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1
Prajapati, Ravindra, Kirtika Kohli, Samir K. Maity, and Brajendra K. Sharma. "Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes." Molecules 26, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113175.
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Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. If we can produce high-value chemicals from plastic wastes, a range of various product portfolios can be created. This will help to transform chemical industries, especially the petrochemical and plastic sectors. In turn, we can manage plastic waste pollution, reduce the consumption of virgin petroleum, and protect human health and the environment. This review provides a description of chemicals that can be produced from different plastic wastes and the research challenges involved in plastic waste to chemical production. This review also provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art processes to help future system designers in the plastic waste to chemicals area.
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Arsana, Made Ery, I. Nyoman Suamir, Sudirman, I. Wayan Temaja, and Ida Bagus Gde Widiantara. "Experimental Investigation of Making a Composite Material from Plastic (LDPE) Waste." Key Engineering Materials 892 (July 13, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.892.59.
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Plastic waste has been a major issue regarding waste in the world today. Plastic production in the world has reached 8300 million metric tons (Mt) from 1950 to 2015 and of about 6,300 Mt turned into waste. The development of industry and technology is often accompanied by the emergence of environmental impact issue. Encompassed plastic waste in nature causes problems, as it can drift from the land and fill the oceans around the world. Various plastic waste processing technologies have been introduced. Recycling plastic waste into goods, fuel oils and asphalt mixtures are things that have been done enormously. This research aims to make composite materials from used plastics, clay materials, and charcoal. A qualitative experimental method by heating the plastic waste below 270°C. Then, it is mixed with additional materials and casted the composite into a mold to form test specimens. Mechanical testing has been carried out to evaluate the composite. The results show that a composite material comprises plastic waste, clay and charcoal can provide maximum tensile strength of 14.59 N. The tested composite material is found to be 34.20% stronger than the material made of only plastic waste.
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Yuriz, Yasmin, Tuan Noor Hasanah Tuan Ismail, Ismail Mohamed, and Nik Normunira Mat Hassan. "CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC WASTES: POSSIBILITY OF REINFORCING MATERIAL FOR SOIL." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.14676.
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The current statistic shows that the percentage of plastic has significantly increased in the landfill and leads to environmental issues due to its non-biodegradable characteristic. However, these challenges can be turned into opportunities by reusing and recycling such waste for civil engineering applications. Hence, the focuses of this paper are to analyze the possibility of utilizing plastic waste in the soil reinforcement field using VOSviewer software and to evaluate the chemical, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of the plastics (plastic straw, plastic bottle, and plastic bag). The data for this study was collected from the articles published in Scopus. Nevertheless, there are very limited articles that relate soil reinforcement with the thermal, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of plastic waste. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the properties of plastic waste, which were plastic bottles, plastic bags, and plastic straw. The properties of plastic waste have been investigated to ensure it meets the requirement for soil reinforcement technology. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of carbon and hydrogen chains in those plastics waste. The plastic straw, plastic bag, and plastic bottle were degraded at 382°C, 456°C, and 449°C, respectively. This finding indicated that all of these plastics waste were thermally stable in the tropical temperature. Moreover, the densities of the plastics waste were less than 1 g/cm3, which contributes to the lightweight material and it’s very crucial to eliminating the self-loading from the reinforcement material.
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Celauro, Clara, Rosalia Teresi, Francesco Graziano, Francesco Paolo La Mantia, and Antonio Protopapa. "Preliminary Evaluation of Plasmix Compound from Plastics Packaging Waste for Reuse in Bituminous Pavements." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042258.
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Finding an appropriate technical solution for reusing waste plastics is crucial for creating a circular plastic economy. Although mechanical recycling is the best option for recycling post-consumer plastics, some heterogeneous mixed plastics cannot be recycled to produce secondary material due to their very low properties. In this case, alternative routes should be considered in order to limit their disposal as much as possible. Therefore, in order to solve the environmental problems in the landfills of plastic waste recycling, and to improve the mechanical performance of bitumen for road pavement, the reuse of these post-consumer plastic wastes are preliminarily evaluated for the modification of bitumen for road use. The field of polymers used so far and widely studied concerns virgin materials, or highly homogeneous materials, in case of recycled plastics. In this work, a highly heterogeneous mixed plastic—Plasmix—from the separate collection in Italy, is used as a bitumen modifier for road construction. The research focused on the dry (into the mixture) and wet (into the binder) addition of different content of the Plasmix compound, with the aim of assessing the feasibility of the modification itself. Results of the mechanical tests carried out prove an increase in performance and that there is a potential of the addition of the Plasmix compound both for binder and mixture modifications.
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Dadzie, Donald Kwabena, Abdul K. Kaliluthin, and D. Raj Kumar. "Exploration of Waste Plastic Bottles Use in Construction." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 2262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091616.
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The vision of this study is geared towards the exploitation of waste plastic bottle use in construction. This review paper is centers on the recycling of waste plastic bottles as a construction material as an effort to help solve the housing deficit in most developing countries including Ghana and to save the depletion of natural resources construction materials. In Ghana, plastic wastes are discarded randomly after usage, hence scatter around in cities, choking drains, and end up threatening our ecosystem. These predominant effects from the plastic wastes have necessitated the need for countries precisely developing countries including Ghana to seek more sustainable methods to reduce the drastic amount of plastic wastes in the environment. In view of the above, this paper focused on the recycling of waste plastic bottles as a construction material as an effort to solve the housing deficit in most developing countries including Ghana and to save the depletion of natural resources construction materials (stones and sand) are very much critical. In the reviews, an effort has been made to utilize the waster plastic bottles in construction by filling the bottles with soil, sand, solid waste materials as brick or block bounded with mortar as a masonry wall or the filled bottles are used as a substitute for the production of the masonry unit production. In summary, it was concluded based on varying test result that: (1) Plastic waste bottles are cheaper to acquire than most conventional construction materials and as such concrete or brick containing any amount of plastic bottle is noted to reduce the total quantities of conventional materials required, thereby reducing the cost as well. (2) The use of plastic waste bottles in construction contributes to environmental friendliness and energy savings since buildings with walls constructed of plastic bottles maintains room temperatures and contribute to energy saving and the cost of providing an artificial thermal control system. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091616 Full Text: PDF
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Martikka, Ossi, Suman Nepal, Marko Hyvärinen, and Timo Kärki. "Effect of Compatibilization on the Melt Properties of Mixed Waste Plastics." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.522.
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The amount of waste produced increases globally, and valuable resources are lost if materials contained in wastes are not recycled. One such important material group is plastics, but it is typically mixed in municipal solid waste. In this paper, the effect of maleic compatibilizer on the melt properties of mixed waste plastic is studied in order to evaluate the effect of compatibilization on the processability of reclaimed plastics. The results indicate, that compatibilization has significant effect on both melt flow rate and melt volume index. Both are decreased notably, suggesting that compatibilization may impair the processability of mixed waste plastic, even though it is expected to improve other properties.
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Suminto, Sekartaji. "Ecobrick: solusi cerdas dan kreatif untuk mengatasi sampah plastik." PRODUCTUM Jurnal Desain Produk (Pengetahuan dan Perancangan Produk) 3, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/productum.v3i1.1735.
