Journal articles: 'Wastes conversion'

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Bhandari, Netra Lal, Sulakshana Bhattarai, Ganesh Bhandari, Sumita Subedi, and Kedar Nath Dhakal. "A Review on Current Practices of Plastics Waste Management and Future Prospects." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i1.37837.

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Inefficient solid waste management of plastics and polymeric materials is one of the global challenges leading to environmental deterioration. This challenge has brought alarming concern to minimize volume of such wastes released into the environment. The concern proposes a solution to the existing problems to some extent by reuse, recycling, and efficient conversion of waste materials into alternative application. Chemical and thermo-mechanical conversion of plastic wastes into energy and their biodegradation were taken into account. Consequently, some newly employed recycling and conversion techniques of plastic wastes, and possible future alternatives with recommendations are reviewed in this article

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Moretti, Charles J. "Advanced Coal Conversion Solid Wastes: Waste‐Management Implications." Journal of Energy Engineering 120, no. 1 (April 1994): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(1994)120:1(1).

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Atridya, Febby, Ayu Suandari Larasati, and Ridwan . "POLITECH (The Prototype Development of Plastic Waste Converter Machines Into Liquid Fuels with Continuous System Capacity 3,5 L)." KnE Energy 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v1i1.329.

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In 2008, the estimate amount of landfill waste in Indonesia reached 38.5 million tons every year with the largest compositions are organic waste (58%), plastic waste (14%), paper waste (9%) and wood waste (4%). Among waste compositions, only plastic waste takes the longest time of decomposition, about 100-500 years. This is because the characteristic of plastic is unravel which can lead to pollution of land, water and air. To overcome these problems, many people try to find solutions for plastic wastes such as burn, bury and recycle plastic wastes. But, all these ways still have negative impacts for the environment and the safety of the workers who do the combustion process. Therefore, it is a conversion machine that can convert plastic wastes into fuel with pyrolisis system, it burn plastic wastes in vacuum condition. This machine has several advantages, which have a high calorific value of the fuel (equivalent calorific value premium), and this machine can reduce a lot of plastic wastes, reached 92 kilos/ 8 hour every day for 2 kilos reactor capacity, and it’s also safety for environment because the plastic wastes are burnt in the reactor with 900 °C heat. So, the process and the oil are not produces dioxine gas. The innovations of this conversion of plastic waste machine are, it has a continuous pipe that can put 0.3 kg of plastic waste within 1.5 minutes while the machine is operating.Keywords: plastic waste, conversion machine, pyrolysis, liquid fuel

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Ochieng, Richard, Alemayehu Gebremedhin, and Shiplu Sarker. "Integration of Waste to Bioenergy Conversion Systems: A Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072697.

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Sustainable biofuel production is the most effective way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuels while preserving food security and land use. In addition to producing bioenergy, waste biorefineries can be incorporated into the waste management system to solve the future challenges of waste disposal. Biomass waste, on the other hand, is regarded as a low-quality biorefinery feedstock with a wide range of compositions and seasonal variability. In light of these factors, biomass waste presents limitations on the conversion technologies available for value addition, and therefore more research is needed to enhance the profitability of waste biorefineries. Perhaps, to keep waste biorefineries economically and environmentally sustainable, bioprocesses need to be integrated to process a wide range of biomass resources and yield a diverse range of bioenergy products. To achieve optimal integration, the classification of biomass wastes to match the available bioprocesses is vital, as it minimizes unnecessary processes that may increase the production costs of the biorefinery. Based on biomass classification, this study discusses the suitability of the commonly used waste-to-energy conversion methods and the creation of integrated biorefineries. In this study, the integration of waste biorefineries is discussed through the integration of feedstocks, processes, platforms, and the symbiosis of wastes and byproducts. This review seeks to conceptualize a framework for identifying and integrating waste-to-energy technologies for the varioussets of biomass wastes.

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IA, Kalagbor. "Electricity Generation from Waste Tomatoes, Banana, Pineapple Fruits and Peels Using Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFC)." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 3, no. 2 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000141.

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Green Chemistry is gaining prominence in environmental and technological processes. Generating electricity from agro wastes comprising of waste vegetables and fruits are new sources of clean energy. Scientists need to develop technological methods of converting these agro wastes to useful resources especially in developing countries. Fruit wastes are generated in large quantities globally from processing plants. Defective tomatoes rejected and damaged banana fruits as well as unusable pineapple fruits and peels constitute part of the agro waste biomass generated annually. Effective management of this biomass is still ongoing. This research focuses on the conversion of these agro wastes to bioelectricity (green energy) using single microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) technology. Fruits wastes of 5kg, 10kg, 15kg and 20k were used. Results showed that the higher the quantity of substrate, the higher the electricity produced. The maximum voltage outputs generated on day 1 were 4.2V, 3.1V and 3.0V from tomatoes, banana and pineapple (fruit and peel) wastes respectively. The values obtained for current readings were significantly proportional to the voltage readings. The physiochemical parameters; pH, Conductivity, BOD, COD and DO were consistent with those from similar studies. The conversion of tomatoes, banana and pineapple fruit waste to bioelectricity was achieved. Reduction of this biomass by biodegradation using the SMFC technology is one way of removing these agro wastes from the ecosystem to maintain a clean, healthy, pollution-free environment.

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Chong, Jeffrey Hong Seng, Yoke Kin Wan, and Viknesh Andiappan. "Synthesis of A Sustainable Sago-Based Value Chain via Fuzzy Optimisation Approach." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815201004.

