Academic literature on the topic 'Wastewater data quality'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wastewater data quality"
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Thomann, M. "Quality evaluation methods for wastewater treatment plant data." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 10 (May 1, 2008): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.151.
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Non identified systematic errors in data sets can cause severe problems inducing wrong decisions in function control, process modelling or planning of new treatment infrastructure. In this paper statistical methods are shown to identify systematic errors in full-scale WWTP data sets. With a redundant mass balance approach analyzing five different mass balances, systematic errors of about 10%–20% compared to the input fluxes can be identified at a 5%-significance level. A Shewhart control-chart approach to survey the data quality of on-line-sensors allows a statistical as well as a fast graphical analysis of the measurement process. A 19 month data set indicates that NO3−, PO4− and NH4− on-line analyzers in the filter effluent and MLSS sensors in the aeration tanks were not disturbed by any systematic error for 85–95% of the measuring time. The in-control-interval (±3·standard deviation) has a width of ±12–17% (NO3-N), ±35–40% (PO4-P), ±83% (NH4-N) and ±12–15% (TS) of the measured reference value.
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Al-haddad, Adel, Mohd Elmuntasir Ahmed, Hussain Abdullah, and Rashed Al-Yaseen. "Anomalies in industrial wastewater quality data in Kuwait." Data in Brief 35 (April 2021): 106945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.106945.
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Gillenwater, Patricia S., Meltem Urgun-Demirtas, M. Cristina Negri, and Jorge Alvarado. "Improving data quality on low level mercury wastewater analysis." J. Environ. Monit. 14, no. 1 (2012): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1em10710k.
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Námer, J., and L. Hyánek. "Present state of municipal wastewater treatment in Slovakia." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0223.
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This paper reviews the present state of municipal wastewater treatment in the Slovak Republic. A comprehensive approach was applied to the problem; particular elements of water quality control systems were studied and subsequently their interactions were considered. Analysis of available data in this field shows the serious problems concerned with the performance and maintenance of existing sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants as well as with their process efficiency and impact on the water quality of receivers. The significant influence of groundwater infiltration and industrial wastewaters on municipal wastewater quality and their impact on effluent quality are documented. All these facts were evaluated and priorities were set for improving the water quality control and the utilization of integrated urban water quality management, keeping in mind the typical socio-economic problems encountered during the transition of post-communist countries.
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Mundi, Gurvinder, Richard G. Zytner, Keith Warriner, Hossein Bonakdari, and Bahram Gharabaghi. "Machine Learning Models for Predicting Water Quality of Treated Fruit and Vegetable Wastewater." Water 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182485.
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Wash-waters and wastewaters from the fruit and vegetable processing industry are characterized in terms of solids and organic content that requires treatment to meet regulatory standards for purpose-of-use. In the following, the efficacy of 13 different water remediation methods (coagulation, filtration, bioreactors, and ultraviolet-based methods) to treat fourteen types of wastewater derived from fruit and vegetable processing (fruit, root vegetables, leafy greens) were examined. Each treatment was assessed in terms of reducing suspended solids, total phosphorus, nitrogen, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. From the data generated, it was possible to develop predictive modeling for each of the water treatments tested. Models to predict post-treatment water quality were studied and developed using multiple linear regression (coefficient of determination (R2) of 30 to 83%), which were improved by the generalized structure of group method of data handling models (R2 of 73–99%). The selection of multiple linear regression and the generalized structure of group method of data handling models was due to the ability of the models to produce robust equations for ease of use and practicality. The large variability and complex nature of wastewater quality parameters were challenging to represent in linear models; however, they were better suited for group method of data handling technique as shown in the study. The model provides an important tool to end users in selecting the appropriate treatment based on the original wastewater characteristics and required standards for the treated water.
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Mohammad, Alsharifa Hind, Wisam Hazimeh, Khaldoun Shatanawi, and Mahmoud Abualhaija. "Quantity not quality: promoting sustainable wastewater practices in Jordan." Water Policy 22, no. 3 (April 9, 2020): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.195.
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Abstract Jordan, the second most water-scarce country in the world, is gradually increasing its reliance on treated wastewater for its water supply; more than 90% of treated wastewater is used either in agricultural or industrial activities in Jordan. However, in Jordan, all treated wastewater plants are constructed upstream of dams, the latter being used to store treated wastewater. Most dams in the country were originally constructed to collect freshwater through rainfalls. Mixing this source of freshwater with treated wastewater decreases the dams' water quality. This study examines the effects of mixing freshwater with treated wastewater in dams by comparing water samples from the outflows of selected wastewater treatment plants and different dams with historical hydrochemical data of dam water before the diversion of treated wastewater. This study finds that the quality of dam water, in which freshwater has been mixed with treated wastewater, notably decreases. Hence, this study formulates policy recommendations on how to ensure a sustainable water supply that ensures the quality necessary to different water uses, making the suggestion of a separate storage system in dams.
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Michal, Kriška, Němcová Miroslava, and Hyánková Eva. "The influence of ammonia on groundwater quality during wastewater irrigation." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 3 (July 2, 2018): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/124/2017-swr.
