Journal articles on the topic 'Wastewater regulations'
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Koyuncu, Serdar, and Sema Arıman. "Domestic wastewater treatment by real-scale electrocoagulation process." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.128.
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Abstract In this study, domestic wastewaters originating from a settlement with a population of 17,500 were treated by electrocoagulation process in a real-scale EC plant and the economic applicability of the process was investigated. The removal efficiencies of control parameters in the influent and effluent of the real-scale treatment plant such as suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and changes of pH and conductivity parameters were monitored for 12 months. The obtained data were evaluated according to European Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation and Turkish Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation. According to the results obtained, the removal efficiencies of the pollutant parameters were achieved in the range of 72–83% for SS, 67–80% for COD, 69–81% for BOD, 21–47% for TN and 27–46% for TP. Considering the Turkish wastewater discharge regulations, it can be concluded that the discharge standards for SS, COD and BOD parameters were achieved while they were not achieved in certain periods for TN and TP. In addition, the energy consumption and the operating cost of this real-scale plant were determined to be 0.49–0.54 kWh/m3 and 0.24–0.28 EUR/m3, respectively.
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Ritter, William. "State Regulations and Guidelines for Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in the U.S." Water 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202818.
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The objective of this paper is to present an overview of state regulations and guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. Land application of wastewater in the U.S. began in the 19th century when it was considered the safest and best method for wastewater disposal. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 27 states have regulations for wastewater reuse and 11 states have guidelines for reuse. Some states have no regulations or guidelines for wastewater reuse. For urban wastewater reuse for irrigation where public access is not restricted and for irrigation of food crops, many of the states require additional levels of treatment beyond secondary treatment, which may include oxidation, coagulation, and filtration and high levels of disinfection. California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida were the earliest states to establish water reuse programs and account for the majority of wastewater reuse for irrigation in the U.S. Several of the challenges to increase wastewater reuse are water rights in the western states and a lack of funding for new projects.
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Radelyuk, Ivan, Kamshat Tussupova, Kulshat Zhapargazinova, Madeniyet Yelubay, and Magnus Persson. "Pitfalls of Wastewater Treatment in Oil Refinery Enterprises in Kazakhstan—A System Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061618.
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The present article is an assessment of wastewater treatment processes in the oil refinery sector in Kazakhstan by comparing relevant experience of developed and developing countries. The legislation in this sphere, the treatment methods, the discharge process and the effect on the environment were evaluated following international and national regulations. In our study, the wastewater systems in three factories in Kazakhstan were assessed. Results show that, even though the environmental regulation in Kazakhstan promotes the polluter pays principle and follows the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the oil refinery plants in Kazakhstan still contain exceeding concentrations of pollutants in their effluents. One issue is that the local legislation allows disposal of wastewater to natural or artificial ponds as long as the concentrations of pollutants in effluents are less than the already existing concentrations in the pond. Consequently, the factories can use ponds with an initially high concentration of contaminants. The high initial concentration of pollutants in the pond water is due to wastewater discharged before the implementation of current environmental regulations. This issue in the current legislation leads to the situation where there is no incentive for efficient wastewater treatment. The national law also lacks regulations regarding which methodology should be used to assess the pollutants in the wastewater. Thus, the control by national environmental office for each enterprise is negotiated separately between the factory and the governmental body. This gives the factory a strong position to define the parameters assessing the effluents. This has led to none of the factories measuring, e.g., heavy metals in discharged wastewater. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentration in wastewater is often exceeded at each factory and there is no analysis done for different hydrocarbon fraction. To overcome the issues described in the present study, we strongly recommended a unified and transparent methodology for the country’s oil refinery industry to assess important pollutants in discharged wastewater.
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Chen, Jie, Xiaoling Jin, Chunxia Zhao, Zhe Qin, Jingfei Wang, and Shu-xuan Liang. "Biotoxicity and by-product identification of dye wastewaters." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.029.
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Abstract Dyeing effluent is a typical refractory wastewater containing toxic pollutants. It is difficult to treat it to meet discharge regulations. The biotoxic effects of pollutants on microorganisms are one of the main constraints on efficient wastewater degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate biotoxic effects and try to screen toxic substances from dye wastewater. The toxic effects of wastewaters collected at different treatment stages from a wastewater treatment plant in a dye industrial park were determined using bioluminescent bacteria (Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67). Toxic substances from both influent and effluents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients indicated significant positive correlations between the toxicity values, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, and total nitrogen (TN). After identifying the toxic levels, phenol, pyridine, and esters were confirmed as the principal organic pollutants in dye wastewater, and increase its toxicity.
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Hachich, Elayse M., Ana T. Galvani, Jose A. Padula, Nancy C. Stoppe, Suzi C. Garcia, Vilma M. S. Bonanno, Mikaela R. F. Barbosa, and Maria Inês Z. Sato. "Pathogenic parasites and enteroviruses in wastewater: support for a regulation on water reuse." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (April 1, 2013): 1512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.019.
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Brazilian regulations for nonpotable reuse are being established using World Health Organization guidelines, however, they should be developed based on local monitoring studies. This study intended to analyze enteroviruses, protozoa and viable Ascaris sp. eggs in raw (24) and treated (24) effluents from four Wastewater Treatment Plants of São Paulo State, Brazil. The protozoa were detected with the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1623 in the treated effluents and by centrifugation/Immunomagnetic Separation in the raw influent samples. Viable Ascaris sp. eggs were analyzed according to a modified USEPA method. Enteroviruses were quantified by using human rhabdomyosarcoma cells after adequate concentration procedures. All wastewater influents were positive for Giardia sp. whereas Cryptosporidium sp. was detected in 58.3% of the samples. Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. were present in 79.2 and 25.0% respectively, of the treated wastewater samples. Viable Ascaris sp. eggs were detected in 50.0 and 12.5% of influent and treated wastewater samples. Enteroviruses were isolated in the 24 raw influent samples and in 46% of the treated samples. Taking into account the densities of Giardia sp. in some treated wastewaters intended to be used as reclaimed water, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment studies should be conducted to establish pathogen quantitative criteria for a future Brazilian regulation for water reuse.
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Häggmark, Tobias, and Katarina Elofsson. "The Impact of Water Quality Management Policies on Innovation in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Technology." Water Economics and Policy 07, no. 01 (January 2021): 2150002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x21500028.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects on innovation of environmental regulations aimed at reducing eutrophication. We focus on innovations in nitrogen and phosphorus management technology in the wastewater treatment sector and the agricultural sector. Patent data from Sweden over a 50-year period is used as a measure of innovation. We estimate a negative binomial regression model in a reduced form and by the use of control-functions, taking into account environmental regulation as well as more general determinants of innovation. Our results suggest that increased regulation has induced innovation in the wastewater treatment sector, both in the long and short run. The short-run effect was estimated to 40–70% in the years immediately following the introduction of new environmental regulations. A corresponding effect could not be identified in the agricultural sector. The difference between the sectors is likely explained by differences in policy design, where performance standards are applied in the wastewater sector, while design standards and technology-specific subsidies dominate in the agricultural sector.
