Journal articles on the topic 'Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)'
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1
McAdam, E. J., D. Lüffler, N. Martin-Garcia, A. L. Eusebi, J. N. Lester, B. Jefferson, and E. Cartmell. "Integrating anaerobic processes into wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 7 (April 1, 2011): 1459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.378.
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Over the past decade, the concept of anaerobic processes for the treatment of low temperature domestic wastewater has been introduced. This paper uses a developed wastewater flowsheet model and experimental data from several pilot scale studies to establish the impact of integrating anaerobic process into the wastewater flowsheet. The results demonstrate that, by integrating an expanded granular sludge blanket reactor to treat settled wastewater upstream of the activated sludge process, an immediate reduction in imported electricity of 62.5% may be achieved for a treated flow of c. 10,000 m3 d−1. This proposed modification to the flowsheet offers potential synergies with novel unit processes including physico-chemical ammonia removal and dissolved methane recovery. Incorporating either of these unit operations can potentially further improve the flowsheet net energy balance to between +0.037 and +0.078 kWh m−3 of produced water. The impact of these secondary unit operations is significant as it is this contribution to the net energy balance that facilitates the shift from energy negative to energy positive wastewater treatment.
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Zhou, H., and Daniel W. Smith. "Advanced technologies in water and wastewater treatment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (January 1, 2001): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-091.
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The use of conventional water and wastewater treatment processes becomes increasingly challenged with the identification of more and more contaminants, rapid growth of population and industrial activities, and diminishing availability of water resources. Three emerging treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and UV irradiation, hold great promise to provide alternatives for better protection of public health and the environment and thus are reviewed in this paper. The emphasis was placed on their basic principles, main applications, and new developments. Advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are compared to highlight their current limitations and future research needs. It can be concluded that, along with the growing knowledge and the advances in manufacturing industry, the applications of these technologies will be increased at an unprecedented scale.Key words: water treatment, wastewater treatment, membrane filtration, ozonation, advanced oxidation processes, UV irradiation.
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Boyjoo, Yash, Vishnu K. Pareek, and Ming Ang. "A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 1403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.675.
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This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of different characteristics of greywater (GW) and current treatment methods. GW is domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste and can be classified as either low-load GW (excluding kitchen and laundry GW) or high-load GW (including kitchen and/or laundry). This review provides information on the quantity of GW produced, its constituents (macro and micro), existing guidelines for wastewater reuse, current treatment methods (from storage to disinfection) as well as related costs and environmental impacts. Moreover some successful examples from various countries around the world are examined. The current preferred treatments for GW use physical and biological/natural systems. Recently, chemical systems like coagulation, adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been considered and have been successful for low to moderate strength GW. The presence of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOC), which are hazardous micropollutants in GW, is emphasised. Since conventional treatments are not efficient at removing XOC, it is recommended that future studies look at chemical treatment, especially AOPs that have been found to be successful at mineralising recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater.
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Farjana Islam, Anindita Saha, Shamima Shultana, and Ruhul A Khan. "Pollution and treatment of industrial waste water." International Journal of Scholarly Research in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsret.2023.2.1.0029.
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Every year, a massive amount of wastewater is discharged into water bodies from various industries, and numerous processes are used to treat wastewater to reduce the number of pollutants. Industrial wastewater can be very different from sewage in terms of its discharge patterns and compositions. The overall scenario is not different for Bangladesh a developing country. Hence, the industrial wastewater treatment process has undergone modification as time passes newly discovered dangerous substances in the industrial wastewater treatment process worldwide. Multiple methods including conventional and advanced methods are upheld in this present paper with advantages and disadvantages also illustrated there. Besides, the potential for integrating two or more technologies to enhance treatment efficiency is also addressed. Considering low cost as well as maintenance purposes, among all the methods, hybrid or integrated technologies are found effective to reduce the contamination level of wastewater.
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Shon, H. K., S. Phuntsho, D. S. Chaudhary, S. Vigneswaran, and J. Cho. "Nanofiltration for water and wastewater treatment – a mini review." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 6, no. 1 (March 13, 2013): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-6-59-2013.
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Abstract. The application of membrane technology in water and wastewater treatment is increasing due to stringent water quality standards. Nanofiltration (NF) is one of the widely used membrane processes for water and wastewater treatment in addition to other applications such as desalination. NF has replaced reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in many applications due to lower energy consumption and higher flux rates. This paper briefly reviews the application of NF for water and wastewater treatment including fundamentals of membrane process in general, mechanisms of NF process including few basic models. fouling challenges and their control mechanisms adopted.
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Yan, Zhongsen, Yuling Jiang, Lingshan Liu, Zhongsheng Li, Xiaolei Chen, Mingqian Xia, Gongduan Fan, and An Ding. "Membrane Distillation for Wastewater Treatment: A Mini Review." Water 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 3480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243480.
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Water serves as an indispensable part of human life and production. On account of the overexploitation of traditional water sources, the demand for wastewater recycling is expanding rapidly. As a promising water treatment process, membrane distillation (MD) has been utilized in various wastewater treatments, such as desalination brine, textile wastewater, radioactive wastewater, and oily wastewater. This review summarized the investigation work applying MD in wastewater treatment, and the performance was comprehensively introduced. Moreover, the obstructions of industrialization, such as membrane fouling, membrane wetting, and high energy consumption, were discussed with the practical investigation. To cope with these problems, various strategies have been adopted to enhance MD performance, including coupling membrane processes and developing membranes with specific surface characteristics. In addition, the significance of nutrient recovery and waste heat utilization was indicated.
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Craggs, R. L. "Wastewater treatment by algal turf scrubbing." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0862.
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Algal turf scrubbing (ATS) is a novel wetland technology that has been designed and engineered to promote natural wastewater treatment processes. Algal turf scrubbing improves water quality by passing a shallow stream of wastewater over the surface of a gently sloped floway. The floway is colonised by a natural heterogeneous assemblage of periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria, filamentous algae and epiphytic diatoms together with aerobic bacteria and fungi. Algal photosynthesis provides oxygen for aerobic breakdown of wastewater by heterotrophic bacteria. Pollutants are extracted from the wastewater by several processes including assimilation, adsorption, filtration and precipitation. The algal turf is harvested periodically to remove the accumulated periphyton biomass and associated pollutants from the system. This paper will present results from a demonstration ATS facility in Patterson, California which was used to polish secondarily treated wastewater. The design and operational factors that influence the treatment performance of ATS systems is discussed. Results indicate the potential of the ATS for nutrient removal from secondarily treated wastewater and agricultural drainage waters.
