Dissertations / Theses: 'Wasted peat'

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PETRONI, SERGIO L. G. "Avaliacao cinetica e de equilibrio do processo de adsorcao dos ions dos metais cadmio, cobre e niquel em turfa." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11138.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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2

Yu-Shah, Ho. "Adsorption of heavy metals from waste streams by peat." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.763933.

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3

Ho, Yuh-Shan. "Absorption of heavy metals from waste streams by peat." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8742/.

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Adsorption of heavy metal ions (e.g. copper, nickel and lead) onto sphagnum moss peat was investigated. The influence of pH, concentration, temperature, nature of solute, number of solutes simultaneously present, peat dose and reaction time on batch adsorption equilibria and kinetics tests were examined. Batch adsorption of copper and nickel onto peat was pH dependent, the optimum range being 4.0 to 5.0 for copper and 4.0 to 7.0 for nickel. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms showed a single relationship between initial metal concentration, metal removal, and initial pH. The latter was found to control efficiency of metal removal. The use of peat in removal of lead from aqueous solution was studied in batch experiments. Investigations included the effect of pH and temperature of adsorption. The adsorption equilibria data followed Langmuir and Freundlich models. Efficiency of lead removal depended very little on the reaction temperatures (12 to 37°C) and initial pH values (4.0 to 6.0). The results suggested that the adsorption process is endothermic for lead-peat adsorption. Kinetic data suggested involvement of a chemical rate-limiting step, and a predictive relationship was derived relating metal removal to peat dose. In comparison with other metals, nickel removal is poor, and possible reasons are discussed. Kinetic results also indicated that pore diffusion is not the only rate determining step in peat metal adsorption. A rate equation is described for the study of the kinetics of adsorption of aqueous divalent metal ions onto sphagnum moss peat for a range of conditions. An empirical model was devised for predicting percentage metal ion adsorbed. The model showed a high coefficient of correlation, indicating its reasonableness. The last section describes the results of an examination into the simultaneous adsorption by peat of several metals. Initially copper and nickel from both single- and bi-solute systems were tested. In general, pore diffusion appeared to be the rate-controlling step. The effects of competitive adsorption in batch systems for copper and nickel system was also studied in various ratios of metal concentration. A mathematical model was used successfully and shown to be predictive for various ratio of metal ions concentration in competitive adsorption. The dose effect on the uptake of metals on moss peat was also studied for bi-solute adsorption systems. The best interpretation which could be placed on the data was that the behaviour of nickel was unusual. The results also showed that the kinetics of adsorption were best described by a second-order expression rather than a first-order model. For metal ions which are of different size but are divalent metal ions, we used lead(II) and copper(II) as well as lead(II) and nickel(II) systems. The effects of competitive adsorption in batch systems indicated that copper had a greater effect on lead adsorption than did nickel. However, lead had a greater effect on nickel than copper. A copper, lead and nickel triple-solute system was also tested. The adsorption of any single metal such as copper, lead and nickel was hindered by the presence of the other metals. The competitive effect appears to have affected the three ions in the order nickel > lead > copper with nickel affected most; the adsorption capacity for each solute from the mixed solution was 15.9, 57.4 and 71.5% of that of a single-solute system for copper, lead and nickel, respectively. The kinetic results showed that the heavy metals are adsorbed fairly rapidly, and that there is a relatively good fit between experimental data and the second order model for copper, lead and nickel.

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4

Prativadi, Bayankara Srinivas. "Sorption of cadmium and nickel from solution by peat and modified peat /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,153836.

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Smith, Graham David. "Estimating potentially mineralizable nitrogen in organic growing media." Thesis, Coventry University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323032.

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6

Kopf, Sabrina. "Polymer rejuvenation of PET textile waste." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23819.

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Thermomechanical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) typically includes a decrease in the polymer´s intrinsic viscosity and therefore a reduction of the molecular weight. Consequently, thermomechanical recycling is usually a downcycling of the product. However current methods to increase the molecular weight such as solid-state polymerization or the usage of chain extenders are time consuming or introduce foreign molecules into the PET´s molecular chain. Thus, the aim of this work was to try to increase the molecular weight in the molten state in an extruder, to decrease the processing times. The processing times are reduced compared to the solid-state polymerization because in the molten state the movability of the polymer chain is increased. Moreover, no supplementary substances are added for the processing so that no foreign structures are introduced during reprocessing. Virgin PET pellets were extruded at 285°C, 290°C and 295°C set temperature and 2rpm, 4rpm, and 7rpm screw rotation rate. Afterwards the PET´s properties were investigated by measuring their intrinsic viscosities, conducting a 1H NMR and a DSC measurement. Additionally, pre-experiments were conducted to explore the possibilities of feeding industrial scrap polyester fabrics into the extruder. The polymer characterization showed that the intrinsic viscosity and therefore the molecular weight of the processed samples decreased with the parameters chosen for this experiment. Samples processed at 285°C and 7 rpm showed in the average the highest intrinsic viscosities and therefore the highest molecular weight of all processed samples. Additionally, the results of the 1H NMR and the DSC indicated degradation reactions such as thermal degradation and hydrolysis. Thus, further research is necessary to find an easily accessible recycling method for polyester textiles and reduce the amount of polyester textile waste. However, it is possible to feed long textile stripes into the twin screw extruder and reprocess it to a strand which is an important step for further recycling.

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Magnusson, Evelina, Mattias Klang, and Moa Westlund. "PET-bottles: From waste to resource." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264432.

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One of the biggest problems in Guatemala is the handling of plastic waste. Many of the watercourses and rivers in Guatemala are filled with plastic bottles which has a negative impact on both nature and the country’s inhabitants. At the same time, Guatemala is dealing with the problem of segregation between rich and poor. More than half of the population live under the poverty line and in bad conditions. Houses created by thin walls and aluminium roofs are common. In an earlier project an attempt to tackle part of these two issues has been developed by creating roofs our of plastic bottles. The project has been successful but also has some room for improvements. In this report these areas of improvements are investigated and analyzed by building a roof for a structure of 9 square meters. This project has a focus on improving the production process and product in order to make them comparable with the aluminium roofing sheets most commonly used today. With tests of possible external impacts that the roof likely will have to withstand, the solidity of the roof has been determined at the same time that evaluation of the process for one person has been compared with building a roof out of aluminium. Since aluminium is expensive and difficult to repair, the roof made out of plastic waste could be good alternative. However it may need an industrial process in order to make it cost and time effective. The production of a roof covering a building of nine square meters need 600 bottles and 41 hours of work.
Ett av Guatemalas största problem är avfallshantering. Många av Guatemalas vattendrag är fyllda av plastflaskor och annat avfall vilket har en negativ påverkan på både naturen och landets befolkning. Samtidigt har Guatemala stora problem med segregation mellan fattiga och rika. Mer än hälften av befolkningen lever under fattigdomsgränsen och i dåliga förhållanden. I städer hör det inte till ovantligheten att se hus som enbart består av lätta väggar med en aluminiumplåt som tak. I ett tidigare projekt har dessa två problem försökts sammanfogas och lösas genom en process där PET-flaskor omformas till takbrickor. Projektet har varit framgångsrikt men har ett flertal förbättringsområden. I denna rapport har dessa förbattringsområden undersökts och analyserats genom att bygga ett tak för en struktur vars bas är 9 kvadratmeter. Detta projekt har fokus på att utveckla en process och en produkt som är jämförbara med de aluminiumtak som används idag. I form av tester på de möjliga påfrestningar tak utsätts för i Guatemala har kvaliten hos taken bedömts samtidigt som processen har beprövats och jämförts med processen för en privatperson att konstruera ett aluminiumtak. Då alumniumtak är dyrt och svårt att reparera kan plasttaken vara ett alternativ. Dock kan det krävas en industrialisering av processen för att det ska vara kostnads och tidseffektivt. Produktionen av ett plasttak på en byggnad som är nio kvadratmeter kräver 600 plastflaskor och 41 timmars arbete.

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8

Freitas, Dayane Taylor de. "Estudo da separação triboeletrostática de resíduos poliméricos pósconsumo e determinação do limite de contaminação entre PET e PEAD." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-04122018-141312/.

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A utilização de polímeros tem crescido de maneira significativa em diversos setores da indústria, substituindo materiais como madeira, metais, vidros, entre outros. Entretanto, a constante geração de resíduos poliméricos pós-consumo e seu descarte, tem gerado problemas ao meio ambiente, pois grande parte desses materiais ainda é disposta em aterros sanitários. Assim, a reciclagem de polímeros tem se mostrado uma alternativa mais econômica e ambientalmente correta, já que contribui para minimizar o consumo de recursos finitos, como o petróleo, além de reduzir a emissão de gases tóxicos nos processos de produção e decomposição. No processo de reciclagem, a separação dos polímeros em seus diferentes tipos é uma das etapas mais importantes, pois devido às diferenças nas propriedades químicas e físicas desses materiais, quando misturados e processados, geram produtos finais de baixa qualidade. No Brasil, o método de separação mais utilizado é o de separação manual, porém apresenta grandes desvantagens devido às condições insalubres às quais o trabalhador é submetido e devido a erros de natureza humana cometidos durante o processo. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos de separação de resíduos poliméricos, dando ênfase na separação triboeletrostática, além de determinar limites de contaminação entre poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) e polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) no produto final reciclado. Foi desenvolvido um dispositivo para separação triboeletrostática de polímeros, o qual se mostrou efetivo na separação de misturas de poli(cloreto de vinila) (PVC)/PET, PVC/acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) e ABS/PEAD, atingindo porcentagens de recuperação maiores que 80% e grau de pureza acima de 90%. No estudo da contaminação entre PET e PEAD, com base na morfologia e propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelas blendas avaliadas, foi determinado o limite de 3% de contaminação de PET no PEAD, porém não foi possível determinar um limite para a contaminação de PEAD no PET, pois mesmo em pequenas concentrações do contaminante, as blendas apresentaram comportamento instável nos ensaios mecânicos realizados, devido às suas características morfológicas.
The use of polymers has increased significantly in several industrial sectors, replacing materials such as wood, metals, glass, etc. However, the constant generation of plastic wastes and their disposal generate environmental problems, because most of them are disposed to landfill. Thus, polymer recycling seems to be the most economical and environmentally friend alternative, since it contributes to minimize the consumption of non-renewable resources, as petroleum, also reducing the toxic gases emission generated during the production and decomposition processes. The polymer separation in their different types is one of the most important stages of the recycling process, because due to the diferences in their chemical and physical properties, when they are mixed and processed, low quality products are produced. In Brazil, manual separation is the most used method, but it presents great disadvantages, due to the unheathy conditions that the workers are subjected to and the possibility of human errors during the process. The aim of this work was to study different polymer separation methods, emphasizing the triboelectrostatic separation, besides determining contamination limits between polyterephthalate ethylene (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the final recycled product. A device for triboelectrostatic separation of polymers was developed, which was effective in the separation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) / PET, PVC / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and ABS / HDPE blends, reaching percentages of recovery greater than 80% and purity above 90%. Contamination between PET and HDPE was evaluated, based on the morphology and mechanical properties presented by the blends prepared. The limit of 3% of PET contamination in the HDPE was determined, but it was not possible to determine the limit for the contamination of HDPE in PET, because even in small concentrations of the contaminant, the blends presented unstable behavior in the mechanical tests performed, due to the morphological characteristics of the blends produced.

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9

Nordin, Anders. "On the chemistry of combustion and gasification of biomass fuels, peat and waste : environmental aspects." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110672.

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10

PETRONI, SERGIO L. G. "Estudos de adsorcao de zinco e cadmo em turfa .Potencialidade de utilizacao de um bioadsorvedor natural em sistemas de tratamento de efluentes." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10746.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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ROSSINI, EDVALDO L. "Obtencao da blenda polimerica PET/PP/PE/EVA a partir de 'garrafas PET' e estudo das modificacoes provocadas pela radiacao ionizante." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11373.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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12

Chilton, Tom. "Commercial Scale Recycling of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520774.

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13

Stephenson, Gregg T. "The Effects of Agricultural Waste-Based Compost Amendments in Organic Pest Management." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2042.