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Noga, Jacqueline, Jane Springett, and Nicholas Ashbolt. "Building the case for water and resource recovery in Canada: practitioners' perspectives." Water Policy 23, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2021.206.
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Abstract Water and resource recovery (WRR) involves the collection and treatment of rainwater, stormwater, and/or municipal wastewater to a fit-for-purpose standard. There is no national policy for WRR in Canada, and there are minimal WRR-specific provincial regulations; given this lack of regulation, current projects are highly specific to the local context and approved individually. We engaged people who work with water and wastewater services in the province of Alberta, Canada to discuss what WRR could look like in their context. During 3-h workshops, information on WRR was shared and participants engaged in discussions using a World Café process. Participants discussed the need for supportive regulations and government leadership, financial support, collaboration and knowledge sharing, education and communication, and accounting for risk and liability. Given that the participants are individuals who would be impacted by the development of regulations for WRR, we discuss concepts to provide the guidance needed for the successful implementation of WRR. This research connected experts in water and wastewater and gave space for developing ideas that make sense to those most closely involved in delivering WRR systems.
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Ganze, Charles W., and Richard L. Brown. "Increasing Regulations Result in Decreasing Operational Efficiency." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0399.
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In 1972, the Congress of the United States of America passed major legislation called the Clean Water Act, which required all wastewater discharges to meet minimal standards. The Clean Water Act promoted efficiency and cost effectiveness. The Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority was created in 1969 by the Legislature of the State of Texas to, among other things, own and operate wastewater disposal systems which would be protective of public health, “terrestrial and aquatic life, the operation of existing industries and the economic development of the state“. Since enactment of the Clean Water Act, other pieces of legislation, rulings by courts of law, and rules established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have thwarted many efforts to operate efficient and cost-effective wastewater treatment facilities. This paper will discuss several of the laws and rules that have discouraged efficiency and cost effectiveness.
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Subramani, T., and V. V.Balaji. "A Study on Effect of Pollutants on Land and River Due to Discharge of Paper Packaging Factory Waste Water in Erode District by Using Gis." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.10 (July 15, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.10.15648.
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In our project mentioned and studied approximately the types of units involved inside the paper packaging manufacturing facility with exclusive tactics are concerned in it and the work done in these procedures. Acquire the wastewater and the sources of wastewater in exceptional procedures and also the effect of this waste count number on the ecosystem. Those industries discharge wastewater that is characterized with the aid of excessive chemical detail element demand, organic element demand, vitamins, and natural and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged also has no longer correct treatment, seriously dirty receiving water our bodies and disrupts complete scheme. Moreover, the Indian authorities has imposed terribly strict regulations and rules for effluent discharge to save ecology. As a result, suitable remedies ways are required therefore on meet the effluent discharge standards
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Mastrović, M. I., and G. D. Šilović. "Wastewater Disposal in the Rijeka Region." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0080.
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This paper emphasizes the need for detailed analysis of wastewaters and their impact on the environment in physical plans for urban/tourist coastal areas, as a significant contribution to environmentally sound development, especially the development of tourism in these areas. The paper describes an analysis of this kind, prepared as part of the Regional Physical Plan for the Rijeka Region to the Year 2000. (The Rijeka Region is a major part of the Yugoslav Upper Adriatic.) The existing situation regarding sewerage systems, sewage treatment methods and disposal methods of the communes of the Region is presented. The quantities of wastewaters generated by the residential and tourist populations and by industry are given (by sub-regions) as calculated in 1981 and as estimated for the year 2000. A survey was made of the impact of wastewater on receiving rivers and coastal waters, and the quality of the receiving waters is given, in grades as compared with those prescribed by the Yugoslav legal regulations. Based on urban development concepts, and on the estimated wastewater quantities, alternative forecasts are made of the future impact of wastewater on coastal waters. General guidelines are presented for the provision of adequate sewage disposal facilities in order to achieve the optimum situation.
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Asano, Takashi. "Proposed California Regulations for Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0547.
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The proposed California regulations for groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater are presented with the basis and rationale for key requirements. The treatment and recharge basin requirements have been developed to control the migration of pathogens, nitrogen, and trace organics in the extracted groundwater. The regulations rely on a combination of controls intended to maintain a microbiologically and chemically safe groundwater recharge operation. These regulations provide uniform statewide criteria that will promote groundwater recharge projects using reclaimed municipal wastewater.
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Shuval, H. I., B. Fattal, and P. Yekutiel. "State of the Art Review: An Epidemiological Approach to the Health Effects of Wastewater Reuse." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0087.
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The reuse of wastewaters for agricultural irrigation can be a means of reducing the pollution of surface waters including those in coastal areas used for bathing. The wastewater stream of a community carries within it the complete spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths which are endemic in the community. These pathogens can survive sufficiently long in the soil or on crops to infect, at least in theory, persons coming in direct contact. Thus, it is important to establish a sound epidemiological basis for health regulations related to the reuse of wastewater in agriculture. This paper presents the theoretical epidemiological considerations that should serve as the basis for a predictive model of the potential risks associated with wastewater irrigation. Empirical data from credible, quantifiable epidemiological studies have here been reviewed to validate the theoretical model. For developing countries, the authors have concluded that the ranking of pathogens as to the degree of risk associated with wastewater irrigation is as follows: high risk - helminths, medium risk - bacteria and protozoa and low risk - viruses.In order to effectively reduce the concentration of these pathogens wastewater treatment is recommended as the most effective control strategy.
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Nasikhah, Lulukatin, Agus Purwanto, and Aditya Sukma Pawitra. "Pemantauan Berkelanjutan Air Limbah Domestik di Outlet PT INKA (Persero) Madiun pada 2015-2019." MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA 19, no. 6 (October 20, 2020): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkmi.19.6.425-430.
