Academic literature on the topic 'Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)"
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McAdam, E. J., D. Lüffler, N. Martin-Garcia, A. L. Eusebi, J. N. Lester, B. Jefferson, and E. Cartmell. "Integrating anaerobic processes into wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 7 (April 1, 2011): 1459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.378.
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Over the past decade, the concept of anaerobic processes for the treatment of low temperature domestic wastewater has been introduced. This paper uses a developed wastewater flowsheet model and experimental data from several pilot scale studies to establish the impact of integrating anaerobic process into the wastewater flowsheet. The results demonstrate that, by integrating an expanded granular sludge blanket reactor to treat settled wastewater upstream of the activated sludge process, an immediate reduction in imported electricity of 62.5% may be achieved for a treated flow of c. 10,000 m3 d−1. This proposed modification to the flowsheet offers potential synergies with novel unit processes including physico-chemical ammonia removal and dissolved methane recovery. Incorporating either of these unit operations can potentially further improve the flowsheet net energy balance to between +0.037 and +0.078 kWh m−3 of produced water. The impact of these secondary unit operations is significant as it is this contribution to the net energy balance that facilitates the shift from energy negative to energy positive wastewater treatment.
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Zhou, H., and Daniel W. Smith. "Advanced technologies in water and wastewater treatment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (January 1, 2001): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-091.
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The use of conventional water and wastewater treatment processes becomes increasingly challenged with the identification of more and more contaminants, rapid growth of population and industrial activities, and diminishing availability of water resources. Three emerging treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and UV irradiation, hold great promise to provide alternatives for better protection of public health and the environment and thus are reviewed in this paper. The emphasis was placed on their basic principles, main applications, and new developments. Advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are compared to highlight their current limitations and future research needs. It can be concluded that, along with the growing knowledge and the advances in manufacturing industry, the applications of these technologies will be increased at an unprecedented scale.Key words: water treatment, wastewater treatment, membrane filtration, ozonation, advanced oxidation processes, UV irradiation.
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Boyjoo, Yash, Vishnu K. Pareek, and Ming Ang. "A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 1403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.675.
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This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of different characteristics of greywater (GW) and current treatment methods. GW is domestic wastewater excluding toilet waste and can be classified as either low-load GW (excluding kitchen and laundry GW) or high-load GW (including kitchen and/or laundry). This review provides information on the quantity of GW produced, its constituents (macro and micro), existing guidelines for wastewater reuse, current treatment methods (from storage to disinfection) as well as related costs and environmental impacts. Moreover some successful examples from various countries around the world are examined. The current preferred treatments for GW use physical and biological/natural systems. Recently, chemical systems like coagulation, adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been considered and have been successful for low to moderate strength GW. The presence of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOC), which are hazardous micropollutants in GW, is emphasised. Since conventional treatments are not efficient at removing XOC, it is recommended that future studies look at chemical treatment, especially AOPs that have been found to be successful at mineralising recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater.
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Farjana Islam, Anindita Saha, Shamima Shultana, and Ruhul A Khan. "Pollution and treatment of industrial waste water." International Journal of Scholarly Research in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsret.2023.2.1.0029.
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Every year, a massive amount of wastewater is discharged into water bodies from various industries, and numerous processes are used to treat wastewater to reduce the number of pollutants. Industrial wastewater can be very different from sewage in terms of its discharge patterns and compositions. The overall scenario is not different for Bangladesh a developing country. Hence, the industrial wastewater treatment process has undergone modification as time passes newly discovered dangerous substances in the industrial wastewater treatment process worldwide. Multiple methods including conventional and advanced methods are upheld in this present paper with advantages and disadvantages also illustrated there. Besides, the potential for integrating two or more technologies to enhance treatment efficiency is also addressed. Considering low cost as well as maintenance purposes, among all the methods, hybrid or integrated technologies are found effective to reduce the contamination level of wastewater.
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Shon, H. K., S. Phuntsho, D. S. Chaudhary, S. Vigneswaran, and J. Cho. "Nanofiltration for water and wastewater treatment – a mini review." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 6, no. 1 (March 13, 2013): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-6-59-2013.
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Abstract. The application of membrane technology in water and wastewater treatment is increasing due to stringent water quality standards. Nanofiltration (NF) is one of the widely used membrane processes for water and wastewater treatment in addition to other applications such as desalination. NF has replaced reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in many applications due to lower energy consumption and higher flux rates. This paper briefly reviews the application of NF for water and wastewater treatment including fundamentals of membrane process in general, mechanisms of NF process including few basic models. fouling challenges and their control mechanisms adopted.
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Yan, Zhongsen, Yuling Jiang, Lingshan Liu, Zhongsheng Li, Xiaolei Chen, Mingqian Xia, Gongduan Fan, and An Ding. "Membrane Distillation for Wastewater Treatment: A Mini Review." Water 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 3480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243480.
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Water serves as an indispensable part of human life and production. On account of the overexploitation of traditional water sources, the demand for wastewater recycling is expanding rapidly. As a promising water treatment process, membrane distillation (MD) has been utilized in various wastewater treatments, such as desalination brine, textile wastewater, radioactive wastewater, and oily wastewater. This review summarized the investigation work applying MD in wastewater treatment, and the performance was comprehensively introduced. Moreover, the obstructions of industrialization, such as membrane fouling, membrane wetting, and high energy consumption, were discussed with the practical investigation. To cope with these problems, various strategies have been adopted to enhance MD performance, including coupling membrane processes and developing membranes with specific surface characteristics. In addition, the significance of nutrient recovery and waste heat utilization was indicated.
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Craggs, R. L. "Wastewater treatment by algal turf scrubbing." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0862.
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Algal turf scrubbing (ATS) is a novel wetland technology that has been designed and engineered to promote natural wastewater treatment processes. Algal turf scrubbing improves water quality by passing a shallow stream of wastewater over the surface of a gently sloped floway. The floway is colonised by a natural heterogeneous assemblage of periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria, filamentous algae and epiphytic diatoms together with aerobic bacteria and fungi. Algal photosynthesis provides oxygen for aerobic breakdown of wastewater by heterotrophic bacteria. Pollutants are extracted from the wastewater by several processes including assimilation, adsorption, filtration and precipitation. The algal turf is harvested periodically to remove the accumulated periphyton biomass and associated pollutants from the system. This paper will present results from a demonstration ATS facility in Patterson, California which was used to polish secondarily treated wastewater. The design and operational factors that influence the treatment performance of ATS systems is discussed. Results indicate the potential of the ATS for nutrient removal from secondarily treated wastewater and agricultural drainage waters.