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Soil-borne pests and pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae, can devastate a wide range of annual and perennial crops. Current management options for organic production are limited and sustainable management of pathogens, weeds, and arthropods is important for staying profitable and reducing the use of harmful chemicals. Organic soil amendments play an important role in supplying some of the nutritional needs of vegetable crops and improving soil structure, while also contributing to pest control. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of grape and olive-based composts on soil pathogen load, arthropod communities, and weed biomass and diversity. Field experiments were conducted in both organic and conventionally grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) systems during the summer growing season of 2018 on the Cal Poly campus in San Luis Obispo, California. Four different organic amendment treatments were tested including: olive based compost, grape based compost, dairy manure compost, and plant waste compost. Abundance of the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae was assessed from composite soil samples collected at several time points throughout the growing season. Olive, grape, and plant waste composts all displayed significant reduction of V. dahliae abundance between two to eight weeks post application of treatment when compared to the control. Insufficient evidence was found correlating farm management type with V. dahliae abundance after adjusting for treatment and time. Total dry weed biomass was assessed after one month of unhindered growth. The organic amendments tested appeared to alter weed species composition but not overall biomass though no significant differences were found. The soil arthropods symphylans and collembolans were sampled throughout the growing season, significant trends in population were found over time but not across treatments. This research demonstrates how agricultural waste-based compost amendments have potential as tools in pest management.

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14

Abat, Benek. "Growth Of Agriculturally Important Pseudomonas Spp. And Azotobacter Chroococcum On Beer Waste And Observation Of Their Survival In Peat." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607750/index.pdf.

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In this study agriculturally important Pseudomonas spp. which may solubilize phosphate and Azotobacter chroococcum which can fix atmospheric nitrogen were grown on waste beer with 4 different concentrations and conditions for best growth were determined. Having potential of use as biofertilizers, they were put in the carrier material peat and survivals of them were observed for 3 months at three different temperatures. Biofertilizer can be defined as a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surface, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by replacing soil nutrients or making nutrients more available or increasing plant access to nutrients. In order to benefit from the biofertilizers, viable and active microorganisms in high numbers must be present which requires high quality inoculants. The carrier substrate is a critical part of the product formulation and must be capable of supporting high numbers of the intended microbe(s). It was found that Pseudomonas spp. can solubilize phosphate. Furthermore, conditions for best growth for both bacteria were determined as 30 % of waste beer. Peat was found as an appropriate carrier due to preservation of viable cells for 3 months at 0 º
C, 20 º
C and 30 º
C. However, peat couldn&rsquo
t support high numbers of Pseudomonas spp. at 30 º
C.

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Vitkauskienė, Irena. "Chemical recycling of industrial poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste: synthesis of aromatic polyester polyols, their properties and use." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110920_152312-50729.

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In this study, the generation points, reasons and properties of industrial PET waste were examined in detail. Different chemical recycling ways were suggested for each kind of industrial PET waste. Under glycolysis of industrial PET waste by ethylene glycol, the yield of the main product bis(2-hidroxyethylene) terephthalate was higher than 85 %. Several series of aromatic polyester polyols (APP) were synthesized by transesterification of industrial PET waste using diethyleneglycol (DEG) in the presence of functional additives glycerol (GL) or/and adipic acid (ADA). The effect of functional additives on transesterification process and viscosity of APP was thoroughly studied and mathematically described for the first time. APP synthesized by transesterification of industrial PET waste using DEG in the presence of ADA and/or GL fragments, had lower crystallinity and were much more stable during storage at room temperature. Viscosity of APP slightly depended on the catalyst type and its concentration. Polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PU-PIR) foams were produced under the reaction of APP and an excess of diisocyanate. PU-PIR foams based on PET-waste-derived APP containing fragments of GL or/and ADA were characterized by excellent physical-mechanical properties, high thermal stability, low heat release and smoke production. The burning test confirmed that PU-PIR foams satisfied the requirements for class E of construction products and building elements.
Šiame darbe nuodugniai ištirtos gamybinių polietilentereftalato (PET) atliekų susidarymo vietos, priežastys bei jų savybės. Pasiūlyti skirtingi cheminio perdirbimo būdai ir sąlygos kiekvienai gamybinių PET atliekų rūšiai. Vykdant gamybinių PET atliekų glikolizę etilenglikoliu, pasiekta didesnė negu 85 % bis(2-hidroksietilen)tereftalatо išeiga. Peresterinant gamybines PET atliekas dietilenglikoliu (DEG) ir naudojant funkcinius priedus glicerolį (GL) ir/arba adipo rūgštį (ADR), susintetinta serija aromatinių poliesterpoliolių (APP), besiskiriančių savo klampa ir kitomis savybėmis. Pirmą kartą nuodugniai ištirta ir matematiškai aprašyta peresterinimo reakcijos mišinyje esančių funkcinių priedų įtaka APP klampai. APP, susintetinti peresterinant gamybines PET atliekas DEG ir turintys ADR ir/arba GL fragmentų, yra mažai linkę kristalintis ir stabilūs saugant juos kambario temperatūroje. APP klampa mažai priklauso nuo metaloorganinio katalizatoriaus cheminės sudėties ir jo koncentracijos. Naudojant PET peresterinimo metu gautus APP ir diizocianato perteklių, susintetintos poliuretano-poliizocianurato (PU-PIR) putos. Putos, gautos iš APP, kuriuose yra GL ir/arba ADR fragmentų, pasižymi geromis fizikomechaninėmis savybėmis ir dideliu terminiu stabilumu, joms degant išsiskiria mažesnis šilumos ir dūmų kiekis. Atliekant degumo bandymus nustatyta, kad PU-PIR putos atitinka reikalavimus, taikomus Е klasės statybinėms konstrukcijoms ir elementams.

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Dias, Telmo Ricardo Duarte. "Co-digestão como solução para a valorização energética de resíduos de fruta e legumes." Master's thesis, ISA, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6784.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
There is a need for new strategies for biodegradable municipal waste management, particularly fruit and vegetable wastes, which reduce the accumulation of waste in landfill. Co-digestion of pre-treated dairy cattle slurry (LS) with pear waste after a long storage period (180 days) was investigated. Pear waste liquid fraction (PLF) was tested in co-digestion with LS at four inclusion levels: 0, 25, 75 and 100%, keeping the organic loading rate around 1.1 ± 0.4 g SV L-1 d-1. The effect of substrate type and inclusion level on gas production rate (GPR) and specific methane production (SMP) was evaluated in a completely mixed stirring tank reactor (CSTR), performed at 37  0.5ºC for 126 days. Results showed that progressive increase of PLF percentage as co-substrate improves SMP in comparison to single substrate. On another hand, results showed that storing pear waste for long periods does not compromise AD performance. This is important as pear production is seasonal and storage will simplify the management of this co-substrate. Overall, it can be said that co-digestion of slurry and pear waste seams an interesting approach as a farm scale energy production and waste treatment solution at a regional level.

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Oliveira, Catarina Chemetova Cravo Branco. "Valorisation of forest biomass side-streams in add value green products for horticultural industry." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21210.

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Doutoramento em Engenharia do Ambiente / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
Horticulture industry uses peat as the main constituent in growing media formulations due to its ability to support efficient plant production. However, peat is a non-renewable resource at its actual extraction rate, and environmental issues associated with greenhouse gases emission from peat harvest raised peatland ecosystem conservation awareness through environmental initiatives, organizations and politics worldwide, limiting its use. There has been an increasing demand for environmentally friendly peat alternatives focused on locally available, organic and renewable materials from industrial side-streams, mainly wood-based and forest biomass. Therefore, woody raw-materials physical, chemical and biological properties are important to determinate further pre-treatment identification and choice. This work evaluates bark-based growing media suitability from non-native forest species in Mediterranean region, Acacia melanoxylon – residual biomass from invasive species control – and Eucalyptus globulus – a pulpwood industrial waste-stream. Ageing, a zero-waste treatment, allowed A. melanoxylon mature bark to effectively replace half of container medium volume as peat alternative. Low-temperature hydrothermal treatment, a faster process, enabled E. globulus bark to substitute quarter container medium volume, ensuring equal plant performance as commercial material. Both raw-materials sieve size manipulation promoted its incorporation as aeration growing media component. Given the wood-based raw-materials nature, Nitrogen amendment should be provided according to plant and cultivation system’s needs. Furthermore, by replacing the ‘end-of-life’ biomass material into new potential horticultural products, circular economy approach was applied throughout this study. Thus, A. melanoxylon juvenile bark extracts phytotoxic effect showed a promising non-synthetic and natural bio-herbicide for weed control. In response to the potential circularity of invasive species biomass resources into add-value horticultural products, the present study outcome underlines Acacia species biomass commercial valorisation as alternative management tool to support the costs of control, avoiding the potential risk of conflict between economic exploitation and negative environmental impact
N/A

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Ferreira, Hélen Farias. "Diagnóstico da geração e destinação de embalagens de Polietileno tereftalato (PET), direcionadas à atual área de disposição final de resíduos sólidos de Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2015. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/513.

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O aumento do poder aquisitivo da população, aliada aos produtos tecnológicos e as mudanças no estilo de vida da população trouxeram grandes incrementos na geração de resíduos no país. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o diagnóstico dos resíduos de Polietileno Tereftalato (PET) no Município de Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. Foi realizada a caracterização, para quantificar os resíduos de PET coletados pelas cooperativas de catadores instaladas no lixão de Várzea Grande. No estudo verificou-se a falta de implementação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, principalmente nas questões de logística reversa, coleta seletiva e disposição adequada. Alternativa para destinação adequada dos resíduos atualmente encontra-se subutilizada, uma vez que existe uma indústria recicladora de resíduos de PET instalada no município vizinho, esta processou no ano de 2014, 20% da capacidade produtiva, desestimulando a instalação de novos empreendimentos neste setor. Os resultados mostram que 3% dos resíduos coletados e descartados no lixão são de PET e que apenas 21% deste é retirado do local para reciclagem pelos catadores. Identifica-se a necessidade de realizar de forma emergencial a gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados na cidade para que os resíduos sejam devidamente destinados. Valores reais demonstram que anualmente são enterrados R$ 2.298.240 ( dois milhões, duzentos e noventa e oito mil, duzentos e quarenta reais)em PET. Uma perda, que poderá ser diferente com investimentos básicos implantados no referido município.
The increase in purchasing power of the population, coupled with technological products and changes in people's living stylem, brought large increase in waste generation in the country. This study aimed to make the diagnosis of waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in the city of Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso. The waste characterization was performed to quantify the PET waste collected by recycling cooperatives installed at the dump of Lowland Grande. In the study there was a lack of implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy, especially in the reverse logistics issues, selective collection and inadequate disposal. Alternative for appropriate disposal of waste are currently underutilized, since there is a recycling industry PET waste installed in the neighboring municipality, this sued in 2014, 20% of production capacity, discouraging the installation of new developments in this sector. The results showed that 3% of the collected waste and are disposed of in the landfill of PET and only 21% of this is removed from the site for recycling by scavengers. Identifies the need for an emergency basis to management and management of municipal solid waste generated in the city for that waste is properly designed. Actual figures show that annually are buried R $ 2,298,240 (two million, two hundred ninety-eight thousand, two hundred and forty dollars) in PET. A loss, which may be different with basic investments implemented in the municipality.

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19

Karlsson, Lovisa. "Waste Water Treatment - A Case Study : Removal of Ni, Cu and Zn through precipitation and adsorption." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-26130.

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Waste water containing high concentrations of dissolved metals were delivered to the environmental company SAKAB. After standard treatment procedure, involving regulation of pH and addition of flocculation agents, the water still contained nickel concentrations of 26 mg/l. Since SAKAB’s regulatory concentration limit value for nickel in outgoing water is 0.5 mg/l, further treatment was necessary. According to the supplier of the water, a complexing agent similar to EDTA had been added to the water. The aim of this study was to decrease concentrations of nickel, zinc and copper. One part of this study was the precipitation experiments as hydroxide, sulphide and adsorption to hydrous ferric oxide. The other part was adsorption to natural, organic materials such as peat, wood chips and one commercial bark compost. Adsorption to hydrous ferric oxide was the most efficient of the precipitation experiments. When 2000 mg FeCl3 was added to 100 ml waste water and pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 8, a decrease up to 74 % of total nickel concentrations was achieved. Most efficient of the adsorption experiments were the one with commercial bark compost which decreased nickel concentrations in solution up to 94 % after 20 hours of agitation.