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Latar belakang: Industri banyak menghasilkan sampah sehingga dapat meningkatkan polusi, salah satunya pada air. Tujuan dituliskannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ketaatan PT INKA (Persero) terhadap aturan hukum yang berlaku, yaitu Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Timur Nomor 52 Tahun 2014 pada periode pengukuran 2015 hingga 2019.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan analisis menggunakan data sekunder hasil pemantauan kualitas air limbah domestik. Pengujian sampel air limbah domestic dilakukan oleh pihak ketiga yang telah dipercaya oleh PT INKA (Persero) dan sesuai aturan hukum.Hasil: Seluruh pengukuran pada 2015 hingga 2019 disebutkan bahwa seluruh hasil pengukuran parameter (pH, BOD5, TSS, serta oil and grease) telah memenuhi aturan yang berlaku yaitu Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Timur Nomor 52 Tahun 2014. Namun, pada parameter COD terdapat salah satu hasil uji yang melebihi, yaitu pada triwulan III tahun 2015. Hasilnya yaitu 99,16 mg/L, sedangkan nilai maksimal yang terdapat dalam peraturan adalah 50 mg/L.Simpulan: Mayoritas hasil pengukuran kualitas air limbah domestik PT INKA (Persero) telah mentaati peraturan yang berlaku. Namun, Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat dilakukan pengukuran kualitatif terkait cara PT INKA (Persero) dalam menjaga kualitas air limbah domestik.Kata kunci: Air limbah domestik; pemantauan berkelanjutan; aturan hukum ABSTRACT Title: Sustainable Monitoring of Domestic Wastewater at the Outlet of PT INKA (Persero) Madiun in 2015-2019Background: Industry produces a lot of waste so that it can increase pollution, for exemplify is water. The purpose of writing this research is to determine the compliance of PT INKA (Persero) with the applicable legal rules, namely the Governor of East Java Regulation Number 52 of 2014 in the sustainable measurement period 2015 to 2019.Method: This study used a cross-sectional design with analysis using secondary data from monitoring the quality of domestic wastewater. The testing of domestic wastewater samples was carried out by a third party that had been trusted by PT INKA (Persero) and was by following legal regulations. Almost all of the outlet domestic wastewater quality in the 2015-2019 period was fulfilled by following the Regulation of the Governor of East Java Number 52 of 2014.Result: All measurements from 2015 to 2019 stated that all parameter measurement results (pH, BOD5, TSS, and oil and grease) had met the applicable regulations, namely the Governor of East Java Regulation Number 52 of 2014. However, the COD parameter had one result that exceeded, namely in the third quarter of 2015. The result was 99.16 mg / L, while the maximum value contained in the regulation was 50 mg / L.Conclusion: The majority of the results of PT INKA (Persero) 's domestic wastewater quality measurement have complied with the applicable regulations. However, further research is expected to carry out qualitative measurements related to the way PT INKA (Persero) maintains the quality of domestic wastewater.Keywords: Domestic wastewater; sustainable monitoring; regulation
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Hall, Hilary, Damien Moodie, and Catherine Vero. "PFAS in biosolids: A review of international regulations." Water e-Journal 5, no. 4 (2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2020.026.
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are incredibly useful additives, often providing excellent surface tension-lowering properties to a material. Due to the extensive use of PFAS in daily life in developed countries, PFAS invariably collects in municipal wastewater. Without targeted removal of PFAS at wastewater treatment plants, PFAS can move through the treatment process into both the recycled water and biosolids. The presence of PFAS in biosolids poses a potential challenging problem to society for many reasons. A small number of countries have cautiously started, or have at least considered, limiting the concentration of PFAS permitted in biosolids that are to be used for land application. Our review covers the current limits on PFAS concentrations in Australian biosolids, along with the latest developments in international regulations. We found that only Maine, USA, has set upper limits of PFAS for “beneficial use of solid wastes”. Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden and Australia have set PFAS limits in soils. No other countries were found to have PFAS limits relating to biosolids or their use; however, this also reflects the lack of industrialisation and centralised wastewater management in many parts of the world.
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Siti Ngaisah. "PENEGAKAN HUKUM IZIN PEMBUANGAN AIR LIMBAH PADA USAHA CUCI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI SURABAYA." JURNAL RISET RUMPUN ILMU SOSIAL, POLITIK DAN HUMANIORA 1, no. 2 (June 10, 2022): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jurrish.v1i2.112.
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The state is an organization that has a purpose. The purpose of this study is to enforce the law regarding permits for waste water disposal in motor vehicle washing businesses and the sanctions imposed by the government on motorized vehicle washing businesses that do not have a waste water disposal permit. Normative juridical research, namely research originating from laws and regulations that present actual facts with the topic of study. Law enforcement of waste water disposal permits in motorized vehicle washing businesses through administrative instruments aims to prevent acts or omissions that violate the law or do not meet the requirements, stop or return to their original state (before the violation). So the focus of administrative sanctions is the actions of violators of the rules. In the Surabaya City Regional Regulation Number 12 of 2016 concerning Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control Article 34 explains the administrative sanctions referred to in the form of: written warning, Government coercion, Freezing of waste water disposal permits, Revocation of waste water disposal permits. In addition to administrative sanctions, there are also criminal sanctions in the form of violations. The local government should socialize the Regional Regulation on Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control to the general public and the organizers of motor vehicle washing wastewater management (motor vehicle washing entrepreneurs) in order to increase legal awareness embedded in the community and it is hoped that the government will issue implementing regulations, namely Regulation Mayor.
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Jinsong, Zhang, and Liu Jerry. "Application of integrated MBR in a centralized WTP for a chemical industrial park: A case study in China." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.075.
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Abstract Wastewaters from chemical industries usually contain pollutants which are toxic and non-biodegradable. Treatment of chemical wastewaters is always a challenging topic in view of the stringent environmental regulations that have to be adhered to. Since 2014, the Chinese government has been continuously tightening the industrial wastewater (IWW) discharge standards, which requires improved quality of IWW effluent. This poses great challenges to the chemical industries in China, especially to many of the chemical industry clusters where the wastewaters usually contain more toxic and non-biodegradable contaminants. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been proved to be a reliable and cost-effective solution for the treatment of IWW. However, MBR alone could not effectively remove non-biodegradable organics, it needs to be integrated with advanced oxidization process and/or other physical-chemical treatment processes to improve the overall treatment efficiency. In this paper, studies on the performance of different integrated MBR processes in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant-A (IWTP-A) will be discussed, including Fenton + MBR, MBR + ozonation + biological aerated filter, and MBR + porous resin sorption.
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Virkola, Nils-Erik, and Kristiina Honkanen. "Wastewater Characteristics." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0001.
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Forceful measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the pollution loads of pulp and paper mills. Besides more effective external waste water treatment, internal arrangements have been made to reduce pollution loads, e.g. by closing water systems. New processes and technically improved machines and equipment have made it possible to utilize raw materials and chemicals more efficiently. This has also reduced the pollution loads of the mills. In the 1970s, pollution loads were restricted by environmental laws and regulations in many countries, and the restrictions will become tighter during the 1980s. This will require much research and development. In this paper, characteristics of effluents (BOD, suspended solids, colour, TOC, COD, toxicity) discharged from chemical and mechanical pulping processes and from paper and board mills are presented in general terms and by mill department. Process developments and effects of these developments on pollution loads are described and future trends are discussed.
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Palilingan, Toar Neman, Donna Okthalia Setiabudhi, and Toar K. R. Palilingan. "Environmental Policy, Public Health and Human Rights: Assessing the Regional Regulation on Waste." Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 3 (January 5, 2019): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i3.1413.