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Currently, agriculture in many countries including the Czech Republic is increasingly facing the problem of drought. The lack of precipitation results in a reduced harvest, which implies added irrigation and freshwater requirements. One of the ways to overcome the scarcity of fresh water is to search for alternative sources of irrigation water. The paper deals with a water source, which has not been preferred yet, but theoretically provides a wide application - treated municipal wastewater. Under a pilot plant, several selected soils were tested, placed in 2.0 m high filtration columns. Our observation was focused on ammonia nitrogen and its gradual decline during the flow through the soil profile. Samples from the filtration columns (inflow = irrigation; outflow = drainage water) were periodically taken, while the collected data were used for calibration of the numerical model. The model was calibrated in two successive separate steps, both were compiled in HYDRUS-2D. In the first step the model was calibrated according to the measured soil water content of materials. Subsequently, a second calibration was performed using the measured seepage concentrations of ammonia. Despite certain simplifications caused by the focus only on ammonia nitrogen, the model shows very favourable results. The hydraulic model’s goodness of fit (between observed vs. measured values of water content) is R<sup>2</sup> = 0.88 for sand, 0.76 for loam, 0.72 for sandy-loam with vegetation on surface and 0.74 for sandy-loam without vegetation. The calibrated hydraulic model for solute transport (between observed vs. measured values of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N concentration) showed the value of R<sup>2</sup> = 0.89 for sand, 0.95 for loam, 0.95 for sandy-loam with vegetation on surface and 0.92 for sandy-loam without vegetation. The model provides significant information on the dependence of decrease of ammonia pollution by the depth. Inflow concentration of ammonia on surface 17 ± 1 mg/l is reduced to the value of 2.0 mg/l at a depth of 110 cm. It is crucial for real application to maintain the hydraulic criteria - the field capacity should not be exceeded in praxis. The value of field capacity was deliberately slightly exceeded because of understanding of the situation: how the pollution proceeds below if this rule is not followed. As a result, if wastewater is applied, the groundwater level should not be at a depth of less than 1.5 m.
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Krofta, Milos, Banda Herath, David Burgess, and Larry Lampman. "An attempt to understand dissolved air flotation using multivariate data analysis." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1995): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0529.
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In order to optimize the dissolved air flotation (DAF) process, a mathematical relationship should be established between the operating variables and the quality of the effluent water. In this study, operating parameters, including influent wastewater characteristics, were related to suspended solid (SS), COD, BOD5 and turbidity of the effluent via an empirical mathematical model. The data presented in this study were obtained from a pilot plant DAF study carried out on municipal wastewater at Lee, Massachusetts to determine the operating conditions for the wastewater clarification. Response surface methodology was used to determine optimal conditions and to study the variations of flotation behaviour with varying operating conditions. The multivariate technique used in this study is an extremely valuable tool to analyze data obtained from actual wastewater treatment processes where the characteristics of the wastewater are constantly changing. Without such a tool it may not be possible to draw valid conclusions. In addition, this technique requires comparatively fewer experiments when compared to traditional methods. Addition of more flocculant and recycle water over what is required actually decreases the effluent water quality. Tests carried out with the same DAF unit at Little Rock, Arkansas and Birmingham, Alabama have confirmed the accuracy of the predictions from the model.
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Szeląg, Bartosz, Krzysztof Barbusiński, Jan Studziński, and Lidia Bartkiewicz. "Prediction of wastewater quality indicators at the inflow to the wastewater treatment plant using data mining methods." E3S Web of Conferences 22 (2017): 00174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20172200174.
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Kantor, Rose S., Hannah D. Greenwald, Lauren C. Kennedy, Adrian Hinkle, Sasha Harris-Lovett, Matthew Metzger, Melissa M. Thornton, Justin M. Paluba, and Kara L. Nelson. "Operationalizing a routine wastewater monitoring laboratory for SARS-CoV-2." PLOS Water 1, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): e0000007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000007.
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Wastewater-based testing for SARS-CoV-2 is a novel tool for public health monitoring, but additional laboratory capacity is needed to provide routine monitoring at all locations where it has the potential to be useful. Few standardization practices for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater analysis currently exist, and quality assurance/quality control procedures may vary across laboratories. Alongside counterparts at many academic institutions, we built out a laboratory for routine monitoring of wastewater at the University of California, Berkeley. Here, we detail our group’s establishment of a wastewater testing laboratory including standard operating procedures, laboratory buildout and workflow, and a quality assurance plan. We present a complete data analysis pipeline and quality scoring framework and discuss the data reporting process. We hope that this information will aid others at research institutions, public health departments, and wastewater agencies in developing programs to support wastewater monitoring for public health decision-making.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wastewater data quality"
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Plana, Puig Queralt. "Automated Data Collection and Management at Enhanced Lagoons for Wastewater Treatment." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26531.
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Les stations de mesure automatiques sont utilisées pour suivre et contrôler des usines de traitement des eaux usées. Ce suivi en continu à haute fréquence est devenu indispensable afin de réduire les impacts négatifs sur l’environnement car les caractéristiques de l’eau varient rapidement dans l’espace et dans le temps. Toutefois, même s’il y a eu des progrès considérables, ces dernières années, de la technologie de mesure, les instruments sont encore chers. Aussi des problèmes de colmatage, d’encrassement ou de mauvaise calibration sont assez fréquents à cause du contact avec les eaux usées. La fiabilité des mesures en ligne et en continu est affectée négativement. Par conséquent, un bon entretien des instruments est essentiel, ainsi que la validation des données collectées, afin de détecter d’éventuelles valeurs aberrantes. Dans le contexte de ce mémoire, en collaboration avec Bionest®, une méthodologie est proposée pour attaquer ces problèmes. Deux cas d’études en étangs aérés au Québec ont été considérés, avec l’objectif d’optimiser les activités d’entretien, de réduire les données non fiables et d’obtenir des grandes séries de données représentatives.Automated monitoring stations have been used to monitor and control wastewater treatment plants. Their capability to monitor at high frequency has become essential to reduce the negative impacts to the environment since the wastewater characteristics have an elevated spatial and time variability. Over the last few years, the technology used to build these automatic monitoring stations, for example the sensors, has been improved. However, the instrumentation is still expensive. Also, in wastewater uses, basic problems like fouling, bad calibration or clogging are frequently affecting the reliability of the continuous on-line measurements. Thus, a good maintenance of the instruments, as well as a validation of the collected data to detect faults is required. In the context of this thesis, in collaboration with Bionest®, a methodology has been developed to deal with these problems for two facultative/aerated lagoon case studies in Québec, with the objective of optimizing the maintenance activities, of reducing the fraction of unreliable data and of obtaining large representative data series.