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Plastics are widely used in various needs of human life, starting from food wrapping material to the needs of automotive materials. Plastic is the most popular material and most widely used as a material for automotive component making, in addition to metal in the form of iron. The most important problem of plastics is the plastic waste that can not decompose naturally. It takes a very long time to clean up plastic waste from the face of the earth, especially since the use of plastic is almost unmanageable. Plastics also make the air temperature hotter day by day, due to its non-porous polymeric properties. At the moment, most products are produced without thinking of where they are going when consumed. Many products are also designed to fail within a certain period known as "planned obsolescence". This design philosophy is the cause behind overflowing landfills, plastic islands in the sea, and becoming a scourge such as packaging and products that clog the local ecosystem. Ecobrick is one of the creative efforts to manage plastic waste into useful objects, reducing pollution and toxins caused by plastic waste. Ecobrick is one of the creative endeavors for handling plastic waste. Its function is not to destroy plastic waste, but to extend the life of these plastics and process them into something useful, which can be used for the benefit of humans in general. Making ecobrick is still not so popular among the wider community. Most people still treat used plastics as household plastic waste, pollute the environment, rivers and pollute everyday life without self-awareness.Keywords: plastic waste, contamination, ecobrick, creative effort
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Sundarraj, M., and M. Meikandan. "Liquefied fuel from plastic wastes using nitro cracking method with refinery distillation bubble cap plate column." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq200907014s.
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Development and modernization have resulted in an immense increase in the production of all kinds of goods, which indirectly produce waste to the globe. Plastic was one of the materials that produce more waste due to its wide range of applications due to its versatility and relatively low cost. In most cases, thermoplastics polymer makes up a high proportion of waste and steadily increasing worldwide pollution to the environment. As a result, waste plastics pose a severe environmental challenge due to their non-biodegradable properties and disposal problems. Diverse innovations are being developed to address plastic drawbacks, which can boost the profits of the recycling industry and shrink the world plastic waste landfills. As a part of recycling, the present work is aimed to produce liquefied fuel through the nitro cracking method using pyrolysis reactor induced with bubble cap plate column with Y zeolite as a catalyst. The liquefied fuel results produced from plastic wastes (plastics bags, plastic bottles, packing materials, and medical plastics) are compared with fuel produced from virgin plastics. The 8% higher pyrolytic oil yield is achieved compared with the results of oil produced without catalyst, and 82% of total waste plastic material is converted into liquefied fuel by the presence of a catalyst. FTIR, GC-MS, Bomb Calorimeter characterize the obtained fuel results by adopting the standard ASTM methods, and the results were compared with virgin and waste plastics.
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Koraltan, Idris, and Olgaç Güven. "Türkiye Kara Sularında Mikroplastik Kirliliğinin Biyota Üzerine Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, sp1 (December 30, 2022): 2855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp1.2855-2861.5769.
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Plastics are high demand raw material with applications in many industries due to their low costs and easily processable structures. Increasing plastic production in line with the high demand and inadequate waste management of plastic waste gives rise to accumulation of these wastes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It has been reported that microscopic size plastics (microplastics) (
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Bureecam, Chira, Taweep Chaisomphob, and Praj-Ya Sungsomboon. "Material flows analysis of plastic in Thailand." Thermal Science 22, no. 6 Part A (2018): 2379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160525005b.
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A study of the plastics materials flow analysis in Thailand was aim to show the flow of plastic materials through production, consumption, and waste management based on the year 2013 and projection to the year 2020. This paper finds the plastic waste generation increasing steadily in line with population growth and increasing consumption. In addition, the simulation under waste management three scenarios includes the following: the business as usual, increasing recycled rate set on the National Solid Waste Management Master Plan (2016-2021) and increasing in rate of energy recovery by the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036. The plastic material flow analysis has shown that the implementation of the National Solid Waste Management Master Plan (2016-2021) or the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036 can reduce uncollected waste and improper waste disposal. Moreover, there is benefit by adding value from recycled materials and energy recovery.
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del Rosario, Ernesto. "Biodegradation of Plastic Waste." Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 41, no. 2019 (March 14, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2019.1099.
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Plastic waste has greatly contributed to water and land pollution worldwide and marine plastic waste has caused havoc on numerous biological species. Most plastics are fossil-based and cannot be fully degraded by microorganisms. Bio-based plastics derived from biomass, such as starch or cellulose, can be generally degraded into CO2 and microbial biomass. Recent scientific studies have shown that several pro-degradant additives did not perform, as claimed by plastic processors, under standard biodegradation conditions. Life cycle assessment studies in the United States and Canada confirm that the standard polyethylene grocery bag has significantly lower environmental impacts than a 30% recycled content paper bag. Major factors that differentiate cradle-to-grave impacts of plastics and alternative packaging materials include: (a) less weight of plastic material required to perform same packaging function, (b) lower water consumption per kg of plastics compared to alternatives, (d) no methane releases for land-filled plastics and (e) higher energy credits for plastics disposed via waste-to-energy combustion. A Dutch study showed that substitution of fossil-based plastics by bio-based polymers generally leads to lower non-renewable energy use and reduced greenhouse gas emission. Research at the University of the Philippines (UP) deals with the utilization of agricultural by-products, such as chitin and cellulose, to make bioplastic film for packaging. Nanoclay was also incorporated to produce a nano-composite polymer. Plastic degrading microorganisms have been isolated by UP researchers from local sources including plant root nodules, alkaline spring and soil samples. The following policies regarding plastic products are being recommended under Philippine conditions: (a) government incentives for processors/manufacturers of biodegradable plastic products, (b) restricted importation and sale of non-biodegradable, esp. single-use, plastic products, and (c) funding and logistical support for R & D on commercial additives for plastic biodegradation, local production of bioplastics and isolation of plastic-degrading microorganisms.
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G, Saraswathi, Abirami P, Harish Kumar N N, Praveen Kumar R, and N. Meyyappan. "Plastic Roads As An Alternative Solution To Solid Waste Management: A Review." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 18799–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.18799ecst.
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Plastics are one of the most abundant material found across the globe. Due to the rapid urbanization and over population, the usage of plastics increased dramatically. The handling of municipal plastic wastes has always been a big problem to the society. These plastic wastes lead to steep increase in various types of pollution. The disposal of municipal plastic waste has become more difficult process than its production. Many researches across the globe have proven that these plastic wastes can be use in specific proportion along with bitumen in the laying of roads. The wastes are grounded or shredded into powder; nearly small quantity of plastics is blended with the bitumen by suitable techniques like dry/wet processes. By this process, road life has increased significantly. Due to this there would be a notable reduction in level of plastic waste generated. This paper reviews about the various types of plastics such as e - plastic wastes, municipal plastic wastes etc., used for the construction of roads. The composition, durability, strength, economy of road construction and the comparative results of bituminous and plastic-mixed road have been discussed in this paper.
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Raut, Aditya, Sagar W. Dhengare, Ajay L. Dandge, and Harshal R. Nikhade. "Utilization of Waste Plastic Materials in Road Construction." Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2379) 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnmce.v3i3.321.
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Plastics are user friendly but not eco-friendly as they are non biodegradable. Generally it is disposed by way of land filling or incineration of materials which is extremely risky. This waste plastic can be partially mixed with material use for road construction. In conventional road making process bitumen is used as binder. Such bitumen can be modified with waste plastic pieces. This waste plastic modified bitumen mix shows better binding property, stability, density and more resistant to water. Worldwide use of waste material in road construction is being increasingly encouraged so as to reduce environmental impact. The use of this innovative technology will strengthen the road construction and increase the road life as well as will help to utilization of waste plastic material. Plastic roads would be a blessing for hot and extremely humid climate, where temperatures normally cross 50°C and abundant rains create damage, leaving most of the roads with big potholes. The main aim of this study is to focus on using the available waste/recycled plastic materials and waste rubber tires present in abundant that can be used economically and conveniently. Using this technique for road construction proves ecofriendly, economical and use of plastic will also give strength in the sub-base course of the pavement.
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Donkor, Evans Kwadwo, Victor Kweku Bondzie Micah, and David Akomea. "PLASTIC WASTE AND ITS ARTISTIC CONTEXT." Detritus, no. 14 (March 31, 2021): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.14066.