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Eisenberg, D., J. Soller, R. Sakaji, and A. Olivieri. "A methodology to evaluate water and wastewater treatment plant reliability." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0589.
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Evaluating the reliability of treatment processes and treatment facilities should be an important part of the planning and design process for water resource, wastewater treatment, and particularly wastewater reuse projects. With the recent developments in technology, particularly the development of membrane processes and alternative disinfection processes for water and wastewater treatment, there is an increasing need for a common methodology to evaluate the reliability of alternative processes and treatment facilities that utilize different combinations of those processes. To assess the reliability of a treatment facility, several aspects of treatment must be considered including a methodical evaluation of both mechanical reliability and plant performance. A straightforward method for conducting these types of analyses is described herein along with a description of applications of this methodology. A discussion is provided highlighting the value of such a methodology for both the water quality engineer and the risk manager.
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van der Graaf, J. H. J. M., J. de Koning, A. Ravazzini, and V. Miska. "Treatment matrix for reuse of upgraded wastewater." Water Supply 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0011.
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In 2003 the Aquarec project sponsored by the European Commission under the 5th Framework Programme was started, aiming at “integrated concepts for reuse of upgraded wastewater with special focus on the European countries”. One of the key elements is the development of a treatment matrix, in which wastewater treatment processes are categorised as a function of the raw wastewater quality and the reuse application and are further characterised with respect to costs, operational critical control points and environmental aspects. The construction of the treatment matrix is based on the reuse options (industrial, domestic, natural and agricultural applications), the water quality requirements, the treatment requirements and the extensive description of the various treatment processes and schemes. In the process of constructing the matrix it can be concluded that the actual knowledge on municipal wastewater treatment is definitely well consolidated until the so-called secondary treatment including biological or physical/chemical nutrients removal; the treatment of this effluent should be accomplished by more advanced techniques. As a consequence of the actual EU rules on water discharges, it makes sense to focus the Aquarec project on the possible refinements of secondary effluent. Great attention must be given to the advanced or tertiary wastewater treatment processes, as a mean to upgrade the effluent to water suitable for reuse.
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Wilsenach, J. A., M. Maurer, T. A. Larsen, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "From waste treatment to integrated resource management." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0002.
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Wastewater treatment was primarily implemented to enhance urban hygiene. Treatment methods were improved to ensure environmental protection by nutrient removal processes. In this way, energy is consumed and resources like potentially useful minerals and drinking water are disposed of. An integrated management of assets, including drinking water, surface water, energy and nutrients would be required to make wastewater management more sustainable. Exergy analysis provides a good method to quantify different resources, e.g. utilisable energy and nutrients. Dilution is never a solution for pollution. Waste streams should best be managed to prevent dilution of resources. Wastewater and sanitation are not intrinsically linked. Source separation technology seems to be the most promising concept to realise a major breakthrough in wastewater treatment. Research on unit processes, such as struvite recovery and treatment of ammonium rich streams, also shows promising results. In many cases, nutrient removal and recovery can be combined, with possibilities for a gradual change from one system to another.
11
Shon, H. K., S. Phuntsho, D. S. Chaudhary, S. Vigneswaran, and J. Cho. "Nanofiltration for water and wastewater treatment – a mini review." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2013): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-47-2013.
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Abstract. The application of membrane technology in water and wastewater treatment is increasing due to stringent water quality standards. Nanofiltration (NF) is one of the widely used membrane processes for water and wastewater treatment in addition to other applications such as desalination. NF has replaced reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in many applications due to lower energy consumption and higher flux rates. This paper briefly reviews the application of NF for water and wastewater treatment including fundamentals, mechanisms, fouling challenges and their controls.
12
Tzanakakis, V. E., N. V. Paranychianaki, and A. N. Angelakis. "Soil as a wastewater treatment system: historical development." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.008.
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“Land treatment” refers to the application of wastewater to the soil to achieve treatment and to meet irrigation needs of the vegetation. Application of wastewater to the land was the first practice used to protect public health and control environmental pollution. This technology has gone through different stages of development with time but it was not until 1840s when the basic principles of this technology started to establish. The use of land treatment for wastewater treatment declined after the development of conventional treatment plants but a renewed interested occurred after the passage of Clean Water Act and especially, during the last two decades. Currently, its application has been expanded in the management of various types of wastewaters including dairy, meat, industrial effluents as well as and polluted water sources. It is recognized as the ideal technology for rural communities, clusters of homes and small industrial units due to low energy demands and low operation and maintenance costs. Furthermore, in conjunction with biomass production can contribute in the control of climate change. A brief historical overview along with an introduction to the fundamental processes the current trends and the future prospects are provided in this section.
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Barton, D. A., J. J. McKeown, and W. Chudyk. "VOC Fate Model Verification at Multiple Pulp Mill Wastewater Treatment Sites." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0420.
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A model of organic compound removal by biological wastewater treatment processes receiving pulp and paper industry wastewaters has been developed and initial model verification performed at a single mill site. This paper presents the results of further model verification conducted at multiple mill sites, including replication of the original site. In addition, VOC losses at other unit processes are quantified. Activated sludge basin chloroform volatilization rates are predicted to within twelve percent of the measured rates. Predicted overall methanol removals are consistent with observed removals although difficulties encountered during off-gas sampling preclude determination of the extent of removal due to volatilization.
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Kopac, Turkan. "Research Progress on Process-Intensified Water Treatment Applications." Separations 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9110353.