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Eisenberg, D., J. Soller, R. Sakaji, and A. Olivieri. "A methodology to evaluate water and wastewater treatment plant reliability." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 10 (May 1, 2001): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0589.
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Evaluating the reliability of treatment processes and treatment facilities should be an important part of the planning and design process for water resource, wastewater treatment, and particularly wastewater reuse projects. With the recent developments in technology, particularly the development of membrane processes and alternative disinfection processes for water and wastewater treatment, there is an increasing need for a common methodology to evaluate the reliability of alternative processes and treatment facilities that utilize different combinations of those processes. To assess the reliability of a treatment facility, several aspects of treatment must be considered including a methodical evaluation of both mechanical reliability and plant performance. A straightforward method for conducting these types of analyses is described herein along with a description of applications of this methodology. A discussion is provided highlighting the value of such a methodology for both the water quality engineer and the risk manager.
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van der Graaf, J. H. J. M., J. de Koning, A. Ravazzini, and V. Miska. "Treatment matrix for reuse of upgraded wastewater." Water Supply 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0011.
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In 2003 the Aquarec project sponsored by the European Commission under the 5th Framework Programme was started, aiming at “integrated concepts for reuse of upgraded wastewater with special focus on the European countries”. One of the key elements is the development of a treatment matrix, in which wastewater treatment processes are categorised as a function of the raw wastewater quality and the reuse application and are further characterised with respect to costs, operational critical control points and environmental aspects. The construction of the treatment matrix is based on the reuse options (industrial, domestic, natural and agricultural applications), the water quality requirements, the treatment requirements and the extensive description of the various treatment processes and schemes. In the process of constructing the matrix it can be concluded that the actual knowledge on municipal wastewater treatment is definitely well consolidated until the so-called secondary treatment including biological or physical/chemical nutrients removal; the treatment of this effluent should be accomplished by more advanced techniques. As a consequence of the actual EU rules on water discharges, it makes sense to focus the Aquarec project on the possible refinements of secondary effluent. Great attention must be given to the advanced or tertiary wastewater treatment processes, as a mean to upgrade the effluent to water suitable for reuse.
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Wilsenach, J. A., M. Maurer, T. A. Larsen, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "From waste treatment to integrated resource management." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0002.
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Wastewater treatment was primarily implemented to enhance urban hygiene. Treatment methods were improved to ensure environmental protection by nutrient removal processes. In this way, energy is consumed and resources like potentially useful minerals and drinking water are disposed of. An integrated management of assets, including drinking water, surface water, energy and nutrients would be required to make wastewater management more sustainable. Exergy analysis provides a good method to quantify different resources, e.g. utilisable energy and nutrients. Dilution is never a solution for pollution. Waste streams should best be managed to prevent dilution of resources. Wastewater and sanitation are not intrinsically linked. Source separation technology seems to be the most promising concept to realise a major breakthrough in wastewater treatment. Research on unit processes, such as struvite recovery and treatment of ammonium rich streams, also shows promising results. In many cases, nutrient removal and recovery can be combined, with possibilities for a gradual change from one system to another.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)"
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See, Hwee J. "Optimisation of water and wastewater treatment processes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272064.
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Wu, Shimin, and Shimin Wu. "Fate of Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists During Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623167.
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In recent years, endocrine disruption of corticosteroid signaling pathways in wildlife and humans by environmental chemicals have attracted increasing attention. The integrated potential of chemicals in the aquatic environment that disrupt corticosteroid actions have been evaluated using in vitro glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediated bioassays. Exogenous natural and synthetic corticosteroids (CSs), which are widely used in human and animal therapeutic applications, were demonstrated to be the most important GR agonists, that can potentially cause adverse effects, especially on aquatic organisms. To date, only a few studies have investigated the occurrence and behavior of GR agonists in the aquatic environment and their removal in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Furthermore, there are hardly any data reported on the removal of GR agonists by advanced water and wastewater treatment, especially those synthetic CSs with high potency. To further understand the fate of GR agonists in water and wastewater treatment processes, a sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed for analyzing a wide range of GR agonists in various environmental waters. The occurrence of GR agonists in surface water and groundwater was monitored along the Lower Santa Cruz River (SCR). Several GR agonists were detected, and a trend of degradation was observed downstream the two WWTP outfalls for both surface water and groundwater. The fate of GR agonists in a local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated, and up to 14 GR agonists were detected at different stages. Highly potent synthetic CSs, including clobetasol propionate (CBP), fluticasone propionate (FTP), fluocinolone acetonide (FCA), and triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), were poorly removed in WWTP. Negative removal of some CSs was observed in primary treatment, which may due to the deconjugation of CS conjugates. Removal of GR agonists in secondary effluent during various advanced water treatment processes, including UV, ozonation, MF, RO and chlorination, were studied. UV and RO appeared to be the most efficient treatment process for the attenuation of GR agonists, followed by ozone, while chlorination had little effects on GR agonists in water. Bench-scale experiments were then carried out to investigate the removal of GR agonists by ultraviolet based advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOPs), and powder activated carbon (PAC). UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 were demonstrated to be effective in removal GR agonists in wastewater, and UV photolysis would be the predominant mechanism in UV/AOP processes. Four types of PACs were tested for removing GR agonists in wastewater effluent, and Cabot HDB carbon was suggested, while Calgon PWA carbon was not recommended due to its low removal efficiency.
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Ghasemzadeh, Shahram M. S. "Effect of Hydraulic Fracturing Waste in Wastewater Treatment Processes." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1471254155.
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Vagadia, Aayushi R. "Comparison of Bacterial and Viral Reduction across Different Wastewater Treatment Processes." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10977800.
