Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wastes conversion

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wastes conversion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wastes conversion"

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Bhandari, Netra Lal, Sulakshana Bhattarai, Ganesh Bhandari, Sumita Subedi, and Kedar Nath Dhakal. "A Review on Current Practices of Plastics Waste Management and Future Prospects." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i1.37837.

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Inefficient solid waste management of plastics and polymeric materials is one of the global challenges leading to environmental deterioration. This challenge has brought alarming concern to minimize volume of such wastes released into the environment. The concern proposes a solution to the existing problems to some extent by reuse, recycling, and efficient conversion of waste materials into alternative application. Chemical and thermo-mechanical conversion of plastic wastes into energy and their biodegradation were taken into account. Consequently, some newly employed recycling and conversion techniques of plastic wastes, and possible future alternatives with recommendations are reviewed in this article
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Moretti, Charles J. "Advanced Coal Conversion Solid Wastes: Waste‐Management Implications." Journal of Energy Engineering 120, no. 1 (April 1994): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(1994)120:1(1).

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Atridya, Febby, Ayu Suandari Larasati, and Ridwan . "POLITECH (The Prototype Development of Plastic Waste Converter Machines Into Liquid Fuels with Continuous System Capacity 3,5 L)." KnE Energy 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v1i1.329.

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<p>In 2008, the estimate amount of landfill waste in Indonesia reached 38.5 million tons every year with the largest compositions are organic waste (58%), plastic waste (14%), paper waste (9%) and wood waste (4%). Among waste compositions, only plastic waste takes the longest time of decomposition, about 100-500 years. This is because the characteristic of plastic is unravel which can lead to pollution of land, water and air. To overcome these problems, many people try to find solutions for plastic wastes such as burn, bury and recycle plastic wastes. But, all these ways still have negative impacts for the environment and the safety of the workers who do the combustion process. Therefore, it is a conversion machine that can convert plastic wastes into fuel with pyrolisis system, it burn plastic wastes in vacuum condition. This machine has several advantages, which have a high calorific value of the fuel (equivalent calorific value premium), and this machine can reduce a lot of plastic wastes, reached 92 kilos/ 8 hour every day for 2 kilos reactor capacity, and it’s also safety for environment because the plastic wastes are burnt in the reactor with 900 °C heat. So, the process and the oil are not produces dioxine gas. The innovations of this conversion of plastic waste machine are, it has a continuous pipe that can put 0.3 kg of plastic waste within 1.5 minutes while the machine is operating.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> plastic waste, conversion machine, pyrolysis, liquid fuel <br /><br /></p>
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Ochieng, Richard, Alemayehu Gebremedhin, and Shiplu Sarker. "Integration of Waste to Bioenergy Conversion Systems: A Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072697.

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Sustainable biofuel production is the most effective way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuels while preserving food security and land use. In addition to producing bioenergy, waste biorefineries can be incorporated into the waste management system to solve the future challenges of waste disposal. Biomass waste, on the other hand, is regarded as a low-quality biorefinery feedstock with a wide range of compositions and seasonal variability. In light of these factors, biomass waste presents limitations on the conversion technologies available for value addition, and therefore more research is needed to enhance the profitability of waste biorefineries. Perhaps, to keep waste biorefineries economically and environmentally sustainable, bioprocesses need to be integrated to process a wide range of biomass resources and yield a diverse range of bioenergy products. To achieve optimal integration, the classification of biomass wastes to match the available bioprocesses is vital, as it minimizes unnecessary processes that may increase the production costs of the biorefinery. Based on biomass classification, this study discusses the suitability of the commonly used waste-to-energy conversion methods and the creation of integrated biorefineries. In this study, the integration of waste biorefineries is discussed through the integration of feedstocks, processes, platforms, and the symbiosis of wastes and byproducts. This review seeks to conceptualize a framework for identifying and integrating waste-to-energy technologies for the varioussets of biomass wastes.
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IA, Kalagbor. "Electricity Generation from Waste Tomatoes, Banana, Pineapple Fruits and Peels Using Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFC)." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 3, no. 2 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000141.

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Green Chemistry is gaining prominence in environmental and technological processes. Generating electricity from agro wastes comprising of waste vegetables and fruits are new sources of clean energy. Scientists need to develop technological methods of converting these agro wastes to useful resources especially in developing countries. Fruit wastes are generated in large quantities globally from processing plants. Defective tomatoes rejected and damaged banana fruits as well as unusable pineapple fruits and peels constitute part of the agro waste biomass generated annually. Effective management of this biomass is still ongoing. This research focuses on the conversion of these agro wastes to bioelectricity (green energy) using single microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) technology. Fruits wastes of 5kg, 10kg, 15kg and 20k were used. Results showed that the higher the quantity of substrate, the higher the electricity produced. The maximum voltage outputs generated on day 1 were 4.2V, 3.1V and 3.0V from tomatoes, banana and pineapple (fruit and peel) wastes respectively. The values obtained for current readings were significantly proportional to the voltage readings. The physiochemical parameters; pH, Conductivity, BOD, COD and DO were consistent with those from similar studies. The conversion of tomatoes, banana and pineapple fruit waste to bioelectricity was achieved. Reduction of this biomass by biodegradation using the SMFC technology is one way of removing these agro wastes from the ecosystem to maintain a clean, healthy, pollution-free environment.
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Chong, Jeffrey Hong Seng, Yoke Kin Wan, and Viknesh Andiappan. "Synthesis of A Sustainable Sago-Based Value Chain via Fuzzy Optimisation Approach." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815201004.