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Everyone has the right to a good and healthy environment as part of human rights. Hence, to actualize the right to a good and healthy environment, the community or everyone has the right to environmental information related to the role in environmental management. The research is a socio-juridical. The results show that the management of human environment in Manado is implemented through the establishment and implementation of local regulations. The issuance of local regulations related to environmental law enforcement are local regulations on Environmental Protection and Management; Domestic Wastewater Management; and Waste Management and Cleaning Service Fees. However, the three local regulations have not been implemented optimally. Even the local regulation on the Waste Management and Cleaning Service Fees provides regulations that are not in accordance with the needs of the community in waste management and not in accordance with the laws and regulations related to waste.
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Salgot, Miquel, and Alba Pascual. "Existing guidelines and regulations in Spain on wastewater reclamation and reuse." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0288.
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One of the points to take into account when the implementation of a wastewater reclamation and reuse project is planned is the absence or the existence of clear regulations. In Spain, the Government issued ten years ago one Law and one Decree where wastewater reuse was indicated as a possibility, and a minimal statement appeared, indicating the need for an administrative concession and a compulsory report of the Health Authorities. An indication was made that further legal developments would be needed. There is a bright future for wastewater reuse in Spain, but at present it is compromised, owing to the fact that the projects are appearing and a lot of difficulties arise because of the need for a more complete legal definition. In Spain there is a strong tendency to decentralise the Administration and give more power to the “Autonomous Governments” (Regional Governments: 17 in the whole country). The decisions and permissions for wastewater reuse are given now case per case depending on the Regional Administrations. Since it is difficult to get such approvals without having definite legal health regulations, several Regional Health Authorities have decided to develop their own guidelines for wastewater reuse for irrigation. At the moment (June 1995) 3 guidelines are operative. The authors describe these three guidelines and discuss their development and the main ideas included. The three approaches are really different in conception and a comparison is made between them as well as with regulations in the Mediterranean Basin and other countries.
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English, Rebecca. "Shake, Rattle, and Oil." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 2, no. 3 (April 2015): 387–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v2.i3.2.
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This Article will delve into the possibility of wastewater injection wells as being the ultimate cause of the increased seismic activity in the United States. First it will outline the background of hydraulic fracturing and the water usage involved in the fracturing process. Next it will discuss the wastewater fluids as a by-product of the fracturing process and the resulting need for wastewater injection wells. Next this Article will outline the regulation of these fluids through the federal government and the state governments, with an emphasis on Texas and Ohio regulations. Lastly, this Article will outline two recommendations which will attempt to curtail the injection well-induced seismic activity problem: first by implementing quantitative field level permitting requirements, and second by expanding the implementation of water recycling techniques in the oil and gas industry.
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Marleni, Ni Nyoman Nepi, and Gema Sakti Raspati. "A Critical Review of Wastewater Resource Recovery Implementation in Indonesia." Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jcef.52755.
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Wastewater has been recognized as a resource due to its large quantities, and it contains many valuable resources that can be converted into valuable material. Reusing or recovering resources from wastewater can reduce the environmental footprint of wastewater treatment, minimize the contamination and ensure the availability of valuable resources for the human being. The ultimate aim of wastewater resource recovery (WRR) is to create a sustainable and resilient community which is very relevant in Indonesia as this country experiences many natural or human-made disaster. To have an effective implementation, therefore, it is crucial to identify the barriers or supporting factors in its implementation of Wastewater Resource Recovery, which can be different for many regions. Through extensive literature studies, this study intends to review the possibility of WRR implementation in Indonesia. This study discusses Indonesia policy/regulation about wastewater management across all-region in Indonesia, identify barriers in WRR, compares global trends of wastewater management to Indonesia practice and list wastewater resources that potentially can be recovered in Indonesia. From the review, barriers of WRR implementation in Indonesia is most probably due to the policy and regulation of wastewater management which many of them did not support the option of WRR, instead of suggesting only safe discharge option. However, some regulations have mentioned the utilization of wastewater by-product, but it is limited only to treated water utilization. Other obstacles are social acceptance and distance between recovered material supply and demand. Social acceptance includes the human perception regarding the health risk associated with wastewater by-product. Religion also could be a potential barrier that needs to be handled in the implementation of WRR. This study could give new insight into the current state of wastewater resource recovery initiative in Indonesia; thus the strategy to overcome the barriers could be designed.
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Greenfield, P. F., and D. J. Batstone. "Anaerobic digestion: impact of future greenhouse gases mitigation policies on methane generation and usage." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0496.
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The debate as to whether carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gas emissions will become subject to increasing regulation, increased restrictions, and probably to some form of carbon tax, has moved from a simple “yes” or “no” to “when”. Wastewater treatment plants will be significantly impacted by increased energy costs and by specific regulations and/or penalties associated with emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. In this paper, the greenhouse gases emissions of different wastewater process options are estimated. The paper outlines the increasing need for wastewater treatment plants to factor greenhouse gas mitigation issues into their medium- as and long-term strategies, and identifies anaerobic enhouse as processes as being at the core of such strategies. Further, the paper identifies a number of key research challenges to be addressed if such strategies are to play a larger role in attenuating the likely impacts of GHG mitigation requirements on wastewater treatment plant design and operation.
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Venkatasubbiah, Venkat, Samir Davè, Greg Gibbons, Steve Charbonneau, Lial Tischler, Jim Greiner, Dan Wozniak, and Raju Patel. "ACHIEVING COMPLIANCE WITH WASTEWATER PROVISIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL MACT REGULATIONS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, no. 13 (January 1, 2001): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701790864638.
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Putnam, Lynne B., Gary Hunter, Alex Chen, and Wayne Gresh. "WASTEWATER DISINFECTION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST – RESPONSE TO REGULATIONS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2000, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864700785371858.
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Ataklı, Sezai, and İsmet Balık. "Investigation of domestic wastewater discharged to the sea from urban coastal sett-lements in Ordu Province." Aquatic Research 5, no. 3 (2022): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/ar22018.
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In this study, the compliance of domestic wastewater discharges to the sea from the urban coastal settlements of Ordu Province with the criteria specified in the regulations was investigated. For this purpose, in 2018, samples were taken from the wastewater inlet and wastewater outlet at 8 different domestic wastewater treatment stations located in urban coastal settlements, twice a month, every month 2018. BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TP (Total Phosphorus), TN (Total Nitrogen), TSS (Suspended Solids), and pH analysis were performed in the wastewater samp-les. In the evaluation of the data obtained, the parameters and upper limit values are given in the Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation and in the Water Pollution Control Regulation were taken as a basis. In the research, it was determined that they were able to function smoothly in Altınordu-Durugöl, Altınordu-Kumbaşı, Gülyalı, Ünye-Doğu and Ünye-Batı treatment stations. At the domestic wastewater treatment stations in Fatsa District, wastewater is discharged into the sea after physical pretreatment. It has been determined that there is no significant difference between the wastewater inlet and wastewater outlet parameter values at the treatment stations in this district. This shows that domestic wastewater is discharged into the sea without being treated sufficiently at the treatment stations in Fatsa District. In Persembe District, domestic wastewater is directly discharged into the receiving environment. As a result, wastewater treatment plants with the capacity and characteristics to meet the needs should be established and put into operation in the districts of Perşembe and Fatsa. In addition, it is beneficial to establish pre-treatment facilities in the indust-rial zones in order to prevent the wastewater from small and large industrial sites operating in the province of Ordu and Organized Industrial Zones from mixing with domestic wastewater. Domestic wastewater and stormwater networks operating in the adjacent system throughout the province of Ordu should be converted into separate network lines.