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Today billions of people live without access to basic sanitation facilities, and thousands die every week due to diseases caused by fecal contamination associated with improper sanitation. It has thus become crucial for decision makers to have access to relevant and sufficient data to implement appropriate solutions to these problems. The Global Water Pathogen Project http://www.waterpathogens.org/ is dedicated to providing an up-to-date source of data on pathogen reduction associated with different sanitation technologies that are important if the world is to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health and sanitation provision. In this research, a subset of the Global Water Pathogen Project (GWPP) data is used to access the reduction of bacteria and viruses across different mechanical and natural sanitation technologies. The order of expected removal for bacteria during wastewater treatment was reported as highest for a membrane bioreactor (4.4 log10), waste stabilization pond (2.3 log10), conventional activated sludge (1.43 log10), anaerobic anoxic oxic activated sludge (1.9 log10), trickling filter (1.16 log10), and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (1.2 log10).
Furthermore, the order of expected removal for viruses was reported as highest for a membrane bioreactor (3.3 log10), conventional activated sludge (1.84 log10), anaerobic anoxic oxic activated sludge (1.67 log10), waste stabilization pond (1 log10), upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (0.3 log10) and trickling filter (0.29 log10). It was found that hydraulic retention time (HRT) had a statistically significant relation to the reduction of bacteria in an anaerobic, anoxic oxic treatment system. Similarly, a significant relation was found between the number of waste stabilization ponds in series and the expected reduction of bacteria. HRT was also found to be a significant factor in virus reduction in waste stabilization ponds. Additionally, it was observed that waste stabilization ponds, trickling filters, and UASB reactors could obtain a greater reduction in bacteria (5–7 log10) when combined with additional treatment (e.g., chemical disinfection or use of maturation ponds). Also, mechanized systems, such as activated sludge systems and membrane bioreactors, obtained a greater reduction (2–3 log10) of viruses when compared to a natural system. It was concluded that the selection of the best suitable technology for pathogen reduction depends on environmental, design, and operational factors as well as considering the performance of specific wastewater treatment systems individually as well as when combined with other treatment technologies that may provide added removal of microbial constituents.
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Litteken, Garrett Michael. "IMPACT OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT ALUM SLUDGE RESIDUALS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: A CASE STUDY." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2246.
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Water treatment plant (WTP) residual discharge is considered a pollutant and requires treatment to prevent negative impacts when released to the environment. As regulatory requirement becomes increasingly strict, WTPs are required to find suitable methods for the treatment of sludge residuals. Wastewater treatment plants(WWTP) provide existing treatment methods to remove contaminants from WTP residuals. A case study on the Carbondale Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) and receiving Carbondale Southeast Waste Water Treatment Plant (SEWWTP) provided an opportunity to quantify potential negative impacts for the discharge of residual alum sludge to a biologic sludge digestion plant. The first part of the study focused on quantifying changes to the SEWWTP loading conditions from the addition of metal salt coagulant water treatment residuals discharged by the CWTP. Historic sludge quantities and treatment methodologies for both the CWTP and SEWWTP were used to predict loading conditions and residual concentrations at the SEWWTP. Ammonia, BOD, pH, and TSS concentrations from the CWTP were not identified to significantly impact the existing concentrations at the SEWWTP. Metals concentrations from the CWTP were also found to fall within WWTP regulatory quantities. The second part of the study evaluated potential impacts to beneficial bacteria populations in the SEWWTP oxidation ditch from the receipt of CWTP alum residuals. Studies of residual alum sludge impacts to beneficial bacterial populations are rare, and often do not translate from one treatment plants processes to the next. The SEWWTP employs a multi-ring oxidation ditch with an anoxic outer ring and aerobic middle and inner rings. Biologic Activity Reaction Tests (BART) were used to isolate beneficial bacteria species typically present in oxidation ditches including heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrifying bacteria. Heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria are the predominant beneficial bacteria species in the outer ring, while nitrifying bacteria and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria dominate the aerobic inner rings. Heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria populations identified in the outer ring of the oxidation ditch did not demonstrate any population impacts from the receipt of residual alum sludge. In addition, nitrifying bacteria populations and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria population demonstrated no impacts from the introduction of CWTP residual alum waste to the aerobic inner ring of the oxidation ditch. Overall, the study demonstrated the treatment of residual alum sludge from a WTP is possible through the existing biological processes at a WWTP.
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Vagadia, Aayushi R. "Comparison of Bacterial and Viral Reduction Across Different Wastewater Treatment Processes." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7586.
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Today billions of people live without access to basic sanitation facilities, and thousands die every week due to diseases caused by fecal contamination associated with improper sanitation. It has thus become crucial for decision makers to have access to relevant and sufficient data to implement appropriate solutions to these problems. The Global Water Pathogen Project http://www.waterpathogens.org/ is dedicated to providing an up-to-date source of data on pathogen reduction associated with different sanitation technologies that are important if the world is to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health and sanitation provision. In this research, a subset of the Global Water Pathogen Project (GWPP) data is used to access the reduction of bacteria and viruses across different mechanical and natural sanitation technologies. The order of expected removal for bacteria during wastewater treatment was reported as highest for a membrane bioreactor (4.4 log10), waste stabilization pond (2.3 log10), conventional activated sludge (1.43 log10), anaerobic anoxic oxic activated sludge (1.9 log10), trickling filter (1.16 log10), and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (1.2 log10).
Furthermore, the order of expected removal for viruses was reported as highest for a membrane bioreactor (3.3 log10), conventional activated sludge (1.84 log10), anaerobic anoxic oxic activated sludge (1.67 log10), waste stabilization pond (1 log10), upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (0.3 log10) and trickling filter (0.29 log10). It was found that hydraulic retention time (HRT) had a statistically significant relation to the reduction of bacteria in an anaerobic, anoxic oxic treatment system. Similarly, a significant relation was found between the number of waste stabilization ponds in series and the expected reduction of bacteria. HRT was also found to be a significant factor in virus reduction in waste stabilization ponds. Additionally, it was observed that waste stabilization ponds, trickling filters, and UASB reactors could obtain a greater reduction in bacteria (5-7 log10) when combined with additional treatment (e.g., chemical disinfection or use of maturation ponds). Also, mechanized systems, such as activated sludge systems and membrane bioreactors, obtained a greater reduction (2-3 log10) of viruses when compared to a natural system. It was concluded that the selection of the best suitable technology for pathogen reduction depends on environmental, design, and operational factors as well as considering the performance of specific wastewater treatment systems individually as well as when combined with other treatment technologies that may provide added removal of microbial constituents.