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Sago starch is one of the staple foods for human, especially in Asia’s Region. It can be produced via sago starch extraction process (SSEP). During the SSEP, several types of sago wastes are generated such as sago fiber (SF), sago bark (SB) and sago wastewater (SW). With the increase in production of existing factories and sago mills, the sago industrial practice in waste disposal management is gaining more attention, thus implementation of effective waste management is vital. One of the promising ways to have effective waste management is to create value out of the sago wastes. In a recent study, sago-based refinery, which is a facility to convert sago wastes into value-added products (e.g., bio-ethanol and energy) was found feasible. However, the conversion of other value added products from sago wastes while considering the environmental impact has not been considered in sago value chain. Therefore, an optimum sago value chain, which involved conversion activities of sago wastes into value-added products, is aimed to be synthesised in this work. The optimum sago value chain will be evaluated based on profit and carbon emissions using fuzzy-based optimisation approach via a commercial optimisation software, Lingo 16.0. To illustrate the the developed approach, an industrial case study has been solved in this work.
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Pastor, B., Y. Velasquez, P. Gobbi, and S. Rojo. "Conversion of organic wastes into fly larval biomass: bottlenecks and challenges." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, no. 3 (August 2015): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0024.

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The large volume of organic wastes and by-products produced every year usually generates environmental problems, such as water, air and soil contamination and it can be also a focus for pathogen dispersion. Sustainable waste management strategies should be developed, that can favour the value of the organic waste instead of its disposal. A sustainable strategy would be the use of the organic waste as substrate for intensive production of insect biomass. The insects associated with manure and organic waste can play a key role for the sustainable valorisation of organic waste streams as high add value products as they could be used as feed. This review is an overview of the research related with intensive insect farming of saprophagous dipteran species (flies) on manure and other organic wastes and the by-products obtained after the process. Using dipterans as recyclers of waste means that the mass-production systems of these organisms have to be efficient and competitive with other recycling systems. This review describes the possibilities of the dipterans to become active agents in waste management systems and, at the same time, an important resource of protein for feed and the main aspects and bottlenecks that have to be improved in order to achieve competitive insect farming.
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Silveira, I. C. T., D. Rosa, L. O. Monteggia, G. A. Romeiro, E. Bayer, and M. Kutubuddin. "Low temperature conversion of sludge and shavings from leather industry." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 10 (November 1, 2002): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0353.

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Brazil has one of the largest herds of cattle in the world, with more than 170 million heads. Over 400 farms have exported more than 2,875 ton (in 1997) of leather to Europe. The wet blue tanning process uses chemicals such as chromium compounds and produces liquid wastes that must be treated by physico-chemical and biological systems. About 15,000 ton per month of dewatering sludge with 24% solids content is disposed of into landfills. During the process, pre-tanned skins (wet blue leather) are shaved to the desired thickness and the shavings, like sludge, are among the wastes that must have special attention. The organic content and chromium concentration are high. About 12% of the leather production from cattle hides are shavings, and its chromium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.5% of dry matter. The Environmentally friendly leather project, a co-operation between Brazilian and German tanneries, universities and technical schools, is looking for process optimisation, waste minimisation and adequate treatment for solid and liquid wastes from the leather industry. This work presents results of Low Temperature Conversion of chrome-containing sludge and shavings in a laboratory batch reactor, offering a solution for these hazardous wastes, recovering the energy content and transforming metals in insoluble sulphides.
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Akyüz, Ali, Zuhal Akyurek, Muhammad Naz, Shaharin Sulaiman, and Afsin Gungor. "Hydrogen conversion using gasification of tea factory wastes." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 7 (2020): 967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190215013a.

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In this study, gasification performance and importance of hydrogen production using waste of a tea factory were evaluated. A mathematical model was developed for the gasification system, which includes a water gas shift reactor used for hydrogen purification. The gasifier temperature was 877?C for the developed model. The model has been validated against experimental data from an 80 kW t h cylindrical downdraft gasifier, given in the literature for syngas composition for three different air-to-fuel ratios. With the developed model, hydrogen production from tea wastes was achieved to yield a higher level by additionally using a water gas shift reactor. Tea waste (1000 kg) was gasified and after the hydrogen purification process, a total of 4.1 kmol hydrogen was achieved, whereas the amount would be 2.8 kmol gas hydrogen if a normal gasification method were used. The validity of the developed model was verified by comparing the experimental results obtained from the literature with the results of the model under the same conditions. After verification of the developed model, the effect of the moisture content of the biomass and the air/fuel ratio on the composition of the product gas were investigated. These investigations were also confirmed by experimental data. The results show that it is important to convert biomass waste into a clean energy source of hydrogen to minimize its environmental impact.
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Zhang, Ye Shui, Hua Lun Zhu, Dingding Yao, Paul T. Williams, Chunfei Wu, Dan Xu, Qiang Hu, et al. "Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes for CNT and hydrogen production: a review." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 17 (2021): 4173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se00619c.

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Thermo-chemical conversion of carbonaceous wastes such as tyres, plastics, biomass and crude glycerol is a promising technology compared to traditional waste treatment options (e.g. incineration and landfill).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wastes conversion"

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Walling, Samuel. "Conversion of magnesium bearing radioactive wastes into cementitious binders." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13436/.

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The UK radioactive waste inventory contains sizeable portions of magnesium hydroxide rich Magnox sludges due to corrosion of historic wastes. These require disposal in suitable wasteforms, with one potential being solidification in a composite Portland cement matrix. This thesis investigates magnesium hydroxide as a key component in the production of a cementitious binder, attempting to maximise waste loading and improve wasteform integrity through integral usage of these wastes. Hydrated magnesium silicate cements were produced through reaction with amorphous silica, creating stable products comprising a poorly crystalline M-S-H gel. The formulations for this product were optimised, water contents reduced through the use of a polyphosphate dispersant, and the nature of the M-S-H binder investigated further. This was determined to be a lizardite-like structure, which is a stable mineral. This system was modified through the addition of sodium aluminate, resulting in formulations with varying ratios of silicon to aluminium, each of which produced various zeolitic phases along with a magnesium aluminium hydrotalcite phase. This addition improved the setting characteristics of the binders, but did not produce any additional magnesium silicates binders. Additionally to this, sodium carbonate activated slag cement binders blended with magnesium hydroxide were assessed. These were slower setting, low heat cements which formed stable mineral phases, largely unaffected by the addition of magnesium hydroxide. The chemistry of these binders was assessed over an 18 month period, remaining stable throughout. Ultimately it was proved that magnesium hydroxide can be utilised to form cementitious binders, but only in the absence of competing calcium based binding systems.
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Bernhart, Matthew. "Characterization of poultry litter for storage and process design." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/BERNHART_MATTHEW_25.pdf.