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Arias I., Carlos A., and Hans Brix. "Humedales artificiales para el tratamiento de aguas residuales." Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina 13, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/rcin.1321.
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The development of constructed wetland technology for wastewater treatment has gone a long way and from an experimental and unknown empirical method, which was capable of handling wastewater a sound technology was developed. Thanks to research, and the work of many public and private companies that have gather valuable operation information, constructed wetland technology has evolved to be a relievable, versatile and effective way to treat wastewater, run off, handle sludge and even improve environmental quality and provide recreation sites, while maintaining low operation and maintenance costs, and at the same time, producing water of quality that can meet stringet regulations, while being and enviromental friendly solution to treat wastewaters. Constructed wetlands can be established in many different ways and its characteristics can differ greatly, according to the user needs, the geographic site and even the climatic conditions of the area. The following article deals with the general characteristics of the technology and physical and chemical phenomena that govern the pollution reduction with in the different available systems.
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Saldías, C., S. Speelman, P. Amerasinghe, and G. van Huylenbroeck. "Institutional and policy analysis of wastewater (re)use for agriculture: case study Hyderabad, India." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 2 (May 9, 2015): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.220.
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Wastewater constitutes an alternative water source for the irrigation sector. To fully benefit from it, and reduce possible adverse effects on public health and the environment, we need to look at the regulation of the practice. A prerequisite for this is an institutional analysis, and the points to consider are the institutional mandates. We used the city of Hyderabad, India, as a case study. There, irrigation with wastewater is not supported or recognized, but it happens in practice. It takes place in an indirect and unplanned way. Institutions fail at enforcing regulations, and little attention is given to formalization of the practice. With this article, we aim to untangle the institutional setup, and by doing so, identify the constraints surrounding development of a formal practice. Ultimately, we aim at contributing to the discussion on the agricultural use of wastewater.
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Preisner, Michał, Elena Neverova-Dziopak, and Zbigniew Kowalewski. "An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients." Environmental Management 66, no. 4 (August 12, 2020): 694–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01344-y.
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Abstract Despite the implementation of strict legal standards concerning nutrient loads within wastewater discharges in all European Union (EU) Member States it was not possible to achieve good ecological and chemical water status by 2015 in all EU countries. The main reasons for this situation are the imperfections of the legislation tools regarding the standardization of wastewater quality and the methodology of determining the conditions for wastewater introduction into receivers. The study aims to review and analyze the currently existing in various countries legal regulations setting the standards for wastewater discharged into receivers, which were intended for surface water protection and eutrophication mitigation. Besides the EU effluent standards, the regional and national regulations in chosen EU Member States (e.g., Germany, Sweden, and Denmark) have been reviewed. Moreover, the Helsinki Commission recommendations for signatory countries within the Baltic Sea catchment and the approaches for wastewater quality standardization in non-EU countries (e.g., Russia, Belarus, Switzerland, China, USA, Canada, and Dubai) were assessed. The analysis of the reviewed legal regulations allowed to diversify the methodological approaches for setting effluent quality standards in different regions and countries and to assess the effectiveness of existing legal tools in the field of eutrophication mitigation with the consideration of the environmental and economic reasonability. The results suggest that the receiver-oriented policies used among others in Switzerland and China are the most reasonable in terms of eutrophication mitigation.
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Shuval, Hillel I. "Health Guidelines and Standards for Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Historical Perspectives*." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0663.
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While wastewater reuse has been practiced for well over a hundred years as an effective combined strategy for water conservation and water pollution prevention, health regulations in the form of guidelines and standards have developed erratically under the influence of varying historical forces and social trends. In the earliest periods there was little or no regulation. Early in the 20th century with the growing awareness and fear of environmental transmission of communicable diseases the pendulum swung in the direction of extremely severe, and often unenforceable, health regulations which lacked a firm epidemiological basis. This paper summarizes recent research studies and policy reviews sponsored by the World Bank and the World Health Organization which have provided a sound scientific basis for re-evaluating the health risks associated with wastewater reuse and technological and policy guidelines for their control. This more rational and realistic approach based on credible epidemiological evidence has led to the promulgation by the WHO of new health guidelines allowing for unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops including vegetables eaten raw, with an effluent standard of 1 or less helminths/liter and a mean of 1000 fecal coliform/100 ml.
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Monteith, Hugh, and Lars Sterne. "Wastewater treatment technologies required for current and future regulatory requirements." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, S1 (January 1, 2001): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-079.
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This paper provides an overview of regulatory issues related to wastewater treatment, the probable direction that future regulatory requirements will take, and any new technology needed to meet the anticipated requirements. Pressures for more stringent regulations governing wastewater treatment will probably come from environmental activists, a concerned public, global commitments to initiatives such as reductions of greenhouse gases or upper atmospheric ozone depletion, and from commitments to trading partners for a "level playing field" for environmental controls. The issues are concerned with all aspects of wastewater treatment, including liquid, solids, and air emissions. For many concerns, current technology will meet anticipated future requirements, while for other challenges, new technology, or economically viable variations of existing technology, will be required. Improved cost-effective technologies will be required to reduce emissions of greenhouse and smog-forming gases from wastewater treatment facilities. Disposal of wastewater residual solids will continue to be one of the most significant challenges facing the industry. One of the greatest uncertainties lies in the development of regulatory limits for the class of compounds known as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances. Because proposed future regulatory limits for these substances are uncertain, the technologies required to meet whatever limits are specified are also uncertain.Key words: wastewater, treatment, future, regulations, technologies.
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Preisner, Michał, Elena Neverova-Dziopak, and Zbigniew Kowalewski. "Mitigation of eutrophication caused by wastewater discharge: A simulation-based approach." Ambio 50, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01346-4.
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AbstractMitigation of eutrophication, intensified by excessive nutrient load discharge in wastewaters regulated by restrictive legal requirements, remains one of today’s most important global problems. Despite implementation of the Water Framework Directive, the Urban Wastewater Directive and the HELCOM recommendations, the actual condition of surface water is still not satisfactory. In response to the above, the study presents an alternative approach for surface water protection against eutrophication based on the selection of appropriate nutrient removal technologies. An activated sludge model simulation was used to enable the identification of environmentally justified nutrient removal systems with lowest eutrophication potential of treated wastewater conditioned by bioavailable nutrient forms content. Based on the outcome of the study, the 3-stage Bardenpho system was identified as the most efficient for bioavailable phosphorus removal, while the Johannesburg system proved to have the highest efficiency for bioavailable nitrogen removal. The proposed eutrophication mitigation approach underlines the need for a reconsideration of current legal regulations which ignore nutrient bioavailability and key eutrophication limiting factors.