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Sabalos, Constantine Marc. "Detection of enteric viruses in treated wastewater sludge using cell culture and molecular methods." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0131_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Chen, Pei-Zan, and 陳沛然. "Predicting and applying of quantity and quality of wastewater in therock tunnel-using data mining technique." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61958411211279431330.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
93
The construction of tunnels becomes one of the most important engineering construction in our country. As wolds share one third of Taiwan Island, therefore, the construction of tunnels cannot be neglected, so as to improve the transportation. However, the balance of rock layers and water pressure will be destroyed during the process of digging rock tunnels, some of the groundwater will well out as the rock layer is rich in water. The pollution caused by the constructive work will turn the groundwater into turbid water, then it will become wastewater which contain a high degree of suspended solid and alkali. If the wastewater has not been treated properly, it will be drained from the tunnel to nearby lakes and rivers, and will cause environmental pollution. The failure in treating the wastewater was mainly due to the following reasons: The sewage plant is lacking in the investigation of the source, maintenance of manage system, the experience in dealing urgent cases etc. According to the problems mentioned from the above, we will investigate the technique of date mining by using Hsuehshan Tunnel as an example, in order to build up the experience in predicting the quantity and quality of the wastewater. This project is intended for sewage plant as a reference. It timed the maintenance of the system, provided concentration of suspended solid so as to make proper use of PAC, predicted the occurrence of the well up groundwater. To prevent environmental pollutions, the wastewater caused by the construction of tunnels should be treated properly before drain it away. This project was set up with the aim of achieving this goal.
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Chen, Jun-Lun, and 陳俊綸. "Long-term Trends of Water quality data: Case Study of a Wastewater treatment plant in Southern Taiwan." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j4v2bq.
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碩士崑山科技大學
環境工程研究所
103
Recently, due to the effects of global warming and climate change, people cannot forecast the weather change efficiently. However, the regional micro-climate change has caused sudden heavy rainfalls that lead to drought is becoming a trend. This trend has not only affected the water usage of civilians, but also destroyed the stability of environmental ecology. Under this vicious cycle, the development of environmental ecology will be affected. If there is a warning mode that can alert us about disastrous events so we could have precaution, accidents can be prevented. This is a case study of a waste water treatment plant in Southern Taiwan. The database is from 2008 to 2013, after using Gauss weights allocation to remove system error of the varieties of water quality test data, then by using standard deviation, skewness and autocorrelation of statistical parameters to find the leading indicators of the time series of 100, 250, 500 and 1000 days. After that, observing the varieties of water quality under unstable and dramatic changes one by one and finding if the leading indicators of standard deviation, skewness and autocorrelation have phenomenon of positive correlation feedback as a warning signal. Through research analysis, when water quality diversity range is not large or recovery rate is fast after water quality had changed, it is determined as stable, thus harder to detect any warning signals; however when water quality diversity range is large or recovery rate is slow, it is easier to detect warning signals. In addition, analysis results shows that it is easier to observe if the leading indicators of standard deviation, skewness and autocorrelation have phenomenon of positive correlation feedback, best days amongst the leading indicators are both 250 and 500 days.
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Torres, Adam Jared. "Wastewater expenditure effects on in-stream bacteria pollution in the Rio Grande / Río Bravo post-NAFTA : evidence from panel data estimations." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/27559.
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The United States and Mexico share responsibility in preserving the quality of their international river system, the Rio Grande / Río Bravo, and several international treaties govern the quantity of water each country must give and take. Because no treaty establishes joint standards for the quality of the river, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) was created in 1993 as a declaration of principles and objectives concerning the conservation and the protection of the environment as well as a guide of concrete measures to further cooperate on these matters. One particular goal of the NAAEC was to improve water quality in the US-Mexico Border Region, ensuring a clean, safe, and reliable water supply for the area. Although the US and Mexican federal governments have made substantial technical and financial commitments through binational agencies like the North American Development Bank (NADB) and the Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC), few empirical studies have assessed the impact of binational expenditures on wastewater infrastructure in this region. This report uses longitudinal panel data regression models to estimate the impact of capital expenditures on water quality made by binational, federal, and state water quality management institutions from 1995 to 2012. This analysis considers expenditures made on both sides of the Rio Grande watershed that constitutes the international border, beginning with El Paso, Texas and ending in the Gulf of Mexico.text
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Alleman, Bruce Charles. "Molecular weight distributions of total organic halide in an aerated stabilization basin treating paper and pulp wastewater." 1986. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1986_542_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Wastewater data quality"
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J, Dunn William. 1989 lower Quinebaug River: Water quality data, wastewater discharge data, water quality analysis. Westborough, Mass: Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1990.
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J, Dunn William. 1990 Westfield River Survey: Water quality data, wastewater discharge data, water quality analysis. Westborough, Mass: Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1991.
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Webber, Margo. 1988 upper Quinebaug River survey: Water quality data, wastewater discharge data, water quality analysis. Westborough, MA: Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1988.
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J, Dunn William. Hoosic River basin survey: Water quality data, wastewater discharge data, 1991. North Grafton (P.O. Box 116, 40 Institute Rd., North Grafton 01536): Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection, Div. of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Section, 1992.