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Process intensification (PI) is aimed towards essentially smaller, cleaner, safer, energy-efficient sustainable technologies involving the application of a number of strategies, including reducing the number of devices, miniaturization, process integration, improving mass and heat transfer, novel energy and separation techniques and combined optimization and control methodologies. Over the recent years, PI has attracted attention in the domain of aqueous medium adsorptive separations and wastewater treatment as well. Thus far, a limited number of investigations have appeared in the literature; in addition, there is yet a lack of published methods to follow the intensified solutions for processes in wastewater treatment. In this connection, this article aims to present an overview of the recent applications and advances in process-intensified decolorization of dyes; removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from wastewaters; and recovery of proteins, heavy metals and rare earth elements from aqueous media. Selected applications have been identified in terms of the PI techniques, and the corresponding process improvements have been discussed for a variety of examples with the aim of contributing to the future progress of applications. It has been confirmed that considerable process improvements could be possible, such as intensified process efficiency, improved adsorption and separation performance, and minimized sorbent requirement and processing time. Even though there have been considerable developments in the field, there is still a need for further developments for the enhancement of the technologies in adsorption wastewater treatment using a systems approach.
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Nooryaneti, Megayulia, Chairul Irawan, and Abubakar Tuhuloula. "Phytoremediation Processes of Sasirangan Textile Industrial Wastewater Treatment using Water Hyacinth." Jurnal Kimia Valensi 8, no. 2 (November 27, 2022): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v8i2.26283.
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The growth of the textile industry, including the Sasirangan textile industry, is increasing yearly, producing large amounts of liquid waste. Generally, this wastewater is discharged into the environment without treatment, becoming a source of environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce these pollutants. Various methods, not only physical and chemical but also biological methods, are available to remediate wastewater. Phytoremediation has provided an economical, environmentally friendly, and aesthetic solution to remediate wastewater. This study aimed to utilize the Water Hyacinth plant as a phytoremediator and determine its effect in reducing Total Suspended Solid and colors in the liquid waste of the Sasirangan textile industry. This research begins by preparing Water Hyacinth plants. Next, the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots using FTIR and SEM. Finaly, the acclimatization of water Hyacinth, followed by a phytoremediation process for 15 days. Based on the results of the characterization of Water Hyacinth roots with FTIR, it shows that Water Hyacinth roots contain functional groups O-H strain, C-H vibrations, C=O strain, C-H deformation, and C-O stretching. Observations with SEM showed that the roots of Water Hyacinth were extremely unstructured and had pores. However, it has cavities which are pores in cellulose. The significant decrease in Total Suspended Solid was at 9 days of phytoremediation, which was 54 mg/L (71.12% removal). The optimum color reduction within 9 days of phytoremediation was 81.5 PtCo (92.26% removal). The presence of these functional groups and pores, strengthened by the analysis of Total Suspended Solid and colors, showed that Water Hyacinth could reduce levels of Total Suspended Solids and colors in the Sasirangan textile wastewater.
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Ouyang, C. F., and T. J. Wan. "The Characteristics of Community Wastewater Biological Treatment Processes in Taiwan." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0300.
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This study investigated and compared the treatment characteristics of three different kinds of biological wastewater treatment plants (including rotating biological contactor, trickling filter and oxidation ditch) which are currently operated in Taiwan. The field investigation of this study concentrated on the following items: the performance of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) removal; the sludge yield rate of BOD removal; the settleability of sludge solids; the properties of sludge thickening; the power consumption and land area requirement per unit volume of wastewater. Finally, based on the results of the field investigation, a comparison of the treatment characteristics of the three different biological treatment processes was evaluated.
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Wittgren, Hans B., and Trond Mæhlum. "Wastewater treatment wetlands in cold climates." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (March 1, 1997): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0162.
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The best prospects for successful wetland treatment should be in the warmer regions of the world, but studies in North America and Scandinavia show that wetland treatment may be feasible also in cooler regions. A review shows that the number of wetlands of different types (free water surface, FWS; horizontal and vertical subsurface flow, SSF), treating different kinds of wastewater, is steadily increasing in most parts of the cold temperate regions of the world. The major wetland engineering concerns in cold climates, which are discussed in this paper, are related to: (1) ice formation, and its implications for hydraulic performance; (2) hydrology and hydraulic issues besides ice formation; and (3) the thermal consequences for biologically or microbiologically mediated treatment processes. Energy- and water-balance calculations, as well as thermal modeling, are useful tools for successful design and operation of treatment wetlands, but the shortage of data makes it necessary to adopt a conservative approach. The treatment processes often appear less temperature sensitive in full-scale wetlands as compared to laboratory incubations. Several possible explanations are discussed in the paper: (1) sedimentation playing a significant role, (2) overdimensioning in relation to some constituents, (3) seasonal adsorption (cation exchange) of ammonium, and (4) temperature adaptation of the microbial community. Experience shows that cold climate wetlands can meet effluent criteria for the most important treatment parameters. To gain wide acceptance, however, we need to become more specific about design and construction, and also about operation, maintenance and cost-effectiveness. These goals require detailed knowledge about processes in full-scale wetlands, including long-term changes and response to maintenance.
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Jinsong, Zhang, and Liu Jerry. "Application of integrated MBR in a centralized WTP for a chemical industrial park: A case study in China." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.075.
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Abstract Wastewaters from chemical industries usually contain pollutants which are toxic and non-biodegradable. Treatment of chemical wastewaters is always a challenging topic in view of the stringent environmental regulations that have to be adhered to. Since 2014, the Chinese government has been continuously tightening the industrial wastewater (IWW) discharge standards, which requires improved quality of IWW effluent. This poses great challenges to the chemical industries in China, especially to many of the chemical industry clusters where the wastewaters usually contain more toxic and non-biodegradable contaminants. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been proved to be a reliable and cost-effective solution for the treatment of IWW. However, MBR alone could not effectively remove non-biodegradable organics, it needs to be integrated with advanced oxidization process and/or other physical-chemical treatment processes to improve the overall treatment efficiency. In this paper, studies on the performance of different integrated MBR processes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant-A (IWTP-A) will be discussed, including Fenton + MBR, MBR + ozonation + biological aerated filter, and MBR + porous resin sorption.
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Möbius, Christian H., and Maria Cordes-Tolle. "Enhanced biodegradability by oxidative and radiative wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1997): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0529.