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Gilbert, Christopher Donald. "Non-Newtonian conversion of emulsion liquid membranes in the extraction of lead and zinc from simulated wastewater." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10911.

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Du, Bowen Chambliss C. Kevin. "Effect of varying feedstock-pretreatment chemistry combinations on the production of potentially inhibitory degradation products in biomass hydrolysates." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5319.

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Serutla, Bokhabane Tlotliso Violet. "Potential for energy recovery and its economic evaluation from a municipal solid wastes landfill in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2463.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Landfill gases, principally methane, CH4 are produced from the decomposition of the municipal solid wastes deposited on landfill sites. These gases can be captured and converted into usable energy or electricity which will assist in addressing energy needs of South Africa. Its capture also reduces the problems associated with greenhouse gases. The aim of this study is to estimate gases that can be produced from the Bellville landfill site in Cape Town. The landfill gas capacity was estimated using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model. The IPCC model showed that 48 447m3/year of landfill gas capacity was determined only in 2013. The LFGTE process plant is designed in a manner of purifying landfill gas, which at the end methane gets up being the only gas combusted. As a matter of fact 14 544kg/year of gases which consists mainly methane gets combusted. The average energy that can be produced based on the generated landfill gas capacity (methane gas) is 1,004MWh/year. This translates to R1. 05million per year at Eskom’s current tariff of R2.86 /kWh) including sales from CO2 which is a by-product from the designed process plant. A LFGTE process plant has been developed from the gathered information on landfill gas capacity and the amount of energy that can be generated from the gas. In order, to start-up this project the total fixed capital costs of this project required amounted up to R2.5 million. On the other hand, the project made a profit amounted to R3.9million, the Net profit summed up to R1. 3million and the payback time of Landfill Gas ToEnergy (LFGTE) project is 4years.The break-even of the project is on second year of the plant’s operation. The maximum profit that this project can generate is around R1. 1million. The life span of the plant is nine years. Aspen plus indicated that about 87% of pure methane was separated from CO2 and H2S for combustion at theabsorption gas outletstream. I would suggest this project to be done because it is profitable when by-products such as CO2 sales add to the project’s revenues.
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Shehata, Asmaa. "Engineering Properties, Micro- and Nano-Structure of Bentonite-Sand Barrier Materials in Aggressive Environments of Deep Geological Repository for Nuclear Wastes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32499.

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Canada produces about one-third of the global supply of medical radioisotopes. The nuclear power reactors in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick have generated about 17 percent of the electricity in the country every year (NWMO, 2010; Noorden; 2013). Since the 1960s, more than 2 million used (or spent) fuel bundles (high-level radioactivity) and 75,000 m³ of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste have been produced, which is increasing by 2000 to 3000 m³ every year after reducing the processed volume (Jensen et al., 2009). More than 30 countries around the world, including Canada, have proposed construction of very deep geological repositories (DGRs) to store this nuclear waste for design periods 1,000,000 years. DGR concepts under development in Canada (the DGR is likely to be constructed in Ontario) are based on a multi-barrier system (NWMO, 2012). A crucial component of the multi-barrier system is the engineered barrier system (EBS), which includes a buffer, backfill, and tunnel sealing materials to physically, chemically, hydraulically and biologically isolate the nuclear waste. Bentonite-based material has been chosen for this critical use because of its high swelling capacity, low hydraulic conductivity, and for its good ability to retain radionuclides in the case of failed canisters. However, the presence of bentonite-based material in DGRs, surrounded by an aggressive environment of underground saline water, nuclear waste heat decay, and corrosion products under confining stress, may lead to mineralogical changes. Consequently, the physical and physiochemical properties of bentonite-based materials may change, which could influence the performance of bentonite in an EBS as well as the overall safety of DGRs. The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of the underground water salinity, heat generated by nuclear waste, and corrosion products of nuclear waste containers in Ontario on the engineering and micro-/nano-structural properties of bentonite-sand engineered barrier materials. Free-swelling, swelling pressure and hydraulic conductivity tests have been performed on bentonite-sand mixtures subjected to various chemical (groundwater chemistry; corrosion water with iron as a corrosion product) and thermal (heat generated) conditions. Several techniques of micro- and nano-structural analyses, such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray microanalysis (DES), surface area and pore size distribution analyses (BET, BJH) and differential gravimetric (TGA and DTG) analyses have also been conducted on the bentonite-sand materials. Valuable results have been obtained for better understanding the durability and performance of the bentonite-sand barrier for the DGR which may be located in Ontario. The obtained results have shown that the groundwater chemistry and corrosion products of the nuclear containers significantly deteriorate the swelling and permeability properties of the tested bentonite-sand barrier materials, while temperature has little or no effect.
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Swart, Shanna. "Nanofiber immobilized cellulases and hemicellulases for fruit waste beneficiation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017914.

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Бухкало, Світлана Іванівна. "Моделювання процесів інноваційних енерготехнологій утилізації полімерів." Thesis, Одеська національна академія харчових технологій, 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31203.