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Peterson, Hans G. "Use of constructed wetlands to process agricultural wastewater." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-142.
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Constructed wetlands are emerging as a serious challenge to conventional wastewater treatment because of lower construction and operating costs, less requirement for trained personnel, more flexibility, and lower susceptibility to variations in waste loading rates. Water quality improvements can be achieved by removal of plant nutrients, such as N and P, organics (natural and manmade) as well as inorganic contaminants. Wetland treatment is now advocated by regulatory agencies and has been determined as the technology of choice by municipalities and industries required to meet stringent discharge regulations. These same regulations have not usually been imposed on the agricultural community, but deteriorating water sources will likely change this regulatory anomaly. Use of this technology in treating agricultural wastewater is still in its infancy with few, although rapidly expanding, applications. This paper aims to highlight different aspects of wetland treatment by exploring its use for the treatment of agricultural run-off as well as wastewater from the agri-food industry. It is concluded that natural wetlands will be quite limited in absorbing agricultural wastewater while constructed wetlands can be designed for optimum pollutant removal. Key words: Constructed wetlands, wastewater treatment, agriculture, food processing, nutrient removal, nitrogen, phosphorus, organics
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Amenorfenyo, David Kwame, Xianghu Huang, Yulei Zhang, Qitao Zeng, Ning Zhang, Jiajia Ren, and Qiang Huang. "Microalgae Brewery Wastewater Treatment: Potentials, Benefits and the Challenges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111910.
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Concerns about environmental safety have led to strict regulations on the discharge of final brewery effluents into water bodies. Brewery wastewater contains huge amounts of organic compounds that can cause environmental pollution. The microalgae wastewater treatment method is an emerging environmentally friendly biotechnological process. Microalgae grow well in nutrient-rich wastewater by absorbing organic nutrients and converting them into useful biomass. The harvested biomass can be used as animal feed, biofertilizer, and an alternative energy source for biodiesel production. This review discusses conventional and current brewery wastewater treatment methods, and the application and potential of microalgae in brewery wastewater treatment. The study also discusses the benefits as well as challenges associated with microalgae brewery and other industrial wastewater treatments.
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Gähr, Frank, Frank Hermanutz, and Wilhelm Oppermann. "OZONATION – AN IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE TO COMPLY WITH NEW GERMAN LAWS FOR TEXTILE WASTEWATER TREATMENT." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0115.
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The German textile industry is challenged by the introduction of new governmental regulations in the field of textile wastewater treatment This causes a large increase of water costs in comparison with other European countries. Many economic experts even see Germany seriously endangered as a place of textile production, however there are also opportunities with the development of high performance cleaning technologies as a result of these governmental measures. In particular the required separate treatment of selected wastewaters of different fmishing processes bas some good perspectives since specialized wastewater techniques can be applied efficiently. For instance the separation of unfixed reactive dyes is the ideal basis for ozone oxidation. Ozonation being a sludge-free method to decompose dyestuff, fmishing products, and other organic materials is of increasing importance because of the limited space for disposal of sludges. Other advantages of ozone treatment are the improvement of biodegradability, reduction of aromatic and halogenated organic compounds and also a significant decrease of chemical oxygen demand. The ozonation of textile wastewaters in combination with inexpensive biological processes has the potential to play a major role in the future. Partial replacement of coagulation/precipitation can be expected.
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Brissaud, F., E. Blin, S. Hemous, and L. Garrelly. "Water reuse for urban landscape irrigation: aspersion and health related regulations." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 5 (April 1, 2008): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.162.
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The Mediterranean seaside resort of Le Grau du Roi includes 40 hectares of landscaped areas spray irrigated with river water supplied through a separate network. Wastewater collected from several municipalities is treated in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and polished in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). Planned substitution of treated wastewater for river water is hindered by spray irrigation prohibition within a 100 m distance from houses and recreational areas. WWTP and WSP effluents were monitored for pathogens with a particular attention to Legionella in Spring and Summer 2006. Helminth eggs, salmonellae and enteroviruses were never detected neither in WWTP effluent nor in the ponds. Legionella spp content was slightly higher or of the order of magnitude of river water contents. Regarding Legionella pneumophila contents, WSP effluent did not significantly differ from the river water. E.coli and enterococci contents in WSP effluents complied with the “excellent quality” criteria of the European Directive for coastal bathing waters. Therefore, substituting WSP effluents to river water is unlikely to alter health risks related to spray irrigation and, in this case, the buffer zone required by the French water reuse guidelines appears being short of support.
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Aryantie, Melania Hanny, and Sri Unon Purwati. "Analisis Kebijakan Sistem Pengolahan Air Limbah Rumah Tangga Kota Depok." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.9.2.172-185.
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Study on domestic wastewater management policies is still minimal. Previous research was based on law. This research was conducted to discuss according hierarchy of regulations, then policy analysis under the stakeholders’ understanding. Wastewater management is important because it involves human health and the availability of clean water. The problem in Depok City is untreated domestic wastewater polluting rivers. This condition is caused by the communal Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) that has not been able to reach all settlements and housing. The study aims to conduct a policy analysis of domestic wastewater management to reduce household pollution in Depok. The study was conducted in 2018. Primary data were consisting of perceptions of domestic waste policy makers at regional to national level. Secondary data were previous studies and policy products of Depok City. Qualitative research is determined by the results of content analysis and stakeholder analysis. Primary data obtained through interviews and focus group discussion. The finding is domestic wastewater pollution comes from settlements established before 2012 and settlements that are not served by integrated communal WWTP in Depok City. These conditions can be overcome by building inexpensive and easy to operate domestic wastewater treatment system. The research recommendation is the application of a constructed wetland. The policy implication is adoption of WWTP system in Depok City regulations.
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Pereira, Maria João, Oceane Grosjean, Manuela Pintado, Carla Brazinha, and João Crespo. "Clean Technologies for Production of Valuable Fractions from Sardine Cooking Wastewaters: An Integrated Process of Flocculation and Reverse Osmosis." Clean Technologies 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2022): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020016.
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The increase in environmental consciousness and stricter regulations has motivated industries to seek sustainable technologies that allow valorising wastewaters, contributing to the profitability of overall processes. Canning industry effluents, namely sardine cooking wastewater, have a high organic matter load, containing proteins and lipids. Their untreated discharge has a negative environmental impact and an economic cost. This work aims to design an integrated process that creates value with the costly sardine cooking wastewater effluent. The research strategy followed evaluates coagulation/flocculation technologies as pre-treatment of the sardine cooking wastewater followed by reverse osmosis. Two different added-value products were obtained: a solid fraction rich in proteins, lipids (above 20%), and aromas that might be used for feed/pet/aquaculture applications and, from the processing of the resultant aqueous stream by reverse osmosis, a natural flavouring additive, which can be applied in food/feed. Additionally, the permeate from reverse osmosis presents a much lower organic load than the original raw material, which may be reused in the overall process (e.g., as water for washings) or discharged at a lower cost, with environmental benefits and economic savings.