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Processes for oxidative destruction of non-biodegradable substances in wastewater of the pulp and paper industry are using oxidants, partly in combination with catalysts or high energy radiation including UV-radiation. We summarize these processes as oxidative and radiative treatment. Instead of aiming at a total oxidation of the organic matter a partial oxidation of the persistent substances can be achieved with far less costs in biological treated wastewater. This leads to a significant improvement of the biodegradability. A subsequent biological treatment will eliminate therefore a high proportion of the remaining organic matter, which before was persistent. Special processes are needed for the additional biological treatment due to the low BOD concentration. Low loaded biofilm reactors like submerged granular biofilters have been established as the most preferred technique for this treatment. A process of this type that has been extensively studied by us is ozonation of biological treated wastewater followed by biological treatment with biofilters.
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Perazzoli, Simone, José P. de Santana Neto, and Hugo M. Soares. "Prospects in bioelectrochemical technologies for wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 6 (September 25, 2018): 1237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.410.
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Abstract Bioelectrochemical technologies are emerging as innovative solutions for waste treatment, offering flexible platforms for both oxidation and reduction reaction processes. A great variety of applications have been developed by utilizing the energy produced in bioelectrochemical systems, such as direct electric power generation, chemical production or water desalination. This manuscript provides a literature review on the prospects in bioelectrochemical technologies for wastewater treatment, including organic, nutrients and metals removal, production of chemical compounds and desalination. The challenges and perspectives for scale-up were discussed. A technological strategy to improve the process monitoring and control based on big data platforms is also presented. To translate the viability of wastewater treatment based on bioelectrochemical technologies into commercial application, it is necessary to exploit interdisciplinary areas by combining the water/wastewater sector, energy and data analytics technologies.
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Landsman, Matthew R., Rahul Sujanani, Samuel H. Brodfuehrer, Carolyn M. Cooper, Addison G. Darr, R. Justin Davis, Kyungtae Kim, et al. "Water Treatment: Are Membranes the Panacea?" Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 7, 2020): 559–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-111919-091940.
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Alongside the rising global water demand, continued stress on current water supplies has sparked interest in using nontraditional source waters for energy, agriculture, industry, and domestic needs. Membrane technologies have emerged as one of the most promising approaches to achieve water security, but implementation of membrane processes for increasingly complex waters remains a challenge. The technical feasibility of membrane processes replacing conventional treatment of alternative water supplies (e.g., wastewater, seawater, and produced water) is considered in the context of typical and emerging water quality goals. This review considers the effectiveness of current technologies (both conventional and membrane based), as well as the potential for recent advancements in membrane research to achieve these water quality goals. We envision the future of water treatment to integrate advanced membranes (e.g., mixed-matrix membranes, block copolymers) into smart treatment trains that achieve several goals, including fit-for-purpose water generation, resource recovery, and energy conservation.
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Reddy, K. R., and T. A. DeBusk. "State-of-the-Art Utilization of Aquatic Plants in Water Pollution Control." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0098.
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Research, pilot-scale and operational studies conducted within the past 15 years have shown that aquatic macrophyte-based treatment systems offer a promising, low-cost method for removing contaminants from wastewaters and polluted natural waters. The vascular plants cultured in such treatment systems perform several functions, including assimilating and storing contaminants, transporting O2 to the root zone, and providing a substrate for microbial activity. Among the various types of aquatic treatment systems, pond systems containing floating macrophytes such as the water hyacinth are most commonly utilized for wastewater treatment in tropical and sub-tropical regions, whereas in temperate regions, emergent plants cultured in artificial wetlands (e.g., root zone method, nutrient film techniques) appear to be more appropriate. However, due to concerns about system management and reliability, aquatic plant treatment systems are currently used only on a limited basis throughout the world. This review discusses the general performance, contaminant removal processes and criteria for plant selection in aquatic macrophyte wastewater treatment systems. Case studies on the use of floating plants for domestic wastewater treatment and the renovation of eutrophic lake water are presented, and future research needs for aquatic macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems are discussed.
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Sevimli, M. F., A. F. Aydin, Ì. Öztürk, and H. Z. Sarikaya. "Evaluation of the alternative treatment processes to upgrade an Opium alkaloid wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0032.
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The aim of this study is to characterize the wastewater from an opium alkaloid processing plant and to evaluate alternative treatment techniques to upgrade an existing full-scale biological activated sludge treatment plant having problems of high residual COD and unacceptable dark brown color. In this content firstly, long term operational records of the two stage aerobic activated sludge treatment plant of the opium alkaloid factory located in Afyon province of Turkiye were evaluated. The operating results for the last three years were statistically analyzed and median and 95-percentile values were determined for the parameters including chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD and BOD5) and treatment efficiencies. Specific wastewater generation was found as 6.7 m3 per ton of the opium capsule processed. In the following stage of the study, three additional treatment processes were experimentally tested: anaerobic pretreatment, post treatment of aerobically treated effluents with lime and ozone. Pilot scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) experiments have demonstrated that about 70 percent of the incoming COD can be removed anaerobically. Chemical treatability studies with lime for the aerobically treated effluent have shown that about 78 percent color and 46 percent COD removals can be obtained with lime dosage of 25 gl−1. Post treatment of the effluents of the existing two stage aerobic treatment with ozone also resulted in significant color and COD reduction.
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Kurniawan, Setyo, Siti Abdullah, Muhammad Imron, Nor Said, Nur Ismail, Hassimi Hasan, Ahmad Othman, and Ipung Purwanti. "Challenges and Opportunities of Biocoagulant/Bioflocculant Application for Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment and Its Potential for Sludge Recovery." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 9312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249312.
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The utilization of metal-based conventional coagulants/flocculants to remove suspended solids from drinking water and wastewater is currently leading to new concerns. Alarming issues related to the prolonged effects on human health and further pollution to aquatic environments from the generated nonbiodegradable sludge are becoming trending topics. The utilization of biocoagulants/bioflocculants does not produce chemical residue in the effluent and creates nonharmful, biodegradable sludge. The conventional coagulation–flocculation processes in drinking water and wastewater treatment, including the health and environmental issues related to the utilization of metal-based coagulants/flocculants during the processes, are discussed in this paper. As a counterpoint, the development of biocoagulants/bioflocculants for drinking water and wastewater treatment is intensively reviewed. The characterization, origin, potential sources, and application of this green technology are critically reviewed. This review paper also provides a thorough discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the further utilization and application of biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water and wastewater treatment, including the importance of the selection of raw materials, the simplification of extraction processes, the application to different water and wastewater characteristics, the scaling up of this technology to a real industrial scale, and also the potential for sludge recovery by utilizing biocoagulants/bioflocculants in water/wastewater treatment.