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Vitkauskienė, Irena. "Polietilentereftalato gamybinių atliekų cheminis perdirbimas: aromatinių poliesterpoliolių sintezė, savybės ir panaudojimas." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110920_152302-41359.

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Šiame darbe nuodugniai ištirtos gamybinių polietilentereftalato (PET) atliekų susidarymo vietos, priežastys bei jų savybės. Pasiūlyti skirtingi cheminio perdirbimo būdai ir sąlygos kiekvienai gamybinių PET atliekų rūšiai. Vykdant gamybinių PET atliekų glikolizę etilenglikoliu, pasiekta didesnė negu 85 % bis(2-hidroksietilen)tereftalatо išeiga. Peresterinant gamybines PET atliekas dietilenglikoliu (DEG) ir naudojant funkcinius priedus glicerolį (GL) ir/arba adipo rūgštį (ADR), susintetinta serija aromatinių poliesterpoliolių (APP), besiskiriančių savo klampa ir kitomis savybėmis. Pirmą kartą nuodugniai ištirta ir matematiškai aprašyta peresterinimo reakcijos mišinyje esančių funkcinių priedų įtaka APP klampai. APP, susintetinti peresterinant gamybines PET atliekas DEG ir turintys ADR ir/arba GL fragmentų, yra mažai linkę kristalintis ir stabilūs saugant juos kambario temperatūroje. APP klampa mažai priklauso nuo metaloorganinio katalizatoriaus cheminės sudėties ir jo koncentracijos. Naudojant PET peresterinimo metu gautus APP ir diizocianato perteklių, susintetintos poliuretano-poliizocianurato (PU-PIR) putos. Putos, gautos iš APP, kuriuose yra GL ir/arba ADR fragmentų, pasižymi geromis fizikomechaninėmis savybėmis ir dideliu terminiu stabilumu, joms degant išsiskiria mažesnis šilumos ir dūmų kiekis. Atliekant degumo bandymus nustatyta, kad PU-PIR putos atitinka reikalavimus, taikomus Е klasės statybinėms konstrukcijoms ir elementams.
In this study, the generation points, reasons and properties of industrial PET waste were examined in detail. Different chemical recycling ways were suggested for each kind of industrial PET waste. Under glycolysis of industrial PET waste by ethylene glycol, the yield of the main product bis(2-hidroxyethylene) terephthalate was higher than 85 %. Several series of aromatic polyester polyols (APP) were synthesized by transesterification of industrial PET waste using diethyleneglycol (DEG) in the presence of functional additives glycerol (GL) or/and adipic acid (ADA). The effect of functional additives on transesterification process and viscosity of APP was thoroughly studied and mathematically described for the first time. APP synthesized by transesterification of industrial PET waste using DEG in the presence of ADA and/or GL fragments, had lower crystallinity and were much more stable during storage at room temperature. Viscosity of APP slightly depended on the catalyst type and its concentration. Polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PU-PIR) foams were produced under the reaction of APP and an excess of diisocyanate. PU-PIR foams based on PET-waste-derived APP containing fragments of GL or/and ADA were characterized by excellent physical-mechanical properties, high thermal stability, low heat release and smoke production. The burning test confirmed that PU-PIR foams satisfied the requirements for class E of construction products and building elements.

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Silva, Kethlen Rose Inacio da. "Biodegradação de polietileno tereftalato (PET) por fungos ligninoliticos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254727.

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Orientador: Lucia Regina Durrant
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Em 1977, o polietileno tereftalato (PET), produto derivado do petróleo, começou a ser utilizado como material de embalagem e plástico de engenharia. Porém, sob o ponto de vista ambiental, o uso de plástico é considerado problemático pela sua alta durabilidade e grande volume na composição total do lixo. Neste trabalho foi estudada a biodegradabilidade de polímeros sintéticos por ação de fungos basidiomicetos de podridão branca cultivados em resíduos agroindustriais envolvendo fermentações distintas, a fermentação semi-sólida e a fermentação submersa. Duas linhagens fúngicas de Pleurotus sp foram cultivadas em resíduos agroindustriais juntamente com os pellets ou quadrados de garrafa PET transparente sob fermentação semi-sólida e fermentação submersa e incubados, em estufa à 30ºC, durante 30, 60 e 90 dias. Após incubação, o material obtido após a filtragem das amostras e os polímeros em estudo foram analisados, quanto as atividades enzimáticas, a produção de biosurfactantes, a perda de massa, a morfologia do polímero em estudo, viscosidade intrínseca e a taxa de biodegradação do PET. Dentre todos os ensaios realizados o fungo Pleurotus 001 apresentou os melhores resultados após crescimento em pellets, produzindo alterações na estrutura do polímero, perda de massa e redução da viscosidade intrínseca, produção de biosurfactantes, produção de enzimas lignocelulolíticas e uma atividade respiratória baixa quando em comparação com os ensaios realizados. Comprovou-se que os microrganismos lignocelulolíticos podem proporcionar um grande progresso na degradação de materiais sintéticos, sendo de grande importância o estudo das condições ótimas de crescimento destes microrganismos aliado a combinações físico-químicas que podem auxiliar e/ou maximizar o processo de degradação
Abstract: In 1977, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a plastic derived from petroleum, started to be used as raw material for packaging material and engineering plastics. However, under an environmental point of view, the use of plastics is considered problematic because of their high durability and high volume when present in domestic and industrial solid wastes. This study investigated the biodegradability of synthetic polymers by white-rot basidiomycete fungi cultivated on agro industrial residues under two fermentation conditions, semi-solid state and submerged fermentation. Two Pleurotus strains were grown in agro-industrial residues with either PET pellets or squares of transparent PET¿s bottles under semi-solid and submerged fermentation and incubated at 30 C for 30, 60 and 90 days. After incubation, the material obtained following filtration of samples and polymers were analyzed for determination of enzymatic activities, production of biosurfactants, mass loss, modifications on the morphology of the polymer, intrinsic viscosity and determination of the rate of degradation. Pleurotus 001 showed the best results when incubated with pellets, showing changes in the structure of the polymer, weight loss and reduction of intrinsic viscosity, production of biosurfactants, and of lignocellulolytic enzymes and a low respiratory activity. These results show that ligninolytic fungi can help improve the degradation of synthetic materials. However, further studies to determine the optimum conditions for growth of these fungi associated with combinations of physical and chemical treatment to maximize the degradation process are still necessary
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

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Blackburn, Cameron. "Waste / Mine: Re Interpreting mans' connection to the landscape through the conservation of a tin mine on Devils Peak." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13016.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The starting point of this study begins whilst driving through a field of vineyards just outside of Cape Town, about 15 kilometers from Napier. A sea of agricultural formlessness and sameness. This scene was interrupted by a large white blanket covering most of the hill side. It appeared ridged in its form yet fluid enough to take the shape of the landscape. The vast scale (or scale-less-ness) of the landscape became somewhat reduced to an area small enough to comprehend. This object lay seemingly foreign and unfamiliar and thus estranging my view of the landscape. This led me to question its meaning. A google earth image of the exact site fortuitously captured the assembly of this artefact. The image illustrates its agricultural use, but more interestingly its reveals a series of processes of working upon the landscape. The large seemingly monolithic object reveals its individual parts, method of assembly and human labour. Embedded within the artefact too are energies- human and mechanical- which are impossible to observe in the finished artefact. Through being able to unveil the various methods and steps of this process made richer my knowledge of the landscape and therefore, I argue, helped better understand the human connection to landscape.

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23

Sobhee-Beetul, Laxmee. "Ground improvement using PET bottle waste as a potential reinforcement material for granular columns: an experimental approach." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30424.

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Out of the many ground improvement methods aimed at ameliorating the weak engineering properties of certain soils, granular columns are often preferred due to their cost effectiveness and environment friendliness. Despite their high usage in other countries, this technology remains rather unpopular in South Africa. Therefore, this study was undertaken to extend the associated knowledge of the granular column within the local context. In line with the need to develop environmentally sustainable construction technologies, the study incorporated Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle waste as a reinforcement material for these columns. Several laboratory experiments were conducted to improve the load carrying capacity and settlement characteristics of a local fine silt. A wet silt bed (prepared at optimum moisture content or liquid limit) was created within a steel cylindrical tank. An ordinary granular column (OGC) or reinforced granular column (RGC) was then installed within the tank and a compressive vertical load was applied to the prepared sample up to a settlement of 50 mm. Reinforcement for the columns was used in different forms and arrangements. The stresssettlement characteristics were electronically captured and subsequently analysed. Posttesting, the deformation of the column was physically modelled by vacuuming out the column material to create an empty opening. A prepared wet mix of plaster of Paris and sand was then poured into the empty hole until it was filled to the top. Once set, the casted column was removed from the tank and its circumference was measured at different intervals up along the length of the column. This process was repeated after each test and these measurements were later used for determining the respective maximum bulging. The study confirmed that the inclusion of granular columns generally improved load carrying capacity, as well as reduced settlement in weak soils such as fine silts. Also, certain conditions of reinforcing of the columns further improved their performances. From the results, it appeared that reinforcing a column with a concentration of 0.1 % of randomly mixed fibres, and installed in a base soil at liquid limit, produced the largest percentage improvement of 244 % in load carrying capacity. Furthermore, the diameter of maximum bulging was reasonably low and was measured as 144 mm, compared to 150 mm for an OGC which was tested under similar conditions. The outcome of this study considerably extended the understanding of the reinforcement of granular columns using PET bottle waste. Since the concept of reinforcing granular columns with waste is new, several areas were identified for future research to further increase knowledge pertaining to this ground improvement method.

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24

Matos, Tassio Francisco Lofti. "Avaliação da viabilidade de reintegração de resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-20012010-103411/.