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The prevalence use and handling of plastics have become a global menace to the environment. This menace has even led to a national discourse on banning plastics in Ghana. The plastic waste situation seems to be an oblivious less concerned by some Ghanaian sculptors, engineers and scientists on its artistic exploration and contribution to the quota of environmental sanitation in Ghana. However, having identified the artistic qualities of plastics, this article seeks to transform plastic waste into art by exploring and analysing non-biodegradable polyethylene as a viable and unconventional material for sculpture. The focus of this studio-based research employed the Praxis with arts-based recycling approach as technique and procedures to create a bust from plastic waste as a means of establishing its viability as an unconventional material for sculpture. It was established from the outcome of the research that plastics as non-biodegradable material should not be seen as an environmental menace, but a viable and unconventional material for sculptors and other professionals like engineers and scientists beyond Ghana must also expand on this research further.
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Pazare, Rajiv, Bhagyashree Chelani, Swati Gedam, Sakshi Rana, Rohit Tembhare, Rohit Meshram, and Rushikesh Garodi. "Utilization of Waste (Plastic) Material in Road Construction." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43537.
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Abstract: The disposal of plastic garbage is the most serious issue this type of garbage is not biodegradable. In the developing countries disposal of plastic garbage is also one of the challenging issues and in the developing countries like India such type of garbage disposal problem has been encountered. The most suitable method of utilization of these waste materials is to adopt them in road construction, which is both economical and durable. With the help of the presentation, we are attempting to introduce various ways in which plastic can be utilized, and because our project is primarily focused on plastic roads, we’ve also gone over the many processes to take while using plastic on roads. With this technology, a major problem of plastic waste disposal may be tackled at the same time. Using plastic in roadways boosts the strength and longevity of roads while also being cost-effective, pollution-free, and safe. Plastic technology encompasses a wide spectrum of applications. Since this can be used to make textiles, rail sleepers, and plastic can also be used as a construction material, if plastic roads become more common, the demand for transportation engineers who are familiar with this technology will expand. Increased demand for plastics will result in more plastic pickers being employed, therefore resolving the job issue. Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Waste Material, and Road Pavement
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Conlon, Katie. "Emerging Transformations in Material Use and Waste Practices in the Global South: Plastic-Free and Zero Waste in India." Urban Science 7, no. 2 (May 2, 2023): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7020047.
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This study uses a qualitative approach to address limitations and blockages to current plastics reduction via semi-structured interviews with zero waste business practitioners in India. Although they are nascent, India is home to a budding zero waste community that is grappling with how to reduce plastics—via trial and error—and these stakeholders hold insights from lived experience on how plastic reduction can actualize in the Indian subcontinent. This research involved interviewing zero waste businesses and consultants and makers of plastic alternatives in India to understand their experiences with plastic reduction strategies. The key stakeholder interviews reveal key insights for moving forward with plastic reduction initiatives, including challenges faced at government, business, and social levels; considerations regarding plastic waste generation; motivations for starting zero waste businesses and organizations; how it will be possible to operationalize plastic bans in India; appropriate actions for plastic waste reduction; elements that would help India shift into a more circular, regenerative economy; and locally appropriate alternatives to plastics. The discussion further delves into caveats with various alternatives to plastic materials, economic considerations, and characteristics of the zero waste network, and provides next steps for action at the government, business, and civil levels for reducing plastic waste generation in India and minimizing plastic pollution.
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Hossain, MB, P. Bhowmik, and KM Shaad. "Use of waste plastic aggregation in concrete as a constituent material." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 3 (December 28, 2016): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i3.30835.
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The amount of Plastics consumed annually has been growing increasingly in Bangladesh. Consequently, waste plastic recycling has become one of the major challenges in recent times. The present study has selected waste PET, a polymer compound of Polyethylene Terephthalate, to investigate its possible use as plastic aggregate in concrete application. The shredded waste plastic was used in concrete with partial replacement of 5%, 10% and 20% by volume of conventional coarse aggregate. Four types of concrete specimens including one without plastic aggregate, for comparison purpose, were prepared. All the concrete specimens were tested for its different mechanical properties after a curing period of 7, 21 and 28 days. Various physical properties of all aggregates and fresh concrete properties were also tested in the laboratory. The specific gravity of waste plastic aggregate was found 1.4 and the maximum density of concrete containing plastic aggregate was 115 lb/ft3. The density of concrete specimens containing plastic aggregate decreased with the addition of more amount of plastic aggregate. It was found that the concrete specimen containing waste PET at 10% volume showed higher compressive strength and higher modulus of elasticity than other specimens. The splitting tensile strength was about 8-11% of compressive strength. The flexural strength of concrete specimens containing plastic aggregate was lower than that of concrete without plastic aggregate. It was found that the strength of concrete containing PET aggregate falls in the category of lightweight concrete in terms of their strength, specific gravity and density. Thus, the waste PET aggregate could be effectively used to reduce the unit weight of concrete which results in a reduction in the dead weight of a structural concrete. Furthermore, it is concluded that the use of waste PET in concrete provides some advantages such as reduction in the use of conventional aggregate, disposal of wastes, prevention of environmental pollution, and energy saving.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 383-391, 2016
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Möllnitz, Selina, Michael Feuchter, Ivica Duretek, Gerald Schmidt, Roland Pomberger, and Renato Sarc. "Processability of Different Polymer Fractions Recovered from Mixed Wastes and Determination of Material Properties for Recycling." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030457.
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To achieve future recycling targets and CO2 and waste reduction, the transfer of plastic contained in mixed waste from thermal recovery to mechanical recycling is a promising option. This requires extensive knowledge of the necessary processing depth of mixed wastes to enrich plastics and their processability in polymer processing machines. Also, the selection of a suitable processing method and product application area requires appropriate material behaviour. This paper investigates these aspects for a commercial processed, mixed waste, and two different mixed polyolefin fractions. The wastes are processed at different depths (e.g., washed/not washed, sorted into polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene/unsorted) and then either homogenised in the extruder in advance or processed heterogeneously in the compression moulding process into plates. The produced recyclates in plate form are then subjected to mechanical, thermal, and rheological characterisation. Most investigated materials could be processed with simple compression moulding. The results show that an upstream washing process improves the achievable material properties, but homogenisation does not necessarily lead to an improvement. It was also found that a higher treatment depth (recovery of plastic types) is not necessary. The investigations show that plastic waste recovery with simple treatment from mixed, contaminated wastes into at least downcycling products is possible.
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Šutinys, Ernestas, and Vytautas Striška. "SORTING PLASTIC WASTE IN HYDROCYCLONE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 4 (August 31, 2010): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.071.
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The article presents material about sorting plastic waste in hydrocyclone. The tests on sorting plastic waste were carried out. Also, the findings received from the performed experiment on the technology of sorting plastic waste are interpreted applying an experimental model of the equipment used for sorting plastics of different density.
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Baran, Bernadeta. "Resource (in)efficiency in the EU: a case of plastic waste." Ekonomia i Prawo 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.003.
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Motivation: Plastics are versatile materials with applications in numerous sectors. They contribute to effective resource protection during their usage phase but a great challenge is increasing amount of unmanaged plastic waste and its environmental impact. Meanwhile, plastic waste is a valuable raw material. Appropriate management reduces environmental pressure and brings economic benefits. The transition to circularity is a strategic objective of the EU but it involves numerous obstacles. This article deals with these issues.
Aim: The purpose of the article is to indicate the scale of losses in one of key waste stream — plastic waste — by looking at origin, way of collection and treatment of end-of-use plastics. The analysis aims to show the level of recycling in relation to the demand for plastic (as commonly used recycling indicator refers only to the plastic waste collected), the way the plastic waste is managed in various sectors and the specific barriers to its recycling.
Results: Recycling of plastic waste accounts for only about 5–10% of the total demand for plastic. Overall, post-consumer plastic waste collected for treatment constitutes 49% of plastics production. 32.5% of those collected plastics is recycled, compared with 25% of plastics landfilled and 42.5% recovered for energy. Still a lot of plastic waste is exported to developing countries, some is hidden in untracked trade flow or illegal landfills. The EU is shifting from linear to circular approach but it is only the beginning of economic transformation towards plastics circularity.
