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1
Thomas, Christine. "Waste paper recycling : a community technology approach." Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57015/.
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This research project aims to explore the hypothesis that a Community Technology approach can be considered appropriate for reclamation and recycling activities, and to investigate the opportunities for reclaiming and recycling domestic wastes viably at a 'community' scale. A framework is first established to define a Community Technology approach, and then used to assess the compatibility of reclamation and recycling technologies to this approach. 'Community '-scale reclamation and recycling in Britain, together with some examples from the USA, is examined and the 'state of the art' for both areas of activity described. 'Community'-scale is interpreted as relating to groups of people of less than 10,000, defined as neighbourhoods (of between 100 and 1,000 people) and communities (of 1,000 to 10,000 people). Initial analysis identified only three recycling processes with potential as 'community'-scale activities; all concerned with waste paper recycling. One of these, a neighbourhood-scale technology, was chosen for a detailed feasibility study. The process involves recycling waste paper into sheets of drawing or printing paper suitable for use as 'art' paper, in particular as speciality printing paper, or as sugar paper in schools. The feasibility study was carried out using design and evaluation methods, to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the process and to investigate what role it might play in the community, in particular in relation to promoting greater community self-reliance. The results show that this technology would not be financially or economically viable as an independent enterprise but indicated additional non-quantified social benefits and hence a possible non-economic role in the community. Some possibilities of educational and job creation roles are explored.
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Zimmerman, Sara Phyllis. "An Analysis of Socioeconomic Effects on Scrap Paper Recycling Participation." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5058.
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The greatest appreciation is extended to all who contributed valuable time to assist with this project. In particular, Barry Messer, from the Recycling Education Project at Portland State University, who recommended study ideas and provided integral information; Bruce Walker, from the City of Portland, who granted many interviews and was always willing to answer questions; Steve Apotheker, from Resource Recycling, who invited me to use the office library and spent time discussing current recycling issues; Deborah Adams, from Metro, who furnished me with essential data; and Wess Brenner, from the Academic Computing Center, who contributed substantial time to help in the analysis of the data. Additionally, Mara Tableman, from the Mathematical Sciences Department and Dr. Robert Fountain, from the Statistics Consulting Laboratory provided considerable advise about statistical procedures. I also deeply thank my parents, Rob Allerman, Jennifer Wheelan, and other friends and family who supported me throughout the completion of this document. Joel Freedman particularly, provided continual encouragement, unending patience and sound counsel. From the Geography department, I extend my sincere gratitude to Carolyn Perry and my committee, Joseph Porascky, Thomas Harvey and most importantly, my advisor, Dr. Teresa Bulman.
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Collins, Gill. "Local government recycling : a South Australian perspective." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc712.pdf.
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Ryder, Kathryn. "The development of paper-based materials from low-grade apparel waste." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-of-paperbased-materials-from-lowgrade-apparel-waste(9aef77c7-57ac-4cf1-8d4b-0d6952dd4f19).html.
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The recycling rate of post-consumer apparel waste is low. This is compounded by our limited understanding of the fibre recovered from apparel waste and a lack of development in novel applications. Motivated by the growing rate of accumulation in unwanted clothing, this study focused on a number of integrated research themes aimed at understanding the nature of reclaimed cotton fibre, its use in paper-based materials and its utilisation in apparel related applications. Initially, the investigation characterised reclaimed cotton fibres from two different recovery machines (pinned air-layer and cutting mill). The results showed that neither process was capable of producing adequate fibre quality for fine yarn manufacture. The fibres exhibited extensive surface damage, length shortening and an increase in length distribution. After the initial characterisation, studies were undertaken to investigate the use of paper technology to increase the possibility of using reclaimed fibre in apparel. Strength is an important property in apparel related applications, therefore, the strength of reclaimed cotton-based paper was enhanced. The effects of a 4% sodium hydroxide pre-treatment on the beating performance and resultant sheet properties of reclaimed fibre pulp were investigated. At low beating levels, the results showed a significant 35% and 39% increase in tensile strength and energy absorption, respectively. With the treatment it is, therefore, possible to obtain a strong paper with high bulk, which can be further utilised to improve surface softness. Optimum dry and wet strength enhancement of the resultant paper was obtained with the combined addition of 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and 2% polyamideamine-epichlorhydrin. The development of wet strength was vital in order to facilitate uniform twist insertion in subsequent paper yarn manufacture. This study was one of the first to test the viability of using reclaimed cotton fibre in the production of paper yarns suitable for apparel manufacture. The wet-strengthened reclaimed-fibre paper was slit into 3 mm width ribbons, dampened, then twisted into yarns. The resultant yarns (46–193 tex) were uniform but lacked sufficient strength for use in weaving and knitting processes. Analysis of a commercial paper yarn, OJO+ , suggested that strength could be improved if fibre orientation was increased in the machine direction. A further application, in the form of a jacket, was trialled. The focus here was to test sewability using a variety of seam and stitch formations to sew together denim-derived cotton paper. A simple design using lap seams with straight stitching was established as the most effective construction. The final jacket satisfied industry requirements on seam strength and efficiency, however, further investigation into improving comfort and wear-ability will be essential.