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Entre os materiais presentes nos resíduos sólidos domiciliares, os resíduos poliméricos pósconsumo representam cerca de 27% do volume total da coleta convencional, segundo Matos (2006), com o agravante da degradação lenta, comprometendo a vida útil dos aterros sanitários e poluindo o meio urbano. Dos resíduos poliméricos, destaca-se o Poli (tereftalato de etileno) PET. O PET é utilizado em embalagens alimentícias e, preferencialmente, no envasamento de bebidas carbonatadas e água mineral com gás. O consumo das embalagens de PET tem sido crescente, o que gera uma presença maior deste resíduo no meio ambiente. A reintegração do PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo pode ser considerada uma ação mitigatória dos impactos ambientais causados por este resíduo, além de otimizar o ciclo de vida da resina presente na garrafa. A reintegração do PET pós-consumo já é realizada por meio da obtenção de diversos produtos diferentes ao de sua origem (garrafa), com taxas de reciclagens crescentes a cada ano. Entretanto, muitos dos produtos reciclados têm breve vida útil, em decorrência das aplicações que lhes são destinadas. Uma alternativa de vida útil longa para o reciclado de PET seria uma aplicação na construção civil, onde os componentes têm uso de longo prazo, além de ser mais uma opção para suprir o consumo elevado de recursos naturais desta indústria. Neste trabalho foi realizada uma avaliação da viabilidade de reintegração dos resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo, visando os potenciais de disponibilidade da matéria-prima e de propriedades intrínsecas e de desempenho tecnológico do produto reciclado para a indústria da construção civil. A estratégia metodológica da pesquisa compreendeu duas vertentes de avaliação: a gestão dos resíduos e as propriedades e desempenho tecnológico do produto reciclado. O método de avaliação da gestão dos resíduos compreendeu os procedimentos de uma pesquisa exploratória e documental, visando identificar o modelo de recuperação associado às dimensões básicas da logística reversa, assim como o potencial das cadeias de suprimento direto e reverso das garrafas de PET. O método de avaliação tecnológica foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa experimental, onde o produto reciclado foi obtido por reciclagem mecânica, compreendendo os processos de revalorização e transformação por injeção, e submetido a diversos ensaios para caracterização das propriedades intrínsecas e o desempenho tecnológico. Destaca-se nos resultados, em relação à avaliação da gestão de resíduos, que a logística reversa das garrafas de PET tem no fator econômico a maior motivação, e, referente à avaliação tecnológica, que os produtos reciclados apresentam perda de desempenho a partir do quarto ciclo de reciclagem, decorrente da degradação das cadeias poliméricas em função das sucessivas reciclagens. A Análise dos resultados permite concluir que existe viabilidade para a reintegração dos resíduos de PET pós-consumo ao meio produtivo da construção civil, visando à aplicação como componente construtivo, considerando as condições de reciclagem adotadas na pesquisa e o potencial de disponibilidade e propriedades de desempenho tecnológico.
Post-consumer polymer materials in household wastes (HW) represent approximately 27% of the total volume of conventional garbage collections, according to Matos (2006). The degradation of these wastes is extremely slow, thus compromising the useful life of sanitary landfills and polluting the urban environment. PET poly(ethylene terephthalate) stands out among these polymer wastes, since it is widely used in food packaging and especially for bottling carbonated drinks and mineral water with gas. The use of PET packaging has been increasing steadily, leading to its ever greater presence in the environment. The reintegration of post-consumer PET into production represents an alternative to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by this waste, as well as to optimize the life cycle of the resin contained in PET bottles. Post-consumer PET is already being recycled into a variety of products for purposes other than their original one (bottles) and recycling rates are increasing yearly. However, many recycled products have a very short service life due to the applications in which they are used. An alternative to lengthen the service life of recycled PET would be its application in civil construction, whose components have long-term uses. This would also represent an additional option to help meet this industrys high demand for natural resources. The present study evaluated the feasibility of reintegrating post-consumer PET into production, in view of the large potential availability of this raw material and the intrinsic properties and technological performance of the recycled product for the construction industry. The methodological strategy of this research comprised two lines of investigation: evaluation of waste management, and evaluation of the properties and technological performance of the recycled product. The evaluation of waste management comprised an exploratory and documental research to identify the product recovery model associated with the basic dimensions of reverse logistics, as well as the potential of the direct and reverse supply chains of PET bottles. The technological evaluation was based on experimental research, which involved the mechanical recycling, since the revaluation processes and transformation for injection of post-consumer PET, followed by several tests to characterize its intrinsic properties and technological performance. With regard to waste management, the results highlight the fact that the reverse logistics of PET bottles is driven mostly by economic factors. From the technological standpoint, the results indicate that recycled PET products show a loss in performance after the 4th cycle of recycling due to the degradation of their polymeric chains in response to successive recycling. An analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that it is feasible to reintegrate post-consumer PET into production, applying it as a component material for civil construction, based on the recycling conditions adopted in this research, the potential availability of post-consumer PET and its properties of technological performance.

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GABRIEL, LEANDRO. "Preparação, irradiação e caracterização de blendas PEAD reciclado/EPDM." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26946.

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A reciclagem de refugos é um processo estratégico que viabiliza a expansão do mercado de plásticos, podendo gerar novos produtos. A obtenção de blendas poliméricas é uma alternativa nesse processo, já que é conhecida a perda de propriedades mecânicas dos termoplásticos nas etapas de reprocessamento. Neste trabalho, o polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) reciclado teve adições de borracha do monômero etileno-propileno-dieno (EPDM) puro em baixos teores (1 %, 5 % e 10 %), cujo objetivo foi formar blendas miscíveis e um produto final mais resistente ao impacto. O PEAD foi submetido a quatro ciclos de moagem, extrusão e injeção (reprocessamento) e misturado ao EPDM puro por extrusão sem o uso de qualquer aditivo. Os grânulos da blenda formada foram usados para confeccionar os corpos-de-prova por injeção para seu uso nas distintas metodologias analíticas. O processo de irradiação gama foi aplicado nas doses de 50 kGy e 100 kGy e os parâmetros físico-químicos e mecânicos dessas amostras foram comparados aos das não irradiadas. Tanto as blendas irradiadas como as não irradiadas mostraramse visualmente e microscopicamente homogêneas, indicando a compatibilidade da mistura, que também é verificada por seu comportamento térmico. Os parâmetros mecânicos provenientes dos ensaios de tração e flexão, foram semelhantes nas amostras do termoplástico virgem e do reciclado; o processo de irradiação nas blendas gerou sua reticulação, sendo esta verificada não só pelo aumento dos valores desses parâmetros como também pelo aumento da fração gel. A resistência ao impacto aumentou cerca de duas vezes e meia nas amostras com maior teor de EPDM e cerca de 6 a 7 vezes nestas mesmas amostras irradiadas a 50 kGy e 100 kGy respectivamente. O novo material obtido tem fortes indicativos para a sua utilização na pequena e média indústria de plástico, uma vez que já com 1 % de EPDM apresentam melhores características mecânicas em relação ao termoplástico reciclado quatro vezes e essas características foram incrementadas após o processo de irradiação gama.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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26

Eik, Arne. "Eco-efficiency of waste management : A case study of the Norwegian deposit and recycling system for PET bottles." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-674.

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The Norwegian system for depositing and recycling of PET bottles (Resirk/PET system)started in May 2000, and is based on Norsk Resirk's mission of improving cost- and environmental efficiency of this system. Has this been achieved? What can explain the changes that occurred in the system during recent years? I have found that the eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system increased considerably every year between 2000 and 2003. The net greenhouse gas (GHG emission was improved from -562 kg CO2e (562 kg CO2 equivalents avoided generated) for waste management of one tonne consumed bottles in 2000 to -1442 kg CO2e per tonne in 2003, while the net cost was reduced from 4062 €/tonne in 2000 to 2683 €/tonne in 2003. This eco-efficiency improvement was very much driven by the increased volume and return rate of PET bottles during this period. The environmental performance of the Resirk/PET system was high compared to other waste management systems for PET bottles, while the economical performance was considerably lower. The interactive development of the bottled non-carbonated mineral water Imsdal contributed significantly to the increase of the Resirk/PET system’s volume and return rate and hence the system’s improved eco-efficiency. A white spirit sabotage on Imsdal in August 2002 contributed to the development of Imsdal as well as the Resirk/PET system’s change of the design and material specification for participating PET bottles. By combining the quantitative eco efficiency framework with the qualitative framework of interactive resourced development, information about how much eco-efficiency of a defined system has changed, as well as an understanding of reasons for changes within the system, has been acquired. Such a combination should be possible to apply for analysis of other systems as well, and may be a valuable contribution to the field of industrial ecology since the methods complement each other in a fruitful way. The eco-efficiency of the Resirk/PET system can be improved further by:

- Regarding used PET bottles as a resource to be applied for production

- Reducing packaging tax for PET bottles

- Increasing the bottle deposit

- Keeping the PET specification updated

- Improving collection efficiency

- Improving cost efficiency of marketing and information

- Increasing compaction and filling degree of reverse vending machines

- Considering automatic sorting

- Keeping focus on producing high quality PET flakes.

In addition to having showed that the approaches of eco-efficiency and interactive resource development can be combined, this thesis may have implications on how ecoefficiency can be quantified in waste management systems, and how the concepts of adaptation and friction in resource structures are dealt with.

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Dang, Yu. "Value-added Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil, Post-consumer PET Bottles and Soybean Meal into Biodiesel and Polyurethane Products." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468591615.

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Correa, Priscila Marques. "Estudo comparativo da influência da adição de pet e pp pós-consumo na produção do concreto estrutural." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130090.

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A reciclagem é uma alternativa para o emprego dos resíduos plásticos; diminuindo custos e preservando recursos naturais não renováveis. O setor da construção civil tem absorvido parte destes rejeitos, tornando-os subprodutos importantes, os quais podem ter desempenho tão satisfatório quanto os produtos já existentes, além de ecologicamente corretos. Esse trabalho aponta uma nova utilização destes resíduos, propondo a substituição parcial da areia natural por PET e PP (ambos pós-consumo) na forma de flocos em diversas formulações, objetivando a produção de concreto estrutural com agregados leves para a aplicação na construção civil. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: na primeira foi avaliado o teor adequado (em volume) em diferentes tempos de cura para cada polímero de maneira a garantir um bom desempenho mecânico em termos de resistência à compressão. Nesta etapa, o teor analisado que garantiu o melhor resultado foi o de10% tanto para o PET como para o PP. Na segunda etapa este teor foi utilizado para verificar a influência da adição destes resíduos no desempenho mecânico e na durabilidade do concreto para 28 e 90 dias de cura. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização mecânica, física, química, térmica e morfológica das amostras com e sem adição dos flocos poliméricos. Os resultados da primeira etapa da pesquisa mostraram que o teor máximo com melhor desempenho mecânico foi de 10% v/v. Na segunda etapa, houve um pequeno decréscimo na resistência à compressão axial nas amostras com polímeros quando comparada à referência. Amostras com flocos de PET obtiveram menor teor de vazios e, portanto, menor absorção de água quando comparadas às amostras com PP, indicando uma possível melhor interação do PET com a matriz cimentícia. Para as amostras com PP, houve um maior teor de vazios e maior absorção de água quando comparados às amostras referência e com adição de PET. Entretanto, o PP agiu como excelente barreira à penetração dos íons cloretos, reduzindo a porcentagem de carga passante em comparação ao concreto com PET e referência, o que pode ser considerado como um resultado promissor ao se considerar seu uso (PP) como possível substituto da areia.
Recycling is an alternative to the use of plastic residues, thus contributing to the reduction of costs and preserving non-renewable natural resources. The construction sector has absorbed part of these residues, by transforming them into important by-products, which can have similar performance as the existing products and can also be considered as an environmentally friendly product. This study focus on the use to these residues to partially replace natural sand by PET and PP (both post-consumer) flakes in different contents (by volume), aiming to produce structural concrete with lightweight aggregate for civil construction use. The study was divided into two stages: in the first stage the ideal polymer content was evaluated at different curing ages in terms of compressive strength. In this this stage, the ideal polymer content that provided the best result was 10% for both PET and PP. In the second stage, this ideal polymer content was used to verify the influence of the use of these residues on the mechanical performance and durability of concrete for 28 and 90 days of curing. Mechanical characterization tests were performed, followed by physical, chemical, thermal and morphological characterization of specimens with and without the addition of polymer flakes. In the first stage of the research, it was observed a reduction in the compressive strength as the polymer content increases, except for the 10% content, which did not show major differences compared to the reference mix. In the second stage, it was observed a small decrease in the mechanical behaviour for the samples with polymer addition compared to the reference mix. In terms of durability, the specimens with PET addition presented lower void content and lower water absorption when compared to PP, which may indicate an improved interaction of PET flakes to the cementitious matrix. The specimens with PP presented higher void content and water absorption when compared to PET and reference mixes. However, the addition of PP seems to have acted as a barrier to the penetration of chloride ions, reducing the percentage of passing load compared to PET and reference mixes, which leads to the fact that this polymer (PP) may be a good option as sand replacement in structural concrete.

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Yusran, Fadly Hairannoor. "Soil organic matter decomposition : effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus dynamics in lateritic soils." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0120.