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Bai, Mengyu, and Daoji Li. "Quantity of plastic waste input into the ocean from China based on a material flow analysis model." Anthropocene Coasts 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2018-0028.
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Marine plastic waste has been an important global environmental issue in recent years, and quantifying the amount of global marine plastic waste input is vital for control and mitigation. However, determining an accurate quantity of oceanic plastics is challenging because comprehensive monitoring data are difficult to obtain on national and global scales. To understand the contribution of China in global marine plastic waste input, we used a material flow analysis (MFA) method, which is included in lifecycle assessment and combines statistical data from China’s official statistics, reports, and NPO (nonprofit organization) to establish an MFA model. The model assesses the lifecycle of plastics, which starts with primary plastic, passes the stage of plastic product, and eventually becomes plastic waste. With the MFA model, the annual amount of plastic waste entering the ocean from China from 2011 to 2020 can be calculated. In 2011, 0.65 million tonnes of plastic waste entered the ocean from China, and the quantity rose slowly until 2016. A rapid decline appeared in 2018 because of China’s governmental managements and the quantity will continue to decrease until 2020. Our results indicate the amount of oceanic plastics has a strong correlation with government control measures.
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Abdel-Goad, Mahmoud A. Halim. "Structural material from waste plastic." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 91, no. 4 (2003): 2543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13413.
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Hidayatullah, Taufan. "Ekspresi Dominasi Melalui Karya Rupa dengan Material Sampah Plastik (Refleksi terhadap Permasalahan Lingkungan di Kawasan Ciroyom Kota Bandung)." Journal of Urban Society's Arts 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/jousa.v5i1.2200.
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Dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan di kawasan pemukiman Ciroyom Kota Bandung ditemukan permasalahan lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh sampah plastik.Permasalahan ini muncul karena perilaku masyarakat yang cenderung masih membuang sampah plastik tanpa ada upaya-upaya untuk mengolah terlebih dahulu.Dampak negatif yang muncul adalah semakin bertambahnya volume sampah plastik yang kemudian menimbulkan permasalahan lingkungan yang lebih luas lagi.Permasalahan ini menginspirasi penciptaan karya rupa dengan menggunakan material sampah plastik.Penggunaan sampah plastik sebagai material karya seni rupa bertujuan untuk menghasilkan citra visual yang dapat menyampaikan pesan mengenai permasalahan lingkungan. Proses penciptaan dilakukan melalui tahap-tahap informasi, elaborasi, sintesis, relisasi konsep dan penciptaan karya. Hasil karya berupa lukisan dengan teknik kolase yang menggunakan sampah plastik sebagai material utama. Kata kunci: ekspresi, karya rupa, sampah plastik There are environmental problems that are caused by plastic waste from the research that has been carried out in Ciroyom residential area of Bandung City. These problems arise because of the behavior of the people who tend to still throw plastic waste without any efforts to process it in advance. The negative impact that arises is the increasing volume of plastic waste which then causes wider environmental problems. This problem inspires the creation of visual art by using waste which then causes wider environmental problems. This problem inspires the creation of visual art by using plastic waste material. The use of plastic waste as a material of visual art aims to produce visual images that can convey messages about environmental problems. The creation process is carried out through the stages of information, elaboration, synthesis, conceptualization and creation of works. The art work is in the form of paintings with collage techniques that uses plastic waste as the main material. Keywords: expression, visual art, plastic waste
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Stallkamp, Christoph, Rebekka Volk, and Frank Schultmann. "The impact of secondary materials’ quality on assessing plastic recycling technologies." E3S Web of Conferences 349 (2022): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234905001.
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Global plastic production reached a new high in 2019. The high use of plastic leads to a high amount of plastic waste. Thereof, only 33% was collected for recycling in Europe. Plastic production depends on crude oil and energy and has high environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions. The recycling of plastic waste can reduce dependency on fossil resources, help reduce environmental impacts, and achieve sustainability goals. Currently, the chemical recycling of plastic is discussed to complement the existing mechanical recycling. Comparing the recycling technologies is needed to identify and establish the most environmentally and economically promising technology for each waste stream. However, the quality of the recovered material has a high impact on assessment results. This study discusses different assessment metrics for recycling technologies concerning the influence of recovered materials’ quality by material substitution rates and circularity potential. In a case study, mechanical and chemical recycling via pyrolysis of HDPE from lightweight packaging waste from Germany is assessed. Mechanical recycling has a lower climate change impact than chemical recycling for material substitution rates above 0.85. On the other hand, chemical recycling has a higher potential to close the plastic loop and retain plastics within the economy due to the higher secondary material quality. The assessment allows evaluating recycling options for the considered plastics from the German collection systems for packaging.
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Baciu, A. M., I. Kiss, E. Desnica, and J. Sárosi. "Reinforcing concrete with recycled plastic wastes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2212, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2212/1/012031.
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Abstract Solid waste is one of the many factors that negatively affect the environment. The plastic is an important type of solid waste with a strong environmental impact, all types of plastic used in daily life becoming, sooner or later, waste. Therefore, increasing consumption of various types of plastic products is one of the most important challenges in environmental protection. From different perspectives, waste reuse is important because it helps to recycle in the production process, reduces environmental pollution, and helps sustain and conserve non–renewable natural resources. On another hand, many constructions require precise techniques and technologies that can utilize a number of new materials. Also, the lightweight building material industry is considered useful in promoting reused materials. In this context, the use of simple concrete and reinforced concrete is somewhat restricted by specific phenomena such as: cracking, fire resistance, shrinkage, shock resistance, wear resistance, durability, etc. For this reason, an improvement in the performance of the concrete can be obtained by adding in their mass of reinforcements dispersed in the form of fibres from different materials. The dispersed reinforced concrete results in the inclusion of a variable amount of discontinuous fibres in the concrete mass. These fibres can be of different types and sizes and have different properties. This type of reinforcements has become a major research subject in recent years. Therefore, using plastic waste in the materials industry is an environmental solution to minimize the proportion of landfills used in waste incineration. Reusing plastics as concrete additives could also redirect old water and soda bottles, the bulk of which would otherwise end up in a landfill. Research has focused on the impact of adding plastic material to fresh and hardened concrete. This study aims to investigate the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes in concrete.
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Manas, Divyarth. "Recycle Plastic Waste Brick." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40039.
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Abstract: Disposal of large quantity of plastic waste has emerged as an important environmental challenge, and its recycling is facing a big problem due to non-degradable nature. Due to plastic does not decompose biologically, the amount of plastic waste in our surroundings is steadily increasing. The proposed sand bricks which is made up by adding plastic waste in crush form in sand bricks may help to reuse the plastic waste as one of the additives material of bricks, and to help the disposal problem of plastic waste. The properties of plastic bricks which contain varying percentages of plastic were tested for compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence. It shows that an appreciable improvement in the performance of bricks can be achieved by introducing crush type of plastic waste into plastic bricks. In view of utilization of plastic waste material for developing sustainable construction material, the present paper reviews plastic waste materials in different compositions of 0% to 20% that were added to the raw material to develop plastic waste bricks. The compression strength of the bricks is reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study. It was found that the reduction in compressive strength, due to replacement of plastic by waste plastic waste, is minimal and can be enhanced by addition of super plasticizer. The water absorption and efflorescence however showed excellent performance Keywords: Plastic Waste, Compressive Strength, Water Absorption, Efflorescence, Environmental Issue
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Chavan, Prof Jagruti V. "Utilization of Waste Plastic for Construction of Flexible Pavement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3978–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35943.