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Trahern, Patti Gremillion. "A comparative study of freeze-thaw processes for conditioning wastewater and water treatment sludges." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53845.
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This research effort involved the application of indirect- and direct-contact, freeze-thaw conditioning techniques for improving the dewatering characteristics of both wastewater and water treatment sludges. Sludges tested included waste activated sludge, primary sewage sludge, waste activated/primary sewage sludge mixtures and alum sludge. The direct-freeze methods examined were the use of a secondary refrigerant (butane) evaporated in the sludge and the use of gas hydrate or clathrate formation by addition of Freon 12 under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. Sludges were also frozen solid using indirect freezing methods, thawed and tested for comparative purposes. Particle size distribution and floc density measurements were used to determine changes in particle characteristics; specific resistance values and dewatered dry solids concentration were used to assess dewatering characteristics. Results of direct- and indirect-contact, freeze-thaw conditioning were compared to the effects of polymer conditioning. The results indicated that direct-freeze methods do not appear technically or economically competitive with currently accepted conditioning methods. The superior results obtained with the indirect-contact, freeze-thaw process when compared to the direct-contact processes suggested that the extent and rate of freezing may greatly influence the particle characteristics of the conditioned sludge, and thus its dewatering characteristics.Ph. D.
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Khalid, Muhammad Imran. "Development of an intelligent dynamic modelling system for the diagnosis of wastewater treatment processes." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1153.
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In the 21st Century, water is already a limited and valuable resource, in particular the limited availability of fresh water sources. The projected increase in global population from 6 billion people in 2010 to 9 billion in 2050 will only increase the need for additional water sources to be identified and used. This situation is common in many countries and is frequently exacerbated by drought conditions. Water management planning requires both the efficient use of water sources and, increasingly, the re-use of domestic and industrial wastewaters. A large body of published research spanning several decades is available, and this research study looks specifically at ways of improving the operation of wastewater treatment processes.Process fault diagnosis is a major challenge for the chemical and process industries, and is also important for wastewater treatment processes. Significant economic and environmental losses can be attributed to inappropriate Abnormal Event Management (AEM) in a chemical/processing operation, and this has been the focus of many researchers. Many researchers are now focusing on the application of several fault diagnosis techniques simultaneously in order to improve and overcome the limitations experienced by the individual techniques. This approach requires resolution of the conflicts ascribed to the individual methods, and incurs additional costs and resources when employing more than one technique. The research study presented in this thesis details a new method of using the available techniques. The proposal is to use different techniques in different roles within the diagnostic approach based upon their inherent individual strengths. The techniques that are excellent for the detection of a fault should be employed in the fault detection, and those best applied to diagnosis are used in the diagnosis section of a diagnostic system.Two different techniques are used here, namely a mathematical model and data mining are used for detection and diagnosis respectively. A mathematical model is used which is based upon the principal of analytical redundancy in order to establish the presence of a fault in a process (the fault detection), and data mining is used to produce production rules derived from the historical data for the diagnosis. A dataset from an industrial wastewater treatment facility is used in this study.A diagnostic algorithm has been developed that employs the techniques identified above. An application in Java was constructed which allows the algorithm to be applied, eventually producing an intelligent modelling agent. Thus the focus of this research work was to develop an intelligent dynamic modelling system (using components such as mathematical model, data mining, diagnostic algorithm, and the dataset) for simulation of, and diagnosis of faults in, a wastewater treatment process where different techniques will be assigned different roles in the diagnostic system.Results presented in Chapter 5 (section 5.5) show that the application of this combined technique yields better results for detection and diagnosis of faults in a process. Furthermore, the dynamic update of the set value for any process variable (presented in Chapter 5, section 5.2.1) makes possible the detection of any process disturbance for the algorithm, thereby mitigating the issue of false alarms. The successful embedding of both a detection and a diagnostic technique in a single algorithm is a key achievement of this work, thus reducing the time taken to detect and diagnose a fault. In addition, the implementation of the algorithm in the purposebuilt software platform proved its practical application and potential to be used in the chemical and processing industries.
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Maeng, Sung Kyu. "Effect of a silver-bearing photoprocessing wastewater and silver compounds on biological treatment processes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19024.
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Hansson, Henrik. "TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER GENERATED BY WOOD-BASED DRY INDUSTRIES: ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES & ELECTROCOAGULATION." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36437.
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Wood is a material with an enormous number of applications. For decades, the development of wastewater treatment technologies tailored for the wood sector has focused on those industries that have water as an integral part of the industrial production, such as paper and pulp. However, there is a large and potentially growing sector that has been neglected, which is formed by industries in which water is not part of their production line, as for example, the wood floor and furniture industries (named wood-based dry industries). These industries still produces relatively low volumes of highly polluted wastewaters, with COD up to 30,000 mg/L, due to cleaning/washing procedure (named cleaning wastewaters). These cleaning wastewaters are often sent to the municipal wastewater treatment plant after dilution with potable water. Once there, recalcitrant pollutants are diluted and discharged into recipient water bodies or trapped in the municipal wastewater sludge. Another type of contaminated water these “dry industries” often generate in high volumes, and which is usually discharged with no previous treatment, is storm-water containing contaminants that have leached from large wood storage areas. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase the level of knowledge and competence and to present on-site wastewater treatment options for wood-based dry industries using the wood floor industry as a case-study, with a focus on combined treatment methods and solutions applicable to both the cleaning wastewater and storm-water. Among the treatment technologies investigated, electrocoagulation was studied both as a standalone treatment and combined with sorption using activated carbon. The combined treatment achieved a COD reduction of approximately 70%. Some advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were also studied: a COD reduction of approximately 70% was achieved by photo-Fenton, but the most successful AOP was ozone combined with UV light, were a COD reduction around 90% was achieved, with additional improvement in the biodegradability of the treated effluent. Ozone also proved to be effective in degrading organic compounds (approximately 70% COD reduction) and enhanced the biodegradability of the storm-water runoff from wood storage areas. The results have shown that the application of ozone can be considered an option for treatment of cleaning wastewaters and possibly for storm-water biodegradation enhancement.Trä är ett material med ett stort antal möjliga användningsområden. Inom träindustrin har utvecklingen av vattenbehandlingsmetoder varit inriktat på de branscher som har vatten som en del av produktionen, såsom papper- och massaindustrin. Men det finns en stor och potentiellt växande sektor inom träindustrin som har försummats, den utgörs av industrier som inte har vatten som en del av produktionen, t.ex. trägolv och trämöbel industrier. Trots detta så producerar dessa industrier fortfarande relativt kraftigt förorenade avloppsvatten med t.ex. COD-värden upp till 30000 mg/l men i relativt låga volymer. Dessa avloppsvatten uppkommer vid rengöring av maskiner och städning av lokaler, varefter de oftast efter utspädning med dricksvatten skickas till det kommunala reningsverket. Väl där späds det förorenade vattnet vidare ut med annat inkommande vatten men passerar dock till stor del obehandlat och släpps ut i mottagande vattendrag eller så fastnar föroreningarna i avloppsslamet. Dagvatten är en annan typ av förorenat vatten från dessa "torra industrier" som ofta genereras i stora volymer och innehåller föroreningar som lakats från de trämaterial som förvaras i de stora upplag som ofta förekommer vid denna typ av industrier. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att öka kunskapen och kompetensen för att kunna miljömässigt riktigt och ekonomiskt billigt behandla industriavloppsvatten lokalt på plats inom trävaruindustrin, genom att använda en trä-golvsindustri som fallstudie. Fokus lades på kombinerade behandlingsmetoder och lösningar som skulle kunna vara lämpliga både för industriavloppsvatten och dagvatten. Ett antal behandlingstekniker har undersökts; elektrokoagulering studerades både som en fristående behandling och i kombination med aktivt kol. Den kombinerade behandlingen gav en COD-reduktion på ungefär 70 %. Flera avancerade oxidationsprocesser (AOP) studerades också, och en COD-reduktion på cirka 70% uppnåddes med en kombination av UV-ljus och Fenton behandling. Den mest framgångsrika behandlingen var ozon i kombination med UV-ljus där en COD-reduktion runt 90 % uppnåddes varvid en avsevärd förbättring av den biologisk nedbrytbarhet på det behandlade avloppsvattenet erhölls. Ozon visade sig också vara effektivt för nedbrytning av organiska föreningar (ca 70% COD reduktion) och förbättrade den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av föroreningarna i dagvattnet från den studerade industrin. Resultaten har visat att ozon kan anses vara ett lämpligt alternativ för att behandla industriavloppsvatten inom trävarusektorn och möjligen för att öka den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av dagvattnet från dessa industrier
Integrated Approach for Handling of Industrial Wastewater and Stormwater
Triple Helix Collaboration on Industrial Water Conservation in Småland and the Islands
Books on the topic "Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)"
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Ksenofontov, Boris, Aleksandr Lukanin, and Evgeniy Pirogov. Chemical and physico-chemical methods of wastewater and man-made water treatment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1863094.
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The monograph discusses issues related to chemical and physico-chemical methods of wastewater and man-made water treatment, including oxidation and sorption of pollutants, as well as their coagulation and flocculation and other processes of wastewater and man-made water treatment. At the same time, individual tasks are considered for the first time both in domestic and in the world practice of water treatment. First of all, this applies to the use of strong oxidizing agents in the practice of water purification, as well as neutralizing substances. In addition, the issues of intensification of chemical reactions occurring during wastewater treatment using various reagents are considered. At the same time, water treatment using ultraviolet light, electromagnetic fields, etc. is considered as an intensifying effect. As a result of the complex effect on the treated water, a high technological effect of purification is achieved.
For a wide range of readers, including researchers, university professors, graduate students, masters, bachelors and undergraduates.
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Ksenofontov, Boris. Wastewater treatment: new flotation models and flotation combines of the KBS type and special purpose. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1230211.
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In this monograph, for the first time in the world literature, the multi-stage and generalized flotation models proposed by the author more than thirty years ago are considered in a broad aspect. The possibilities of their use in various areas of flotation water purification, precipitation thickening and mineral processing are shown. Issues related to new flotation equipment in the form of flotation combines of the KBS type and special purpose, developed on the basis of multi-stage and generalized models of the flotation process, are widely covered. The prospects and ways of intensification of flotation processes of water purification are indicated.
For a wide range of readers, including researchers, university teachers, postgraduates, masters, bachelors and undergraduates.
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dir, Parsons Simon Dr, ed. Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment. London: IWA, 2004.
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Casey, T. J. Unit treatment processes in water and wastewater engineering. Chichester: Wiley, 1997.
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Cao, Hongbin, Yongbing Xie, Yuxian Wang, and Jiadong Xiao, eds. Advanced Ozonation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839165733.
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Wastewater treatment: Advanced processes and technologies. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2012.
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Khataee, A. R. Artificial neural network modeling of water and wastewater treatment processes. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
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Artificial neural network modeling of water and wastewater treatment processes. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
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Stephenson, Roger. Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products through municipal wastewater treatment processes. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Research Foundation, 2007.
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Advances in Wastewater Treatment I. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901144.
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The book presents new materials and methods for waste water treatments; including advanced oxidation processes, membrane technologies, detection and removal of heavy metals and organic compounds, and the use of nanomaterials, low cost adsorbents and bio flocculants.
Book chapters on the topic "Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)"
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Latifoglu, A., and M. D. Gürol. "Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water Treatment." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment VI, 137–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59791-6_13.
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Yong, Ee Ling. "Wet Air Oxidation Processes: A Pretreatment to Enhance the Biodegrability of Pharmaceutical Wastewater." In Sustainable Water Treatment, 113–22. Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017].: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116792-7.
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Tambo, Norihito. "Optimization of Flocculation in Connection with Various Solid-Liquid Separation Processes." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment, 17–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76093-8_2.
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Quimbayo, Jennyffer Martinez, Satu Ojala, Samuli Urpelainen, Mika Huuhtanen, Wei Cao, Marko Huttula, and Riitta L. Keiski. "Nanostructured Photocatalytic Materials for Water Purification." In Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 249–70. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003165958-21.
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Deshpande, Mrunal, K. Sathish Kumar, R. Rengaraj, G. R. Venkatakrishnan, and Hithu Anand. "Electron Beam Accelerators: Wastewater to Useable Water." In Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 93–100. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003165958-8.