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Voigt, Paul George. "Bioethanol production from waste paper through fungal biotechnology." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013447.
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Bioethanol is likely to be a large contributor to the fuel sector of industry in the near future. Current research trends are geared towards utilizing food crops as substrate for bioethanol fermentation; however, this is the source of much controversy. Utilizing food crops for fuel purposes is anticipated to cause massive food shortages worldwide. Cellulose is the most abundant renewable resource on earth and is subject to a wide array of scientific study in order to utilize the glucose contained within it. Waste paper has a high degree of cellulose associated with it, which makes it an ideal target for cellulose biotechnology with the ultimate end goal of bioethanol production. This study focussed on producing the necessary enzymes to hydrolyse the cellulose found in waste paper and using the sugars produced to produce ethanol. The effects of various printing inks had on the production of sugars and the total envirorunental impact of the effluents produced during the production line were also examined. It was found that the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum DSM 769 grown in Mandel's medium with waste newspaper as the sole carbon source at 28 °C for 6 days produced extracellular cellulase enzymes with an activity of 0.203 ± 0.009 FPU.ml⁻¹, significantly higher activity as compared to other paper sources. This extracellular cellulase was used to hydrolyse waste newspaper and office paper, with office paper yielding the highest degree of sugar production with an end concentration of 5.80 ± 0.19 g/1 at 40 °C. Analysis by HPLC showed that although glucose was the major product at 4.35 ± 0.12 g/1, cellobiose was also produced in appreciable amounts (1.97 ± 0.71 g/1). The sugar solution was used as a substrate for Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 1333 and ethanol was produced at a level of 1.79 ± 0.26 g/1, the presence of which was confirmed by a 600 MHz NMR spectrum. It was found that cellobiose was not fermented by this strain of S. cerevisiae. Certain components of inks (the PAHs phenanthrene and naphthalene) were found to have a slight inhibitory effect (approximately 15% decrease) on the cellulase enzymes at very high concentrations (approximately 600 μg/1 in aqueous medium), while anthracene had no effect. Whole newsprint ink was shown not to sorb glucose. The environmental analysis of the effluents produced showed that in order for the effluents to be discharged into an aqueous ecosystem they would have to be diluted up to 200 times. They were also shown to have the potential to cause severe machinery damage if reused without proper treatment.
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Lane, Jonathan. "An investigation into the novel application of high power ultrasound on the deinking of mixed office waste paper." Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57872/.
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The current paper recycling processes are surveyed pointing out the major stages and the variety of chemical/mechanical treatments the fibres undergo. The reduction or replacement of chemical/mechanical treatments presents possible advantages in prolonging fibre life. The results from recycled office waste which has been treated with ultrasound show a change in the particle size distribution of toner particles - making these particles easier to remove using established flotation techniques. Particle size distributions were measured using image analysis on thin (20gsm) paper handsheets. To establish the affect of sonication on fibres, a variety of virgin fibres were obtained from UK Paper, Sittingbourne. Results from virgin fibres which have been treated using ultrasound indicate an absence of cutting compared to conventional techniques. Fibres were found to have the same average length (0.6mm) after ultrasound treatment as the control sample, refined fibres were reduced to approximately 0.3 mm in length. Freeness decreased in both virgin sonicated and refined sonicated samples. The decrease in freeness was accompanied by an increase in the strength properties of both categories of fibres. Experiments with a prepared office waste furnish showed that ultrasonic treatment could decrease the size distribution of fused toner particles. The control sample had an average size of 80.9 um, after 1 minute sonication this was decreased to 54.9) um, decreasing further to 46.8)um after 2 minutes sonication. After demonstrating that ultrasound could decrease the particle distribution of the prepared office waste a more realistic and variable furnish was used. The experiments were conducted at room temperature, 50°C and 75°C. These temperatures were chosen to study the behaviour of fused toners as it approaches and exceeds its glass transition point, essentially the melting point of an amorphous polymer. It was found that the toner is easier to remove as the glass transition temperature is approached. Ultrasound is effective in breaking up large toner particles and detaching particles smaller than 25 microns in diameter.