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Sago starch is one of the staple foods for human, especially in Asia’s Region. It can be produced via sago starch extraction process (SSEP). During the SSEP, several types of sago wastes are generated such as sago fiber (SF), sago bark (SB) and sago wastewater (SW). With the increase in production of existing factories and sago mills, the sago industrial practice in waste disposal management is gaining more attention, thus implementation of effective waste management is vital. One of the promising ways to have effective waste management is to create value out of the sago wastes. In a recent study, sago-based refinery, which is a facility to convert sago wastes into value-added products (e.g., bio-ethanol and energy) was found feasible. However, the conversion of other value added products from sago wastes while considering the environmental impact has not been considered in sago value chain. Therefore, an optimum sago value chain, which involved conversion activities of sago wastes into value-added products, is aimed to be synthesised in this work. The optimum sago value chain will be evaluated based on profit and carbon emissions using fuzzy-based optimisation approach via a commercial optimisation software, Lingo 16.0. To illustrate the the developed approach, an industrial case study has been solved in this work.

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Pastor, B., Y. Velasquez, P. Gobbi, and S. Rojo. "Conversion of organic wastes into fly larval biomass: bottlenecks and challenges." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 3 (August 2015): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0024.

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The large volume of organic wastes and by-products produced every year usually generates environmental problems, such as water, air and soil contamination and it can be also a focus for pathogen dispersion. Sustainable waste management strategies should be developed, that can favour the value of the organic waste instead of its disposal. A sustainable strategy would be the use of the organic waste as substrate for intensive production of insect biomass. The insects associated with manure and organic waste can play a key role for the sustainable valorisation of organic waste streams as high add value products as they could be used as feed. This review is an overview of the research related with intensive insect farming of saprophagous dipteran species (flies) on manure and other organic wastes and the by-products obtained after the process. Using dipterans as recyclers of waste means that the mass-production systems of these organisms have to be efficient and competitive with other recycling systems. This review describes the possibilities of the dipterans to become active agents in waste management systems and, at the same time, an important resource of protein for feed and the main aspects and bottlenecks that have to be improved in order to achieve competitive insect farming.

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Silveira, I. C. T., D. Rosa, L. O. Monteggia, G. A. Romeiro, E. Bayer, and M. Kutubuddin. "Low temperature conversion of sludge and shavings from leather industry." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0353.

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Brazil has one of the largest herds of cattle in the world, with more than 170 million heads. Over 400 farms have exported more than 2,875 ton (in 1997) of leather to Europe. The wet blue tanning process uses chemicals such as chromium compounds and produces liquid wastes that must be treated by physico-chemical and biological systems. About 15,000 ton per month of dewatering sludge with 24% solids content is disposed of into landfills. During the process, pre-tanned skins (wet blue leather) are shaved to the desired thickness and the shavings, like sludge, are among the wastes that must have special attention. The organic content and chromium concentration are high. About 12% of the leather production from cattle hides are shavings, and its chromium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.5% of dry matter. The Environmentally friendly leather project, a co-operation between Brazilian and German tanneries, universities and technical schools, is looking for process optimisation, waste minimisation and adequate treatment for solid and liquid wastes from the leather industry. This work presents results of Low Temperature Conversion of chrome-containing sludge and shavings in a laboratory batch reactor, offering a solution for these hazardous wastes, recovering the energy content and transforming metals in insoluble sulphides.

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Akyüz, Ali, Zuhal Akyurek, Muhammad Naz, Shaharin Sulaiman, and Afsin Gungor. "Hydrogen conversion using gasification of tea factory wastes." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 7 (2020): 967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190215013a.

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In this study, gasification performance and importance of hydrogen production using waste of a tea factory were evaluated. A mathematical model was developed for the gasification system, which includes a water gas shift reactor used for hydrogen purification. The gasifier temperature was 877?C for the developed model. The model has been validated against experimental data from an 80 kW t h cylindrical downdraft gasifier, given in the literature for syngas composition for three different air-to-fuel ratios. With the developed model, hydrogen production from tea wastes was achieved to yield a higher level by additionally using a water gas shift reactor. Tea waste (1000 kg) was gasified and after the hydrogen purification process, a total of 4.1 kmol hydrogen was achieved, whereas the amount would be 2.8 kmol gas hydrogen if a normal gasification method were used. The validity of the developed model was verified by comparing the experimental results obtained from the literature with the results of the model under the same conditions. After verification of the developed model, the effect of the moisture content of the biomass and the air/fuel ratio on the composition of the product gas were investigated. These investigations were also confirmed by experimental data. The results show that it is important to convert biomass waste into a clean energy source of hydrogen to minimize its environmental impact.

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Zhang, Ye Shui, Hua Lun Zhu, Dingding Yao, Paul T. Williams, Chunfei Wu, Dan Xu, Qiang Hu, et al. "Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes for CNT and hydrogen production: a review." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 17 (2021): 4173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se00619c.

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Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes such as tyres, plastics, biomass and crude glycerol is a promising technology compared to traditional waste treatment options (e.g. incineration and landfill).

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Masuda, Takao, Teruoki Tago, and Takuya Yoshikawa. "Conversion of Inedible Biomass Wastes as Alternative Petroleum-Related Chemicals Using Iron Oxide Catalysts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.311.