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Ghosh, Sougata, and Bishwarup Sarkar. "Nanotechnology for Advanced Oxidation Based Water Treatment Processes." In Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 79–91. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003165958-7.
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Carroll, T., D. Vogel, A. Rodig, K. Simbeck, and N. Booker. "Coagulation-Microfiltration Processes for NOM Removal from Drinking Water." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment VI, 171–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59791-6_16.
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Daigger, Glen. "Nutrient Removal in Fixed-Film Processes: Current Design Practices." In Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 117–32. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784407417.ch06.
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Cartwright, P. S. "Membrane Separation Processes for Industrial Effluent Treatment." In Pretreatment in Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment, 189–200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73819-7_15.
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Schäfer, A. I., A. G. Fane, and T. D. Waite. "Chemical Addition Prior to Membrane Processes for Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Removal." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment V, 125–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72279-0_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)"
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Kerkez, Đurđa, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Gordana Pucar Milidrag, Vesna Gvoić, Aleksandra Kulić Mandić, Anita Leovac Maćerak, and Dragana Tomašević Pilipović. "Treatment of wastewater containing printing dyes: summary and perspectives." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p31.
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Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, printing, leather tanning, cosmetic, drug and food processing industries. The printing and dyeing industry is considered as one of the most polluting industrial sectors. The printing process is very versatile and includes printing on paper as well as printing on textile, plastic and other materials. After the printing process is completed, various chemicals such as ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, and esters are used in the cleaning procedure. Resulting wastewater often contains a variety of solvents, surfactants, dyes, and other chemicals, thus greatly increasing the difficulty of wastewater treatment. Improper discharge of printing and dyeing wastewater into water bodies will have several effect, beginning with aesthetical issues followed by destruction of the aqueous ecosystem due to light attenuation, oxygen consumption and toxicity effects. Therefore, it is very important to find out and optimize printing and dying wastewater treatment techniques. Processes for dye removal from wastewater can be physical, chemical, biological and more recently hybrid treatments. Physical processes such as adsorption, based on mass transfer mechanism, are commonly used method mainly due to ease of operation and high efficiency. Chemical processes including coagulation and flocculation, advanced oxidation processes and electrochemical treatment are usually more expensive due t chemicals use, equipment requirements and electrical energy consumption. However, these techniques are destructive and may lead to total mineralization of dye molecules and accompanying pollutants. Biological treatment is a low-cost and environmentally friendly process that produces less sludge. This method has significant advantages but dye molecules are less prone to this kind of treatment as they are made to be stable and reluctant. So, the adjustment and optimization of biological treatment, for dye removal, is an ongoing field of research. In recent studies hybrid processes are gaining more attention, combining different techniques. Integrating treatments, as a cost-saving and time-saving process, can represent optimal solution for printing wastewater treatment.
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Pakzadeh, Behrang, Jay Wos, and Jay Renew. "Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Treatment for Coal-Fired Power Industry." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32278.
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The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)’s announcement that it will revise the effluent limitation guidelines for steam electric power generating units could affect not only how power plants use water, but also how they discharge it. The revised guidelines may lower discharge limits for various contaminants in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater including mercury, selenium, arsenic, and nitrate/nitrite. Although the specific details of the guidelines are unknown at present, the power industry is evaluating various technologies that may address the new effluent limitation guidelines and promote water conservation. Moreover, the power industry is looking for avenues to increase water usage efficiency, reuse and recycle throughout its plant processes. Final rule approval is expected by the middle of 2014 and new regulations are expected to be implemented between 2017 and 2022 through 5-year NPDES permit cycles. discharge limits for various contaminants including arsenic, mercury, selenium, and nitrate/nitrite [1]. These pollutant limits may be below the levels achievable today with conventional treatment [2]. A growing interest exists in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) facilities and processes in power plant operations. Potentially stringent discharge limits along with water conservation and reuse efforts are two of the major drivers to achieve ZLD. Potential pollutant levels are so low that ZLD may be the best option, if not an outright requirement [1]. Thermal ZLD systems have been the subject of increased interest and discussion lately. They employ evaporating processes such as ponds, evaporators and crystallizers, or spray dryers to produce a reusable water stream and a solid residue (i.e. waste). Evaporators and crystallizers have been employed in the power industry for a number of years. However, typical A growing interest exists in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) facilities and processes in power plant operations. Potentially stringent discharge limits along with water conservation and reuse efforts are two of the major drivers to achieve ZLD. Potential pollutant levels are so low that ZLD may be the best option, if not an outright requirement. A key disadvantage of thermal ZLD is its high capital cost. One way to reduce this cost is to pre-treat the liquid stream using innovative membrane technologies and reverse osmosis (RO).
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Kjellsson, Jill B., David Greene, Raj Bhattarai, and Michael E. Webber. "Energy Benchmarking of Water and Wastewater Treatment, Distribution and Collection: A Case Study of Austin Water Utility." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65309.
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Nationally, 4% of electricity usage goes towards moving and treating water and wastewater. The energy intensity of the water and wastewater utility sector is affected by many factors including water source, water quality, and the distance and elevation that water must be transported. Furthermore, energy accounts for 10% or more of a utility’s total operating cost, suggesting that energy savings can account for significant cost savings. Better knowledge of where and when energy is used could support strategic energy interventions and reveal opportunities for efficiency. Accordingly, this investigation quantifies energy intensity by process and type, including electricity and natural gas, and explores the time-varying nature of electric energy consumption for potable water distribution using the Austin Water Utility (AWU) in Austin, Texas as a case study. This research found that most of energy consumed by the AWU is for pumping throughout the distribution network (57%) and at lift stations (10%) while potable water treatment accounts for the least (5%). Though the focus is site specific, the methodology shown herein can be applied to other utilities with sufficient data.
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Siefert, Nicholas, and Gautam Ashok. "Exergy and Economic Analysis of Two Different Fuel Cell Systems for Generating Electricity at Waste Water Treatment Plants." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2012-91457.