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Dorfman, Richard S. Ware and Quaboag rivers, 1989: Water quality data, wastewater discharge data and analysis. Westborough, Mass: Dept. of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1990.
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Dorfman, Richard S. Nemasket River, 1988: Water quality survey, wastewater discharge data, and water quality analysis. Westborough, Mass: Dept. of Environmental Quality Engineering, Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1989.
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Dorfman, Richard S. Stony Brook Basin, 1987: Water quality, wastewater discharge data, and water quality analysis. Westborough, Mass: Dept. of Environmental Quality Engineering, Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1989.
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Dorfman, Richard S. Rumford, Wading and Threemile rivers, 1988: Water quality survey data, wastewater discharge data, and water quality analysis. Westborough, Mass: Dept. of Environmental Protection, Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control, Technical Services Branch, 1990.
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Robinson, Keith W. Development of a computerized data base of permitted wastewater discharges in New Jersey. West Trenton, N.J: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
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Yager, Tracy J. B. Biosolids, soil, crop, ground-water, and streambed-sediment data for a biosolids-application area near Deer Trail, Colorado, 2001. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Wastewater data quality"
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Hale, Robert C., Meredith E. Seeley, Ashley E. King, and Lehuan H. Yu. "Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation." In Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process, 17–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_2.
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AbstractApproaches for the collection and analysis of plastic debris in environmental matrices are rapidly evolving. Such plastics span a continuum of sizes, encompassing large (macro-), medium (micro-, typically defined as particles between 1 μm and 5 mm), and smaller (nano-) plastics. All are of environmental relevance. Particle sizes are dynamic. Large plastics may fragment over time, while smaller particles may agglomerate in the field. The diverse morphologies (fragment, fiber, sphere) and chemical compositions of microplastics further complicate their characterization. Fibers are of growing interest and present particular analytical challenges due to their narrow profiles. Compositional classes of emerging concern include tire wear, paint chips, semisynthetics (e.g., rayon), and bioplastics. Plastics commonly contain chemical additives and fillers, which may alter their toxicological potency, behavior (e.g., buoyancy), or detector response (e.g., yield fluorescence) during analysis. Field sampling methods often focus on >20 μm and even >300 μm sized particles and will thus not capture smaller microplastics (which may be most abundant and bioavailable). Analysis of a limited subgroup (selected polymer types, particle sizes, or shapes) of microplastics, while often operationally necessary, can result in an underestimation of actual sample content. These shortcomings complicate calls for toxicological studies of microplastics to be based on “environmentally relevant concentrations.” Sample matrices of interest include water (including wastewater, ice, snow), sediment (soil, dust, wastewater sludge), air, and biota. Properties of the environment, and of the particles themselves, may concentrate plastic debris in select zones (e.g., gyres, shorelines, polar ice, wastewater sludge). Sampling designs should consider such patchy distributions. Episodic releases due to weather and anthropogenic discharges should also be considered. While water grab samples and sieving are commonplace, novel techniques for microplastic isolation, such as continuous flow centrifugation, show promise. The abundance of nonplastic particulates (e.g., clay, detritus, biological material) in samples interferes with microplastic detection and characterization. Their removal is typically accomplished using a combination of gravity separation and oxidative digestion (including strong bases, peroxide, enzymes); unfortunately, aggressive treatments may damage more labile plastics. Microscope-based infrared or Raman detection is often applied to provide polymer chemistry and morphological data for individual microplastic particles. However, the sheer number of particles in many samples presents logistical hurdles. In response, instruments have been developed that employ detector arrays and rapid scanning lasers. The addition of dyes to stain particulates may facilitate spectroscopic detection of some polymer types. Most researchers provide microplastic data in the form of the abundances of polymer types within particle size, polymer, and morphology classes. Polymer mass data in samples remain rare but are essential to elucidating fate. Rather than characterizing individual particles in samples, solvent extraction (following initial sample prep, such as sediment size class sorting), combined with techniques such as thermoanalysis (e.g., pyrolysis), has been used to generate microplastic mass data. However, this may obviate the acquisition of individual particle morphology and compositional information. Alternatively, some techniques (e.g., electron and atomic force microscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry) are adept at providing highly detailed data on the size, morphology, composition, and surface chemistry of select particles. Ultimately, the analyst must select the approach best suited for their study goals. Robust quality control elements are also critical to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the sampling and analysis techniques. Further, improved efforts are required to assess and control possible sample contamination due to the ubiquitous distribution of microplastics, especially in indoor environments where samples are processed.
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Drasovean, Romana, and Gabriel Murariu. "Water Quality Parameters and Monitoring Soft Surface Water Quality Using Statistical Approaches." In Wastewater Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97372.
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Water is the matrix of life and is indispensable on Earth. Water has a multitude of applications and all known life forms depend on it. Therefore, water quality is important for all of us. Water quality can be represented by a set of physical, chemical, biological and bacteriological characteristics. These parameters allow water to be classified in multiple categories leading to its use for a specific purpose. This chapter establishes the connections between external causes and their effect on water quality parameters. In order to provide information on water quality, different Water Quality Index (WQI) models can be used. In order to study the association between water quality parameters, several correlation coefficients have been developed. For a coherent statistical approach, we have used Pearson and Spearman correlations. In order to exemplify the manner in which WQI can be calculated and interpreted, we used a series of data from our previous work, consisting of 13 parameters measured for water samples taken from the Danube River, from Galati City area, Romania.