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We developed iron-oxide catalysts for producing petroleum-related chemicals from inedible biomass wastes containing water by oxidative cracking. These catalysts composed basically of iron-oxide and zirconia. The usefulness of the catalysts was examined by the reactions of several inedible biomass wastes, such as palm waste, livestock excreta, fermentation residue, raw glycerin, raw bioethanol and lignin. It was found that ketones, mainly acetone, were produced from palm waste, livestock excreta, fermentation residue and raw bioethanol at high yields. Phenol was obtained from palm waste. In the case of raw glycerin, even if high contents of alkali, allyl-alcohol, propene and acetone were successfully produced. Furthermore, phenols could be recovered from lignin.

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Dhakal, Rabindra Prasad. "Waste management scheme and way forward for during and post COVID-19." Applied Science and Technology Annals 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/asta.v1i1.30282.

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The SARS-CoV-2 or/andCOVID-19 may have contaminated the wastes, which need especial precaution as suggested by WHO guidelines. WHO also suggested that no cases have been reported of infection from the waste workers working on infected wastes so far. However, in case of Nepal, 50% wastes used to be collected at the time 2011, which seems significantly improving as high as 81% in sampled areas. In COVID period, the concern was raised on safety issues of waste workers as suggested by RDT positive, hence, the public perception of waste management, the scope of recycling of wastes and up streaming of waste materials as economical commodities with proper intervention of technologies, awareness and behavior is incorporated in this study. It is estimated that the total Plastic wastes of major city centers could be significantly turned into useful products including fuel. For example, Kathmandu Valley can extract 24,298 KL oil from wastes plastics, which is based on calculation of waste per capita, waste composition and conversion ratio. Hence, the COVID-19 pandemic could be turn into opportunities in the sector of waste management provided we act wisely.

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Kim, Rakh Yun, Sung Ho Tae, and Seung Jun Roh. "A Study on the Deduction of Major Construction Wastes in Construction Phase through Environmental Impact Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 1070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.1070.

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The purpose of this study was to deduce the major construction wastes to be managed using environmental impact assessment for construction wastes generated in the construction phase. To accomplish this, the amount of construction waste discharged in the construction phase was analyzed using loss rate and weight conversion factor in the Standard of Estimate for Construction Works. Based on the result of construction waste generation deduced, major construction wastes were extracted with consideration on 6 comprehensive environmental impacts including potential, abiotic depletion potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and photochemical ozone creation potential. As a result, 5 major building materials such as concrete, concrete block, rebar, cement and polystyrene panel were deduced as major cpmstruction wastes in construction phase.

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Yılmaz, Onur, I. Cem Kantarli, Mithat Yuksel, Mehmet Saglam, and Jale Yanik. "Conversion of leather wastes to useful products." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 49, no. 4 (February 2007): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.05.006.

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Kantarli, Ismail Cem, Arzu Kabadayi, Suat Ucar, and Jale Yanik. "Conversion of poultry wastes into energy feedstocks." Waste Management 56 (October 2016): 530–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.019.

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Jin, Fangming, and Heiji Enomoto. "Hydrothermal conversion of biomass wastes into resources." Progress in Natural Science 15, no. 1 (2005): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10020070512330002.

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Yu, P. H., H. Chua, A. L. Huang, W. Lo, and G. Q. Chen. "Conversion of food industrial wastes into bioplastics." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 70-72, no. 1 (March 1998): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02920172.

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Nielsen, Carsten. "Conversion of straw and similar agricultural wastes." Biomass and Bioenergy 2, no. 1-6 (January 1992): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(92)90108-3.

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Bungay, Henry R. "Commercialization of Biomass Conversion." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 1 (February 1988): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600105.

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Biomass for fuels and chemicals remains a potentially viable option and opportunities for commercialization should be pursued. In the US, apart from the possible use of agricultural wastes, energy plantations of hybrid poplar could produce biomass yields of exploitable proportions. The technologies and economics of biomass refining indicate that co-product credits are essential for commercial propositions. There are many processes using either enzymatic or acid hydrolysis for the conversion of wood cellulose with subsequent fermentation of the sugars to alcohol. There is also the possibility of producing other industrial chemicals such as acetic acid. The economics of biomass refining could hinge on the profitable sale of the lignin. The paper discusses the prospects for renewable energy availability from wood and agriultural wastes, sucrose, wood refining, biogas, biomass refining and fermentation products.

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Budžaki, Sandra, Natalija Velić, Marta Ostojčić, Marija Stjepanović, Blanka Bilić Rajs, Zita Šereš, Nikola Maravić, Jovana Stanojev, Volker Hessel, and Ivica Strelec. "Waste Management in the Agri-Food Industry: The Conversion of Eggshells, Spent Coffee Grounds, and Brown Onion Skins into Carriers for Lipase Immobilization." Foods 11, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030409.

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One of the major challenges in sustainable waste management in the agri-food industry following the “zero waste” model is the application of the circular economy strategy, including the development of innovative waste utilization techniques. The conversion of agri-food waste into carriers for the immobilization of enzymes is one such technique. Replacing chemical catalysts with immobilized enzymes (i.e., immobilized/heterogeneous biocatalysts) could help reduce the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability problems of existing chemically catalysed processes. On the other hand, the economics of the process strongly depend on the price of the immobilized enzyme. The conversion of agricultural and food wastes into low-cost enzyme carriers could lead to the development of immobilized enzymes with desirable operating characteristics and subsequently lower the price of immobilized enzymes for use in biocatalytic production. In this context, this review provides insight into the possibilities of reusing food industry wastes, namely, eggshells, coffee grounds, and brown onion skins, as carriers for lipase immobilization.