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Generating electricity at wastewater treatment plants is a promising near-term application of fuel cell systems. The scale of most wastewater treatment plants is such that there is a good match with the scale of today’s fuel cell systems. This paper presents an exergy analysis and an economic comparison between two fuel cell systems that generate electricity at a wastewater treatment plant. The first process integrates an anaerobic digester (AD) with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The SOFC was modeled using publicly-available data from the tests on the Rolls-Royce pressurized SOFC. The second process has the wastewater sent directly to a microbial fuel cell (MFC). An MFC is an electrochemical cell in which bacteria convert acetate, sugars and/or other chemicals into protons, electrons and carbon dioxide at the anode electrode. The MFC was modeled as a PEM fuel cell as used for vehicle applications, but with a few changes: (a) anaerobic bacteria, such as geobacter, grow directly on the surface of the anode electrode, (b) there is no anode gas diffusion layer (GDL), (c) iron pyrophyrin, rather than platinum, is used as the catalyst material on the anode, in addition to the bacteria, and (d) the Nafion electrolyte is replaced with a bipolar membrane in order to minimize the transfer of non-proton cations, such as Na+, from the anode to the cathode. The rest of the equipment in the MFC is the same as those in commercial vehicle PEM fuel cells in order to use recent DOE cost estimates for PEM fuel cell systems. In both cases, we generated V-i curves of SOFC and MFC-PEM systems from data available on a) PEM & SOFC electrolyte conductivity and b) anode and cathode exchange current densities, including the effect of platinum levels on the cathode exchange current density of PEM fuel cells. A full exergy analysis was conducted for both systems modeled. The power per inlet exergy will be presented as a function of the current density and the pressure of the fuel cell. Using various Department of Eneregy (DOE) cost estimates for fuel cell systems, we perform parametric studies for both the MFC and AD-SOFC systems in order to maximize the internal rate of return on investment (IRR). In the MFC case, we varied the platinum loading on the cathode in order to maximize the IRR, and in the AD-SOFC case, we varied the current density of the SOFC in order to maximize the IRR. Finally, we compare the IRR of the two systems modeled above with the IRR of an anaerobic digester integrated with a piston engine capable of operating on biogas, such as the GE Jenbacher. Using an electricity sale price of $80/MWh, the IRR of the AD-SOFC, the microbial fuel cell and the AD-piston engine were 9%/yr, 10%/yr and 2%/yr, respectively. This economic analysis suggests that further experimental research should be conducted on both the microbial fuel cell and the pressurized SOFC because both systems were able to generate attractive values of IRR at an electricity sale price close to the average industrial price of electricity in the US.
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Jolaoso, Lateef A., Javad Asadi, Chuancheng Duan, and Pejman Kazempoor. "A Novel Hydrogen Economy Based on Electrochemical Cells Fully Integrated With Fossil Fuel Assets and Wastewater Resources." In ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2022 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2022-80238.
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Abstract Water and energy are two inseparable and interdependent phenomena that play essential roles in economic productivity and sustainable development. This paper presents a novel, highly efficient, and modular hydrogen production unit that can be fully integrated with numerous power production units, including coal and natural gas-fired power plants. The system is designed to utilize various water sources as the process’s feedstock. All process components, including waste-water treatment system, flue gas cooling, separating unit, and high-temperature solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), are simulated and integrated using Aspen HYSYS. The SOEC model is first validated with experimental and available numerical data. The validation results show that the model can accurately predict SOEC performance at various operating conditions. Afterward, various system configurations are presented, and a comprehensive process analysis has been implemented to evaluate the effects of operating and design parameters on the system performance and efficiency of 97.4% for the SOEC. The overall thermal-to-hydrogen efficiency of the system is 56.3% without heat integration. Moreover, this novel process is integrated with renewable energy sources to ensure the system contribution to global energy decarbonization. Finally, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed to analyze the environmental impacts of the proposed system. The results indicate that the overall damage level is almost 50% higher using coal power plant as electricity source as to the solar PV and that water-energy nexus is eminent in energy sustainability, water preservation, and the prospect of this integrated system.
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Elmakki, Tasneem, Fathima Sifani Zavahir, Mona Gulied, Norhan Ismail, Areeba Hameed, and Dong Suk Han. "Advanced Degradation of Organic Substance in Water Using No-Ferric Fenton Reaction on Titania Nanotube." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0028.
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Highly reactive OH radicals facilitate advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs are irreplaceable in environmental remediation including but not limited to pollutant degradation. H2O2 leading to OH radicals in iron based fenton systems are well known and few other oxides of alumina and ceria in non-ferrous fenton systems. Majority of studied catalysts materials are in powder form, which limits the catalysts long term applicability in real systems due to separation and regeneration of the catalyst with required catalytic activity, which is costly. In this present work, we have studied anatase phased titania nanotube arrays (TNA) grown on Ti films prepared by an anodization approach for methyl orange (MO) dye degradation under photocatalytic conditions. Key findings reveal long stability of TNAs over fifty reaction cycles in batch process with higher degree of reproducible performance. Complete removal of MO was achieved after six hours of exposure in AM 1.5 G light (equivalent to 1 sun intensity), where hydrogen peroxide accounted for only 1/200th of the amount of initial dye concentration. This superior performance is ascribed to surface oxygen vacancies and Ti3+ sites promoting regeneration of peroxide in the ongoing reaction medium that is consequently transformed to OH radicals. This is further confirmed by the experiments conducted with formic acid, a known hydroxyl radical scavenger, where the dye degradation was observed to be minimal at a near zero rate even after six hours of reaction time, upon measurements with UV-visible spectroscopy. About 38% of the initial dye was oxidized after 1 h into the reaction under light irradiation in a typical system whereas activity was hugely promoted to over 55% when it was coupled with a Pt wire in an electroless process, without supply of additional power. In conclusion, this TNA based new material is highly regarded as environmentally sustainable, easily reusable, non-toxic and commercially viable candidate for real wastewater treatment plants where the treatment plants are usually large tanks constructed in the open space with access to freely available, energetically rich solar power.
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Jiang, Jing, Qiang Lei, Chen Xu, Zhaowen Zhu, Chunyan Xu, Shijun Wang, Xiaolong Li, and Min Zhang. "Summary of the Practice of Clearance of Uranium-Containing Calcium Fluoride Slags in China’s Nuclear Facilities." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-64357.