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The major threat to the environment is the disposal of waste plastic and on the other side; the road traffic intensity is increasing. The load bearing capacity of roads are increasing. This study discusses the suitability of plastic waste for construction of roads. A material that contain more organic polymer of large molecular weight, solid in its finished state, can be shaped by its flow is called as “plastic”. Generally plastic is used in various domestic and industrial applications. In the Current Period Use of plastic bags and bottles is very common. Use of plastics in road construction can reduce the cost of road construction and pollution index of environment to an appreciable extent. Use of this mix for road construction it helps to reduce or use plastic waste effectively. Use of waste plastic in construction material is becoming more and more acceptable due to the improved properties. Due to use of waste plastic the Cost of construction materials also decreases. When we use the waste plastic in flexible pavement it improves the abrasion & slip resistance of asphalt pavement. It is economical and eco-friendly.
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Denesh, Mr K. C., and M. Arunkumar. "Experimental Investigation on Reinforced Concrete with Plastic Fiber." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48671.
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Abstract: Most of the buildings in the whole world is made of concrete which makes it one of the most extensively used construction material in the world. These materials are often used in residential buildings, commercial buildings, building foundations, roads etc. Solid waste management, especially solid waste plastic is one of the major environmental concerns in the world today. The plastic waste which we have used in our experiment is collected from local plastic waste management center, the purpose of this study was to enable the practical use of this material as an alternative to the existing building material. Recyclable Plastics are used as a replacement to the fine aggregates. The Recyclable Plastics were partially replaced in place of fine aggregates by 0, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45%. M25 grade of concrete was designed and tested. The mix design for different types of mixes were prepared by replacing the fine aggregates at different percentages of Recyclable Plastics. Experimental investigations like workability, Compressive strength test, split tensile strength test, Flexural strength test for different concrete mixes with different percentages of waste crushed after 7, 14 and 28-days curing period has done. It has been observed that the workability increases with increase in the percentage of replacement of Recyclable Plastics increases. The strength of concrete also increases with the Recyclable Plastics up to 35% percentage.
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Jones, Hannah, Florence Saffar, Vasileios Koutsos, and Dipa Ray. "Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 7306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217306.
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Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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Ismail, Anis Nadhirah, Mohd Hakim Ibrahim, Rita Mohd Said, Flora Somidin, and Syarifah Aminah Ismail. "Influence of recycled wastes on ferrosilicon production in steel making applications: A short review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2169/1/012028.
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Abstract The potential transforming the waste materials into an alternative source was found in iron and steelmaking application that also would solved the world’s most problematic waste stream. Generally, converting the waste materials into auxiliary source only is accessible to certain wastes industries due to its difficulty to recycle hence generally landfilled. Recycling waste materials used in ferrosilicon production as carbon and silica source to control the reduction reaction with iron oxide. The present paper reviews the phase transformation and morphology in the production of ferrosilicon at temperature 1550°C on graphite and plastic waste (bakelite) as the potential carbon materials and silica powder and glass waste (automotive glass - windshield, window glass) as alternatives silica source in production of ferrosilicon. The utilization of carbon material from plastic waste and silica source from glass waste (automotive glass) can be used for ferrosilicon synthesis and CO gas concentration comparable with conventional carbon source (graphite) typical silica source (silica powder). The utilization of recycled wasted is efficient due to enhancement in the reaction with iron oxide thus potentially replacing the conventional materials in ferrosilicon synthesis as well as minimizing the landfill wastes.
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Jigheh, Hossein S., and Arsalan Rasulifard. "Assessing the Potential Improvement of Fine-grained Clayey Soils by Plastic Wastes." Soils and Rocks 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.393333.
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Because of progressively dumping of plastic wastes (PWs) obtained from beverage industry it is of interest to use them as reinforcement material in civil engineering projects. For assessing potential use of plastic wastes in improvement of shear strength of fine-grained soils, two clayey soils were mixed with different amount of plastic wastes (i.e. 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 3.0% by weight) and consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on the compacted samples. Test results indicate that variations of shear strength and pore water pressure depend on the amount and type of plastic waste. It is observed that, irrespective of clay plasticity, adding plastic waste to the fine-grained soils improves their shear strength and plastic waste content (PWC) of 3.0%, within the range of used amounts, has the best effect on the shear strength. Moreover, adding plastic waste causes to decrease shear-induced pore water pressure slowly. Furthermore, deformability of samples changes in term of plastic waste content, type of plastic and clay type. It can be concluded that there is a possible usage of clay-plastic waste mixtures as construction materials and, thereby, plastic wastes can be managed by recycling them in the field of geotechnical engineering, thus contributing to clean up the environment.
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Gupta, Anjali, and Vishal Chandrakar. "A Review Paper on Reuse of Plastic Waste as Pavement Construction Material." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49291.
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Abstract: The exponential rise in the production of plastic and the consequential surge in plastic waste have led the scientists and researchers look out for innovative and sustainable means to reuse/recycle the plastic waste in order to reduce its negative impact on environment. Construction material, converting waste plastic into fuel, household goods, fabric and clothing are some of the sectors where waste plastic is emerging as a viable option. Out of these, construction material modified with plastic waste has garnered lot of attention. Modification of construction material with plastic waste serves a dual purpose. It reduces the amount of plastic waste going to landfills or litter and secondly lessens the use of mined construction materials, thereby mitigating the negative impact of construction industry on environment. This article summarizes advances related to the use of plastic waste as a component of building materials. The inclusion of plastic waste as a binder, aggregate, fine aggregate, modifier or substitute for cement and sand in the production of bricks, tiles, concrete and roads has been comprehensively considered. The effect of the addition of plastic waste on strength properties, water absorption, durability, etc. was also discussed in detail. Studies reviewed for this review were categorized according to whether they used plastic waste to produce bricks and tiles or concrete for road construction.
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Chen, Youliang, Yingxiang Quan, Hamed Karimian, and Xuexi Yang. "Mapping Provincial Stocks and Wastes of Passenger-Vehicle Plastics in China Based on Dynamic Material Flow Analysis and GIS: 1985–2019." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 7230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097230.
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As a polymer material, plastic is widely used in passenger vehicles for its light weight and low-cost advantages. China has accumulated a large amount of discarded automotive plastic in recent years, which has put increasing pressure on the environment and the recycling industry. A dynamic material flow model for estimating the plastic stock and waste in passenger vehicles was developed. Additionally, geospatial models were used to study the spatiotemporal evolution trend of passenger vehicle plastics. The results show: (1) passenger-vehicle plastic stock and waste in China increased rapidly from 1985 to 2019. By 2019, the passenger-vehicle plastic stock was 36.94 million tons, and the waste amount was 1.64 million tons, of which polypropylene accounted for the greatest proportion, and polyoxymethylene (POM) accounted for the least. (2) The stock and waste of passenger-vehicle plastics showed spatial dependency. (3) The spatial center of plastic waste was located in Henan Province, and the spatial center is shifting from north to south. (4) The GDP and the annual population are the main driving factors of passenger-vehicle plastic waste. This study will improve plastic waste management, resource recovery, and environmental sustainability decisions.
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Jian, Xiaomei, Peng Wang, Ningning Sun, Wen Xu, Lingxuan Liu, Yichun Ma, and Wei-Qiang Chen. "Material flow analysis of China’s five commodity plastics urges radical waste infrastructure improvement." Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability 2, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 025002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ac5642.
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Abstract Plastic waste is one of the most pressing global environmental challenges. As the world’s largest plastic waste generator and importer, China has implemented various policies to promote sustainable plastic waste management. However, the quantitative understanding of China’s application-specific plastic waste recycling and its infrastructure development is still quite limited. Here, we build up a unified framework to investigate the recycling and the corresponding infrastructure status of five commodity plastics in China, which are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) from 2000–2019. We find that: (1) in total, China consumed around 981.4 million tons (Mt) of the five commodity plastics from 2000–2019, generating 590.4 Mt of plastic waste, only 27% of which was recycled, 34% was landfilled and 32% was incinerated; (2) PP (∼30%) and PE (∼28%) have the highest recycling rate in China, which is related to their huge consumption base, while PS and ABS have the lowest recycling rate at only ∼26%; (3) the waste recycling performance is determined by its applications, and the worst recycling rates (<20%) are the packaging and commodity sectors due to their poor collection, while higher recycling rates (⩾30%) are found in the building and construction, agriculture and transportation sectors due to the special waste collection systems in these sectors; (4) our further examination of the recycling potential reveals that around 56% of packaging waste can be recycled by adjusting waste management infrastructure (in the collection, pre- and end-processing). Our results can help bridge information gaps and support policymaking to improve sustainable plastic waste management.