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Розглянуто деякі особливості використання ТПВ на комплексному підприємстві, яке може забезпечувати всі свої енергетичні потреби самостійно. Дослідження спрямовані на вивчення таких питань, як розробка моделей утилізації-модифікації полімерної частини ТПВ або тари та пакування. При цьому враховувалися фактори вибору науково-обґрунтованих методів переробки та утилізації полімерів; розробку необхідних технологічних схем і устаткування для переробки полімерних відходів; вибір підприємств для реалізації утилізації полімерів і виду енергетичних ресурсів для реалізації цих проектних рішень.
Some features of the possibilities of solving evidence-based problems of improving the use of wastes of different industries on a complex enterprise that can provide all its energy needs alone. The problem of wastes utilization and recycling is present as complex research and analysis of energy- and resource saving processes for treatment of polymer wastes of various origin. The research focused on the study of issues such as the development of models of waste-modifying polymer. The investigation are focused in researching such problems as selection of scientific based methods of wastes to be utilized or recycled; the development of appropriated process flow sheets and choice of modifications additives and equipment for polymers waste recycling. The choice of appropriate plants with selected energy resources is very important for projects realization.
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Gama, Repson. "A lignocellulolytic enzyme system for fruit waste degradation : commercial enzyme mixture synergy and bioreactor design." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013073.

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Studies into sources of alternative liquid transport fuel energy have identified agro-industrial wastes, which are lignocellulosic in nature, as a potential feedstock for biofuel production against the background of depleting nonrenewable fossil fuels. In South Africa, large quantities of apple and other fruit wastes, called pomace, are generated from fruit and juice industries. Apple pomace is a rich source of cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose, making it a potential target for utilisation as a lignocellulosic feedstock for biofuel and biorefinery chemical production. Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant in nature and therefore its degradation requires the synergistic action of a number of enzymes such as cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases and ligninases. Commercial enzyme cocktails, containing some of these enzymes, are available and can be used for apple pomace degradation. In this study, the degradation of apple pomace using commercial enzyme cocktails was investigated. The main focus was the optimisation of the release of sugar monomers that could potentially be used for biofuel and biorefinery chemical production. There is no or little information reported in literature on the enzymatic degradation of fruit waste using commercial enzyme mixtures. This study first focused on the characterisation of the substrate (apple pomace) and the commercial enzyme cocktails. Apple pomace was found to contain mainly glucose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose, lignin and low amounts of xylose and fructose. Three commercial enzyme cocktails were initially selected: Biocip Membrane, Viscozyme L (from Aspergillus aculeatus) and Celluclast 1.5L (a Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 cellulase preparation). The selection of the enzymes was based on activities declared by the manufacturers, cost and local availability. The enzymes were screened based on their synergistic cooperation in the degradation of apple pomace and the main enzymes present in each cocktail. Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L, in a 50:50 ratio, resulted in the best degree of synergy (1.6) compared to any other combination. The enzyme ratios were determined on Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L based on the protein ratio. Enzyme activity was determined as glucose equivalents using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Sugar monomers were determined using Megazyme assay kits. There is limited information available on the enzymes present in the commercial enzyme cocktails. Therefore, the main enzymes present in Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L were identified using different substrates, each targeted for a specific enzyme and activity. Characterisation of the enzyme mixtures revealed a large number of enzymes required for apple pomace degradation and these included cellulases, pectinases, xylanases, arabinases and mannanases in different proportions. Viscozyme L contained mainly pectinases and hemicellulases, while Celluclast 1.5L displayed largely cellulase and xylanase activity, hence the high degree of synergy reported. The temperature optimum was 50ºC for both enzyme mixtures and pH optima were observed at pH 5.0 and pH 3.0 for Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L, respectively. At 37ºC and pH 5.0, the enzymes retained more that 90% activity after 15 days of incubation, allowing the enzymes to be used together with less energy input. The enzymes were further characterised by determining the effect of various compounds, such as alcohols, sugars, phenolic compounds and metal ions at various concentrations on the activity of the enzymes during apple pomace hydrolysis. Apart from lignin, which had almost no effect on enzyme activity, all the compounds caused inhibition of the enzymes to varying degrees. The most inhibitory compounds were some organic acids and metal ions, as well as cellobiose and xylobiose. Using the best ratio for Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L (50:50) for the hydrolysis of apple pomace, it was observed that synergy was highest at the initial stages of hydrolysis and decreased over time, though the sugar concentration increased. The type of synergy for optimal apple pomace hydrolysis was found to be simultaneous. There was no synergy observed between Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L with ligninases - laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase. Hydrolysing apple pomace with ligninases prior to addition of Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L did not improve degradation of the substrate. Immobilisation of the enzyme mixtures on different supports was performed with the aim of increasing stability and enabling reuse of the enzymes. Immobilisation methods were selected based on the chemical properties of the supports, availability, cost and applicability on heterogeneous and insoluble substrate like apple pomace. These methods included crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), immobilisation on various supports such as nylon mesh, nylon beads, sodium alginate beads, chitin and silica gel beads. The immobilisation strategies were unsuccessful, mainly due to the low percentage of immobilisation of the enzyme on the matrix and loss of activity of the immobilised enzyme. Free enzymes were therefore used for the remainder of the study. Hydrolysis conditions for apple pomace degradation were optimised using different temperatures and buffer systems in 1 L volumes mixed with compressed air. Hydrolysis at room temperature, using an unbuffered system, gave a better performance as compared to a buffered system. Reactors operated in batch mode performed better (4.2 g/L (75% yield) glucose and 16.8 g/L (75%) reducing sugar) than fed-batch reactors (3.2 g/L (66%) glucose and 14.6 g/L (72.7% yield) reducing sugar) over 100 h using Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L. Supplementation of β- glucosidase activity in Viscozyme L and Celluclast 1.5L with Novozyme 188 resulted in a doubling of the amount of glucose released. The main products released from apple pomace hydrolysis were galacturonic acid, glucose and arabinose and low amounts of galactose and xylose. These products are potential raw materials for biofuel and biorefinery chemical production. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was successfully developed and used for predicting the optimum conditions for apple pomace hydrolysis using Celluclast 1.5L, Viscozyme L and Novozyme 188. Four main conditions that affect apple pomace hydrolysis were selected, namely temperature, initial pH, enzyme loading and substrate loading, which were taken as inputs. The glucose and reducing sugars released as a result of each treatment and their combinations were taken as outputs for 1–100 h. An ANN with 20, 20 and 6 neurons in the first, second and third hidden layers, respectively, was constructed. The performance and predictive ability of the ANN was good, with a R² of 0.99 and a small mean square error (MSE). New data was successfully predicted and simulated. Optimal hydrolysis conditions predicted by ANN for apple pomace hydrolysis were at 30% substrate (wet w/v) and an enzyme loading of 0.5 mg/g and 0.2 mg/mL of substrate for glucose and reducing sugar, respectively, giving sugar concentrations of 6.5 mg/mL and 28.9 mg/mL for glucose and reducing sugar, respectively. ANN showed that enzyme and substrate loadings were the most important factors for the hydrolysis of apple pomace.
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Amponsah, Nana Yaw. "Contribution à la théorie de l'éMergie : application au recyclage." Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653840.