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Backlund, Per. "Återvinning av dryckeskartonger : En studie som syftar till att öka återvinningsgraden av Tetra Paks förpackningar i Indonesien." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90672.
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People of the modern world consume more than they ever used to do. Because of the close correlation between consumption and the amount of waste, the waste volume is also expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to examine if some measures in the recycling process from Sweden could be implemented in Indonesia. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries in which the waste management system is struggling. Tetra Pak, one of the world leading producer of food packaging, is studied in this report. Tetra Paks recycling rate of their beverage cartons is relatively low, 8.42 %, in Indonesia compared with their recycling rate in other countries. To answer the purpose, information was collected from scientific reports, by interviews carried out in both Sweden and Indonesia and by study visits in Indonesia. The results of the study shows that there are measures which could be made in the recycling process to increase the recycling rate in Indonesia. School projects and deposit systems could increase the collection rate and a drumscreen and a buffertank could make the recycling process more profitable for the papermills. There is also some alternative end products which could make the whole recycling process more public visible. One of the conclusions of this study is that the paper mills should adjust their drumscreens, this to increase the fibre yield which is crucial for the recycling value. Another conclusions is that Tetra Pak should consider to initiate a recycling business by their own, in order to reduce the burden on the environment.
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Chung, Shan Shan. "Commercial and retail waste recycling in the Adelaide Central Business District." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc559.pdf.
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Lee, Patrick Seo Thin. "A feasibility study of a recycled paper scoop, a dosing device for synthetic powder laundry detergents /." Online version of thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11592.
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Ng, U.-hong Angela, and 吳如虹. "Paper balance for Hong Kong: consumption, waste generation, recovery and disposal." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253842.
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Jordan, Alexander Thomas. "Liquid phase plasma technology for inkjet separation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47543.
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Currently most deinking technologies are dependent upon flotation and dissolved air flotation
(DAF) technology in order to separate inkjet ink from fiber and water. Much of this
technology is based on ink that is extremely hydrophobic. This made flotation and DAF
very easy to use because the ink in the water would very easily move with the air in flotation
and be brought to the surface, after which the ink can be skimmed and the pulp can
be used.
Now that small scale printing has become the norm, there has been a move to high
quality, small scale printing. This involves the use of a hydrophilic ink. Hydrophilic ink
cannot be easily separated from water and fiber the same way the hydrophobic ink can be.
With low concentrations of hydrophilic ink in the process water stream, it can be absorbed
into the process but as the hydrophilic ink concentration rises alternative methods will be
needed in order to separate inkjet ink from water.
One solution is to find a method to effectively increase ink particle size. This will
enable the ink particles to be filtered or to have an increase ecacy of removal during
flotation. In this thesis, one solution is discussed about how electric field and electric
plasma technologies can be used to increase particle size and help purify process water in
recycle mills.
This plasma treatment can very effectively bring ink particles together so that they may
be separated by another method. There are two methods by which this may take place. One
is polymerization and the other is electro-coagulation. These processes can work side by
side to bring ink particles together.
This plasma treatment process creates free radicals by stripping off hydrogen atoms
from surrounding organic matter. These free radicals then react with the high alkene bond
content within the ink to create a very large covalently bonded molecule. This is the new
mechanism that is being investigated in this thesis. The other action that is taking place is electro-coagulation.
Plasma treated ink can be filtered out using a cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate membrane
or they can be filtered using paper or fiber glass filters as well. The extent at which
these can be filtered out is dependent on the size of the pores of the filter. In this study, it
was shown that the plasma treatment was able to clean water with a fairly small amount
of energy. It was also found that treatment time and concentration had very little eect on
the outcome of the treatment ecacy. One factor that did have an effect was the pH. At
very high pH values the process became noticeably less eective. The high pH essentially
eliminated the electro-coagulation aspect of the treatment process and also hurt the polymerization
aspect as well because of lower amount of hydrogen atoms available for the
plasma to create free radicals.
A model of the process was used to try to give the reader an idea of the ecacy that the
process would have in an industrial scale process. The model assumes that two types of ink
particles exist. One is ink that has a radical and another in which the ink does not have a
radical. The model also assumes that if ink is at all polymerized, ink is filtered out with the
0.8 micron filter. The model assumes three reactions; initialization, propagation and partial
termination. The partial termination is a result from the general chemical structure of ink.
Ink has many double bonds in its general structure which makes termination very unlikely
to occur, so the model assumes that on average when two radials interact that only one is
eliminated. This model is only supposed to give the reader an idea of the ecacy of the
process. The numbers provided in the model will change very significantly in a different
system.