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Nguyen, Hoang Chinh, Ngoc Tuan Nguyen, Chia-Hung Su, Fu-Ming Wang, Tuyet Nhung Tran, Ying-Tzu Liao, and Shih-Hsiang Liang. "Biodiesel Production from Insects: From Organic Waste to Renewable Energy." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 14 (October 16, 2019): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190422125120.

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The conversion of organic wastes into biodiesel has become an attractive solution to address waste surplus problems and energy depletion. Oleaginous insects can degrade various organic wastes to accumulate fat-based biomass, thus serving as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, the use of insects fed on organic waste for biodiesel production has increasingly attracted considerable investigations. In recent years, different insect species have been studied for their efficiency in converting various organic wastes and for producing biodiesel from their fat. Several methods have been developed for biodiesel production from insects to improve yields and reduce production costs and environmental impacts. This review summarizes the latest findings of the use of insects for converting organic wastes into biodiesel. The production processes and fuel properties of biodiesel produced from insects are also discussed.

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Marks, Evan A. N., Vasiliki Kinigopoulou, Hanene Akrout, Ahmed Amine Azzaz, Charalampos Doulgeris, Salah Jellali, Carlos Rad, et al. "Potential for Production of Biochar-Based Fertilizers from Olive Mill Waste in Mediterranean Basin Countries: An Initial Assessment for Spain, Tunisia, and Greece." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 6081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156081.

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Olive mill wastes continue to be a management challenge due to the large volumes produced, particularly due to their toxicity and impacts on the environment. Thermal conversion through pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization techniques can detoxify wastes while conserving nutrient contents. In this work, we produced up-to-date data on olive mill waste flows in Spain, Tunisia, and Greece and characterized representative samples in the laboratory. Assays of thermal conversion of olive mill wastewaters and solid wastes were also performed to understand biochar yields and final properties, and the total quantities of nutrients contained were estimated. Of particular note were the quantities of potassium in Tunisian wastewaters, representing 0.6% of the total mass and an annual flow of approximately 5000 t, and in the Spanish solid wastes, an average of 1.7% of the total mass is potassium, representing an annual flow of approximately 23,000 t. Concerning phosphorus, Spanish solid wastes had the highest contents (0.1%), double that of other countries’ wastes. Annually, olive mill wastes from the three countries are estimated to contain approximately 35 × 103 tons of potassium and 2.6 × 103 tons of phosphorus. With this resource converted to biochar, each year more than 700 km2 of soils could be enriched in 0.2% carbon with biochar at an application rate of 7 t ha−1.

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Lorenzo Llanes, Junior, and Efstratios Kalogirou. "Waste-to-Energy Conversion in Havana: Technical and Economic Analysis." Social Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8040119.

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Havana has the highest population and consequently generation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in Cuba. In Havana, the final deposition method for MSW is mainly landfills. However, in most cases, they exceed their lifetime of operation becoming in reality dumpsites without energy recovery from wastes. In this regard, waste-to-energy is a well-established technology for MSW treatment. The aim of this work was to carry out a techno-economic assessment for a proposed waste-to-energy plant in the city of Havana. A step-wise methodology based on two process analysis tools (i.e., Excel and Aspen Plus models) was used for the technical evaluation. Simulation results are in agreement with data from real plants, showing that it is possible to produce 227.1 GWh of electricity per year, representing 6% of the current demand in Havana. The economic analysis showed the feasibility of the project with a net present value of 35,483,853 USD. Results from the sensitivity analyses show the effect of the economy of scale when changes in low heating value were considered. Finally, a hypothetical best scenario was studied considering the net effect on the average Cuban salary.

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Muthukumaravel, K., A. Amsath, and M. Sukumaran. "Vermicomposting of Vegetable Wastes Using Cow Dung." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 4 (2008): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/572431.

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Municipal solid wastes are mainly from domestic and commercial areas containing recyclable toxic substances, compostable organic matter and others. With rapid increase in population, the generation of municipal solid wastes has increased several folds during last few years. Disposal of solid wastes can be done by methods like land filling, incineration, recycling, conversion into biogas, disposal into sea and composting. Vermicomposting is one of the recycling technologies which will improve the quality of the products. The present study aims to find out the possibility of utilization of vegetable wastes for vermiculture. EarthwormMegascolex mauritiicultured in plastic trays (45 x 30 x 30 cm) containing soil alone (control) (T1), soil + cow dung (T2), soil + vegetable waste (T3) and soil + vegetable waste + cow dung (T4) for 60 days. Nutrient values were determined from the compost and compared with that of the control. From these results, it was found that NPK values were maximum in compost obtained from vegetable waste with the use of cow dung.

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Kustov, Leonid M., Alexander L. Kustov, and Tapio Salmi. "Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Carbohydrates." Molecules 27, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051472.

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Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into value-added products and platform chemicals became a trend in recent years. Microwave activation used in the processes of carbohydrate conversion coupled with the proper choice of catalysts makes it possible to enhance dramatically the efficiency and sometimes the selectivity of catalysts. This mini-review presents a brief literature survey related to state-of-the-art methods developed recently by the world research community to solve the problem of rational conversion of carbohydrates, mostly produced from natural resources and wastes (forestry and agriculture wastes) including production of hydrogen, synthesis gas, furanics, and alcohols. The focus is made on microwave technologies used for processing carbohydrates. Of particular interest is the use of heterogeneous catalysts and hybrid materials in processing carbohydrates.