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Hadengganan, Munzir, and Djoko Sihono Gabriel. "Places and Causes of Mismanaged Plastic Materials in the Life Cycle of Flexible Plastic Packaging Based on Mechanical Recycling Context." Key Engineering Materials 888 (June 9, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.888.129.
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Plastic waste has become a big issue in the world for its large amount of plastic waste in the sea. Most of the plastic waste is plastic packaging which consists of flexible and rigid plastic packaging. This research discusses flexible plastic packaging. Until now, most researches on the loss of plastic materials discuss how to manage plastic waste disposal once it has been used by community: only a few discuss production cycle: while none of them discusses flexible plastic packaging area. This research aims to examine the number of mismanaged materials throughout flexible plastic packaging life cycle using a combination of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Based on the literature review, interviews and observations conducted by the author to all stakeholders in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging, mismanagement of plastic material occurred in each cycle, mostly caused by quality degradation of flexible plastic that could cause plastic waste was not acceptable in the mechanical recycle. The results of this study show that: (1) mismanaged material occurred in all cycles throughout the life cycles of flexible plastic packaging, (2) quality degradation is the main caused of mismanaged material in several cycles, and (3) the mismanaged materials in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging were 98.29%.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, Dadang Isnandar, and Andreanos Jeremia. "Plastic Packaging Material Value Conservation and Evident of the Consumers’ Acceptance." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.390.
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Virgin plastic pellets are widely used as raw materials in flexible plastic packaging which generate abundant postconsumer plastic waste. The widespread use of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials will reduce plastic waste generation significantly. However, substitution of virgin materials need high quality of recycled plastic pellets which produced from good quality of plastic waste. Design for material value conservation in this case study was a trial implementation of design principles of plastic bag in order to minimize its value degradation of plastic waste, and therefore increase its acceptance by plastic recycling industries. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Lisrel 8.8 software used as tool of analysis in evaluating consumer acceptance of the two types of design paradigm, current design and material value conservation based design. The results indicated that consumers accepted both type of packaging. With final standard factor loading, the proposed design indicated slightly better correlation coefficients: 0.46 for Ease of Information Delivery and 0.74 for Informational Content variables, better than current design with 0.44 and 0.73 coefficients. Widespread implementation of design for material value conservation will save virgin plastic consumption for plastic packaging production, reduce plastic waste generation as well as support material resource conservation in a better condition of environment. The social and economic benefit will also be obtained as multiplier effect of material value conservation.
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Pasetto, Marco, Andrea Baliello, Emiliano Pasquini, and Lily Poulikakos. "Dry Addition of Recycled Waste Polyethylene in Asphalt Mixtures: A Laboratory Study." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 4739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144739.
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The circular use of resources (i.e., reuse and recycling of materials) aiming for zero waste is also gaining increasing attention in pavement engineering. In this regard, the possible use of waste plastics in asphalt materials is of strategic importance since a considerable amount of plastic waste from construction and demolition waste and municipal solid waste is generated every year. Given this background, this experimental study aimed to investigate the feasibility of recycling waste polyethylene (PE) into asphalt mixtures. For this purpose, the dry addition of plastic shreds was evaluated to overcome the drawbacks observed in a previous interlaboratory research on PE-modified bituminous binder (i.e., instability/inhomogeneity of blend as well as the need for PE grinding). A comparative laboratory study was carried out on dense graded asphalt mixtures containing different amounts of waste plastics (i.e., 0%, 0.25%, and 1.5% by weight of the mixture). The selected asphalt mixes were investigated in terms of workability, linear visco-elastic characteristics, stiffness, strength, resistance to permanent deformation, and moisture sensitivity. Overall, the experimental findings show that the mixes prepared with the dry addition of plastic wastes were able to guarantee almost the same workability and moisture resistance as the reference material while leading to enhanced performance in terms of stiffness and permanent deformation resistance, with better responses for the higher investigated PE dosage.
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Tanong, Marcellus Lucky, and Suwardana Winata. "FASILITAS PEMULIHAN ENERGI PLASTIK DENGAN KONTEKS PERKOTAAN DAN KOMUNITAS." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i2.12433.
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The plastic energy recovery facility is an industrial facility that has a function in processing plastic waste into energy in the form of fuel oil. The word energy recovery itself initially did not only discuss material waste, but also an operating system that minimizes the amount of energy wasted in a process. This system is often used in the form of technology to reduce the amount of wasted energy waste and the waste can be in the form of plastic as well. However, in the process of processing plastic waste into energy, it is important to know that energy is needed which will eventually be wasted. The wasted energy can be in the form of heat, light, electricity, water, and air. This wasted energy creates a problem where the plastic waste treatment facility itself also ends up generating too much energy waste in its system. If left unchecked, this energy waste will make plastic processing facilities useless because how much energies are wasted in processing plastic waste. Therefore, in the design, a design method in the form of energy recovery is applied in the building system. This energy recovery is broadly implemented in three ways, namely applying a recycle system to the energy used, energy conservation, and through energy harvesting from nature by harvesting energy from nature and conserving energy, it means that energy consumption in buildings can be done more sustainably and efficiently. Energy use in buildings can not only depend on the energy supply system from the management sector but can also utilize the energy that exists in nature. Thus, the design of the plastic energy recovery facility can work in a more sustainable and environmentally sensitive system. Keywords: energy conservation; energy harvesting; energy recovery; plastic energy recovery; recycle energy; waste AbstrakFasilitas pemulihan energi plastik merupakan sebuah fasilitas industri yang memiliki fungsi dalam mengolah limbah plastik menjadi energi berupa minyak bahan bakar. Kata pemulihan energi sendiri awalnya tidak hanya membahas mengenai limbah material saja, tapi juga sebuah sistem operasi yang meminimalisir jumlah energi yang terbuang dalam suatu proses. Sistem ini seringkali digunakan dalam bentuk teknologi untuk mengurangi jumlah limbah energi yang terbuang dan limbah tersebut dapat berupa plastik juga. Namun di dalam proses fasilitas pengolahan limbah plastik menjadi energi, perlu diketahui bahwa diperlukan energi yang akhirnya akan terbuang. Energi yang terbuang itu bisa berupa panas, cahaya, listrik, air, dan udara. Terbuangnya energi tersebut memunculkan masalah dimana fasilitas pengolahan limbah plastik sendiri akhirnya juga menghasilkan limbah energi dalam sistemnya. Jika dibiarkan, limbah energi ini akan membuat fasilitas pengolahan plastik menjadi hal yang sia-sia dikarenakan banyaknya jumlah energi yang dibuang untuk memproses limbah plastik. Oleh karena itu dalam perancangan, diterapkan metode perancangan berupa pemulihan energi yang diterapkan dalam sistem bangunan. Pemulihan energi ini secara garis besar diterapkan dalam tiga cara, yaitu menerapkan sistem daur ulang pada energi yang dipakai, konservasi energi, dan melalui pemanenan energi dari alam. Dengan pemanenan energi dari alam dan konservasi energi, berarti konsumsi energi pada bangunan bisa dilakukan dengan lebih berkelanjutan dan efisien. Penggunaan energi pada bangunan bisa tidak hanya bergantung dari sistem pasokan energi dari sektor pengelola tapi juga bisa memanfaatkan energi yang ada di alam. Dengan demikian, rancangan fasilitas pemulihan energi plastik dapat bekerja dalam sistem yang lebih berkelanjutan dan peka terhadap lingkungan.