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Galil, N., and Y. Levinsky. "Expert Support System for Cost Modeling and Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 6 (September 1, 1991): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0168.
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New technological conceptions in wastewater treatment are based on analysis of sequences including physico-chemical and biological treatment processes. The proposed expert support system (ESS) enables the examination of entire treatment sequences, each including several treatment stages and processes for sludge treatment, going through all the kinetics, mass balances and specific calculations for each separate process. The ESS calculates treatment costs as a function of different technical or economical parameters. It was found that parameters of pollution concentration, typical to municipal wastewater, as suspended solids, organic matter and ammonia, exert direct linear influences on the treatment cost. The analysis of treatment sequences revealed that the more efficient is the paniculate organic matter removal, achieved by primary physico-chemical processes, mainly using hydrated lime, the lower will be the entire sequence treatment cost. The paper demonstrates the use of the proposed ESS in analyzing different conceptions of process combinations. The ability to analyze entire sequences may impart a significant higher level in considering new wastewater treatment technologies.
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Shahmansouri, Arash, and Christopher Bellona. "Nanofiltration technology in water treatment and reuse: applications and costs." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 3 (January 12, 2015): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.015.
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Nanofiltration (NF) is a relatively recent development in membrane technology with characteristics that fall between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (RO). While RO membranes dominate the seawater desalination industry, NF is employed in a variety of water and wastewater treatment and industrial applications for the selective removal of ions and organic substances, as well as certain niche seawater desalination applications. The purpose of this study was to review the application of NF membranes in the water and wastewater industry including water softening and color removal, industrial wastewater treatment, water reuse, and desalination. Basic economic analyses were also performed to compare the profitability of using NF membranes over alternative processes. Although any detailed cost estimation is hampered by some uncertainty (e.g. applicability of estimation methods to large-scale systems, labor costs in different areas of the world), NF was found to be a cost-effective technology for certain investigated applications. The selection of NF over other treatment technologies, however, is dependent on several factors including pretreatment requirements, influent water quality, treatment facility capacity, and treatment goals.
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Abdel Rahman, Rehab O., and Yung-Tse Hung. "Application of Ionizing Radiation in Wastewater Treatment: An Overview." Water 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010019.
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Technological applications of nuclear science and technology in different sectors have proved their reliabilities and sustainability over decades. These applications have supported various human civilization needs, ranging from power generation to industrial, medical, and environmental applications. Environmental applications of radiation sources are used to support decision making processes in many fields; including the detection and analysis of pollutant transport, water resources management, and treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. This work reviewed recent advances in the research and applications of ionizing radiation in treating different wastewater effluents. The main objective of the work is to highlight the role of ionizing radiation technology in the treatment of complex wastewater effluents generated from various human activities and to address its sustainability. Results of both laboratory and industrial scale applications of this treatment technology have been reviewed, and information on operational safety of industrial irradiators, which affect the sustainability of this technology, has been summarized.
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Graça, Nuno S., and Alírio E. Rodrigues. "The Combined Implementation of Electrocoagulation and Adsorption Processes for the Treatment of Wastewaters." Clean Technologies 4, no. 4 (October 14, 2022): 1020–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040063.
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Effluent treatment and reuse are essential in order to address the global problem of water scarcity. Additionally, improving the quality of treated wastewater is necessary to reduce its adverse effects on natural water resources and, consequently, on human health. Electrocoagulation and adsorption have been successfully applied separately to treat different wastewaters. Each method has unique benefits, drawbacks, and parameters that affect the effectiveness of treatment. A review of both processes, including their theoretical principles, the effect of operating conditions, and practical applications, is presented to provide an overview of their capabilities. The combination of electrocoagulation and adsorption in a combined process can be used to amplify the advantages of each process while mitigating their limitations. In the present work, the combined process is analyzed in terms of its principles, applications, and integration in a circular economy model.
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Ben Aim, R. M., and M. J. Semmens. "Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment and reuse: a success story." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0001.
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This paper briefly reviews our current understanding of membrane bioreactor processes (including conventional and immersed membrane designs) resulting from three decades of development, highlighting process advantages, applications and areas for continuing research.
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Kigel, M. Y., and J. F. Shultis. "Wastewater Treatment Technologies Accomplished in a Pseudofluidized Bed Reactor." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0772.
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A pseudofluidized bed reactor has been developed and successfully used with the purpose of water and wastewater treatment based on both biological and physical-chemical processes. The reactor was tested in a full-scale industrial facility for the treatment of petrochemical wastewater. Major reactor's process and hydraulic components were also investigated for the removal of chromium from ground water. Combined simultaneous biological and chemical treatment was tested to remove organic as well as inorganic contaminants. The reactor provides accomplishment of several process phases proceeding in one apparatus unit including oxygen transfer to water, mixing, gas bubbles removal, creation of pseudofluidized beds, internal recirculation, and liquid/solid phase separation. Hydraulic conditions for the pseudofluidization regime were investigated in a three-column pilot-scale unit then checked in a 1-gpm (0.0631 L/s) reactor prototype. Treatment process parameters were investigated in continuous operation of a 1.5-gpm (0.1 L/s) full-scale facility based on a symbiotic (algae and activated sludge) biological treatment process modification. The obtained results allowed 40 - 50% decrease in total residence time of reaction and phase separation processes.
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Okuda, T., Y. Kobayashi, R. Nagao, N. Yamashita, H. Tanaka, S. Tanaka, S. Fujii, C. Konishi, and I. Houwa. "Removal efficiency of 66 pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment process in Japan." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.822.
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Both biological treatment processes including conventional activated sludge (CAS) and biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes, and physico–chemical treatment processes including ozonation process and Title 22 process consisting of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration followed by UV or chlorination disinfection after the above biological processes, were compared from the viewpoint of removal efficiency. 66 pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, analgesics, psychoneurotic agents were measured with SPE-LC/MS/MS. 26 compounds out of 66 were detected in the influent ranging ng/L to μg/L order. Particularly, disopyramide, sulpiride, and dipyridamole that have been rarely detected before in the WWTP, occurred at concentration levels of more than 100 ng/L. The total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the influent was efficiently removed by 80% during the biological treatment. But removal efficiencies of carbamazepine and crotamiton were less than 30%. The total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the effluent from CAS process was 1.5 times higher than that from BNR process. Further, the total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the discharge from WWTPs applying ozonation following activated sludge process was reduced to less than 20%. Physico–chemical treatment train called Title 22 treatment after CAS could not efficiently remove the pharmaceuticals. However, ozonation process followed by biological activated carbon process could efficiently reduce all the residual pharmaceuticals below their quantification limits.