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Pfersich, Jens, Pablo J. Arauzo, Michela Lucian, Pierpaolo Modugno, Maria-Magdalena Titirici, Luca Fiori, and Andrea Kruse. "Hydrothermal Conversion of Spent Sugar Beets into High-Value Platform Molecules." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 3914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173914.

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The growing importance of bio-based products, combined with the desire to decrease the production of wastes, boosts the necessity to use wastes as raw materials for bio-based products. A waste material with a large potential is spent sugar beets, which are mainly used as animal feeds or fertilizers. After hydrothermal treatment, the produced chars exhibited an H/C ratio of 1.2 and a higher heating value of 22.7 MJ/kg, which were similar to that of subbituminous coal and higher than that of lignite. Moreover, the treatment of 25 g/L of glucose and 22 g/L of fructose by heating up to 160 °C led to a possible application of spent sugar beets for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. In the present study, the maximum concentration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was 3.4 g/L after heating up to 200 °C.

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Ogundare, Oluwatosin J., and David O. Olukanni. "Potential Recovery of Biogas from Lime Waste after Juice Extraction Using Solid–Liquid Extraction Process." Recycling 5, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5020014.

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A large percentage of fruit mass is left as waste after the consumption or processing of citrus fruits. The inappropriate disposal of these wastes directly leads to environmental and economic concerns. However, scientific investigations have demonstrated that citrus wastes, due to their high concentration in soluble sugars, can be a source of cellulosic biomass for biogas recovery. d-Limonene, the major constituent of essential oils present in citrus wastes, is however, known to hamper the conversion process of citrus wastes to biogas. With the aim of improving biogas production, a study on the pre-treatment of lime fruit waste to reduce the effect of d-limonene was carried out. The pre-treatment process was done using hexane as the solvent in a solid–liquid extraction process to leach out essential oils from lime wastes. Solid–liquid extraction was carried out in a Soxhlet apparatus with pulverized lime waste at 68 °C for 180 min; then the residue was washed and aerated. From the pre-treatment procedure, 21.3 mL of essential oil was recovered, indicating an oil yield of 3.8%. Substrates of untreated and pre-treated lime waste were digested in batches under mesophilic conditions for a period of 28 days. The biogas yield of each substrate was evaluated and the results compared. Substrate of untreated lime waste yielded 66.9 mL/g VS. biogas after the digestion period. In comparison, pre-treated lime waste gave a better biogas yield of 93.2 mL/g VS. after 28 days, indicating an improvement in biogas yield by about 40%. The findings of this research show that there is a viable recovery option of biogas from lime waste, and recommendations of this research can be further explored to develop an economically viable biogas plant process that efficiently utilizes citrus wastes. This would boost the drive of government towards alternative sources of energy and also fulfil two of the sustainable development goals presented by the United Nations.

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Janakiram, T., and K. Sridevi. "Conversion of Waste into Wealth: A Study in Solid Waste Management." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 4 (2010): 1340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/549185.

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Disposal of solid waste has been the talk of the day. An attempt has been made to dispose of the solid waste Jatropha (Kattamanakku). Aerobic composting method was employed. Properly treated solid wastes of different composition were mixed with slurries of cowdung and physicochemical parameters were measured after 30 and 60 days of composting. It was observed that percentages of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium increased as time elapsed. Water holding capacity, electrical conductivity and moisture content were found to increase, while pH and C/N ratio have been observed to decrease.

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Khan, Abdul Majeed, and Muhammad Shoukat Hussain. "Conversion of Wastes to Bioelectricity, Bioethanol, and Fertilizer." Water Environment Research 89, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143017x14839994522588.

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Aneke, Frank Ikechukwu, and Bankole Awuzie. "Conversion of industrial wastes into marginal construction materials." Acta Structilia 25, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/24150487/as25i2.5.

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Aneke, Frank Ikechukwu, and Bankole Awuzie. "Conversion of industrial wastes into marginal construction materials." Acta Structilia 25, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/8820/24150487/as25i2.5.

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Luchko, I. A. "Conversion of liquid radioactive wastes into stable glass." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost) 139, no. 3/2018 (July 15, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2018-3-139-91.

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Bello, Olugbenga Solomon, Emmanuel Seun Owojuyigbe, Monsurat Abiodun Babatunde, and Folasayo Eunice Folaranmi. "Sustainable conversion of agro-wastes into useful adsorbents." Applied Water Science 7, no. 7 (November 5, 2016): 3561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0494-0.

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Tallapragada, Sridevi, Vandana, Rajesh Lather, and Gurnam Singh. "Recent ways of management and disposal of agricultural waste - A Review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/17.2/666-673.