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Gund, Pruthviraj, Sandesh Sanjay Pawar, Anil Laxman Patil, and Shubham Premnath Sakpal. "EcoBrick: A Waste Plastic Used As Construction Material." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 2216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51965.
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Abstract: In this project we try to overcome the problem associated with plastic waste. In India huge amount of plastics are used for various purposes such as for making of water bottle, soda bottles & bag etc. which are not disposable. Because of these various problems occurs so we use waste plastic bottles for making of bricks by the various ways which are discussed below. After studying the problem we developed the effective way to overcome this problem. Bottle brick are light in weight and withstand high amount of load or pressure. Eco-bricks, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles filled with mixed inorganic waste, have become a low cost construction material and a valid recycling method to reduce waste disposal in regions where industrial recycling is not yet available. Because Eco-bricks are filled with mixed recovered materials, potential recycling of its constituents is difficult at the end of its life.
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M. Faisal. "ANALISIS LAJU ALIR SAMPAH DAN EMISI CARBON YANG DIHASILKAN KOTA BANDA ACEH." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 4 (January 8, 2015): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i4.1646.
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This research aims to analyze the material flow of solid waste of Banda Aceh city by using Material Flow Analysis (MFA) method. The domestic wastes used in this research are limited to organic waste, plastic and paper. Results show that the solid wastes in Banda Aceh city do not treated well and thus required further treatment process. Wastes are separated at the kampong Jawa waste treatment process. Leaves waste are treated for compost, while no treatment process for plastic and paper wastes. The percentage of organic wastes, paper and plastic produced from Banda Aceh city were 89,1 %; 2,5 %; 0,74 %, respectively. Total amount of waste in the city of Banda Aceh is 86057,64 t/month producing carbon emission of 83726,6 t/month.
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Lubis, Kamaluddin, Ninny A. Siregar, Nuril Mahda, and Nela Permata Sari Lubis. "Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Pada Kelompok Pengepul Limbah Plastik Menjadi Cacahan Plastik Untuk Menciptakan Usaha Berdikari Dan Mandiri." Pelita Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (September 9, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/pelitamasyarakat.v3i1.5609.
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Around our environment it is very easy to find plastic waste, in rivers and gutters this will have a negative impact because plastic waste is very difficult to decompose by the soil, it takes tens of years or even hundreds of years. Seeing this, the team through the Community Service (PKM) program was interested in using plastic waste as an effort to recycle waste to protect environmental damage. This PKM provides about how to chop plastic as an alternative effort in recycling waste from materials that are neglected by the community into product materials with high material value. it has a positive impact on promising plastics business community entrepreneurs. With the opening of these new business fields, the community can open new business fields and prevent the environment from polluting the soil, and the Go Green campaign
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Xianglin. "Performance Improvisation of Bituminous Roads using waste Plastic Material." International Journal of Civil, Environmental and Agricultural Engineering 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijceae1918.
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Utilization of waste plastic as a aggregate in bituminous mix results in weak bonding between the plastic and bitumen. This study reports on the feasibility of using plastic waste and chemical additives to improvise the performance and mechanical properties of bituminous mixtures. The selected recycled waste plastics were used as partial aggregate replacement in bituminous mix product. Strong oxidizing mixture of dichromate and sulphuric acid was used to treat the plastic, while the bitumen was treated with a cross linking agent, polyethylene mine. Three modified bituminous mixtures were prepared and the stiffness results were compared with the control bituminous mixture. It was observed that the stiffness increased by 10% for the chemically modified bituminous mixtures. This improvement is attributed to an increase in the bonding forces between the aggregates and the bitumen. Besides, a mechanism is proposed in order to explain the effect of the chemical additives on the increase in the stiffness of the bituminous mixture.
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Riskiana, Refa, Hefni Effendi, and Yusli Wardiatno. "Kelimpahan dan komposisi sampah plastik di DAS Baturusa Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.10.4.650-659.
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The usage of plastic has been increasing from year to year for its durable, lightweight, sturdy, easy to form, and low cost production, so that plastic becomes a popular material. Plastics have affinities with persistent organic pollutant such as PCB, DDT, PAH and phthalates that can damage the ecosystem as well as harm to human. In this study plastic wastes were collected using nets in seven stations along Baturusa watershed, sorted based on its composing resin (RIC), then measured the abundance and the density rate on each station. 36% of the collected plastic wastes are Polypropylene (02), and 24% are LDPE (04). The highest density rate of collected plastic wastes was found on Mabet river (1.36 x 102 items/m3), followed by Baturusa river, and Rangkui river estuary. These three stations are located near the settlements so that the source of the plastic wastes comes from domestic activities. The variety of waste management showed a significant impact to the amount of plastic wastes on waters. One of the plastic waste management for the settlements is to carry out 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle), such as waste bank programs and implement EPR (extended producer responsibility) programme. The successfulness of this programme can only be achieved by the active participation of the waste bank customers and the implementation of 3R principle in daily life.
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Calista, Jasmine, and Petrus Rudi Kasimun. "APLIKASI SENSORIAL ARCHITECTURE PADA FASILITAS PENGOLAHAN DAN PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH PLASTIK DI KELURAHAN PAPANGGO." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i2.12446.
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Plastic is one of the most popular materials because of its flexiblity, low cost, and durability. However, despite being durable, a lot of plastics are only used once before ending up in landfills or the environment; piles of plastic waste can be seen floating on the sea because of their non-degradable nature. The plastic waste treatment and management facility responds to this problem in two ways, namely through processing plastic waste into raw materials used in making the filament for 3D printing, and through management, by the manufacture of alternative materials (algae bioplastic) using the wastewater obtained from washing plastics and by inviting the community to participate through upcycling. Through this, plastic waste can be converted into a usable product (such as furniture, ornaments, and others), and if said product is defected or broken, it can be recycled back and turned into raw material for another printing process, thus creating a circular economy. Furthermore, as citizens’ awareness towards the proper management of plastic waste and the reduction of plastic consumption plays an important role in addressing this issue, this project uses the sensorial architecture of the seven senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste, skeleton and muscle) as a design approach to make the users ‘feel’ the building. As a result, the purpose of this project, which is to help in managing plastic waste and to raise awareness regarding this issue, can be achieved through the programs and spatial experience. By using technology and sensorial architecture design, not only does this project generate product from plastic waste, but also creates a new ecology to an industrial building.Keywords: 3D printing; plastic waste; sensorial architecture; seven senses; spatial experience AbstrakPlastik merupakan salah satu bahan yang paling sering digunakan karena sifatnya yang fleksibel, murah, dan tahan lama. Namun, meski mempunyai sifat yang tahan lama, banyak plastik yang hanya dipakai sekali sebelum akhirnya berakhir di TPA atau di lingkungan. Sifatnya yang tidak bisa / sulit terdegradasi menyebabkan dampak buruk pada lingkungan, terutama ekosistem laut. Perancangan fasilitas pengolahan dan pengelolaan sampah plastik merespon terhadap masalah ini dengan dua cara, yaitu melalui pengolahan sampah plastik menjadi bahan dasar filamen dalam fasilitas pencetakan 3D dan pengelolaan melalui pembuatan bahan alternatif (alga bioplastik) dari air bekas hasil pencucian plastik, dan dengan mengajak masyarakat untuk turut ikut serta melalui program upcycling. Melalui cara ini, sampah plastik dapat diolah menjadi barang yang dapat digunakan kembali, dan hasil produk (berupa furnitur, ornamen, dan lainnya) yang sudah rusak dapat didaur ulang dan diolah kembali menjadi produk yang baru sehingga menciptakan sebuah ekonomi yang sirkuler. Selain itu, karena kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan dan pengurangan konsumsi plastik juga menjadi bagian penting dalam mengatasi masalah ini, perancangan menerapkan pendekatan desain arsitektur sensori melalui ketujuh indera manusia (penglihatan, pendengaran, penciuman, peraba, pengecap, tulang dan otot) agar dapat menjadi bangunan yang dapat ‘dirasakan’ oleh penggunanya. Dengan ini, tujuan perancangan untuk membantu mengelola sampah plastik dan meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap kondisi lingkungan sekarang ini dapat disampaikan melalui program dan pengalaman ruang yang dirasakan. Melalui penggunaan teknologi dan penerapan desain arsitektur sensori, perancangan tidak hanya menghasilkan produk olahan sampah plastik, tetapi juga menciptakan ekologi baru pada bangunan industri.