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Olubukola Ajoke Adelagun, Ruth, Emmanuel Edet Etim, and Oko Emmanuel Godwin. "Application of Water Quality Index for the Assessment of Water from Different Sources in Nigeria." In Wastewater Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98696.
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Water quality index (WQI) provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality, at a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective of WQI is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. A number of indices have been developed to summarize water quality data in an easily expressible and easily understood format. The WQI is basically a mathematical means of calculating a single value from multiple test results. This chapter discusses, in detail, the application of a water quality index for the assessment of water quality to different several water sources in Nigeria.
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"Characteristics of Wastewater." In Advanced Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants, 1–28. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9441-3.ch001.
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Wastewater is defined as any water that has been negatively affected in quality by humans and is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic materials. Wastewater is used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or stormwater, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration. As technological changes take place in manufacturing, changes also occur in the compounds discharged and resulting wastewater characteristics. High amounts of inorganic and organic matter discharged via process effluent can seriously impair water sources or result in toxic levels in soil. Therefore, the purpose of this wastewater characterization chapter is to provide a plan for sampling and analysis of the wastewater to obtain baseline data for an expanded list of wastewater characteristics. The characterization results will assist in further identifying locations of concern and any additional pollutants that may require control or could interfere with wastewater operations.
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Sharma, Prerna, Piyush Jain, and Latika Kharb. "Internet of Things-Based Water Quality Control and Monitoring System for Urban Society." In Integration and Implementation of the Internet of Things Through Cloud Computing, 178–89. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6981-8.ch009.
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In this chapter, an attempt has been made to develop a hardware-based remote water quality monitoring system using a single-chip microcontroller, Atmega328P, in synchrony with some sensor technology and GSM/GPRS module for long-distance data transmission. The proposed system is able to perform a qualitative test on the water, taking into consideration both the chemical behavior as well as physical properties exhibited by the latter. The fluid will be analyzed in terms of its ph value (i.e., the molar concentration of hydrogen ions, the haziness caused by the major suspension of minute particles). The device aims to transmit all the deliberated parameters of the wastewater along with the longitude and latitude information to the concerned authorities for real-time monitoring of that data. The subject aims to devise a robust solution that can be used to analyze the quality of large water bodies and send the analysis report to the authorities of pollution control for further implication.
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Paunović, Ivan, Sanja Popović Pantić, and Tatjana Mamula. "EXPLORING INTERNATIONAL DESTINATION GOVERNANCE TYPOLOGY FOR CREATING COMPETITIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DESTINATIONS." In 5th International Thematic Monograph: Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans; Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2020.1.
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Based on the WEF Travel & Tourism Report data, this study deploys k-means cluster analysis to build a global typology of national destination governance. Previous studies have focused on case studies, while this chapter focuses on classification of different destination types, by deploying indicators a set of following relevant indicators: wastewater treatment, fixed broadband internet subscriptions, ground transport efficiency, quality of roads, quality of railroad infrastructure, reliability of police services, ease of finding skilled employees. The results present a four-cluster solution of national destination governance types, as well as their major characteristics. The chapter than provides and discusses important implication for theory and practice of destination governance.
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Rene, Eldon R., Sung Joo Kim, Dae Hee Lee, Woo Bong Je, Mirian Estefanía López, and Hung Suck Park. "Artificial Neural Network Modelling of Sequencing Batch Reactor Performance." In Handbook of Research on Computational Science and Engineering, 456–79. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-116-0.ch019.
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Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a versatile, eco-friendly, and cost-saving process for the biological treatment of nutrient-rich wastewater, at varying loading rates. The performance of a laboratory-scale SBR was monitored to ascertain the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (T-N) removals under four different operating conditions, by varying the operating time for the nitrification/denitrification steps, i.e., the cycle times. A multi-layered neural network was developed using COD, T-N, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), aeration time, and mixed liquor suspended solids concentration (MLSS) data. This chapter compares the neural simulation results to the experimental results and extracts information on the significant factors affecting SBR performance. The application of artificial neural networks to biological processes such as SBR is a relatively new technique in wastewater and water quality management, and the results presented herein indicate the promising start of the adoption of computational science in this domain of research.
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Erfani Agah, Ali. "Numerical Modeling of Soil Water Flow and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Tomato Field Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater." In Recent Advances on Numerical Simulations [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98487.
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Because of water scarcity, reduction of annual rainfall and the use of wastewater in agriculture, there is a need for research to evaluate the potential impacts of using such sources on hydraulic soil properties and groundwater quality. Nitrate loss from the area under cultivation and regular use of fertilizer and wastewater is a major reason for non-point source contamination on agricultural lands. Numerical model, Hydrus-1D used to simulate soil nitrate in soil cultivated with tomato-crop during the growing period, in North-East Iran. A randomized completely blocked design with five irrigation treatments with different sources of nitrogen was applied. Comparison between simulated and measured soil moisture content shows that the model can follow the temporal variation of soil water content. However, some over estimation of the measured data was observed during the simulation period. To evaluate the Hydrus model performance with respect to nitrogen transport and transformations, the simulated nitrogen concentrations (NH4-N and NO3-N) are compared for different treatments at different depths of soil profile, (7.5, 22.5, 37.5, 52.5 and 120 cm from soil surface). It takes about 4 days to convert 90% of urea into ammonium and it takes about 70 days to convert 90% of ammonium into nitrate. However, urea concentrations decreased with time between irrigations as a result of hydrolysis. As expected, at 3.73 days, the urea was concentrated near the surface, immediately after fertigation. Ammonium remained concentrated in the immediate in the top soil at all times for all treatments. There was only slight movement, because of soil adsorption and subsequent fast nitrification and/or root uptake. In contrast to ammonium, nitrate moved continuously downwards during the 28-day simulation period, as nitrate is not adsorbed, whereas denitrification was assumed negligible. Leaching percentages were smaller for nitrate wastewater compared to nitrate- fertilizer, and manure. Base on simulation results treated municipal wastewater by an aerated lagoon can be used as a valuable source of irrigation without causing contamination of groundwater.