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[Truncated abstract] Relationships between the persistence of organic matter added to soil, the dynamics of soil organic carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were examined in four experiments on lateritic soils of Western Australia. The main objective was to quantify the release of P following organic matter application in soils which have high P adsorbing capacity. Another objective was to confirm that due to its recalcitrant materials, the effect of peat lasted longer in soil than other sources of organic matter in terms of increasing plant-available P fractions. Three experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions for various lengths of time, with nine- to twelve-month incubations to investigate these hypotheses. As expected, organic matter with lower C:N ratios than peat (lucerne hay) decomposed more rapidly compared with peat, and the most active mineralisation took place within the first three months of incubation. Soil organic-C (extracted by 0.5 M K2SO4) had a significant positive correlation with P extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO pH 8.53. For a higher application rate (120 ton ha-1), peat was better than wheat straw and lucerne hay in increasing extractable bicarbonate-P concentrations in soil, especially at incubation times up to 12 months. Throughout the experiment, peat was associated with a steady increase in all parameters measured. In contrast to peat, nutrient release from lucerne hay and wheat straw was rapid and diminished over time. There was a tendency for organic-C (either in the form of total extractable organic-C or microbial biomass-C) to steadily increase in soil with added peat throughout the experiment. Unlike wheat straw and lucerne hay, extractable organic-C from peat remained in soil and there was less C loss in the form of respiration. Therefore, peat persisted and sequestered C to the soil system for a longer time than the other source of organic matter. Freshly added organic matter was expected to have a greater influence on P transformation from adsorbed forms in lateritic soils than existing soil organic matter. By removing the existing soil organic matter, the effect of freshly applied organic matter can be determine separately from that of the existing soil organic matter for a similar organic-C content. In order to do this, some soil samples were combusted up to 450° C to eliminate inherent soil organic matter. The release of P was greater when organic-C from fresh organic matter was applied to combusted soils than in uncombusted soils that contained the existing soil organic matter. The exception only applied for parameters related to soil micro-organisms such as biomass-C and phosphatase. For such parameters, new soil organic matter did not create conditions favourable for organisms to increase in activity despite the abundance of organic matter available. More non-extractable-P was formed in combusted soils compared to bicarbonate-P and it contributed to more than 50% of total-P. As for the first experiment, peat also showed a constant effect in increasing bicarbonate extractable-P in the soil

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Pires, Giselle Waldtraut Mathes Orcioli. "Avaliação de blocos intertravados manufaturados com concreto dosado com resíduos de PET como alternativa sustentável na construção civil." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2015. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1164.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-30T14:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giselle Waldtraut Mathes Orcioli Pires.pdf: 3258295 bytes, checksum: 754b5158d66e7e2ed1ce48e89d4dd537 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12
The construction sector is responsible for consuming a large portion of non-renewable natural resources and generate significant environmental impacts, showing the need for actions that enable new constructive practical alternatives to mitigate damage to the environment caused by this sector. Faced with this panorama, technological innovation is necessary to achieve the intended objectives, the study of new technologies using the most different segments of industry waste and reinserting them into new products, and meet the need of environmental management mitigating the impacts generated It contributes to the development of a sustainable building segment. This time, this work aimed to propose an alternative material in the form of a concrete block interlocked floor, manufactured with part of their natural aggregates replaced by PET waste. To use this material in construction is necessary to meet the technical parameters required by NBR 9781: 2013 "Concrete paving pices". Among the parameters required is the block characteristic resistance, which must be greater than or equal to 35 MPa. To obtain this, studies of dosage were conducted contemplating the running 14 concrete mixtures divided into two groups, in which one was compound without PET waste and the other group containing PET waste, which have replaced part of the natural aggregate in percentages ranging between 10% and 60%. The concrete block with PET waste reached to 40,5 MPa with 33,8% of PET content demonstrating its technical feasibility. Following was carried out a comparison between the estimates of production costs between conventional material and with PET, which proved more costly for regions with abundant natural aggregates, however became alternative in places where there is a shortage of these materials. Finally, it was shown that the use of concrete with PET could fail to consume the total of 608 kg of natural aggregates per cubic meter of concrete and have recycled 72.2 kg of PET waste or 1,588 PET bottles per cubic meter of concrete. This exchange of materials allowed assist in the mitigation of environmental impacts caused by the construction and suggested a new alternative recycling of PET waste.
O setor da construção é responsável por consumir uma grande parte dos recursos naturais não renováveis e de gerar impactos ambientais significativos, mostrando a necessidade de ações que possibilitem novas práticas construtivas alternativas que mitiguem os danos ao meio ambiente causados por este setor. Diante deste panorama a inovação tecnológica faz-se necessária para o alcance dos objetivos pretendidos, o estudo de novas tecnologias utilizando resíduos dos mais diferentes segmentos da indústria e reinserindo-os em novos produtos, além de atender a necessidade da gestão ambiental mitigando os impactos gerados, contribui para o desenvolvimento de um segmento de construção sustentável. Desta feita, este trabalho teve o objetivo de propor um material alternativo sob a forma de um bloco ode concreto para pavimento intertravado, manufaturado com parte de seus agregados naturais substituídos por resíduo de PET. Para a utilização deste material na construção civil é necessário o atendimento aos parâmetros técnicos exigidos na NBR 9781:2013 “Peças de concreto para pavimentação”. Dentre os parâmetros exigidos, está a resistência característica do bloco que deve ser maior ou igual a 35 MPa. Para a obtenção desta característica foram realizados estudos de dosagem que contemplaram a execução total de 14 traços de concreto divididos em 2 grupos, no qual um deles foi composto por traços sem o resíduo de PET e o outro grupo com resíduos de PET que substituíram parte do agregado natural em porcentagens que variaram entre 10% e 60%. O bloco de concreto com resíduo de PET atingiu o valor de 40,5 MPa com 33,8% de teor de PET demonstrando sua viabilidade técnica. Na sequência foi realizado uma comparação entre as estimativas de custo de produção entre o material convencional e o com PET. O concreto com PET se mostrou mais oneroso para regiões com abundância de agregados naturais, entretanto tornou-se alternativo nas localidades onde existe escassez destes materiais. E por fim foi demonstrado que a utilização do concreto com PET poderia deixar de consumir o total de 608 kg de agregados naturais por metro cúbico de concreto e ter reciclado 72,2 kg de resíduo de PET ou 1.588 garrafas PET por metro cúbico de concreto. Esta troca de materiais permitiu auxiliar na mitigação dos impactos ambientais causados pela construção civil e sugeriu uma nova alternativa de reciclagem do resíduo de PET.

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Metcalfe, Carol. "New ash glazes from arable crop waste : exploring the use of straw from Pisum sativum (combining pea) and Vicia faba (field bean)." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2008. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3657/.

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The Chinese first developed stoneware ash glazes about 3500 years ago, when their kiln technology progressed sufficiently to reach temperatures high enough to fuse such glazes. More than 2000 years went by before this knowledge reached Japan and Korea, where ash glazes were also subsequently produced. In Britain, the advent of studio pottery in the 20th century led to interest in oriental approaches to ceramics, including ash glazes. A number of studio potters used and indeed continue to use ash glazes in their work. The great majority of these glazes have, throughout history, been made of wood ash and are mainly fired to high stoneware temperatures of at least 1280°C, Cone 10. Worldwide interest in this subject continues today; however, a general increase in environmental concern, especially fuel economy, raises a number of issues for contemporary ceramic practitioners. This research addresses these issues by employing multiple methods in a „composite‟ methodology, rooted in art practice, the aims being: To develop a range of new glazes, for lower stoneware temperature (1240°C, Cone 7) oxidised firings, using ash from arable crop waste as an environmentally sensitive ingredient. To demonstrate and articulate the possible creative, practical and environmental benefits of the new glazes for contemporary ceramic practitioners, principally through artworks. To offer a model for investigating the potential of a new source of ash, as a glaze material. The plant species explored are the Combining pea and Field bean, neither of which is documented in any of the contextual sources located. Both plants are widely grown as protein crops in many countries of the world and were available in North Yorkshire for this research. Glaze calculation methods and empirical approaches to glaze development have been investigated and the ashes have been analysed. From this information, glaze recipes have been developed and tested. Since the appearance of a glaze is affected by the clay body to which it is applied, the compositions of available clays have been studied and four widely differing examples chosen for the tests. Case studies have been undertaken of contemporary ceramic practitioners, whose approaches to ash glazing vary widely. These studies further develop the context for the new glazes and provide a framework within which to assess their significance. The creative potential of the glazes developed has been explored through their application in ceramic artworks, exhibited both during and at the end of the research. During the creation of these artworks, a theme emerged, closely linking them to their place of origin. In addition to the new artworks, the research contributes both a range of new ash glaze recipes and a model for exploring the potential of ash from a new source.

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Junior, Ney Joppert. "Otimização da co-pirólise de gasóleo pesado com embalagens de PEAD pós-uso utilizando planejamento fatorial." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8681.

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A co-pirólise é uma rota promissora, uma vez que minimiza o impacto ambiental causado pela disposição do plástico de maneira inadequada, evita seu acúmulo em lixões e permite um melhor aproveitamento de um recurso natural não-renovável, o petróleo, matéria prima importante para a geração de energia e obtenção de produtos químicos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a definição das condições experimentais mais propícias à obtenção de líquidos pirolíticos com alta fração de óleo diesel, resultantes da co-pirólise de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) pós-consumo com gasóleo pesado tilizando-se catalisador de FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking). Como instrumento de otimização das condições experimentais, optou-se pela Metodologia Planejamento Fatorial. Foi também estudado o efeito das condições experimentais, como: a temperatura de reação, a relação gasóleo/polietileno e a quantidade de catalisador no meio reacional. As amostras de polietileno, gasóleo e catalisador foram submetidas à co-pirólise em sistema de leito fixo, sob fluxo constante de nitrogênio, variando-se a temperatura entre 450 C a 550 C, a quantidade de PEAD no meio reacional foi de 0,2 a 0,6 g, e a quantidade de catalisador foi de zero a 0,06 g, mantendo-se fixa a quantidade de gasóleo em 2 g. Foram efetuadas as caracterizações física e química do gasóleo, polietileno pós-uso e do catalisador. Como resultado, obteve-se a produção de 87% de fração de óleo diesel em duas condições diferentes: (a) 550 0C de temperatura sem catalisador; (b) 500 0C de temperatura e 25% de catalisador FCC. Em ambos os casos, a quantidade de gasóleo pesado e PEAD foram constantes (2 g Gasóleo; 0,2 g PEAD), assim com o tempo de reação de 15 minutos. A fração de óleo diesel obtida neste estudo alcançou o poder calorífico de 44,0 MJ/Kg que é similar ao óleo diesel comercial. É importante ressaltar que em ambos os casos nenhum resíduo foi produzido, sendo uma rota ambientalmente importante para reciclagem de embalagens plásticas contaminadas com óleo lubrificante originárias de postos de serviço, visando à recuperação de ambos conteúdo energético e orgânico dos resíduos de embalagens plásticas pós-uso
In this work it was studied the co-pyrolysis process applied to HDPE plastic package with motor oil residues with Heavy Gas Oil and FCC Catalyst. The main objective of this work was to find the experimental conditions that enhanced the diesel fuel fraction in the pyrolitic oil. Factorial Design Methodology (FDM) was developed to enhance diesel fuel fraction (C9-C23) from waste high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and heavy gas oil (HGO) through copyrolysis. FDM was used for optimization of the following reaction parameters: temperature, catalyst and HDPE amounts. The HGO amount was constant (2.0 g) in all experiments. The model optimum conditions were determined to be temperature of 550 C, HDPE = 0.20 g and no FCC catalyst. Under such conditions, 94% of pyrolytic oil was recovered, of which diesel fuel fraction was 93% (87% diesel fuel fraction yield), no residue was produced and 6% of noncondensable gaseous/volatile fraction was obtained. Seeking to reduce the cost due to high process temperatures, the impact of using higher catalyst content (25 %) with a lower temperature (500 C) was investigated. Under these conditions, 88% of pyrolytic oil was recovered (diesel fuel fraction yield was also 87%) as well as 12% of the noncondensable gaseous/volatile fraction. No waste was produced in these conditions, being an environmentally friendly approach for recycling the waste plastic. The diesel fuel fraction obtained in this study achieved heating value (44.0 MJ/Kg) similar to commercial diesel oil. This paper demonstrated the usefulness of using FDM to predict and to optimize diesel fuel fraction yield with a great reduction in the number of experiments. Based on experimental results, co-pyrolysis can represent a significant role in future in the recovery of both energetic and organic content of HDPE plastic package with motor oil residues

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Hrubý, Jan. "Ekonomika odpadového hospodářství." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12164.

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This thesis deals with economy of treating with municipal waste. The municipal waste, which is generated by citizens makes burden not only on public and private budgets, but also on environment. Importance of this burden rise regarding to continuous growth of volume of the municipal waste. This fact implicates need to set up cost efficient and permanent achievable solution. Nowadays there is a suggestion, prepaderd by the Ministry of environment, which suggest using returnable PET bottles, which are important part of the municipal waste. Potentional implementation of returnable PET bottles doesnt have influance only on yield of this type of waste, but it is connected with other parts of the municipal waste such as biological degradable municipal waste and mixed waste. Content of this thesis is presentation of the economic analysis of alternation for treating with three most important parts of the municipal waste on backround of fullfiling conditons set up by European union.