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Le développement continu d'outils pour mesurer le développement durable a conduit à la théorie éMergétique. L'éMergie d'une ressource ou d'un produit est définie en convertissant toutes les ressources (matières premières) et les entrées d'énergie sous la forme de leurs équivalents énergétiques solaires (solar energy unit seJ), cf Odum (1996, 2000). L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'adapter la méthode d'analyse éMergétique aux pratiques de recyclage industriel. La principale contribution scientifique de cette étude peut être résumée comme suit: contribution à la théorie éMergétique en temps discret appliquée au recyclage. Sous certaine hypothèses, l'émergie d'un produit recyclé peut être exprimée sous la forme d'une série géométrique. L'éMergétique d'un produit se détériorant, il existe un prix éMergétique au recyclage et une analogie avec l'énoncé de Carnot peut être faite. En conséquence, un nouveau "facteur" est introduit, ce dernier peut être inclus dans les tables d'évaluation éMergétique, pour tenir compte des accroissements de transformité dû aux recyclages multiples. Enfin, l'approche développée est appliquée avec succès à l'utilisation de matériaux de recycle dans un bâtiment basse énergie.
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Books on the topic "Wastes conversion"

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National Seminar on Role of Building Materials Industries in Conversion of Wastes into Wealth (Cement Research Institute of India). National Seminar on Role of Building Materials Industries in Conversion of Wastes into Wealth: Seminar papers. New Delhi: Cement Research Institute of India, 1986.

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Zhou, Hui. Combustible Solid Waste Thermochemical Conversion. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3827-3.

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Lazaroiu, Gheorghe, and Lucian Mihaescu, eds. Innovative Renewable Waste Conversion Technologies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81431-1.

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National Conference on the Conversion of Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Wastes into Fertilizers (1992 Makati, Philippines). National Conference on the Conversion of Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Wastes into Fertilizers: Concrete experiences and potentials : proceedings, Hotel Nikko, Manila Garden, Ayala Center, Makati, June 27-28, 1992. Los Banõs College, Laguna: Quality Control and Training, Center Bio-organic Fertilizers Component, National Institutes of Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, 1992.

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Young, Gary C. Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Conversion Processes. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470608616.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear science: Effect of conversion of Washington Nuclear Plant No.1 on debt and electric rates : fact sheet for congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989.

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Board, California Integrated Waste Management. New and emerging conversion technologies: Report to the Legislature : staff report to the Board. Sacramento, CA: The Board, 2007.

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Young, Gary C. Municipal solid waste to energy conversion processes: Economic, technical, and renewable comparisons. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley, 2010.

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Young, Gary C. Municipal solid waste to energy conversion processes: Economic, technical, and renewable comparisons. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Specified gas emitters regulation: Quantification protocol for non-incineration thermal waste conversion. [Edmonton]: Alberta Environment, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wastes conversion"

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Chahal, P. S., and D. S. Chahal. "Lignocellulosic wastes: biological conversion." In Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products, 376–422. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5821-7_10.

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Kandasamy, Sabariswaran, Mathiyazhagan Narayanan, Narayanamoorthy Bhuvanendran, and Zhixia He. "Thermochemical Conversion of Wastes." In Waste-to-Energy, 145–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91570-4_5.

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Malayil, Sreesha, Roopa Ashwath, Sunny Natekar, and H. N. Chanakya. "Biogas Conversion Potential of Chicken Wastes." In Waste Valorisation and Recycling, 255–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2784-1_24.

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Dias, Albino A., Joana M. C. Fernandes, Rose Marie O. F. Sousa, Paula A. Pinto, Carla Amaral, Ana Sampaio, and Rui M. F. Bezerra. "Fungal Conversion and Valorization of Winery Wastes." In Fungal Biology, 239–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77386-5_9.

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Yu, P. H., A. L. Huang, W. Lo, H. Chua, and G. Q. Chen. "Conversion of Food Industrial Wastes into Bioplastics." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 603–14. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1814-2_55.

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Sharma, S., K. Pradeepkumar, M. Shaanmaadhuran, M. J. Rajadurai, Y. Anto Anbarasu, and V. Kirubakaran. "Bio- and Thermochemical Conversion of Poultry Litter: A Comparative Study." In Energy Recovery Processes from Wastes, 201–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9228-4_17.