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Ben Brahim, Hella, and Lucien Duckstein. "Descriptive Methods and Compromise Programming for Promoting Agricultural Reuse of Treated Wastewater." In Computational Methods for Agricultural Research, 355–88. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61692-871-1.ch017.
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The present chapter reports on a practical case of decision making in agricultural TWW reuse. The studied site concerns the Cebala TWW irrigated perimeter in Tunisia, located in North Africa. Crucially though in this perimeter is that TWW is under-exploited. Thus, the proposed research dwells on the future of this perimeter which could oscillate between hope and deadlock. In case of hope, shall we improve the quality of the resource and possibly move to the tertiary treatment? And in case of deadlock, shall we give up the TWW reuse or substitute it by a conventional resource? To make an evaluation of this experience, the authors first gave a general overview of the descriptive study in a dashboard. Contingent valuation method was used to assess qualitative data and gauge the intangible effects. Then, the authors presented a systemic multicriteria method deployed to make decision-making process easier. Such a method or technique, which is grounded on Lp metrics, is called Compromise Programming.
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"Hudson River Fishes and their Environment." In Hudson River Fishes and their Environment, edited by Karim A. Abood, Thomas L. Englert, Susan G. Metzger, Charles V. Beckers, Timothy J. Groninger, and Sumant Mallavaram. American Fisheries Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569827.ch4.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—The physical and chemical environment of the Hudson River Estuary is characterized from data collected during the last 6 decades, with a focus on hydrology (primarily freshwater flow) and water quality (mainly salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen [DO]). The most remarkable change during this period is the substantial improvement in dissolved oxygen levels, particularly in the vicinity of New York City and around Albany. A primary reason behind this improvement is wastewater treatment and minimization of point source discharges (raw sewage and industrial effluents). During the summer of 1973, water quality was poor (DO of zero), with no fish life present in the Albany region. It is a given that water quality is but one element affecting biota and ecosystem functions; however, current levels no longer support the septic, polluted label given to the River in times past. The recent DO improvement is one measure of the resiliency of the Hudson River and its recovery from abuse. Also, the last 2 decades experienced greater than average freshwater flows. The data suggest a slight increase in water temperature in certain segments and an apparent, yet to be confirmed, small increase in salinity intrusion for a given flow.
Conference papers on the topic "Wastewater data quality"
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Mallawaarachchi, H., Y. G. Sandanayake, G. Karunasena, and C. Liu. "Beyond the reuse: Potentials and barriers for exchanging treated wastewater among the industries in Sri Lanka." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.15.
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A major drawback in the present industrial system is that the industries are directly discharging industrial effluent to nearest waterbodies in a linear way. Even though, a few of industries have considered reusing treated and untreated wastewater in their industrial premises, it can be further extended towards ‘exchange’ among the multiple industries under the concept of Industrial Symbiosis (IS). Initiating IS-based treated wastewater exchange networks is a novel approach to Sri Lankan industries and there is a lack of a study on potentials and barriers of implementing the concept. Hence, this research aimed to investigate the potentials and barriers for exchanging treated wastewater among industries. In order to achieve the aim, 16 semi-structed interviews were conducted with industry experts in the field of Industrial Water Management (IWM) to collect the data. Code-based content analysis technique was used to analyse the data by applying QSR NVivo.12 software. Findings revealed geographical proximity of industries, willingness of industries to engage in water exchange and industry level water management initiatives as major potentials for initiating water exchange networks. Lack of expected water quality for industrial needs, outdated technologies used in water management and lack of expertise and awareness were identified as major barriers. Accordingly, strategies, such as introducing national policy enhancements, ensuring cultural adaptation, enhancing technology & infrastructure, and empowering research & development, were proposed to overcome the identified barriers to ensure a successful implementation of treated wastewater exchange networks targeting the socioeconomic development of the country.
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Kim, Gyu Dong, Lora Toy, Zachary Hendren, Young Chul Choi, Markus Lesemann, and Herve Buisson. "Integrated Forward Osmosis/Membrane Distillation Process Technology for Industrial Water Treatment and Reuse." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3767.
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Energy and water are mutually dependent, limited resources that are critical to the development and economic stability of the United States. Energy production requires large volumes of water, and water treatment and distribution requires large amounts of energy. In 2010, water and wastewater treatment accounted for roughly 1.8% of total electricity use in the United States, which corresponded to 69 TWh per year or, in terms of power-generating capacity, over 7.8 GW. Population growth and climate change will result in increased demand on these limited resources, making them not sustainable at present use levels. In recent years, both forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD) have garnered significant attention as next-generation water desalination and reuse technologies with the potential to significantly reduce the energy cost associated with wastewater treatment. Critical technical hurdles and lack of operational understanding, however, have limited development of these individual technologies beyond the laboratory scale. In FO, a draw solution that produces high osmotic pressure but is still easily separable is a major challenge limiting the applicability of this process. The use of MD has been limited by membrane flooding due to oily and surfactant like compounds in industrial wastewaters and the transfer of volatile compounds across the membrane. Combining these technologies in a hybrid process overcomes their individual limitations, while exploiting the benefits of each. Effectively the FO unit pretreats the resulting diluted FO draw solution that is sent to the MD for regeneration via low-grade heat and product water recovery. The regenerated (re-concentrated) draw solution is then recycled to the FO unit. A key advantage of MD is that it is not limited by feed-solution osmotic backpressure, making it ideal for regenerating high-osmotic-pressure FO draw solutions. This, in turn, leads to strong potential for the integrated FO/MD process to treat high-salinity wastewaters that are difficult to treat economically by conventional technologies. The product water leaving the MD unit will be extremely high quality and directly suitable for reuse. With funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, RTI, in collaboration with industrial partner Veolia, has developed an integrated FO/MD process from lab to small pilot scale. In this presentation, pilot-scale testing efforts of this process technology with real industrial wastewater will be presented. Process performance data obtained on full-size FO and MD membrane modules as well as lessons learned from piloting scale-up and best application areas for the technology will be discussed.