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Badía, Valiente José David. "Strategies and analytical procedures for a sustainable plastic waste management. An application to poly (ethylene terephthalate) and polylactide in the packaging sector." Doctoral thesis, Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/12890.

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El propósito de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar la influencia de los diferentes procesos de gestión de residuos, tales como la valorización material, energética y biológica de dos poliésteres clave de la industria del embalaje: el actual no-renovable poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) y el potencial candidato para sustituirlo en un futuro próximo, la polilactida (PLA) de base renovable. Se utilizaron diversas plantas piloto para simular las condiciones de la degradación sufrida por PET y PLA en el reciclado mecánico, la pirólisis, la combustión y el enterramiento en suelo. Los cambios fueron monitorizados por calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), análisis dinámico-mecánico-térmico (DMTA), análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), espectrometría infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de correlación 2D-IR para el análisis de gases (EGA), espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), índice de fluidez de masa fundida (MFR), ensayos de tracción e impacto Charpy y viscosimetría. Se han propuesto, desarrollado y aplicado diversas estrategias y procedimientos analíticos para establecer parámetros fiables para ser utilizados como indicadores de la degradación y por tanto controlar la influencia de cada proceso de valorización en la calidad del material. El comportamiento de PET y PLA reciclados mecánicamente se evaluó en base a sus propiedades químicas, microestructurales, mecánicas y térmicas. Se observó una pérdida general de prestaciones de PET y PLA reprocesado una vez y dos veces, respectivamente. Además, las propiedades de los materiales reciclados de PLA fueron mejores en términos relativos a los productos reciclados de PET. Las descomposiciones térmica y termo-oxidativa causadas por los procesos de pirolisis y combustión se evaluaron sobre la estabilidad térmica, gases emitidos y cinéticas de descomposición. Se destaca el uso de la combustión controlada para ambos polímeros, ya que se necesita menos energía para iniciar la descomposición, y la mezcla de gases que se desprenden es más homogénea.
Badía Valiente, JD. (2011). Strategies and analytical procedures for a sustainable plastic waste management. An application to poly (ethylene terephthalate) and polylactide in the packaging sector [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12890
Palancia

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Cuvier, Alicia. "Accumulation de l'uranium, de ses descendants et des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols des zones humides autour des anciennes mines d'uranium." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0104/document.

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L’exploitation minière de l’uranium et les processus de traitement du minerai sont à l’origine d’un marquage potentiel de l’environnement par les descendants des chaînes de désintégration U-Th et des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) associés. Ces contaminants s’accumulent ensuite préférentiellement dans des zones de sédimentation continentales (étangs ou lacs) ou des zones humides (tourbières, berges de rivière) situées à l’aval hydraulique des mines. Les zones humides en particulier sont des milieux sensibles aux changements globaux et à la pression anthropique, situés en général en tête de bassin versant. Cela pose donc un risque en cas relargage des contaminants depuis ces milieux. L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en place une méthodologie aisément reproductible, y compris aux sites miniers orphelins, et permettant l’identification et la caractérisation des contaminations et la compréhension des mécanismes d’accumulation et des risques de relargage. Cette étude a été réalisée dans l’environnement de l’ancienne mine de Bertholène (Aveyron, 12, France). Les zones d’accumulations préférentielles ont été identifiées par spectrométrie gamma in situ mobile et fixe. Des échantillons de sols, sédiments, végétaux, eaux et tourbes ont été prélevés autour du site, afin (a) de caractériser l’activité des différents descendants des chaînes de l’U et du Th et les contaminations en ETM associées à différentes échelles d’observation, (b) de comprendre les mécanismes d’accumulation et de relargage potentiel et (c) de tracer les sources des contaminants. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’essentiel de la contamination est localisée dans une zone inondable de l’environnement proximal aval de la mine. Les activités en uranium élevées (U-238 > 20000 Bq.kg-1) et le fort enrichissement des radionucléides du début de chaîne par rapport à la fin de chaîne de l’U-238 traduisent un apport préférentiel d’U-238 et de Th-230, par rapport au Ra-226, lors d’inondations. Les contaminations en ETM associées sont relativement faibles, excepté en Mn, en Ba et en S. Les accumulations en radionucléides et en ETM sont expliquées à la fois par les caractéristiques géochimiques du minerai d’uranium et par les processus de traitement du minerai et des eaux d’exhaure. Les lessivages chimiques réalisés révèlent que les fractions acido-solubles et oxydes amorphes des sols constituent des pièges prépondérants des contaminants et que des variations du pH ou du potentiel d’oxydoréduction pourraient générer des relargages important d’uranium et de radium dans l’environnement. Finalement les déséquilibres radiologiques et les isotopes du plomb sont des traceurs fiables de la contamination associée à l’exploitation d’une mine d’uranium
Uranium mining and uranium ore processing increase the environmental activity of U and Th decay products and trace elements, in particular in case of releases to the adjacent rivers. Contaminants accumulate then preferentially in sedimentation areas (such as ponds or lakes) or in wetlands (peatlands, marshes or riverbanks) located downstream to the mine. Wetlands – generally located at the head of watershed – are particularly sensitive to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressure. This poses a risk of release of contaminants from these accumulation areas. The objective of the present study is to propose an easily reproducible methodology – in particular for the orphan mining sites – to identify and characterize accumulation areas. This study also aims to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of accumulation and release, in these areas. This study was performed around the former mining site of Bertholène (France). Standing and mobile in situ gamma spectrometry is used to accurately locate the accumulation areas. Soils, sediments, vegetation, water and peat are also sampled upstream and downstream of the mine, in order to (a) characterize the activities and the disequilibria of the U-Th decay chains and the associated trace elements according to the scale of observation, (b) understand the mechanisms of accumulation and release and (c) identify the potential sources using geochemical proxies and isotopic analyses. The results obtained show that radionuclides are mainly accumulated in a flooding area located downstream the mine. Strong U-238 activities (> 20000 Bq.kg-1) and strong Ra-226/U-238 and Th-230/Ra-226 activity ratios are recorded, involving preferential inputs of U-238 and Th-230 during flooding events. Trace element contamination is low, except for Mn, Ba and S. Such contaminations are potentially explained by the geochemical composition of the uranium ore and by the past and current processes of ore and water mine. Sequential extractions highlight the importance of the acido-soluble and the amorphous oxides in the trapping of contaminants. Thus, pH or Eh potential changes could induce major releases of uranium to the environment. The large differences in Pb isotope composition between natural soils and uranium ores, as well the activity ratios of the U-238 and decay chain products, make these indicators helpful to identify the soils and the sediments impacted by uranium mining

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Söderlundh, Sussie. "Rening av avloppsvatten från biltvättar med filter av torv och inblandad kolaska : en utvärdering av effektivitet och avfallshantering ur ett miljöperspektiv." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Kristianstad University College, Department of Mathematics and Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-6617.

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Filtermaterial av 75 % torv och 25 % kolaska har använts under 2 respektive 4 år för rening av avloppsvatten från två biltvättar. Jämförelse med Kristianstads kommuns riktvärden för avloppsvatten från fordonstvättar visar att filtren fungerat. För avfallsklassning krävs kunskap om innehåll av miljöfarliga ämnen i produkter som använts i tvätthallarna. I brist på kunskap om innehåll av ej analyserade miljöfarliga ämnen i filtren anses förbränning vara ett bra omhändertagande ur miljösynpunkt, då energi och aska återvinns.

Sewage water from two car washes has been treated during 2 and 4 years respectively, using a filter made of 75 % peat and 25 % carbon-containing ash. A comparison with the guiding values for car wash sewage water in Kristianstad municipality shows that this type of filter works well. Classification of the filter as waste requires knowledge about the content of environmentally harmful substances in products used in the car washes. Because of the lack of knowledge about the content of non-analyzed substances in the filters, combustion must be regarded as an environmentally good way of disposing the filter material, as both energy and ashes are recycled.

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Robinson, Travis. "Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass and Refuse Derived Fuel." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33157.

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In Canadian remote northern communities most electricity is generated by burning diesel fuel. However, because it is expensive to import fuel into remote communities the cost of electricity is very high. Waste management is also difficult in remote northern communities. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the co-gasification of refuse waste materials and biomass as a means of reducing solid waste volumes while also using locally available materials for power generation. As part of this research, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was investigated as a potential means of characterizing refuse derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory sample preparation of RDF for TGA had not been thoroughly considered. Laboratory sample preparation is important since RDF is very heterogeneous compared to other solid fuels and since TGA typically requires a very small sample size. A TGA method was applied to a variety of materials prepared from a commercially available RDF using a variety of procedures. The repeatability of the experimental results was related to the sample preparation methods. Cryogenic ball milling was found to be an appropriate means of preparing RDF samples for TGA. Applicability of the TGA method to the determination of the renewable content of RDF was considered. Air-blown auto-thermal gasification experiments using materials representative of waste and biomass were performed at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C, using a 0.15 m internal diameter bubbling fluidized bed gasifier located at NRCan CametENERGY in Ottawa, Ontario. Commercially prepared RDF and PET scrap were used to represent waste materials. Commercially produced hardwood pellets were used to represent biomass. The co-gasification of hardwood pellets and commercially produced RDF indicated that each fuel make a contribution to the results which is proportional to its fraction in the feed mixture. Inclusion of the RDF in the fuel mixture led to bed agglomeration at the 875°C temperature condition. Higher temperatures were found to provide better conversion of the fuel to gas, and the limitation which inclusion of RDF places on the operating temperature of the gasifier negatively affects conversion of biomass. Results obtained with RDF suggested that utilization of mixed waste for a thermal conversion process located in a Canadian remote northern community is probably not a viable option. It was then decided to target plastic waste in particular. Plastic could be source-separated, collected, and gasified alongside biomass. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for food and beverage containers, was chosen to represent plastic. Initially, attempts were made to co-gasify mixtures of PET pellets and hardwood pellets. These attempts failed due to the formation of coke above the bed. To alleviate these problems hardwood-PET composite pellets were manufactured and these were gasified at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C. Inclusion of PET in the pellets dramatically increased the amount of tar produced during gasification.

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38

Li, Ruihua. "Single polymer composites made of slowly crystallizing polymer." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33925.

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Composites are widely used in an increasing number of applications in diverse fields. However, most traditional composite materials are difficult to recycle. Because of their enhanced recyclability, thermoplastic single-polymer composites (SPCs), i.e., composites with fiber and matrix made from the same thermoplastic polymer, have attracted much attention in the recent years. High-performance polymer fibers in combination with same polymer matrices would lead to a fully recyclable single polymer composite that has major ecological advantages. However, because a single polymer is involved in the composite, thermoplastic SPCs manufacturing presents a unique set of technical problems, and different approaches from those in standard composites manufacturing are frequently needed. Two specific issues in SPCs manufacturing are how to produce distinct forms of the same polymer and how to consolidate them. So far, most investigations have been reported on a single-component hot compaction method and two-component molecular methods. However, in these methods, either the processing window is too narrow or some impure materials are introduced into the system. The key issue in thermoplastic SPCs processing is how to melt-process the matrix without significantly annealing or even melting the fiber. To overcome the above drawbacks in existing SPCs processing, particularly to widen the SPCs processing temperature window and to purify the SPCs, a novel SPCs manufacturing process utilizing the characteristics of slowly crystallizing polymers was developed and investigated. Highly oriented and highly crystalline fibers made of a slowly crystallizing polymer are mixed with the amorphous form of the same polymer and then consolidated together under heat and pressure. In this dissertation research, two slowly crystallizing polymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), were used as model systems for SPCs processing.. To study the deformation and failure mechanisms of PET and PLA SPCs, the SPCs were characterized using tensile test, tearing test, impact test, SEM, optical microscopy, and other methods. The change of crystallinity and orientation of the material forms during SPCs processing were characterized by DSC and XRD. The effects of major process conditions on the performance of the SPCs were studied. It was found that the processing temperature played a profound role in affecting the fiber-matrix bonding property. The compression molded SPCs exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. For the PET SPCs with 45% by weight fiber content the tensile strength is four folds of that of non-reinforced PET. After reinforcement, the tearing strength of the PLA SPCs is almost an order higher than that of the non-reinforced PLA. The fusion bonding behavior of two crystallizable amorphous PET sheets was also studied. Several characterization methods including SEM, TEM and polarized microscopy (either on etched or on non-etched samples) were used to observe interfacial bonding morphology of the crystallizable amorphous PET sheets. For a bonded sample, a layer of transcrystals with a thickness of 1-2 Ým was found right at the interface. A secondary but much larger zone with a distinct morphology was observed outside the transcrystal layer. With increase of the heating time, the width of the whole interfacial region decreases. The interfacial morphology was found to significantly affect the interfacial bonding quality. The testing results further indicated that high bonding temperature with an appropriate holding time promotes interfacial bonding of two crystallizable amorphous PET.