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Ohtsuki, T., T. Kawazoe, and T. Masui. "Intelligent control system based on blackboard concept for wastewater treatment processes." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (June 1, 1998): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0506.
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An intelligent control system for wastewater treatment processes has been developed and applied to fullscale, high-rate, activated sludge process control. In this control system, multiple software agents that model the target system using their own modeling method collaborate by using data stored in an abstracted database named ‘blackboard’. The software agents, which are called ‘expert modules’, include a fuzzy expert system, a fuzzy controller, a theoretical activated sludge model, and evaluators of raw data acquired by various online sensors including a respirometer. In this paper, the difficulties of controlling an activated sludge system by using a single conventional strategy are briefly reviewed, then our approach to overcome these difficulties by using multiple modeling methods in the framework of an ‘intelligent control system’ is proposed. Case studies of applications to a high-rate activated sludge process that treats BOD and nitrogen of human excrement are also presented.
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Selihin, Nurhafizah Mohd, and Meng Guan Tay. "A review on future wastewater treatment technologies: micro-nanobubbles, hybrid electro-Fenton processes, photocatalytic fuel cells, and microbial fuel cells." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 319–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.618.
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Abstract The future prospect in wastewater treatment technologies mostly emphasizes processing efficiency and the economic benefits. Undeniably, the use of advanced oxidation processes in physical and chemical treatments has played a vital role in helping the technologies to remove the organic pollutants efficiently and reduce the energy consumption or even harvesting the electrons movements in the oxidation process to produce electrical energy. In the present paper, we review several types of wastewater treatment technologies, namely micro-nanobubbles, hybrid electro-Fenton processes, photocatalytic fuel cells, and microbial fuel cells. The aims are to explore the interaction of hydroxyl radicals with pollutants using these wastewater technologies, including their removal efficiencies, optimal conditions, reactor setup, and energy generation. Despite these technologies recording high removal efficiency of organic pollutants, the selection of the technologies is dependent on the characteristics of the wastewater and the daily production volume. Hence the review paper also provides comparisons between technologies as the guidance in technology selection.
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Gurreri, Luigi, Alessandro Tamburini, Andrea Cipollina, and Giorgio Micale. "Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives." Membranes 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10070146.
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This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
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Solanki, V. S., B. Pare, P. Gupta, S. B. Jonnalagadda, and R. Shrivastava. "A Review on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Wastewater Remediation." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 2677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22806.
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In 21st century, organic and domestic wastes and discharges from varied chemical and manufacturing industries to water bodies become a critical issue and challenge for the researchers, engineers and policy makers. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are efficient, sustainable, economically viable and green techniques to elimination on-degradable organic pollutants by biological and traditional processes. A number of research articles have been published from the past two decades on the wastewater treatment using various advanced oxidation processes. The main objective of this review paper is to provide the quick view for researchers, academicians and scientists in the area of wastewater treatment using various types of AOPs, which incorporate green principles involves in the processes for removal of different pollutants and contaminants including dyes, phenols, pesticides, herbicides etc. from wastewaters, with emphasis on the degradation efficiency of various photocatalysts. The formation reactions of •OH radical and the mechanisms of degradation of various organic pollutants in the wastewater is also discussed. This review covers various types of advanced oxidation processes, viz., ozone-based processes, photocatalysis and Fenton-based reactions.
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Osińska, Adriana, Ewa Korzeniewska, Monika Harnisz, Sebastian Niestępski, and Piotr Jachimowicz. "The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Escherichia coli, in municipal wastewater and river water." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000061.
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) which are transported to the natural environment with discharged effluents. Samples of untreated wastewater (UWW) and treated wastewater (TWW) from four municipal WWTPs and samples of river water collected upstream (URW) and downstream (DRW) from the effluent discharge point were analyzed in the study. The total counts of bacteria resistant to β-lactams and tetracyclines and the counts of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli were determined. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant E. coli, were removed with up to 99.9% efficiency in the evaluated WWTPs. Despite the above, ARB counts in TWW samples were high at up to 1.25x105 CFU/mL in winter and 1.25x103 CFU/mL in summer. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were also abundant (up to 103 CFU/ml) in URW and DRW samples collected in winter and summer. In both UWW and TWW samples, the counts of ARB and antibiotic-resistant E. coli were at least one order of magnitude lower in summer than in winter. The study revealed that despite the high efficiency of bacterial removal in the wastewater treatment processes, considerable amounts of ARB are released into the environment with TWW and that the percentage of ARB in total bacterial counts increases after wastewater treatment.
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Ozturk, I., T. Zambal, A. Samsunlu, and E. Göknel. "Environmental Impact Evaluation of Istanbul Wastewater Treatment and Marine Disposal Systems." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0208.
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Metropolitan Istanbul Wastewater Treatment System contains 14 marine outfalls, seven of which include secondary stage biological treatment processes. The others have only mechanical treatment units including bar screens and grit chambers. Only one mechanical pre-treatment and marine disposal system, Yenikapi plant, has been operated since 1988 among these 14 plants and six of them are ready for construction. In this paper, the environmental impact of Yenikapi pretreatment and marine disposal system on the water quality of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara has been investigated. Long term water quality measurements which were performed in pre-and post-dischange applications have been evaluated. Water quality parameters including pH, DO, BODs, TKN, P and total coliforms were measured at various sampling stations around the discharge points. A general evaluation of marine outfall systems to be constructed in the scope of Istanbul wastewater treatment project, on the water quality of the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus has been presented.
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TISMANAR, IOANA, and ANCA DUTA. "Vis-active photocatalytic composite thin films for advanced wastewater treatment." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 7, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2022.7.2.193.
