops." In PROCEEDINGS OF ADVANCED MATERIAL, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0022784.

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Reports on the topic "Wastewater treatment Irrigation"

1

MacDonald, James D., Aharon Abeliovich, Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar, David Faiman, and John Kabshima. Treatment of Irrigation Effluent Water to Reduce Nitrogenous Contaminants and Plant Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568092.bard.

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The contamination of surface and subterranean drinking water supplies with nitrogen-laden agricultural wastewater is a problem of increasing concern in the U.S. and Israel. Through this research, we found that bacteria could utilize common organic wastes (e.g. paper, straw, cotton) as carbon sources under anaerobic conditions, and reduce nitrate concentrations in wastewater to safe levels. Two species of bacteria, Cellulomonas uda and a Comamonas sp., were required for dentitrification. Celulomonas uda degraded cellulose and reduced nitrate to nitrite. In addition, it excreted soluble organic carbon needed as a food source by the Comamonas sp. for completion of denitrification. We also found that recirculated irrigation water contains substantial amounts of fungal inoculum, and that irrigating healthy plants with such water leads to significant levels of root infection. Water can be disinfected with UV, but our experiments showed that Hg-vapor lamps do not possess sufficient energy to kill spores in wastewater containing dissolved organics. Excimer lasers and Xenon flashlamps do possess the needed power levels, but only the laser had a high enough repetition rate to reliably treat large volumes of water. Ozone was highly efficacious, but it's use as a water treatment is probably best suited to moderate or low volume irrigation systems. This research provides critical data needed for the design of effective water denitrification and/or pathogen disinfection systems for different growing operations.
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Husson, Scott M., Viatcheslav Freger, and Moshe Herzberg. Antimicrobial and fouling-resistant membranes for treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598151.bard.

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This research project introduced a novel membrane coating strategy to combat biofouling, which is a major problem for the membrane-based treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewaters. The novelty of the strategy is that the membrane coatings have the unique ability to switch reversibly between passive (antifouling) and active (antimicrobial) fouling control mechanisms. This dual-mode approach differs fundamentally from other coating strategies that rely solely on one mode of fouling control. The research project had two complementary objectives: (1) preparation, characterization, and testing of dual-mode polymer nanolayers on planar surfaces and (2) evaluation of these nanolayers as membrane modifiers. The first objective was designed to provide a fundamental understanding of how polymer nanolayer chemistry and structure affect bacterial deposition and to demonstrate the reversibility of chemical switching. The second objective, which focused on membrane development, characterization, and testing, was designed to demonstrate methods for the production of water treatment membranes that couple passive and active biofouling control mechanisms. Both objectives were attained through synergistic collaboration among the three research groups. Using planar silicon and glass surfaces, we demonstrated using infrared spectroscopy that this new polymer coating can switch reversibly between the anti-fouling, zwitterion mode and an anti-microbial, quaternary amine mode. We showed that switching could be done more than 50 times without loss of activity and that the kinetics for switching from a low fouling zwitterion surface to an antimicrobial quaternary amine surface is practical for use. While a low pH was required for switching in the original polymer, we illustrated that by slightly altering the chemistry, it is possible to adjust the pH at which the switching occurs. A method was developed for applying the new zwitterionic surface chemistry onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Bacteria deposition studies showed that the new chemistry performed better than other common anti-fouling chemistries. Biofilm studies showed that PESultrafiltration membranes coated with the new chemistry accumulated half the biomass volume as unmodified membranes. Biofilm studies also showed that PES membranes coated with the new chemistry in the anti-microbial mode attained higher biofilm mortality than PES membranes coated with a common, non-switchablezwitterionic polymer. Results from our research are expected to improve membrane performance for the purification of wastewaters prior to use in irrigation. Since reduction in flux due to biofouling is one of the largest costs associated with membrane processes in water treatment, using dual-mode nanolayer coatings that switch between passive and active control of biofouling and enable detachment of attached biofoulants would have significant economic and societal impacts. Specifically, this research program developed and tested advanced ultrafiltration membranes for the treatment of wastewaters. Such membranes could find use in membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater, a slightly upgraded version of what presently is used in Israel for irrigation. They also may find use for pretreatment of agricultural wastewaters, e.g., rendering facility wastewater, prior to reverse osmosis for desalination. The need to desalinate such impaired waters water for unlimited agricultural use is likely in the near future.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7592117.bard.

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Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709883.bard.

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Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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5

Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad, and Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.

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Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.
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6

Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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7

Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.

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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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8

Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.

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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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