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39

Reimer, Johanna [Verfasser]. "Untersuchung der MR-PWI Parameter Cmax, MS und CBVctc hinsichtlich der Detektion der oberen Penumbragrenze bei Patienten mit akutem ischämischen Schlaganfall : eine Validierung mittels 15 O-Wasser PET / Johanna Reimer." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228861048/34.

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40

Bluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.

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41

Patwary, Shah Miran. "Antimony diffusion from polyester textiles upon exhaust dyeing." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12807.

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In recent years, environmental authorities in Sweden are reporting about high content of antimony in waste water that is discharging from polyester textile dyeing industries. It is known from available scientific publications that, antimony and its compound is harmful for both human and environment. While dyeing of polyester textiles have a commercial importance and in regards to the environmental issues, the industries are looking for the factors those results in high concentrations of antimony in their dyeing waste water. Dyeing of polyester textile requires high-temperature application in association with dyes and process aid chemicals. The waste water that is being produced after dyeing contains a complex mixture of chemicals, where antimony is one of that mixture. To comply with the industries interest, this master thesis work involved the exhaust dyeing of polyester fabrics/yarns and analyzing the dyeing waste water, to determine the amount of antimony diffusion. According to literature studies, the antimony compounds are widely used as catalyst for polyethylene terepthalate (PET) polymerization and hence antimony is present in polyester textiles. The entire experimental work intended to understand the variation of antimony concentration and the factors that are causing high antimony diffusion from polyester textiles during dyeing. The materials which are polyester yarn and fabrics were collected from 3 different dyeing industries of Sweden and the materials were in 9 different types. From material analysis (before dyeing) it has been found there were variations in antimony concentration among the materials. The process parameters that have varied during exhaust dyeing were dyeing temperature, cycle time and process aid chemical (leveling agent) adding options. With the variation in process parameters, the dyeing has performed and the dyeing waste waters have analyzed through inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectroscopy (ICP-SFMS). The expectations from the experiments were, under specific dyeing process and with same antimony concentration, the materials varying in filament/fiber diameter; big diameter filament/fiber will diffuse less antimony compared to the small diameter filaments. Also, process-wise the antimony diffusion ratio among the materials will accordingly follow the Fick’s diffusion model. To face the environmental issues with sustainability, entire thesis work could provide concentrated knowledge’s with literature evidence for the dyeing industries. As literature study indicates, the dyeing temperature, temperature ramp set and cycle time play major factor while comparing for the expected diffusion ratio. As a gentle process parameter, comparatively lower temperature and cycle time results lower antimony diffusion. The use of levelling agent could be reduced to a level with the appropriateness while added for dyeing. Also, a strong follow-up is needed in the supply chain, for lowering the initial antimony content in the materials. Overall, the findings of this thesis work also keep an importance to do further research on the polyester textile, as during the experiments most of the materials haven’t reacted accordingly as they were expected to react with the Fick’s diffusion model.

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42

Wang, Yung-Tai, and 王永泰. "Pyrolysis of PLA and PET wastes." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40165755217872591981.

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碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程研究所
101
In Taiwan, the rise of environmental awareness has prompted companies to introduce large amounts of degradable bioplastics to control the environmental impacts caused by the non-degradable plastics in recent years. However, the difficulties of identifying waste bioplastics and traditional plastics, particularly PLA and PET, resulting in the decrease of the recycling values. To solve this problem, the techniques of pyrolysis recycling is an possible option apart from material recycling. This study investigated the reaction dynamics of waste PLA, waste PET, and the mixture of waste PLA and PET (with various ratios), and the optimum conditions for pyrolysis. Results showed that the PLA contained 0.41% of moisture, 0.01% of ash, and 99.57% of combustibles while the PET contained 0.41% of moisture, 2.84% of ash, and 96.75% of combustibles. The calorific values of the PLA and PET are 4,361 and 5,458 kcal/kg respectively. The elemental composition of the PLA was 54.80% of carbon, 6.00% of hydrogen, 39.20% of oxygen, and 0% of nitrogen while the PET was 66.64% of carbon, 4.44% of hydrogen, 28.92% of oxygen, and 0% of nitrogen. According to the results described above, the waste PLA and PET are suitable for the process of pyrolysis treatment and making into RDF. The products can be substituted for parts of the fossil fuels to decrease the environmental impacts. Furthermore, the ash residue produced by pyrolysis is very few, which indicating significant reductions in volumes and the charges for final disposal. After analyzing the waste PLA, waste PET, and the mixture of PLA and PET with various ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100), we found that according to the relation of the DTG curve obtained from thermal gravimetric analysis and the reacting temperature, the maximum decomposition temperature of PLA is 602~638K, and the maximum decomposition temperature of PET is 716~740K with heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 ℃/min. The optimum condensing temperature to obtained optimal yield is -10 ℃. From the point of view of the heating rates, the optimum heating rate to obtain optimal char and condensate yield is 5 ℃/min, and 15℃/min for the optimal gas yield. We used Friedman method to obtain the dynamic parameters of the waste PLA and PET with various ratios in TGA and reactor. Among the parameters, the activation energy and frequency factor increased with increased contents of PET, which meant the process of decomposition PET would require more energy.

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43

Kao, Chih-Yu, and 高志宇. "Process Development of Depolymerizing PET waste." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99897388374815427198.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
化學工程學系研究所
85
The process development of depolymerizing polyethylene terephthalate(PET) waste was studied in this dissertation. The reactions of hydrolytic depolymerization, alkaline hydrolysis, and glycolytic depolymerization were investigated using a batch pressurized reactor and thermal analysis techniques. The characterization of depolymerization reactions, the examination of catalytic activities, and the discussion of kinetic mechanisms were presented. Besides, the process design and economic evaluation of PET depolymerization were performed, and the profits of capital investment on the reclaiming plant was estimated. The hydrolytic depolymerization of PET catalyzed by metal acetates was carried out in a stirred batch reactor at 220-265 oC under autogenous pressure. The solid products mainly composed of terephthalic(TPA) were obtained in the experiments with high conversions of PET hydrolysis. The liquid products were mostly ethylene glycol(EG) and its dimer. A second-order model including forward and backward reactions for the PET hydrolysis was found to well fit the experimental data. The kinetic model also suggests an autocatalytic mechanism which indicates that some of the hydrolytic depolymerization of PET was catalyzed by the carboxyl groups produced during the reaction. The yield of ethylene glycol largely increased as the conversion of PET hydrolysis approached the complete level. It suggest a random-scission pattern for the hydrolysis of ester linkage. Tin(II) acetate, among the catalysts studied, showed the highest activity for the PET hydrolysis. The catalyst effectively enhanced the reaction rate and lowered the activation energy of PET hydrolysis from the value of 123 kJ/mol to 90-100 kJ/mol. The results of thermal analysis showed that potassium hydroxide in its solid state possessed hydrolytic activity of depolymerizing PET into small molecules; in contrast, sodium hydroxide did not. However, the results of reactions in the agitated solutions showed that potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide had the comparatively similar activities for the alkaline hydrolysis of PET. The products of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol were obtained in all experiments and no oligomeric products were found. It suggests a model of chain end scission for the alkaline hydrolysis of PET linkage. The result of kinetic analysis showed that the hydrolysis rate was the first order in alkaline hydroxide and the half order in PET. This indicates that the PET linkages may sequentially react with the hydroxides on the surface of solid flakes. The Arrhenius plot gave the activation energy of 84 kJ/mol for the alkaline hydrolysis of PET, which are in agreement with the result obtained by the kinetic study of thermal analysis. The glycolysis of PET resin with excess amount of ethylene glycol, using metal acetates as catalysts, was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in an agitated batch reactor. The DSC experiments were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere of 600 psi. The efficiency of glycolysis was measured from peak temperature associated reaction endotherm. Zinc acetate among the catalysts studied was confirmed to be the most effective one for the PET glycolysis. Two isoconversion methods of kinetic analysis were applied for estimating the activation energy of PET glycolysis. The apparent activation energy was lowered either by adding zinc acetate or by decreasing resin size. The experimental results obtained in batch reactor with efficient agitation showed that adding zinc acetate as catalyst can effectively enhance the glycolysis rate. The complete depolymerization and monomeric products of bis- hydroxyethyl terephthalate(BHET) were then obtained in the presence of the catalyst. Based on the economic scale of reclaiming 8640 tons of PET per year, the plant design and cost estimation were made for three kinds of processes of PET hydrolysis. High reclaiming cost was required for the process catalyzed by sulfuric acid or ammonium hydroxide; therefore, the process of PET hydrolysis at high temperatures showed the most interests. The capital investiment of this process is about $2.3 million, and the annual cost of operating is $1.7 million. The economic evaluation of this process showed that the pretax return of this reclaiming plant was 28% when the average products price of TPA and EG were $400 /ton and the cost of PET feed was $200/ton. The main achievement and contributions of this work including the following aspects: newly efficient catalysts in the application of PET depolymerization were developed and the invention was asked for a patent; the kinetic data and mathematic models of PET hydrolysis were first obtained and the results were applied in the process design of reclaiming plants; the techniques of thermal analysis were first applied in the measuring the catalytic activities of PET depolymerization; the economic evaluation of PET depolymerization was first performed, and the commercial profits and the critical points of this process were judged.

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44

Xie, Wen-Sheng, and 謝文生. "Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ashes with Blended Waste Polethylene Terephthalate （PET）." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58706716595397106711.

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碩士
萬能科技大學
工程科技研究所
99
The aim of this work is to prepare harmless blends of waste polethylene terephthalate (PET) and fly ashes (FA). Systematically investigations of the physical and chemical properties of the PET/FA blends are reported. First, the aim of this study is the production of composites from waste PET and FA by means of a melt blending method using a twin-screw extruder. The PET/FA blends are expected to provide that the fly ashes are well encapsulated with PET/FA blend utilization technology, which is shown by the results of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. Then, FA was washed by water (WFA) to comprehend the effect of pre-treatment of FA on the physical and chemical properties of the PET/FA blends before blending with PET. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis of the FA/PET, WFA/PET specimens reveal that the decomposition temperatures (Td) reduce as their FA or WFA contents increase. As evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, no significant effect on the Tg and Tm values of FA/PET and WFA/PET specimens when their FA or WFA contents increase. The values of tensile strength of the PET/FA blends increase with the FA contents from 0 to 5 wt%. In contrast, the elongation at break obviously decreases with their FA contents. However, the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the WFA/PET blends decrease as their WFA contents increase from 0 to 5 wt%. As evidenced by the impact strength and abrasion testing, no significant effect on the impact strength of FA/PET and WFA/PET blends when their FA or WFA contents increase. Although the rate of wear loss of FA/PET and WFA/PET specimens increases as their FA or WFA contents increase, but the results of weight loss is much lower than the addition weight of FA or WFA. The results from the TCLP test illustrate that heavy metals can be encapsulated in PET and the maximum percentage of FA allowed in the blends is above 20%. Therefore, fly ashes blend with waste PET is a valuable technology for the utilization of fly ashes and waste PET.