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With the development of agriculture in India, the production of agricultural wastes increased rapidly. Basically these wastes are bio products and are very important for survival of animals and human beings. The occurrence of agricultural wastes is unique in the different areas. The agricultural straw and livestock excrement are considered to be potential resources. These substances are widely available on earth and can be a good source of energy or be converted into useful products. The wastes generated from crop have a good potential to convert to energy through related energy sector. The waste produce from animal or from crop residue is called biomass which has an interdependent relationship with ecosystem from production to disposal and has physicochemical properties. The recycling and utilization of agricultural wastes are considered to be the important step in environmental protection, energy structure and agricultural development. The present review deals with the research work carried out in the conversion of biomass and agricultural waste and to illuminate the potential environmental risk, recycling and utilization pathway, influencing factors and policy suggestions in the recycling and utilization progress of agricultural wastes. An attempt is carried out to increase the economic value of agricultural waste into useful product. The survey provided the development mode of industrialization and scale of agricultural waste recycling. The recycling and utilization pathway of agricultural wastes were also analysed. The crucial suggestions may be proposed, such as cultivating new industry, building economy incentive standard, improving laws and regulations, and creating rural market strengthening medium and long-term plans of agricultural waste recycling. The resource consumption, ecological crisis and other issues caused by agricultural wastes were evaluated.

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Silva, Teresa Lopes da, Patrícia Moniz, Carla Silva, and Alberto Reis. "The Role of Heterotrophic Microalgae in Waste Conversion to Biofuels and Bioproducts." Processes 9, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071090.

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In the last few decades, microalgae have attracted attention from the scientific community worldwide, being considered a promising feedstock for renewable energy production, as well as for a wide range of high value-added products such as pigments and poly-unsaturated fatty acids for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food, and cosmetic markets. Despite the investments in microalgae biotechnology to date, the major obstacle to its wide commercialization is the high cost of microalgal biomass production and expensive product extraction steps. One way to reduce the microalgae production costs is the use of low-cost feedstock for microalgae production. Some wastes contain organic and inorganic components that may serve as nutrients for algal growth, decreasing the culture media cost and, thus, the overall process costs. Most of the research studies on microalgae waste treatment use autotrophic and mixotrophic microalgae growth. Research on heterotrophic microalgae to treat wastes is still scarce, although this cultivation mode shows several benefits over the others, such as higher organic carbon load tolerance, intracellular products production, and stability in production all year round, regardless of the location and climate. In this review article, the use of heterotrophic microalgae to simultaneously treat wastes and produce high value-added bioproducts and biofuels will be discussed, critically analyzing the most recent research done in this area so far and envisioning the use of this approach to a commercial scale in the near future.

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Msangi, J. W., C. K. Mweresa, and M. F. O. Ndong’a. "Using organic wastes as feed substrate for black soldier fly larvae." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 8, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2021.0047.

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Feeding black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) on locally available organic wastes has the potential of providing an alternative source of protein to fishmeal and soybean used in animal feed formulation. This can also mitigate against increasing accumulation of organic wastes and reduce high costs associated with their disposal. This study assessed the effects of three locally available organic waste substrates namely Irish potato peels, kale remains and bovine ruminal content versus chick mash as a positive control on larval weight gain, prepupal yield, substrate reduction rate, bioconversion rate and conversion ratio of BSFL. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether organic feed substrates had significant effects on BSFL while Tukey HSD, post-hoc test was applied for multiple comparisons and mean separation at P<0.05. Organic waste feed substrates influenced larval weight gain and prepupal yield (P<0.01), biomass reduction rate (P=0.04), bioconversion rate (P=0.01) and conversion ratio (P=0.04) of BSFL produced. Kale remains performed better than Irish potato peels and bovine ruminal contents implying that they can be enriched to provide an alternative feed for BSFL instead of chick mash. This study demonstrated that the three locally available organic waste substrates can be used to feed BSFL for sustainable production of animal feed. Black soldier fly larvae have the potential of providing a viable solution for degradation and disposal of ever-increasing quantities of organic wastes in the markets, towns and cities of sub-Saharan Africa.

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Wang, J. Y., O. Stabnikova, S. T. L. Tay, V. Ivanov, and J. H. Tay. "Biotechnology of intensive aerobic conversion of sewage sludge and food waste into fertilizer." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 10 (May 1, 2004): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0631.

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Biotechnology for intensive aerobic bioconversion of sewage sludge and food waste into fertilizer was developed. The wastes were treated in a closed reactor under controlled aeration, stirring, pH, and temperature at 60¡C, after addition of starter bacterial culture Bacillus thermoamylovorans. The biodegradation of sewage sludge was studied by decrease of volatile solids (VS), content of organic carbon and autofluorescence of coenzyme F420. The degradation of anaerobic biomass was faster than biodegradation of total organic matter. The best fertilizer was obtained when sewage sludge was thermally pre-treated, mixed with food waste, chalk, and artificial bulking agent. The content of volatile solid and the content of organic carbon decreased at 24.8% and 13.5% of total solids, respectively, during ten days of bioconversion. The fertilizer was a powder with moisture content of 5%. It was stable, and not toxic for the germination of plant seeds. Addition of 1.0 to 1.5% of this fertilizer to the subsoil increased the growth of different plants tested by 113 to 164%. The biotechnology can be applied in larger scale for the recycling of sewage sludge and food wastes in Singapore.

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Zhu, Jian Xin, and Shao Guo Kang. "Development and Application of Plasma Technology for POPs Waste Treatment in China." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.638.

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Plasma is ionized gas-like substance, comprised by the e-deprived atoms and electron-positron. Plasma possess the characteristics of high energy, high thermal capacity, fast response and electric conversion efficiency, which shows unique advantages and good prospects for the effective disposal of POPs wastes. This paper introduced the basic principle and mechanism of plasma arc technology as a non-combustion technology; reviewed the development of application of plasma technology in the processing of HFC23, organic fluoride industrial waste, phenyl chlorosilane residue, medical waste, printed circuit board, chemical weapons and other hazardous wastes; analyzed the major technical and economic advantages and disadvantages for the plasma technologies in the POPs waste treatment; And corresponding comments and suggestions were proposed to promote the application of plasma technology for POPs waste disposal in China.