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Sanchez, A., M. R. Katebi, and M. A. Johnson. "Design and Implementation of a Real-Time Control Platform for the Testing of Advanced Control Systems and Data Quality Management in the Wastewater Industry." In 4th International Conference on Control and Automation. Final Program and Book of Abstracts. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2003.1595058.
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Kjellsson, Jill B., David Greene, Raj Bhattarai, and Michael E. Webber. "Energy Benchmarking of Water and Wastewater Treatment, Distribution and Collection: A Case Study of Austin Water Utility." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65309.
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Nationally, 4% of electricity usage goes towards moving and treating water and wastewater. The energy intensity of the water and wastewater utility sector is affected by many factors including water source, water quality, and the distance and elevation that water must be transported. Furthermore, energy accounts for 10% or more of a utility’s total operating cost, suggesting that energy savings can account for significant cost savings. Better knowledge of where and when energy is used could support strategic energy interventions and reveal opportunities for efficiency. Accordingly, this investigation quantifies energy intensity by process and type, including electricity and natural gas, and explores the time-varying nature of electric energy consumption for potable water distribution using the Austin Water Utility (AWU) in Austin, Texas as a case study. This research found that most of energy consumed by the AWU is for pumping throughout the distribution network (57%) and at lift stations (10%) while potable water treatment accounts for the least (5%). Though the focus is site specific, the methodology shown herein can be applied to other utilities with sufficient data.
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Radović, Sanja, Sabolc Pap, and Maja Turk Sekulić. "Machine learning as a support tool in wastewater treatment systems – a short review." In 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p89.
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Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI). It is based on teaching computers how to learn from data and how to improve with experience. This valuable technique has been increasingly supporting different spheres of life. This includes ML application in enhancement and optimisation of many ecological and environmental engineering solutions, such as wastewater treatment systems (WWTS). Complexity of processes triggers challenges in ensuring good effluent quality by adequate response to dynamic process conditions. That is why techniques such as ML which, after being trained, have strong prediction ability, have been applied in WWTS. ML facilitates understanding of correlation between input features and output targets through a data-driven approach. Different ML models have been used for this purpose. Some of the commonly used were artificial neural network (ANN) or deep neural network (DNN) model, support vector machine (SVM) and its variation support vector regression (SVR) model, random forest (RF) model and many others. More often authors apply a few different models in order to obtain the one that most appropriately works for specific problem. In wastewater management those problems are various, and could include modelling of WWT processes, prediction of certain technology performance, optimisation of technology working parameters, optimisation of the production of the materials there are being used in WWT technology etc. For instance, there are several articles which describes ML power in optimisation of material synthesis (e.g., biochar production). Application of ML led to reduction in number of runs which were necessary for obtaining the best results by applied production procedure, which saved time and was also cost-beneficial. Indeed, ML incorporation in solving or avoiding potential problems within WWTS is a promising approach which has gained more attention in recent years due to the exponential technology development and progress in artificial intelligence application.
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PILECKA, Jovita, Inga GRINFELDE, Inga STRAUPE, and Oskars PURMALIS. "THE ANTHROPOGENIC AIR POLLUTION SOURCE IDENTIFICATION IN URBAN AREAS USING SNOW SAMPLING." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.180.
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The anthropogenic sources of air pollution such as transport, energetics, household heating and industry generate different trace element footprint. The urban planning is one of tool to reduce air pollution with trace elements. The aim of this study is to identify air pollution sources in Jelgava city using trace elements. The snow sampling were collected during January and February 2017. The January snow samples characterise average Jelgava city air pollution. However, February characterises intensive tourism impact on total air quality of Jelgava city. The snow samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP-OES). The data analysis consists of three stages. First, data verification and development of waste burning; burning of oil and fossil materials; wastewater treatment and utilisation of sewage sludge; transport; metal industry and fireworks typical pollution trace element data sets. Second, the cluster analysis of each data set, by developing three groups of pollution level for each pollution source. Third the results of clusters were analysed using GIS, and the areas with different air pollution risks were identified. The results show strong evidence of transport and household impact on air quality.
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Tychkov, Vladimir, Ruslana Trembovetskaya, Tatyana Kisil, and Yulia Bondarenko. "Using Ion-selective Electrodes in Environmental Monitoring." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.052.
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Environmental monitoring is an integral part of environmental protection. Control of hazardous substances wastewater occurs both in the laboratory and on-site sampling. The paper provides a method of injection analysis, which is used in data-measuring systems control the parameters of chemical and technological processes using flow-injection method. The method involves sequential injection analysis of the liquid sample supply for the hydraulic lines in the flow measuring channel slot detector. The detector is equipped with two solid-state heterogeneous ion-selective electrodes. Before measuring the detector further comprising sample preparation and filtration of samples. The estimation of the uncertainty of the measuring system with the use of ion-selective electrodes one of which performs the function of the measuring electrode, while the second an auxiliary. The ultrasonic sample preparation technique, which reduces the impact of uncertainty on the stage of sampling and preparation of samples for analysis is designed. The use of ultrasonic sample preparation directly into the stream allowed expanding the use of flow-injection analysis and reducing the time to control the quality of the process water.