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Kumar, Awinash, Santosh Kumar Dash, Moiching Sajit Ahamed, and Pradip Lingfa. "Study on Conversion Techniques of Alternative Fuels from Waste Plastics." In Energy Recovery Processes from Wastes, 213–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9228-4_18.

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Lindsey, Timothy C. "Conversion of Existing Dry-Mill Ethanol Operations to Biorefineries." In Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts, 161–73. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780813822716.ch8.

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Yokoyama, Shin-ya. "Overview of Thermochemical Conversion Technology of Biomass and Wastes in Japan." In Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 48–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1336-6_4.

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Abdul Rahim, Abdul Rahman, Khairiraihanna Johari, Norasikin Saman, and Hanapi Mat. "Sustainable Conversion of Coconut Wastes into Useful Adsorbents." In Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, 1–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11155-7_121-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wastes conversion"

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Chopra, H., A. K. Gupta, E. L. Keating, and E. B. White. "Thermal Destruction of Solid Wastes." In 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (1992). 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/929224.

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Atong, Duangduen, and Viboon Sricharoenchaikul. "Thermal Conversion of Mixed Wastes From Biodiesel Manufacturing for Production of Fuel Gas." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90200.

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Thermochemical conversion process has become a viable technology for managing excess waste from various industries while producing value added fuel products. In the work reported here, distribution of products (solid, liquid, and gas) by thermal conversion of wastes from biodiesel production process which are extracted physic nut and palm shell mixed with glycerol waste was carried out using a medium scale tubular reactor with feeding rate of 5 g/min. Several important operating parameters were studied including the proportion of each waste (100:0 – 70:30), reaction temperature (700 – 900°C) and air to fuel ratio (AF) 0.0 – 0.6. It was found that when the temperature increased, the quantity of solid and liquid product decreased while gas product increased. For conversion to CO2, CO, CxHy and H2, when the temperature increased, CO2 decreased while yields of CO, CH4 and H2 increased. Greater conversion to CO2, CO, H2 with AF increased from 0.0 to 0.3. Higher AF from 0.3 to 0.6 resulted in lesser CO and H2 while conversion to CO2 increased. On the other hand, CxHy decreased when AF changed from 0.0 to 0.6. The maximum heating values of gas product in this study are 3.48 MJ/m3 and 2.27 MJ/m3 for glycerol waste mixed with physic nut waste and palm shell waste, respectively (both at 30% glycerol wastes and reaction temperature of 900°C). The maximum of mole ratio of H2 to CO obtained is 0.59 for physic nut and 0.37 for palm shell mixed wastes. Relatively high CxHy, low product gas heating value and H2 to CO ratio indicated the need for further product upgrading before using as raw material for other advanced fuel production processes such as Fisher-Tropsch, DME, or methanol syntheses beside direct heat and power utilization.
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Molintas, Henry, and Ashwani Gupta. "Non-Isothermal Pyrolysis Kinetics of Municipal Solid Wastes." In 9th Annual International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-5669.

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Zaima, Naoki, Yasuyuki Morimoto, Noritake Sugitsue, and Kazumi Kado. "Uranium Refining and Conversion Plant Decommissioning Project." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40068.

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The uranium refining and conversion plant (URCP) at Ningyo-toge was constructed in 1981 for the purpose of demonstrating on refining and conversion process from yellow cake (or uranium trioxide) to uranium hexafluoride by way of uranium tetrafluoride. For 20 years, 385 tons of natural uranium hexafluoride and 336 tons of reprocessed uranium hexafluoride (approximately) was produced. There are two different type of refining processes in the URCP. One is the wet process by convertig the natural uranium and the other is the dry conversion process for the reprocessed uranium. The dismantling of the dry process facilities began in March, 2008. It was found the large amount of uranium residuals such as wet slurry and powder uranium inside the vessels and pipes. Therefore, we have to take care of the spread of the contamination during dismantling works. The basic strategy concerning plant dismantling were the optimization of the total labor costs and the minimization of the radioactive wastes generated. The dismantling procedure is shown below; i) measuring doserate by using high sensitivity surveymeters, and nuclide identification by using gamma ray spectrometry, ii) estimating uranium mass inventory, iii) planning work force distributions with radiological survey staffs, iv) deciding dismantling methods concretely, v) decontaminating schematically if required, vi) collecting detailed data of working conditions, vi) measuring and classifying contaminated materials, vii) managements of radioactive waste drum and non-contaminated equipment, viii) control for personal exposures. Almost all equipment will be decontaminated except building decontamination it by around 2013FY. In addition, the secondary wastes were also yielded. Few thousands man-days were necessary for this project. The measurement data have not showed the high environmental radiation doserate, generally less than 0.3μSv/h. However, by the trace of the reprocessed uranium, the trans-uranium nuclides such as uranium-232 progenies, Th-228 and Tl-208 were observed. The accumulation of the nuclides which emit high energy gamma rays such as Tl-208 caused radiation exposure. As for the waste disposal, the determination of uranium content must be necessary. We have been now developing the uranium measuring systems with better accuracy. The further tasks imposed by our experiences are summarized the followings; i) minimization and reduction of radioactive wastes, ii) decontamination for the buildings and utilities, iii) wastes disposal. We have to work hard toward the final decommissioning.
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Timmons, Dale M., and James H. Cahill. "Thermochemical Conversion of Asbestos Contaminated With Radionuclides and/or Other Hazardous Materials." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4705.