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Tian, Xin, and Robert Delatolla. "Meso and micro-scale effects of loading and air scouring on nitrifying bio-cord biofilm." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 5, no. 6 (2019): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00075e.
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MORIKUBO, Satoshi, Yasuhiko TAKUMA, Aoi NISHIDA, Daisuke ENOMOTO, and Yukio KOSAKA. "Fine Bubble Pretreatment Technology for Compliance with Plating Wastewater Regulations." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 71, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.71.804.
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Boucher, Peter J., M. Scott Devlin, and Amarjit Singh. "Regulations and Liabilities of Constructed Wetlands for Aquacultural Wastewater Treatment." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction 3, no. 1 (February 2011): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)la.1943-4170.0000046.
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An, Thai Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Bich, and Nguyen Huy Cuong. "USING AQUATIC PLANTS AS TREATMENT FOR SWINE-BREEDING WASTEWATER AFTER BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY." Journal of Forestry Science and Technology, no. 14 (2022): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.55250/jo.vnuf.2022.14.089-097.
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The livestock industry is one of the important sectors of agriculture in Vietnam. The swine-breeding farms are mainly spontaneous, the common wastewater is treated by biogas technology. However, the actual operation at the farms, shows that the wastewater treatment by biogas has been high content and still exceeded the standards of national regulation QCVN 62-MT:2016/BTNMT of COD, BOD5, TN, PO43-, leading to affect the environment. An empirical study was carried out to treat swine-breeding wastewater after biogas technology using Sagittaria sagittifolia and Enydra fluctuans. The results showed that the swine-breeding farming wastewater treatment model with Enydra fluctuans has an efficiency of 73.3% of COD content, 89.2% of BOD5, 88.3% of TN, and 89.6% of PO43-. Sagittaria sagittifolia showed a yield of 66.7% of COD content, 78.7% of BOD5, 69.5% of TN, and 85.1% of PO43-. With the same conditions and the same experimental design method, Enydra fluctuans showed better treatment results than Sagittaria sagittifolia. However, wastewater is treated by Sagittaria sagittifolia and Enydra fluctuans meeting the regulations QCVN 62-MT:2016/BTNMT, column B for pH, COD, BOD5, TN, PO43- parameters after 30 days. The treatmen model shows great potential for using aquatic plants to remove pollutants from swine-breeding wastewater. However, further studies should be carried out to evaluate the model's stability and applicability in practice.
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Julio, Flores R., Terres-Peña Hilario, Vaca M. Mabel, López C. Raymundo, Lizardi-Ramos Arturo, and Rojas-Valencia Ma. Neftalí. "Disinfection of an advanced primary effluent using peracetic acid or ultraviolet radiation for its reuse in public services." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 1 (July 23, 2014): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.028.
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The disinfection of a continuous flow of an effluent from an advanced primary treatment (coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation) with or without posterior filtration, using either peracetic acid (PAA) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation was studied. We aimed to obtain bacteriological quality to comply with the microbiological standard established in the Mexican regulations for treated wastewater reuse (NOM-003-SEMARNAT-1997), i.e., less than 240 MPN (most probable number) FC/100 mL. The concentrations of PAA were 10, 15, and 20 mg/L, with contact times of 10, and 15 min. Fecal coliforms (FC) inactivation ranged from 0.93 up to 6.4 log units, and in all cases it reached the limits set by the mentioned regulation. Water quality influenced the PAA disinfection effectiveness. An efficiency of 91% was achieved for the unfiltered effluent, as compared to 99% when wastewater was filtered. UV radiation was applied to wastewater flows of 21, 30 and 39 L/min, with dosages from 1 to 6 mJ/cm2. This treatment did not achieve the bacteriological quality required for treated wastewater reuse, since the best inactivation of FC was 1.62 log units, for a flow of 21 L/min of filtered wastewater and a UV dosage of 5.6 mJ/cm2.
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Stepova, Nataliia, Oleksandr Kushka, and Yurii Kalugin. "Influence of environmental regulations on eutrophication by the example of ukrainian legislation on total phosphorous." Problems of Water supply, Sewerage and Hydraulic, no. 35 (May 31, 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2524-0021.2021.35.56-64.
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Since phosphates are ones of the key components causing eutrophication of water bodies, every country has to have clear legislation on them. Comparing standards of the EU and Ukraine concerning total phosphorous in wastewater, effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), drinking water, and consumer detergents, the paper shows how the difference of legislation makes legal the eutrophication of water bodies in Ukraine. As demonstrated, the current Ukrainian regulations do not oblige strictly municipal WWTPs to remove phosphorus compounds from wastewater, although the EU has rigid requirements therein. Instead, Ukraine forbids discharging wastewater with more than 5 mg/l of total phosphorous into the municipal sewage system, though many local regulations in EU-countries allow higher values, e.g. such cities of Germany as Berlin, Hannover, and Düsseldorf permit up to 50 mg/l of total phosphorous in their municipal sewage systems. This is mostly because only natural human metabolism causes up to 10 mg/l of total phosphorous in wastewater, so, to reduce total phosphorous to 5 mg/l, every domestic house would oblige to have its own WWTP. All this leads to the situation where water companies in Ukraine, instead of modernization their 30-40 years old WWTPs, fine their clients due to the steep requirements. For instance, the municipal water company Khmelnitskvodokanal won the case No 20/4901 against the company “Khmelnitsk plant of experimental production” that discharged into the municipal sewage system in the town of Khmelnitsk its wastewater with 17.42 mg/l phosphates (or 5.68 mg/l as total phosphorous), usual concentration for the EU. Moreover, phosphonates in detergents also contribute to the eutrophication. Another problem is that, due to the lack of trained qualified staff, the amount of total phosphorous determined in different laboratories in the same sample of water may differ by several times.
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Ahmad, Salwa H., and Salah F. Sharif. "Alnu’uman Hospital Wastewater Assessment – Baghdad." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.17.2.09.
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Wastewater of hospitals creates serious environmental problems since it may contain viruses, poisonous medical materials and heavy materials. Thus, extensive care should be given for such wastes before disposing to surface water or city sanitary network. In this research, a detailed investigation for the wastewater discharged from different departments of Al-Nu’uman general hospital has been performed during the period February – June, 2005. It is found that wastewater discharge from that hospital is 0.76 m3/(day.bed) which is very close to the Iraqi and International health regulations. This research program includes measurements of different wastewater characteristics including BOD = 180 mg/l , COD = 474 mg /l, PO4= = 15 mg/l , SO4= = 108 mg/l , SS = 1979 mg/l , pH = 7.5 , average Temperature of ( 23° C ). The results of this work indicated that the range of Al-Nu’uman general hospital wastewater characteristics fall within the general limits of hospital wastewater characteristics.