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Lahtela, Ville, Marko Hyvärinen, and Timo Kärki. "Composition of Plastic Fractions in Waste Streams: Toward More Efficient Recycling and Utilization." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010069.
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Reuse of materials is a significant global goal that contributes to sustainable development. Polymer-specific plastic identification from the waste stream is examined in this study to achieve environmentally optimistic reuse of plastic material in secondary applications. Two diverse waste streams, 86.11 kg of construction and demolition waste (CDW) plastic and 57.74 kg of mechanically sorted plastic, were analyzed by using a handheld tool whose identification technology was based on the near-infrared spectrum. The study indicates a significant effect of human and single fraction on manual separation. The polymer composition in the plastic waste stream varied depending on the source, but the most common plastic grades, polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), were represented in every waste stream. The waste stream also included unidentified and unfavorable wastes, which indicates that identification of the plastic fractions is needed and more studies should be done in this field in the future.
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Chandara, Hin Chandara, Sunjoto -, and Sarto -. "PLASTIC RECYLING IN INDONESIA BY CONVERTING PLASTIC WASTES (PET, HDPE, LDPE, and PP) INTO PLASTIC PELLETS." ASEAN Journal of Systems Engineering 3, no. 2 (December 16, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajse.v3i2.17162.
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Due to the population growth, economic development, increasing the consumption of products patterns in Indonesia and activities of citizen, MSW has generated by 384 Indonesia cities was about 80,235 ton per day (or 320,940m3 per day). The plastics solid waste (PSW) become to the major concern after organic waste and significantly impact to in environment. In order to solve the problem this research is conducted to identify the potential raw material from plastics, in order to replaces the pure material of plastics pellets that is made from crude oil and minimize the effect bring to environment. This compendium is presented the concept of the appropriation technology for plastics recycling, it emphasize the typical method by converting plastics waste of thermoplastic type Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), High density polyethylene (HDPE), Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and Polypropylene (PP) into plastics pellets. Whereas thermoplastics chemical structure possible for recyclable , the mechanical recycling method is played as the best technology and common used in recycling of conventional plastic waste material into new raw material without changing basic structure. The quality of pellets that reprocess from the plastics waste is based on the effective factors of sorting, washing, drying and temperature of melting in each zones of extruder machine
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Wibowo, Dheana, and Yully Ekawardhani. "Exploration of Interior Material Based on Plastic Waste." Proceeding of International Conference on Business, Economics, Social Sciences, and Humanities 3 (December 1, 2022): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/icobest.v3i.180.
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This research is to determine the exploration of interior materials made from plastic waste, such as the process of collecting materials and the stages until they can become interior materials. To find out the process and stages, this research uses data collection methods in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings of this research are the analysis of plastic waste such as the content and properties of plastic when used as an exploration of interior materials and the strength of the interior material itself. Plastic is not only dangerous for humans, but also endangers all living things and the environment around us, especially according to Indonesian domestic statistics, Indonesia is a country that ranks second in the largest contributor of plastic waste. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that the formation of knowledge regarding the creation of creative products to tackle plastic waste, by using it as an interior material is able to turn useless objects into very useful object for the survival of human life.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Husen Nasrullah. "Optical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.199.
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Repetitive implementation of material value conservation (MVC) in plastic packaging may lead to good quality plastic waste and high acceptance for secondary recycling. This makes the obtained recycled plastic pellets has good quality and can be used as an alternative raw material for new products. However, treatments and processing in the recycling processes can lead to the degradation of material properties and disrupt the recycled plastics life cycle to be used for new products with high specifications. Recycled plastics are certainly cheaper than virgin plastics, but they have low properties, contaminated, and are only used for low-value products. Therefore, a solution is needed for this problem. This study proposed mixing recycled and virgin plastic pellets to improve recycled plastics whose optical properties have been subjected to quality degradation. A series of tests were carried out on specimens and tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The optical properties tested were transparency, gloss, and colour. This study revealed that optical properties had an increasing trend along with the large number of virgin plastic pellets added to the blends. The optimal composition was found in the 50:50 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets to the 70:30 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets. These findings can be useful in improving the optical properties of recycled plastics. In addition, the widespread implementation of MVC can improve the quality of plastic waste and strengthen its acceptance for secondary recycling.
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Nanda, Sonil, Tumpa R. Sarker, Kang Kang, Dongbing Li, and Ajay K. Dalai. "Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 24, 2023): 4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134563.
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Due to its resistance to natural degradation and decomposition, plastic debris perseveres in the environment for centuries. As a lucrative material for packing industries and consumer products, plastics have become one of the major components of municipal solid waste today. The recycling of plastics is becoming difficult due to a lack of resource recovery facilities and a lack of efficient technologies to separate plastics from mixed solid waste streams. This has made oceans the hotspot for the dispersion and accumulation of plastic residues beyond landfills. This article reviews the sources, geographical occurrence, characteristics and recyclability of different types of plastic waste. This article presents a comprehensive summary of promising thermochemical technologies, such as pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification, for the conversion of single-use plastic wastes to clean fuels. The operating principles, drivers and barriers for plastic-to-fuel technologies via pyrolysis (non-catalytic, catalytic, microwave and plasma), as well as liquefaction and gasification, are thoroughly discussed. Thermochemical co-processing of plastics with other organic waste biomass to produce high-quality fuel and energy products is also elaborated upon. Through this state-of-the-art review, it is suggested that, by investing in the research and development of thermochemical recycling technologies, one of the most pragmatic issues today, i.e., plastics waste management, can be sustainably addressed with a greater worldwide impact.
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Malik, Sunny, Ankita Maurya, Sunil Kumar Khare, and Kinshuk Raj Srivastava. "Computational Exploration of Bio-Degradation Patterns of Various Plastic Types." Polymers 15, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061540.
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Plastic materials are recalcitrant in the open environment, surviving for longer without complete remediation. The current disposal methods of used plastic material are inefficient; consequently, plastic wastes are infiltrating the natural resources of the biosphere. The mixed composition of urban domestic waste with different plastic types makes them unfavorable for recycling; however, natural assimilation in situ is still an option to explore. In this research work, we have utilized previously published reports on the biodegradation of various plastics types and analyzed the pattern of microbial degradation. Our results demonstrate that the biodegradation of plastic material follows the chemical classification of plastic types based on their main molecular backbone. The clustering analysis of various plastic types based on their biodegradation reports has grouped them into two broad categories of C-C (non-hydrolyzable) and C-X (hydrolyzable). The C-C and C-X groups show a statistically significant difference in their biodegradation pattern at the genus level. The Bacilli class of bacteria is found to be reported more often in the C-C category, which is challenging to degrade compared to C-X. Genus enrichment analysis suggests that Pseudomonas and Bacillus from bacteria and Aspergillus and Penicillium from fungi are potential genera for the bioremediation of mixed plastic waste. The lack of uniformity in reporting the results of microbial degradation of plastic also needs to be addressed to enable productive growth in the field. Overall, the result points towards the feasibility of a microbial-based biodegradation solution for mixed plastic waste.