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Manegdeg, Ferdinand, Paolo Yves De Silos, and Jonathan Medrano. "CASE STUDY ON THE USAGE OF RESIDENTIAL RESIDUAL WASTE FOR ENERGY GENERATION VIA BIODIGESTER-PYROLYZER AND STEAM RANKINE CYCLE." ASEAN Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.16663.

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The design study concerns the creation of a waste-to-energy conversion plant in the City of Muntinlupa to lessen the amount of non-recyclable municipal solid wastes that ends up in the landfill. Using the developed criteria, the cluster that can be used are the biodegradable and residual waste portions of the municipal solid wastes. In consideration of the processes for power generation, Rankine cycle was seen as the best alternative powerplant type to use the biogas and synthetic gas produced from the biodigester and pyrolyzer, respectively. The powerplant project has a capacity of 8.6 MW, a return of investment of 12%, an internal rate of return of 19%, and a payback period of 5 years.

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Widayati, Trisiwi Wahyu, Bernaddeta Wahyuni Irianti Rahayu, Dwi Djoko Rahardjo, and Budi Santoso. "The Utilization of Agricultural and Food Industry Wastes as Feed of Grower Pigs in Manokwari Regency West Papua." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 20, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jap.2018.20.3.723.

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The aim of this study was to find out the potential of agricultural and food industry wastes as the constituents of pig feed to improve pigs’ performance and to reduce the feeding cost. This study was conducted at Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province. The agricultural and food industry wastes were collected from two traditional market, and four small-scale food industries. All materials used as feed were proximately analyzed to determine their nutritional values. Average daily gain, feed consumption and feed coversion ratio were taken to determine the pigs performance. Feed cost using local market prices was estimated in knowing the ability of agricultural and food industry wastes to substitutes commercial feed. The result of this research indicates that the use of agricultural and food industries wastes as an alternative components of pigs’ feed to substitute the commercial feed do not reduce the pigs’ performance and production. Among three feeds that use of agricultural and food industry wastes, feed with the combination of 75% waste and 25% commercial feed had the best feed conversion ratio, namely 2.36. On the other hand, a mixture of 25% wastes and 75% commercial feed was the most economic one, and able to reduce the feeding cost of grower pig up to 48.00%.Key words: agricultural waste, food industry wastes, grower period, pig, feed

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Forsberg, Charles W., and Edward C. Beahm. "Recovery of Fissile Materials from Wastes and Conversion of the Residual Wastes to Glass." Nuclear Technology 123, no. 3 (September 1998): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt98-a2904.

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Macaskie, Lynne E., I. P. Mikheenko, P. Yong, K. Deplanche, Angela J. Murray, M. Paterson-Beedle, Vicky S. Coker, et al. "Today’s Wastes, Tomorrow’s Materials for Environmental Protection." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.541.

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Over the past 30 years the literature has burgeoned with bioremediation approaches to heavy metal removal from wastes. The price of base and precious metals has dramatically increased. With the resurgence of nuclear energy uranium has become a strategic resource. Other ‘non-carbon energy’ technologies are driven by the need to reduce CO2 emissions. The ‘New Biohydrometallurgy’ we describe unites these drivers by the concept of conversion of wastes into new materials for environmental applications. The new materials, fashioned, bottom-up, into nanomaterials under biocontrol, can be termed ‘Functional Bionanomaterials’. This new discipline, encompassing waste treatment along with nanocatalysis or other applications, can be summarized as ‘Environmental Bionanotechnology’. Several case histories illustrate the scope and potential of this concept.

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Kuan, Wen-Hui, Yi-Show Hu, Chen-Yi Chiu, Kuo-Yung Hung, and Shan-Shan Chou. "Microwave-Catalyzed Conversion of Phenolic Resin Waste to Activated Carbon and Its Applications for Removing Ammonium from Water." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070783.

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The influences of reactive and dielectric characteristics of activators were investigated in the microwave-catalyzed conversion of phenolic resin waste to activated carbon (AC). To compare with the dielectric interactions of the microwaves with treated samples, conventional electric heating for AC carbonization was also conducted in parallel. The porosity and chemical features of the prepared AC were examined, and the AC was used to remove ammonium from water through adsorption. The results revealed that KOH-activated wastes developed a highly porous structure, whereas H3PO4 treated wastes were functionalized with surficial phosphate groups. Both of these features were more pronounced in the cases of microwave-catalyzed carbonization than those using conventional electric heating. Because of the intense dielectric interactions of the H3PO4-activated waste with microwave, the abundant phosphate functional groups formed on the phenolic resin waste surface during microwave-catalyzed carbonization. They facilitated the resulting AC as an effective adsorbent for aqueous ammonium.

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Topal, Huseyin, and Ehsan Amirabedin. "Determination of some important emissions of poultry waste co-combustion." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies 8, no. -1 (November 9, 2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10145-012-0002-1.

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Abstract Poultry Wastes (PW) are rich biomass types which can be utilized as renewable energy sources in energy conversion systems. The PW is a mixture of poultry litter and organic materials spread on the poultry houses ground. In this paper, combustion of the poultry waste alone and mixed with coal in a combustor set up are implemented, and emissions are monitored. Experimental results reveal that, co-combustion of PW in an existing combustor firing coal can be considered as the best environment-friendly remedy to dispose the facility wastes while reducing the combustion emissions of the system.