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Tovilla, Edgar. "Mind the Gap: Management System Standards Addressing the Gap for Ontario’s Municipal Drinking Water, Wastewater and Stormwater Ecosystem of Regulations." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 7099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177099.
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The research finds evidence in support of and wide recognition of the practical value of management system standards (MSS) by assisting municipalities in meeting their human health protection, environmental objectives, addressing environmental and property damage risks, and providing an additional mechanism of public accountability and transparency. Semi-structured interviews were applied to assess perceptions with practitioners and environmental non-governmental organizations on whether a similar approach to the legally required drinking water quality management standard (DWQMS) could be applied for the municipal wastewater and stormwater sectors. Twelve Ontario municipalities have adopted or are in the process of adopting an ISO 14001 environmental management system (EMS) standard for their wastewater and/or stormwater systems, which represents 66% of Ontario’s population. With the large urban centres (e.g., Toronto, York Region, Durham Region, Halton Region and Peel Region) adopting the standard, this is likely to influence small to medium-sized cities to follow a similar approach. Although, resources might be a factor preventing the cohort of smaller utilities voluntarily taking this path. Regulations governing Ontario’s municipal drinking water, wastewater and stormwater utilities were compared via gap analysis. Gaps on management of the system, performance monitoring, auditing and having minimum design criteria left the municipal wastewater and stormwater sectors behind in comparison with recently updated (2004–2008) regulatory framework for the drinking water sector. Based on the identification and review of significant gaps in wastewater and stormwater regulation (compared with the drinking water sector), environmental MSS should be incorporated to strengthen the regulatory framework of these sectors. These phenomena also depict a form of sustainable governance with the use of MSS, which are initiated, developed and regulated by non-state actors, recognizing the value of non-state rule instruments in the water, wastewater and stormwater sectors.
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Badea, Silviu-Laurentiu, and Violeta-Carolina Niculescu. "Recent Progress in the Removal of Legacy and Emerging Organic Contaminants from Wastewater Using Metal–Organic Frameworks: An Overview on Adsorption and Catalysis Processes." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 3850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113850.
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Water covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface, but the amount of freshwater available for human use is only 2.5% and, although it is continuously replenished via the water cycle, freshwater is a finite and limited resource. The Earth’s water is affected by pollution and while water quality is an issue of global concern, the specific regulations on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are limited. In order to achieve the goals set by EU regulations, the treatment of wastewater is a scientifically and technologically challenging issue. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials used for the removal of priority and emerging contaminants from wastewater, since they can mitigate those contaminants via both adsorption as well as catalysis processes. MOFs can offer selective adsorption of CECs by various adsorption mechanisms. The catalytic removal of priority and emerging organic contaminants from wastewater using MOFs implies Fenton, electro-Fenton, and photo-Fenton processes. Overall, MOFs can be considered as promising materials for the elimination of priority and emerging organic contaminants from various wastewater types, but the involved processes must be studied in detail for a larger number of compounds.
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Fujiwara, Masahiro. "Present State and Future Direction of Countermeasures for Pollution from Domestic Wastewater in Japan." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0267.
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Japan is poorly provided with sewerage facilities especially in non-urban areas. Of domestic wastewater not discharged into the sewage system only night soil is treated, and the remaining domestic wastewater (grey water) is discharged untreated into public water bodies. Regarding the current water pollution load, the proportion of domestic wastewater, especially that of grey water, is increasing. It is not clear, however, who is legally responsible for grey water, and there is little interest in treatment of such grey water. Thus, the development of domestic wastewater pollution countermeasures will be an important task. This paper classifies the systems popularly used in Japan to treat domestic wastewater into several types, and describes the administrative regulations, and Government and other assistance, relating to them. Also, some promising systems for the treatment of domestic wastewater are presented as examples. Finally, future policies on domestic wastewater pollution countermeasures are discussed.
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White, Sarah A. "Wetland Technologies for Nursery and Greenhouse Compliance with Nutrient Regulations." HortScience 48, no. 9 (September 2013): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.9.1103.
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The need to protect our water resources and increasing public awareness of the importance of cleaner water for ecological and human health reasons are driving regulations limiting nutrient release from traditionally exempt, non-point source agricultural contributors. Modification of production practices alone may not be adequate to meet regulated nutrient criterion limits for irrigation and stormwater runoff entering surface waters. Three constructed wetland technologies are well suited to help agricultural producers meet current and future regulations. The first two technologies, surface- and subsurface-flow constructed wetlands, have been in use for over 40 years to cleanse various types of wastewater, whereas floating treatment wetlands are an emerging remediation technology with potential for both stormwater and agricultural runoff treatment applications. The mechanisms driving removal of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in constructed wetland systems are discussed. Surface-flow constructed wetlands remediate N contaminants from both container nursery and greenhouse production wastewater, whereas P remediation is variable and tied most closely to active plant growth as the constructed wetland ages. Subsurface-flow constructed wetlands effectively remediate N from production wastewater and can be tailored to increase consistency of P remediation through selection of P-sorbing root-bed substrates. Floating treatment wetlands effectively remediate both N and P with a designed surface area of a pond covered depending on the target effluent concentration or regulated total maximum daily load. The choice of treatment technology applied by growers to meet regulated water quality targets should be based on both economic and site-specific considerations.
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Qurashi, Sajid, and O. P. Sahu. "Natural Treatment of Woolen Processing Industry Wastewater." International Letters of Natural Sciences 10 (February 2014): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.10.35.
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Wastewater treatment is becoming ever more critical due to diminishing water resources, increasing wastewater disposal costs, and stricter discharge regulations that have lowered permissible contaminant levels in waste streams. The ultimate goal of wastewater management is the protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with public health and socio-economic concerns. The aim of our study is to use natural occurring plant (Pistia stratiotes) to reduce the chemical oxygen demand and color from the industrial waste water. It was found that 120 mg/l of Chemical oxygen demand and 85 mg/l of color reduction was observed with Pistia stratiotes.
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Qurashi, Sajid, and O. P. Sahu. "Natural Treatment of Woolen Processing Industry Wastewater." International Letters of Natural Sciences 10 (February 15, 2014): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-o8sh10.
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Wastewater treatment is becoming ever more critical due to diminishing water resources, increasing wastewater disposal costs, and stricter discharge regulations that have lowered permissible contaminant levels in waste streams. The ultimate goal of wastewater management is the protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with public health and socio-economic concerns. The aim of our study is to use natural occurring plant (Pistia stratiotes) to reduce the chemical oxygen demand and color from the industrial waste water. It was found that 120 mg/l of Chemical oxygen demand and 85 mg/l of color reduction was observed with Pistia stratiotes.