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Conventional wastewater treatment processes are preparing the water for discharge thus it still contains small amounts of pollutants. For re-use, advanced wastewater treatment is required and heterogeneous photocatalysis represent a viable path for removing organic pollutants at very low concentrations but still above the discharge limit. The mostly investigated photocatalyst is TiO2 that is a wide band gap semiconductor that can be activated only using UV radiation. However, for large-scale implementation of advanced wastewater treatment, there are required efficient and affordable processes, thus Vis- or solar-activated photocatalysts. Attempts on extending the photocatalytic response towards Vis are under intensive research including the development of composite structures with TiO2 matrix and various fillers that are discussed through this paper. The latest results involving carbon-based fillers are presented along with the extended use of the composites acting also as self-cleaning coatings.
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Yang, Jiaqi, Mathias Monnot, Lionel Ercolei, and Philippe Moulin. "Membrane-Based Processes Used in Municipal Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: State-Of-The-Art and Performance Analysis." Membranes 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10060131.
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Wastewater reuse as a sustainable, reliable and energy recovery concept is a promising approach to alleviate worldwide water scarcity. However, the water reuse market needs to be developed with long-term efforts because only less than 4% of the total wastewater worldwide has been treated for water reuse at present. In addition, the reclaimed water should fulfill the criteria of health safety, appearance, environmental acceptance and economic feasibility based on their local water reuse guidelines. Moreover, municipal wastewater as an alternative water resource for non-potable or potable reuse, has been widely treated by various membrane-based treatment processes for reuse applications. By collecting lab-scale and pilot-scale reuse cases as much as possible, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the membrane-based treatment processes, mainly focused on the hydraulic filtration performance, contaminants removal capacity, reuse purpose, fouling resistance potential, resource recovery and energy consumption. The advances and limitations of different membrane-based processes alone or coupled with other possible processes such as disinfection processes and advanced oxidation processes, are also highlighted. Challenges still facing membrane-based technologies for water reuse applications, including institutional barriers, financial allocation and public perception, are stated as areas in need of further research and development.
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Horstmeyer, Nils, Max Weißbach, Konrad Koch, and Jörg E. Drewes. "A novel concept to integrate energy recovery into potable water reuse treatment schemes." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.051.
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AbstractPotable water reuse applications can provide a safe and sustainable water supply where conventional freshwater resources are limited. The objectives of this study were fourfold: (i) to analyse existing potable water reuse applications regarding operational characteristics and energy demands, (ii) to determine the theoretical energy potential of wastewater and identify opportunities for energy recovery, (iii) to define design requirements for potable water reuse schemes that integrate energy recovery and (iv) to propose strategies for more energy efficient potable water reuse schemes. Existing potable water reuse schemes commonly utilize conventional wastewater treatment processes including biological nutrient removal followed by advanced water treatment processes. While meeting high product water quality, these treatment schemes are characterized by relatively high specific energy demands (1.18 kWh/m3). Given that the theoretical energy potential of municipal wastewater is approximately two times higher (2.52 kWh/m3), opportunities exist to integrate energy recovery strategies. We propose three alternative potable water reuse schemes that integrate energy recovery from carbon via methane and nitrogen via either the coupled aerobic–anoxic nitrous decomposition operation process or partial nitritation/anammox. Compared to conventional potable water reuse schemes, the energy requirements of these schemes can be reduced by 7–29% and the overall energy balance by 38–80%.
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Rebhun, Menahem, and Noah Galil. "Technological Strategies for Protecting and Improving the Biological Treatment of Wastewater from a Petrochemical Complex." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0461.
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The wastewater from a petrochemical complex is characterized by a diversity of pollutants including hydrocarbons, in free and emulsified form, phenols including cresols and xylenols, mercaptans, sulfides, ammonia and cyanides. The wastewater treatment of the reported petrochemical complex is based on a multiple stage treatment approach, consisting of physico - chemical, and biological processes. The biological treatment process could be efficiently protected by preliminary wastewater flow regulation, controlling hydraulic and pollutants loads. Additional protection and improvement of the biological treatment was achieved by preliminary removal of more than 90 percent of the oil found in free and in emulsified form in the raw wastewater. Significant reliability and efficiency could be achieved by a combined biological treatment consisting of aerated ponds, lime clarification and a water cooling industrial system, recycling treated effluent as make-up.
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Sahu, Omprakash. "Reduction of Heavy Metals from Waste Water by Wetland." International Letters of Natural Sciences 12 (March 2014): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.12.35.
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Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of shallow ponds or channels which have been planted with aquatic plants, and which rely upon natural microbial, biological, physical and chemical processes to treat wastewater. They typically have impervious clay or synthetic liners, and engineered structures to control the flow direction, liquid detention time and water level. Depending on the type of system, they may or may not contain an inert porous media such as rock, gravel or sand. Constructed wetlands have been used to treat a variety of wastewaters including urban runoff; municipal, industrial, agricultural and acid mine drainage. In this regard’s an attempted has been made to reduce the heavy metal present in waste water
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Sahu, Omprakash. "Reduction of Heavy Metals from Waste Water by Wetland." International Letters of Natural Sciences 12 (March 14, 2014): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-66qm76.
Full textAbstract:
Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of shallow ponds or channels which have been planted with aquatic plants, and which rely upon natural microbial, biological, physical and chemical processes to treat wastewater. They typically have impervious clay or synthetic liners, and engineered structures to control the flow direction, liquid detention time and water level. Depending on the type of system, they may or may not contain an inert porous media such as rock, gravel or sand. Constructed wetlands have been used to treat a variety of wastewaters including urban runoff; municipal, industrial, agricultural and acid mine drainage. In this regard’s an attempted has been made to reduce the heavy metal present in waste water
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Qian, Y. "Appropriate process and technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation in China." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0251.
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China faces a significant challenge resulting from its rapid industrial development, and population and urban growth. Increasing water pollution is compounded by below average per capita freshwater resources. This article examines examples of appropriate processes and technologies that are being applied: natural purification systems (including land application and pond systems), anaerobic biological treatment, biofilms and membrane bioreactors.
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Urán-Duque, Lizeth, Julio César Saldarriaga-Molina, and Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente. "Advanced Oxidation Processes Based on Sulfate Radicals for Wastewater Treatment: Research Trends." Water 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 2445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172445.