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Petkovšek, Veronika, Nevenka Hrovatin, and Primož Pevcin. "THE ANALYSIS OF RE-MUNICIPALIZATION TRENDS IN THE PROVISION OF LOCAL ECONOMIC PUBLIC SERVICES." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0004.
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The paper investigates the experiences with the re-municipalization trend in Slovenia, which was identified after the adoption of the Public-Private Partnership Act (PPPA) in 2006. Under the new legislation, the reorganization process of public enterprises in Slovenia accured, which led to the changes in their ownership structure. The aim of our research is to identify the outcome of the reorganization process and to identify the experience of re-municipalisation of local public utilities, as the research topic has not yet been the subject of extensive research in Slovenia. The special focus is given on the services related to the water and wastewater management. Besides, research intends to identify the motives for the reorganization process, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the reorganization process. Methodologically, the paper is based on the primary data collection and analysis through a self-prepared, detailed, structured on-line questionnaire sent to all Slovenian municipalities. The responses were collected in the period 2018–2020. The results show that new legislation contributed to the increased public ownership in local public services provision in the area of water and wastewater management by roughly 10%, as the majority of public enterprises were already fully municipally owned, even before the reorganization process. The results also reveal that the most important motives for increasing full public ownership are management problems in a mixed-ownership enterprise, simpler regulation of the service provider, greater control over the service provider, more opportunities to influence business activities, and greater rationality and efficiency of business activities. The research results also show that the reorganization process brought largely advantages. The biggest advantages are better organization of work, improving the quality of utility provision and that municipality is able to monitor the business activities of the enterprise under the decree. The reorganization process lead municipalities into re-municipalization, meaning that full municipal ownership and control has increased.
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Wogan, David M., Alexandre K. da Silva, and Michael Webber. "Assessing the Potential for Algal Biofuels Production in Texas." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90235.
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This paper describes a unique analytical model created to assess the maximum potential for algae production in Texas. The model, which merges engineering, biology and geosciences into a singular analysis, aims to identify suitable growth locations and estimate the quantity of algae-based oils that can be potentially produced in Texas. The model incorporates geographically- and temporally-resolved data on sunlight, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and saline or brackish water availability. These data are then overlaid with first-order biological approximations for algae growth calculations in order to create maps of algae growth potential. Solar insolation data were obtained from measurement locations throughout the state for varying time scales spanning many years from the Texas Solar Radiation Database (TSRDB). CO2 emissions were compiled from area and point sources (such as natural gas and coal-fired power plants) from the Energy Information Administration and Environmental Protection Agency. Water data for wastewater treatment plants and saline aquifers were obtained from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and the Texas Water Development Board. A home-built MATLAB code uses these data, along with engineering approximations and the ability to manipulate different assumptions to calculate algae growth by location and time period. For each location, the model calculates potential oil yield, biomass produced, growth rates, water and CO2 consumed and land used. Standard pond and tubular photobioreactor dimensions have been used to model real world production facilities. Realistic limits for growth rates, photosynthetic efficiencies, photosynthetic flux tolerances and oil content are also incorporated. These parameters can be varied to approximate different algae strains and growth conditions. The model assumes reactors to have ideal mixing, optimal pH and temperature controls in place. This preliminary resource assessment estimates that Texas receives an average of 375 W/m2 annually, produces 409 million tons per year of CO2 from the industrial and electrical power sectors and has approximately 1.4 trillion gallons per year of available water on a sustainable basis. The computational model estimates that between 44 and 167 million tons of algal biomass and 3.1 to 12 billion gallons of lipids can be produced annually in Texas based on the combination and availability of these resources.
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Sadineni, S. B., R. Hurt, C. K. Halford, and R. F. Boehm. "Reclaiming Electrolysis Reject Water With a Solar Still." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36001.
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Electrolysis is one sustainable pathway to hydrogen production. During this process, however, it is common to reject a large portion of the water during the pretreatment process to carry away impurities. We have been examining water-conserving approaches to this problem with low energy devices. One such approach is to couple the water purification step with a solar still, thus allowing some of the wastewater to be recycled and utilized in the hydrogen production. This paper reports on a study of a weir type solar still. A weir type solar still is an inclined solar still with the absorber plate formed to make weirs, as well as a top basin and a bottom basin. Raw water flows from the top basin through the weirs and to the bottom basin that is circulated back to the top basin by a small pump. Purified water is collected from condensate on the glass cover. The weir type solar still with 0.61 m width and 1.82 m length (net aperture area 0.97 m2) was constructed and tested for the Las Vegas weather conditions. A data acquisition system with temperature and flow rate sensors was also installed to record the transient variation of temperature and flow rate. The distillate productivity of the still with double-pane and single-pane glass covers is compared. The average distillate productivities for double-pane and single-pane glass covers were approximately 1.9 l/m2/day and 5.5 l/m2/day in the months of August and September in Las Vegas respectively. A double-pane glass reduced the productivity of a solar still significantly due to the reduced temperature difference between the raw water and the glass inner surface. The productivity of the weir type still is also compared with the basin type still tested at the same location side by side and is found that the weir type still productivity was approximately 20% higher. The quality of distillate from the still was also analyzed to verify the product will meet the purity required by electrolyzers.
Reports on the topic "Wastewater data quality"
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Mulkey, C. H. Data quality objectives for regulatory requirements for wastewater effluents sampling and analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/481428.
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Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.
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Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.