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Abstract During the operation of some nuclear facilities in China, a large amount of uranium-containing and fluorine-containing wastewater will be produced, which requires de-uranium and de-fluorine treatment before discharge. The commonly used method for removing fluoride at present is the chemical lime precipitation method, that is, adding lime to fluorine-containing wastewater to combine fluoride ions with calcium ions to form calcium fluoride precipitation that is insoluble in water. This method has the advantages of low cost and easy operation, but it will produce a large amount of uranium-containing calcium fluoride slag. The content of CaF2 in these slags is more than 80%. If the uranium-containing calcium fluoride slag is cleaned and controlled and reused as a non-radioactive waste, it will not only use fluorine resources, but also eliminate the secondary pollution of fluorine. This article mainly introduces the clearance activities of uranium-containing calcium fluoride slags carried out by the nuclear facilities, including process conditions, source item investigation, waste sampling, nuclide concentration analysis, release control evaluation, release destination and quality Guarantee, etc., and provide relevant management and technical advice on the cleaning and control of uranium-containing calcium fluoride slag based on the above-mentioned practice.
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Fan, Liping, and Kosta Boshnakov. "Neural-network-based water quality monitoring for wastewater treatment processes." In 2010 Sixth International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2010.5584378.
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Nasser, Fatima Abdulwahab, Halah Noor Nasir, Zain Zaki Zakaria, and Huseyin Yalcin. "Toxicity Assessment of Treated Sewage Effluent using the Zebrafish Embryo Model." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0218.
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Background: In a context of tremendous economic value, the management and protection of water resources in Qatar has long been a significant issue as part of the global wastewater management plan. The process is based on several stages of treatment in order to deliver high-quality effluent standard. Treated sewage effluent (TSE) can potentially be used for agriculture in Qatar and it should be biologically evaluated before releasing it to the environment. TSE water can be further filtered with techniques that include reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and nanofiltration. Aim: This project aims to assess the toxicity of differently treated sewage effluent water on the environement using the zebrafish model. Our approach will also be relevant to the assessment of the water quality for agriculture use. Methods: Zebrafish embryos were cultured in different effluent water samples filtered with different techniques. Toxicicity of water was assessed via multiple assasys including: survival rate, tail flicking, and hatching rate. Cardiotoxicity assessment was performed via blood velocity, cardiac output and vessels diameter measurement in major vessels, as well as gene expression for heart failure markers of ANP and BNP by PCR. Results: Samples filtered via Reverse osmosis and nano-filtration resulted in most toxicity. Total dissolved solvent (TDS) measurements were also highest in those samples, suggesting these filteration techniques may result in release of toxic compounds to effluent water. Toxicity assessment is currently ongoing to confirm the findindgs. Conclusion: Utilization of TSE for environmental and agricultural purposes will have an economical value in the nation. It is critically important to determine the most efficient and less toxic ways of water filteration. Zebrafish is a practical model that can be used to assess water toxicity. This project aims to examine toxicity of effluent water filteration techniques using the zebrafish model.
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Buecker, Brad. "Current Technology for Power Plant Makeup Water Treatment and Wastewater Recovery." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54719.
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The availability of fresh water for power plant makeup and cooling continues to decline. In addition, environmental regulators are placing tighter limitations on the methods by which water is obtained and discharged for and from industrial processes. One example is the emerging restrictions on once-through cooling in the U.S. This paper examines state-of-the art technology for producing plant makeup water, and it also looks at techniques for recovering significant portions of wastewater streams such as cooling tower blowdown. Technologies that will be reviewed include makeup water pretreatment, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electrodeionization, and high-pH reverse osmosis for wastewater recovery.
Reports on the topic "Wastewater treatment (including water treatment processes)"
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.
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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.
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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Husson, Scott M., Viatcheslav Freger, and Moshe Herzberg. Antimicrobial and fouling-resistant membranes for treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598151.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This research project introduced a novel membrane coating strategy to combat biofouling, which is a major problem for the membrane-based treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewaters. The novelty of the strategy is that the membrane coatings have the unique ability to switch reversibly between passive (antifouling) and active (antimicrobial) fouling control mechanisms. This dual-mode approach differs fundamentally from other coating strategies that rely solely on one mode of fouling control. The research project had two complementary objectives: (1) preparation, characterization, and testing of dual-mode polymer nanolayers on planar surfaces and (2) evaluation of these nanolayers as membrane modifiers. The first objective was designed to provide a fundamental understanding of how polymer nanolayer chemistry and structure affect bacterial deposition and to demonstrate the reversibility of chemical switching. The second objective, which focused on membrane development, characterization, and testing, was designed to demonstrate methods for the production of water treatment membranes that couple passive and active biofouling control mechanisms. Both objectives were attained through synergistic collaboration among the three research groups. Using planar silicon and glass surfaces, we demonstrated using infrared spectroscopy that this new polymer coating can switch reversibly between the anti-fouling, zwitterion mode and an anti-microbial, quaternary amine mode. We showed that switching could be done more than 50 times without loss of activity and that the kinetics for switching from a low fouling zwitterion surface to an antimicrobial quaternary amine surface is practical for use. While a low pH was required for switching in the original polymer, we illustrated that by slightly altering the chemistry, it is possible to adjust the pH at which the switching occurs. A method was developed for applying the new zwitterionic surface chemistry onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Bacteria deposition studies showed that the new chemistry performed better than other common anti-fouling chemistries. Biofilm studies showed that PESultrafiltration membranes coated with the new chemistry accumulated half the biomass volume as unmodified membranes. Biofilm studies also showed that PES membranes coated with the new chemistry in the anti-microbial mode attained higher biofilm mortality than PES membranes coated with a common, non-switchablezwitterionic polymer. Results from our research are expected to improve membrane performance for the purification of wastewaters prior to use in irrigation. Since reduction in flux due to biofouling is one of the largest costs associated with membrane processes in water treatment, using dual-mode nanolayer coatings that switch between passive and active control of biofouling and enable detachment of attached biofoulants would have significant economic and societal impacts. Specifically, this research program developed and tested advanced ultrafiltration membranes for the treatment of wastewaters. Such membranes could find use in membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater, a slightly upgraded version of what presently is used in Israel for irrigation. They also may find use for pretreatment of agricultural wastewaters, e.g., rendering facility wastewater, prior to reverse osmosis for desalination. The need to desalinate such impaired waters water for unlimited agricultural use is likely in the near future.
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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2041.
Full textAbstract:
The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2041.
Full textAbstract:
The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7592117.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709883.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad, and Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.
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Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers, and Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.