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In this work, the recent trends in the application of the sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) for the treatment of wastewater polluted with emerging contaminants (ECs) and pathogenic load were systematically studied due to the high oxidizing power ascribed to these technologies. Additionally, because of the economic benefits and the synergies presented in terms of efficiency in ECs degradation and pathogen inactivation, the combination of the referred to AOPs and conventional treatments, including biological processes, was covered. Finally, the barriers and limitations related to the implementation of SR-AOPs were described, highlighting the still scarce full-scale implementation and the high operating-costs associated, especially when solar energy cannot be used in the oxidation systems.
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Bialdiga, Robin. "Function of a Sewage Treatment Plant in Rodgau, Germany." ICONIET PROCEEDING 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.9.
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Rodgau has nearly 50.000 citizens and have their own sewage treatment plant. The wastewater of the whole town has to be treated to the point where it can be released in the back which gives the town its name, the Rodgau. There are two main sources of wastewater, municipal and industrial waste water. (www.rodgau.de 8.9.17)
The objective of Sewage Treatment in Rodgau especially is that the waste water after beingprocess can go directly to Rodau river. The drinking water of Rodgau is not coming from thesewage treatment plant. (Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz)
The sewage Treatment Plant in Rodgau has the capacity up to 75.000 citizen value (EW). In this sewage treatment there are physical, chemical and biological processes. In the chemical processes there are neutralization, oxidation and reduction processes. The physical treatment including sedimentation, extraction, and adsorption process. Then main steps of the sewage treatment are screening and filtration of the bigger pollutants, transforming of elements and separating the sludge.( ATV-Handbuch (1999))
Different options can be seen which were used in the Rodgau plant. The Rodgau sewagetreatment plant is at state of the art, very efficient and can be a great example for sewagetreatment plants of other cities.
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Zhang, Yiqing, Kashif Shaad, Derek Vollmer, and Chi Ma. "Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Advanced Oxidation Processes—A Critical Review." Water 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243515.
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Textile manufacturing is a multi-stage operation process that produces significant amounts of highly toxic wastewater. Given the size of the global textile market and its environmental impact, the development of effective, economical, and easy-to handle alternative treatment technologies for textile wastewater is of significant interest. Based on the analysis of peer-reviewed publications over the last two decades, this paper provides a comprehensive review of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on textile wastewater treatment, including their performances, mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, influencing factors, and electrical energy per order (EEO) requirements. Fenton-based AOPs show the lowest median EEO value of 0.98 kWh m−3 order−1, followed by photochemical (3.20 kWh m−3 order−1), ozonation (3.34 kWh m−3 order−1), electrochemical (29.5 kWh m−3 order−1), photocatalysis (91 kWh m−3 order−1), and ultrasound (971.45 kWh m−3 order−1). The Fenton process can treat textile effluent at the lowest possible cost due to the minimal energy input and low reagent cost, while Ultrasound-based AOPs show the lowest electrical efficiency due to the high energy consumption. Further, to explore the applicability of these methods, available results from a full-scale implementation of the enhanced Fenton technology at a textile mill wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are discussed. The WWTP operates at an estimated cost of CNY ¥1.62 m−3 (USD $0.23 m−3) with effluent meeting the China Grade I-A pollutant discharge standard for municipal WWTPs, indicating that the enhanced Fenton technology is efficient and cost-effective in industrial treatment for textile effluent.
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Henry, J. G. "New Developments in Landfill Leachate Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 20, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1985.024.
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Abstract Treatment of Leachate from sanitary landfills has been found to be a much different and more complex problem than the treatment of municipal wastewater. Greater variability in the characteristics and quantities, of the waste, isolation of the landfill site and the need for simple treatment methods are three reasons why leachate treatment needs special consideration. Typical characteristics of this waste are high strength, a low BOD/COD ratio, limited phosphorus and excessive ammonia nitrogen, along with various toxic contaminants. A number of aerobic and anaerobic methods used to treat leachate are described in this paper and the advantages and shortcomings of each are noted. Supplementary processes including nitrification, nitrogen removal, recirculation and land spraying are also discussed. From experience with these earlier systems it appears that, in the future, more consideration should be given to: equalization of leachate flow, anaerobic rather than aerobic processes, nitrification of the leachate and utilization of landfill gas. Land spraying and recirculation of leachate also warrant wider application.
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Huang, C. P., and J. M. Wang. "Factors affecting the distribution of heavy metals in wastewater treatment processes: role of sludge particulate." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 10 (November 1, 2001): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0577.
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The distribution of heavy metals, namely, Ag(I), Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III,VI), Cu(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in 4 municipal wastewater treatment plants was evaluated as a function of several parameters including pH, COD, ionic strength and SS. Although there are variations in pH, alkalinity, COD and ionic strength, the results show that wastewater samples containing less than 5 g/L suspended solids concentration have similar characteristics. Correlations among heavy metal distribution (as the ratio between dissolved to total metals) and wastewater characteristics were attempted. Correlation between the parameters monitored and metal distribution is poor. In the case of pH, no apparent relationship could be seen. In general, increasing COD and ionic strength decreases the metal distribution. Metal distribution relies almost entirely on the concentration of solids in wastewater samples. Total metal removal in primary treatment process is lower than that reported in the literature. This could be attributed to the low average solids removal observed in the treatment plants investigated. Solids reduction at the effluent were larger than 80% and total metals removal was identical to that of the primary treatment process.
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Øegaard, H. "Sludge minimization technologies - an overview." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0602.
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The management of wastewater sludge from wastewater treatment plants represents one of the major challenges in wastewater treatment today. The cost of the sludge treatment amounts to more than the cost of the liquid in many cases. Therefore the focus on and interest in sludge minimization is steadily increasing. In this paper an overview is given for sludge minimization (sludge mass reduction) options. It is demonstrated that sludge minimization may be a result of reduced production of sludge and/or disintegration processes that may take place both in the wastewater treatment stage and in the sludge stage. Various sludge disintegration technologies for sludge minimization are discussed, including mechanical methods (focusing on stirred ball-mill, high-pressure homogenizer, ultrasonic disintegrator), chemical methods (focusing on the use of ozone), physical methods (focusing on thermal and thermal/chemical hydrolysis) and biological methods (focusing on enzymatic processes).