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Waste asbestos from abatement activities at Department of Energy (DOE) facilities is typically (as is most asbestos waste in the United States) disposed of in landfills. However, some of the asbestos from DOE facilities is contaminated with radionuclides, PCBs, metals regulated under the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) and perhaps other regulated components that may require treatment instead of landfill disposal. Land disposal of waste is becoming less desirable to the public and does nothing to reduce the toxicity or the continued liability associated with these wastes. Methods for permanent destruction of these wastes are becoming more attractive as a final solution. One of the methods available for the destruction of asbestos-containing wastes is thermochemical conversion technology. ARI Technologies, Inc. was contracted by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to conduct a technology deployment of its thermochemical conversion process. The purpose of the project was to: 1. “Destroy 10,000 lb. of asbestos-containing material (ACM), defined as asbestos fibers and binder by feeding it through an EPA-permitted asbestos destruction technology, such that the resultant materials are no longer considered to be asbestos in accordance with 40 CFR 61.155, Standard for Operation that Convert Asbestos-Containing Waste Materials Into Non-asbestos, and 2. Collect and analyse performance data for the deployed asbestos destruction technology.” In addition to the mandatory objectives, ARI conducted tests on the asbestos that were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the technology for immobilization of toxic metals and surrogate radionuclides that are known to be present in DOE asbestos waste. This full-scale technology deployment demonstrated economical asbestos destruction and effective immobilization of lead, cadmium, barium and arsenic. Cerium oxide and non-radioactive cesium were also immobilized. Leach testing using EPA and DOE methods showed that leach performance surpassed regulatory criteria by at least one order of magnitude.
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Miley, George, and Nie Luo. "A Nanopore Multilayer Isotope Battery Using Radioisotopes from Nuclear Wastes." In 9th Annual International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-5981.

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Manegdeg, Reynald Ferdinand, Analiza Rollon, Florencio Ballesteros, Eduardo Magdaluyo, Louernie De Sales-Papa, Eligia Clemente, Emma Macapinlac, Roderaid Ibañez, and Rinlee Butch Cervera. "Waste-to-Energy Technology Suitability Assessment for the Treatment and Disposal of Medical, Industrial, and Electronic Residual Wastes in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-63768.

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Abstract Sanitary landfill is considered as a final repository of residual wastes. However, there is a need for volume reduction to increase the lifespan of the landfill and to stabilize these wastes to prevent environmental and health hazards. A possible option to achieve these objectives is a waste-to-energy (WtE) facility that can significantly reduce residual waste volume and generate electricity at the same time. In Metropolitan Manila, Philippines, there is no existing WtE facility for the treatment of residual wastes. In this study, the technical feasibility of a WtE plant for residual wastes from medical, industrial, and electronic sectors in the Metropolis is assessed. A multi-attribute decision analysis method was used in the selection of the most appropriate waste conversion and power generation technology for residual waste. Seven waste conversion technologies were compared according to overall efficiency, waste reduction rate, maximum capacity, reliability, lifespan, energy conversion cost, and environmental emissions. Four power generation technologies were then ranked according to efficiency, cost, footprint, work ratio, emissions, and complexity. The pyrolysis-Brayton plant was found to be the most suitable WtE plant for the identified residual waste. To determine WtE capacity, a waste analysis characterization study was conducted in wastes from health care facilities, manufacturing plants and treatment, storage and disposal facilities in Metropolitan Manila. Representative samples were obtained from these sectors to determine the generation rate and waste composition of residual wastes. Empirical, literature, and manufacturer’s data were used to calculate for product yield, energy requirement and energy yield for each sectoral waste. Based on the energy yield estimates, the WtE power plant was simulated at capacities of 1, 3, and 10 tons per day (tpd) for the three residual waste sectors. The 10 tpd plant simulation for medical and industrial waste resulted to electricity generation of 800 kW and 1.2 MW, at efficiencies of 23% and 24%, respectively. The 3 tpd plant simulation for electronic waste generated 200 kW at 21% efficiency. The waste reduction rate obtained for medical, industrial, and electronic wastes was 84%, 90%, and 71%, respectively. The results of the study showed that it is technically feasible to incorporate a WtE plant in the treatment and disposal of residual wastes in Metropolitan Manila. Furthermore, in consideration of the geographical attributes of the sectoral residual waste generators, the flexibility and small footprint of the pyrolysis-Brayton set-up is suitable. Installing 1–3 tpd plants in clustered locations will lessen transportation costs and land area requirement. Moreover, it is recommended that a financial feasibility study be done on the residual WtE plant, along with an enabling environment and business plan.
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Annamalai, K., N. T. Carlin, H. Oh, G. Gordillo Ariza, B. Lawrence, U. Arcot V., J. M. Sweeten, K. Heflin, and W. L. Harman. "Thermo-Chemical Energy Conversion Using Supplementary Animal Wastes With Coal." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43386.

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Researchers at Texas A&M University have studied properties of cattle biomass (CB or manure) fuels and their possible utility in combustion systems. Larger, more concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) and farms make manure disposal more difficult. At the same time, due to the concentration of the manure, the CAFOs can be a source of a more feasible and reliable CB feedstock for fossil fuel supplementation and emissions reduction technologies. This paper reviews the history of work conducted on animal biomass fuels and current research and experiments undertaken by Texas A&M University (TAMU) System research personnel. Feedlot biomass (FB), dairy biomass (DB), and chicken litter biomass (LB) are considered here. When cofiring with coal under rich conditions, the CB has the potential to reduce NOx and Hg emissions. Reburning coal with CB can be just as effective as and possibly more economical than reburning with conventional fuels like natural gas. In addition to cofiring and reburning, another possible energy conversion method is gasification of cattle biomass with air and air-steam oxidizing agents that can produce synthetic gases which can then be used in a variety of different combustion systems. The economic feasibility of utilizing animal-based biomass on existing coal-fired power plants is greatly dependent on the relative cost of coal, the biomass transportation distance to the combustion facility, and numerous other factors. Even though most of the methodologies and procedures, in this paper, deal with CB, similar schemes can be undertaken for most other animal or solid wastes.
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Choi, Yun D., D. S. Hwang, and U. S. Chung. "Decommissioning of a Uranium Conversion Plant and a Low Level Radioactive Waste for a Long Term Disposal." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16071.