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45

Lim, Tiong-Ti, and 林忠治. "Rice Straw and Pea Waste Composts and Their Fertilizer Characteristics." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37758706125656391202.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
88
Using directly farm waste or animal manure without composting on vegetable corp or on fruit trees would cause insanitary impact on environment. The farm waste can produce organic acids and deplete much oxygen that would hurt the plant root physiology. If farm waste could be composted adequately to become high quality organic fertilizer and then applied to the farm, it would not only increase the corp yield, but also reduce the unfavorable to the environment. We have used straw and pea seedling residues as composting material by adding urea as nitrogen source, C/N ratio adjusted for both straw and pea series t have initial value of 30, 20 and 10. Three replicates of each plot, were composted for 21 (A), 42 (B) and 63 (C) days. The changes of temperature, pH, water content, ash content, total nitrogen concentration, soluble nitrogen concentration, total carbon concentration during composting period have been determined for understanding the characteristics of composting process. The fertilizer characteristics were evaluated by using a modified Neubauer test and a pot culture with mustard plant. Results have shown that pea seedling residue as raw material composted more easily than rice straw. The reaction rate of pea residue was faster than rice straw, so that pea residue composting has appoached completion in rather shoter time, and much longer in rice straw plot. The changes of temperature, increase of total nitrogen content, decrease of organic carbon content and decrease of C/N ratio are evidence for characteristing the composting process. Too much nitrogen addition to the composting materials has caused ammonia loss and toxicity. High ammonia partial pressure has harmed the growth, especially in S 10 and P 10 plot. The application of compost to the Pieng-Zhrng soil has resulted in less soluble nitrogen. The highest Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen coincide with the time when the concentration of NH4-N was highest but not at the time when concentration of soluble nitrogen. The highest Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen of Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil was different form Pieng-Zheng soil. Even at highest concentration of NH4-N in Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil the Neubauer bioavailable nitrogen was low. The highest yield of pot test in Pieng-Zhrng soil was obtained in plot: S 30B, P 30B and P 10B, and the yield of S 20B is even lower than those of chemical fertilizer plot and non-fertilizer plot . The yield of mustard plant from Qi-Kuai-Cuo soil was lower than from Pieng-Zheng soil, and yields obtained from S 30, S 20 and P 30 plot, were even lower than that of non-fertilizer plot. The results suggested that fertilization with those unmaturated composts could harm the plant growth.

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46

LI, FEI-LONG, and 李飛龍. "The planning model for recovery of waste PET bottles in Taiwan." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82104483802718474317.

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47

Kelly-Hooper, Francine Teresa. "F2:F3b Ratio and BOC-Adjusted PHC F3 Approach to Resolving False Detections of Crude Oil and Diesel Drilling Waste in Clean Soils and Manure Compost." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7877.

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The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) endorsed the Reference Method for the Canada-Wide Standard (CWS) for Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC) in Soil – Tier 1 Method in 2001. The purpose of the CWS is to provide laboratories with analytical methods for producing accurate and reproducible PHC soil chemistry analysis results. CWS PHC concentrations are reported according to the following carbon ranges/fractions: F1 (C6-C10), F2 (C10-C16), F3 (C16-C34) and F4 (>C34). The Canada-wide Standards for Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC) in Soil provide generic soil quality guidelines for the each of the four PHC fractions. The CWS PHC extraction solvents inadvertently co-extract natural biogenic organic compounds (BOC) from organic soils. BOCs, such as waxes and fatty acids, are produced by living organisms such as plants, animals and microbes. PHC analysis of highly organic clean soils and manure compost can cause false exceedences of the F3 soil quality guidelines. This thesis presents a new mathematical Tier 2 approach to resolving biogenic interferences through the use of biogenic versus petrogenic Gas Chromatography - Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) chromatogram patterns produced by the CWS PHC Tier 1 method. This approach is based on the results of four studies: i) 300-day crude oil contaminated peat and sand microcosm experiment; ii) 300-day diesel drilling waste contaminated manure compost and sand microcosm experiment; iii) PHC analysis of 14 light to heavy crude oils and iv) Canadian background PHC soil field survey. These studies determined that the clean soils and compost had F3 ranges that were dominated by the F3b sub-fraction range (C22-C34). In contrast, the F3a (C16-C22) and F3b sub-fraction ranges were evenly distributed in the 14 fresh light to heavy crude oils. The diesel drilling waste was strongly dominated by the F3a sub-fraction range. The second important trend was that F2 concentrations were either non-detectable or slightly detectable in all of the clean soils and compost samples. In contrast, F2 concentrations were strongly prevalent in all of the crude oils and in the diesel drilling waste. F2 and F3b concentrations were applied to the F2:F3b ratio, which identified PHC absence in the clean materials (<0.10 ratio) and PHC presence (>0.10 ratio) in the contaminated materials. The %F3a:%F3b distributions were applied to the BOC-adjusted PHC F3 calculation, which estimated true PHC F3 concentrations in the clean and contaminated soils and manure compost. The combination of these two approaches provided an accurate and efficient solution to resolving false detections of crude oil and diesel PHCs and false exceedences of F3 soil toxicity guidelines by in clean soils and compost.

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48

Nagel, Rhianna. "Waste system responses to peak tourist visitation periods: case study of Barra de Valizas, Uruguay." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7287.

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Rural communities that depend on tourism for their economic well being, such as Barra de Valizas, Uruguay, rely on their social and ecological integrity to attract tourists to their communities. Peak tourist seasons and associated augmented consumption patterns can saturate the solid waste systems of these tourist destinations. Peak periods of waste production in these communities can lead to the degradation of ecological and social integrity, and can pose the threat of reduced tourist visitation rates and consequent downturns in the local economy. The degradation and worries for the local economy can generate awareness about the implications of increased waste production and can thus be a driver to develop waste reduction and diversion strategies. As part of developing this thesis, I implemented a case study of the waste management system in Barra de Valizas, Uruguay. The condition of interest in this study is communities that are economically dependent on tourism, have a small permanent resident population, experience peak periods of tourist visitation, and have difficulty managing their fluctuating waste system. This case study, founded in Participatory Action Research, identified waste system components and processes and determined some feasible improvements by way of iterative processes of research and action. Seven semi-structured interviews, 54 household structured interviews, four focus groups and community mapping were applied with diverse stakeholders to collaboratively develop and implement waste system improvement strategies. The implementation of these strategies elucidated upon waste system components, processes, linkages and general state. This research demonstrated that permanent residents of Barra de Valizas consume more packaged goods during the tourist season and as such produce, on average, four times more waste during the peak tourist season as compared to the off season. Peak periods of waste production, associated with the peak tourist visitation period, were found to saturate the local waste management system and weaken local social and ecological integrity. Research participants highlighted awareness building, improved waste containment, and waste diversion as key strategies for reducing this saturation.
Graduate
0366
rhianna@uvic.ca

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49

Hagman, Henrik. "Co-firing animal waste, sludge, residue wood, peat and forest fuels in a 50MWth CFB boiler : ash transformation, availability and process improvements." Licentiate thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-114736.

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The direct variable costs for heat and electricity production based on solid biomass fuel combustion is approximately 3-5 times lower than the costs in a fossil fuel-oil based boiler in Sweden. In addition waste derived biomass fuels are typically much cheaper than biomass not classified as waste. The introduction of the waste derived fuels; wastewater treatment sludge, demolition wood, and animal waste in a 50MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) biomass boiler located in Perstorp, Sweden, led to rapid deposit buildup in superheaters, heavy ash accumulation in economizers and failing boiler tubes and vortex finders that forced frequent boiler shutdowns. This in turn increased the use of expensive oil (fossil fuel) in backup boilers and the CO2 footprint of the on-site energy conversion system. This work aims to increase the general mechanistic understanding of combustion systems using complex fuels, and includes: A mapping of the boiler failure and preventive maintenance statistics; elemental composition analysis of ash, deposits and fuel fractions; flue-gas composition measurements; chemical speciation analysis; an attempt to describe the overall ash transformation reactions and mass balance throughout the combustion process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the elemental composition of ash and deposits. The SEM-EDS results were used together with data from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermodynamic phase data, and equilibrium calculations in an attempt to quantify the crystalline phases and the overall ash transformation of the process. Based on the findings concerning ash transformation and the failure statistics, it has been possible to identify generic key parameters regarding boiler design and process parameters, enabling major improvements of the CFB boiler availability, a lower overall energy conversion cost and a reduced CO2 footprint.
Den direkta rörliga kostnaden för värme-och elproduktion baserad på fast biobränsle är ungefär 3-5 gånger lägre än kostnaden för fossiloljebaserad produktion. Avfallsklassade fasta biobränslen är vidare oftast betydligt billigare än fasta biobränslen som inte är klassade som avfall. Införandet av de avfallsklassade bränslena; reningsslam, rivningsvirke, och animaliskt avfall i en 50MWth cirkulerande fluidiserad bädd (CFB) -panna, ledde till kraftig beläggningstillväxt i överhettare och ackumulering av aska i ekonomisers, samt haveri av panntuber och centrumrör i cyklonerna, som tvingade fram frekventa pannstopp. Detta ökade i sin tur användningen aveldningsolja (fossilt bränsle) i reservkrafts-pannor vilket resulterade i ett större CO2 utsläpp och en högre kostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten. Detta arbete syftar till att öka den allmänna mekanistiska förståelsen av förbränningssystem som använder komplexa bränslen, och omfattar; haveri- och underhållsstatistik, elementarsammansättningsanalys av aska, beläggningar och bränslefraktioner, rökgasens sammansättning, kemisk specificering av askor och beläggningar, ett försök att beskriva de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna, samt en massbalans för förbränningsprocessen. Svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) utrustat med energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi (EDS) användes för att analysera den elementära sammansättningen av aska och beläggningar. SEM-EDS-resultaten användes tillsammans med pulverröntgendiffraktionsanalys (XRD), termodynamiska fasdata, och jämviktsberäkningar i ett försök att kvantifiera de kristallina faserna och de övergripande askomvandlingsreaktionerna i processen. Baserat på resultaten rörande askomvandling och haveristatistik, har det varit möjligt att identifiera generiska nyckelparametrar gällande panndesign och processparametrar, som möjliggjort stora förbättringar av CFB pannans tillgänglighet, en lägre totalkostnad för energiomvandlingen på siten samt ett minskat CO2-utsläpp.

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HSU-FAN and 徐凡. "A Feasibility Study on Producing Derived Fuel from Waste PET Bottle Label and Biomass." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/npf2s9.

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碩士
國立高雄科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
107
Waste bottle label is a kind of waste generated from the process of recycling and treating waste bottles. Since the composition of the waste label is complicated and is difficult to distinguish as well as separate, most recycle dealers aren't willing to recycle these waste labels. As a result, the current processing method for the waste labels is incineration, which is less than ideal. Consequently, we could reduce its impact to environment by taking advantage of its high-calorific-value characteristic. Palimara Alstonia (Alstonia scholaris) is a common tree species in Taiwan, which also produces a large amount of yard waste. If we could use waste bottle label and yard waste to produce residue derived fuels, the life cycle of these waste would be extended, and so did its added value. Therefore, this study is aimed to take waste bottle label and Palimara Alstonia as raw materials; samples were collected and analyzed with experimental parameters designed in advance. The feasibility of producing residue derived fuels was evaluated by conducting experiments including pyrolysis, RDF-5 extrusion test, and pyrolysis kinetic models. The parameters of pyrolysis and RDF-5 extrusion expriments were determined based on the results of basic property analysis. Furthermore, the feasibility of producing derived fuels was investigated by analyzing the products produced under various conditions. The results revealed that, both waste bottle label and Palimara Alstonia samples contained high combustible components and possess high calorific value. In addition, the results of pyrolysis kinetic analysis indicated that the activation energy required for the pyrolysis process decreased with the amount of Palimara Alstonia added. The pyrolysis experiment performed with a terminal temperature at 500 ℃, and heating rates of 5, 10, and 15 ℃/min revealing that both energy yield and solid product yield dramatically increased when Palimara Alstonia was added to waste bottle labels, and the characteristics of the produced char was similar to those of coal and anthracite. The extrusion experiment performed with a pressure of 150 Kg/cm2, and a temperature at 120~200 ℃ showing that the mix ratio of 75% to 25% (as waste bottle label to Palimara Alstonia) produced the sample with highest energy yield (112.1%). To sum up, it's feasible to produce derived fuels from waste bottle label and Palimara Alstonia, such derived fuels with optimal energy yield and unit volume calorific value could be produced under the application of extrusion technology.

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