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Liu, Cuncheng, Cunwen Wang, and Huaiying Yao. "Comprehensive Resource Utilization of Waste Using the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060349.

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The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a saprophytic insect that can digest organic wastes, such as animal manure, plant residues, and food and agricultural wastes. In the degradation process, organic wastes are converted into protein, grease, and polypeptides, which can be applied in medicine, the refining of chemicals, and the manufacturing of feedstuffs. After their conversion by the H. illucens, organic wastes not only become useful but also environmentally friendly. To date, the H. illucens has been widely used to treat food waste and to render manure harmless. The protein and grease obtained via this insect have been successfully used to produce livestock feed and biodiesel. In this article, the biological characteristics, resource utilization of protein and grease, and environmental functions of the H. illucens are summarized. This article provides a theoretical basis for investigating potential applications of the H. illucens.

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Ungureanu, George, Gabriela Ignat, Catalin Razvan Vintu, Constantin Daniel Diaconu, and Ioan Gabriel Sandu. "Study of Utilization of Agricultural Waste as Environmental Issue in Romania." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 3 (April 15, 2017): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.3.5503.

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Agriculture and animal husbandry produce significant quantity of solid or liquid residues and waste products. Unfortunately, some of these wastes are not dealt with properly and are causing considerable damage to the environment. Agricultural wastes (AW) in Romania amount range from 7600 thousand tons a year of which only 1400 thousand tons as animal feed and 1100 thousand tons as organic manure are being utilized. These crop waste results after harvesting in the farm of leaves stem which are characterized as coarse plant by-products and big size, chemically low in protein and fat contents, or, like other country (example: Netherlands) avoid waste as much as possible, recover the valuable raw materials from any waste that is created, try to generate energy by incinerating the residual waste, and only then dump what is left. The focus of the research paper is to investigate the importance of agriculture wastes that becomes very obvious and aggregated after the harvest crops. The most common solution is the utilizations of agricultural waste for compositing, as animal fodder, most often as a source of energy, food production, by growing mushroom on agricultural wastes such as oat straw as a substrate. This means the conversion of wastes to economic, nutritional human food. Growing vegetables on oat straw compacted bales in areas where soil disease and salinity are constrains. The implementation of most of the solutions to agricultural waste management does not meet the basic elements of sustainability like environmental protection and social progression, technical and technological improvement as well as economic improvements.

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Kisuule, Noah, Nicholas Kiggundu, and Noble Banadda. "A Review of Bio-Processing of Market Crop Waste to Poultry Feed in Uganda." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n1p26.

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This paper reviews the current state of bio-processing of market waste to poultry feed in Uganda. A focus was put on crop wastes since previous studies have indicated that, they contribute the biggest percentage (about 90%) of the total organic waste generated in markets. These wastes majorly comprise of fruits and vegetables like mangoes, pineapples, jackfruit, watermelon, cabbage among others. They are usually in form of residual stalks, leaves, peels, and damaged/rotten crops. Crop wastes are rich in various bioactive and nutraceutical compounds, like carotenoids, polyphenols and dietary fiber. The wastes are a major worthwhile raw material and present feasible solutions to the problems of poultry feed scarcity and high costs associated with the conventional feed stuffs. This transformation can be achieved by developing appropriate technologies for valorization of wastes by nutrient enrichment. In concern to this, solid state fermentation (SSF) and rearing insects and earthworm using crop wastes are the promising novel technologies. High value added products/feeds can be produced through microbial fermentation of crop wastes. Insect protein can also be produced to replace the expensive silver fish and soybean protein sources. The review indicated that, the technologies have not been fully cherished within the country’s poultry feed industry. All the attempts and work done are still under research and pilot scale level. However, the on-going endeavors are continued widely to better conversion technologies in order to produce products that are safe for poultry feeding. Lastly, the limitations and strategies for processing poultry feed from market waste are reviewed.

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Stąsiek, Jan, and Marek Szkodo. "Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Municipal Waste into Useful Energy Using Advanced HiTAG/HiTSG Technology." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 4218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164218.

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An advanced thermal conversion system involving high-temperature gasification of biomass and municipal waste into biofuel, syngas or hydrogen-rich gas is presented in this paper. The decomposition of solid biomass and wastes by gasification is carried out experimentally with a modern and innovative regenerator and updraft continuous gasifier, among others. A ceramic high-cycle regenerator provides extra energy for the thermal conversion of biomass or any other solids waste. Highly preheated air and steam gas (heated up to 1600 °C) was used as an oxidizing or gasification agent (feed gas). Preheated feed gas also enhances the thermal decomposition of the gasification solids for fuel gas. However, the main objective of this work is to promote new and advanced technology for the thermochemical conversion of biomass for alternative energy production. Selected results from experimental and numerical studies are also presented.

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Gonçalves, Maraisa, Victor C. Souza, Thalita S. Galhardo, Michelle Mantovani, Flávia C. A. Figueiredo, Dalmo Mandelli, and Wagner A. Carvalho. "Glycerol Conversion Catalyzed by Carbons Prepared from Agroindustrial Wastes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 8 (February 14, 2013): 2832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie303072d.

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Gao, Ningbo, Lei Zhang, and Chunfei Wu. "Biomass and Wastes for Bioenergy: Thermochemical Conversion and Biotechnologies." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9638380.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wastes conversion'

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