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A decommissioning project for a uranium conversion plant was conducted to restore it to a safe environmental condition and minimal low level radioactive wastes which were converted to stable chemical forms for a long term disposal. In the middle of 2004, a decommissioning program for a conversion plant, which was constructed in 1982, and treated about 300 tons of natural uranium until it was shut down in 1992, obtained its approval from the regulatory body. Actual dismantling and decontaminating activities have been performed since July 2004 and will be finished by December 2009. The decommissioning works were mainly divided into two parts: the inside of the building containing the process equipments; the lagoon sludge generated during the plant operation. The decommissioning of the inside of the building was carried out by dismantling the process equipment, which were firstly segmented and decontaminated by polishing and washing with steam and chemicals or melting, and then decontamination for the surfaces inside the building by excavating or grinding the concrete walls. The decontamination goals were below 0.2Bq/g for the metallic segments and below 0.4Bq/cm2 for the concrete walls. Decontamination methods were selected according to the degree of contamination and a minimization of the low level radioactive wastes was conducted throughout the decommissioning work. The lagoon sludge waste had two types, one was an various inorganic nitrate salt mixture containing a very low concentration of uranium, about 200∼300ppm, in Lagoon-II and the other was an inorganic nitrate salt mixture containing a few percent of uranium in Lagoon-I. To treat these sludge wastes a thermal decomposition facility was constructed and operated to produce stable sludge wastes containing uranium oxides which are stable in the air. The final sludge wastes after a thermal treating for the sludge waste of Lagoon-I could be reused. The final residual radioactivity for the inside of the building will be measured to confirm a complete decontamination of the uranium to back ground level and then the building will be considered for another use.
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Mason, J. Brad, and Corey A. Myers. "THOR® Steam Reforming Technology for the Treatment of Ion Exchange Resins and More Complex Wastes Such as Fuel Reprocessing Wastes." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40165.

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The THOR® fluidized bed steam reforming process has been successfully operated for more than 10 years in the United States for the treatment of low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes generated by commercial nuclear power plants. The principle waste stream that has been treated is ion exchange resins (IER) and Dry Active Waste (DAW), but various liquids, sludges, and solid organic wastes have also been treated. The principle advantages of the THOR® process include: (a) high volume reduction on the order of 5:1 to 10:1 for IER and up to 50:1 for high plastic content DAW streams depending on the waste type and waste characteristics, (b) environmentally compliant off-gas emissions, (c) reliable conversion of wastes into mineralized products that are durable and leach-resistant, and (d) no liquid effluents for treatment of most radioactive wastes. Over the past ten years, the THOR® process has been adapted for the treatment of more complex wastes including historic defense wastes, reprocessing wastes, and other wastes associated with the fuel cycle. As part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) environmental remediation activities, the THOR® dual bed steam reforming process has successfully processed: (a) Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Sodium-Bearing Waste (SBW), (b) Savannah River Tank 48 High Level Waste (HLW), (c) Hanford Low Activity Waste (LAW), and (d) Hanford Waste Treatment Plant Secondary Waste (WTP-SW) liquid slurry simulants. The THOR® process has been shown in pilot plant operations to successfully process various simulated liquid, radioactive, nitrate-containing wastes into environmentally safe, leach-resistant, solid mineralized products. These mineralized products incorporate normally soluble ions (e.g. - Na, K, Cs, Tc), sulfates, chloride salts, and fluoride salts into an alkali alumino-silicate mineral matrix that inhibits the leaching of those ions into the environment. The solid mineralized products produced by the THOR® process exhibit durability and leach resistance characteristics superior to borosilicate waste glasses. As a result of this work, a full-scale THOR® process facility is currently under construction at the DOE’s Idaho site for the treatment of SBW and a full-scale facility is in the final design stage for the DOE’s Savannah River Site for the treatment of Tank 48 high level waste. Recent work has focused on the development of new monolithic waste formulations, the extension of the THOR® process to new waste streams, and the development of modular THOR® processes for niche waste treatment applications. This paper will provide an overview of current THOR® projects and summarize the processes and outcomes of the regulatory and safety reviews that have been necessary for the THOR® process to gain acceptance in the USA.
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Reports on the topic "Wastes conversion"

1

Christensen, D. C., D. F. Bowersox, B. J. McKerley, and R. L. Nance. Wastes from plutonium conversion and scrap recovery operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5587648.

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Baker, E. G., R. S. Butner, L. J. Jr Sealock, D. C. Elliott, and G. G. Neuenschwander. Thermocatalytic conversion of food processing wastes: Topical report, FY 1988. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6529984.

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Shih, Wei-Heng. Conversion of coal wastes into waste-cleaning materials. Quarterly report, October 1--December 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/465843.

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Wei-Heng Shih. CONVERSION OF COAL WASTES INTO WASTE-CLEANING MATERIALS. FIANL REPORT (8/1/94-12/31/97). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/769340.

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Shih, W. H. Conversion of coal wastes into waste-cleaning materials. Quarterly progress report, October 1--December 31, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/251301.

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Shih, W. H. Conversion of coal wastes into waste-cleaning materials. Quarterly progress report, January 1--March 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/578541.

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Shih, Wei-Heng. Conversion of coal wastes into waste-cleaning materials. Quarterly progress report, July 1, 1996--September 30, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/418269.

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Wei-Heng Shih. Conversion of coal wastes into waste-cleaning materials. Quarterly progress report, April 1, 1995--June 30, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/137353.

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Shih, Wei-Heng. Conversion of coal wastes into waste-cleaning materials. Quarterly progress report, July 1, 1995--September 30, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/205213.

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Shih, Wei-Heng. Conversion of coal wastes into waste-cleaning materials. Quarterly progress report, January 1, 1995--January 31, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/100153.

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