The evidence behind polymerization aspect of the process comes from two main sources.
One is the small molecule analysis from methanol after being exposed to the plasma and the
other from the plasma being exposed to allyl alcohol. The small molecule analysis shows
that the process generates free radicals on organic molecules. Methanol was exposed to
the plasma and then the resulting GC/MS analysis showed that 1,2-ethanediol was present, this showed that the electric discharge process was able to create free radicals on organic
molecules in the liquid phase.
Using a similar process the plasma discharge process was exposed to a mixture of allyl
alcohol, water and propanol and water in two separate experiments. The difference between
these two molecules is an alkene bond that is between the carbon two and carbon three
atoms. The particle size of both samples was then analyzed and it was shown that the
solution with allyl alcohol had an average particle size about an order of magnitude larger
than the solution with propanol in it.
Because of all the evidence discussed here and in the rest of the thesis we believe that
the plasma treatment of ink has both polymerization and electro-coagulation aspect. This
process could also be a potential solution to the water soluble ink problem that will soon
face the recycling industry.
12
Mfenyana, Nondumiso Gloria. "An investigation into conditions that enable or constrain sustainable paper usage at Rhodes University." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004217.
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The interest in this study was initiated by the rapid global transition of paper usage to digital systems in teaching and learning at tertiary institutions, particularly those that are signatories to the Talloires Declaration, which include Rhodes University (RU). It was discovered that there are two earlier studies (Leslie et al. 2009; Amutenya et al. 2009) that investigated and proposed recommendations towards sustainable paper usage at Rhodes University (RU). This study then investigated the response of RU to the proposed recommendations of the above mentioned studies and evaluated the conditions that promote and constrain sustainable paper usage in teaching and learning, and the attitudes of users thereof.
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Rothpfeffer, Caroline. "From wood to waste and waste to wood : aspects on recycling waste products from the pulp mill to the forest soil /." Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Soils, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200783.pdf.
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Shakourian, Gelareh. "Enhanced De-inking and Recyclability of Laser Printed Paper by Plasma-Assisted Fiber Coating." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10572.
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Office waste paper is one of the fastest growing segments of the recycled fiber industry. Toner particles are rigid, insoluble and difficult to disperse and detach from fibers. Therefore papers made from recycled office waste having high toner content will contain noticeable ink particles. This work will consider an alternative way of efficient de-inking using plasma polymers which will not affect the fibers chemically or mechanically. The focus is development and characterization of plasma-deposited films to serve as a barrier film for the adhesion of ink toner to the paper fibers and thereby enhance ink lift off from the fibers. The plasma treated paper is coated with fluorocarbon (PFE) and polyethylene glycol (PFE) films, with constant thickness of PFE and varying the thickness of PEG by 1500, from 1500 to 4500, for the three cases studied (PFE greater than PEG, PFE=PEG, PFE less than PEG). Handsheets were made using virgin fibers to eliminate effects of fillers. Once the sheets were coated and printing performed, they were re-pulped and both the slurry and the de-inking surfactant were placed in a flotation cell. Handsheets were made from the collected foam and stock and were scanned for particle count. The results indicated higher ink loss for the cases with increased thickness of polymer films. A handsheet with a 7500 film (PFE = 3000 and PEG = 4500) showed 61% ink removal compared to 38% for handsheets with no film deposited. There was also less material loss for the cases with higher polymer film thickness.
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Johansson, Ingrid, and Walter Deltin. "Utilization of Pulp and Paper Waste Products in the Metal Industry : Initial testing of carbon-containing waste material briquettes." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231792.
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Today, a huge part of waste products from pulp and paper industries ends up in landfill which is both economically and environmentally adversely. This report examines the possibilities of using those products as a slag foamer and fuel in different furnaces in the metal industry. The waste products contain valuable elements, especially carbon. Therefore, there is an increased interest in finding possible use for the waste products in the metal industry. The reuse would contribute to preservation of energy as fossil fuel can be replaced. In the report, two waste materials called mixed biosludge and fiber reject are examined. The experiments are performed with the waste products pressed together with a base material and cement forming a briquette. The requirements examined are strength needed for both transportation and use in furnaces and ability to create a foaming slag. The results in strength were ambiguous, no waste material based briquettes met the set criteria. As of now, the briquettes are probably not strong enough to be transported. No foaming occurred during the experiment, but only one experiment was performed. Therefore, further experiments are needed before any conclusions can be drawn. The briquettes can possibly replace coke and coal in applications where strength is not as important. Nevertheless, it is uncertain if the briquettes affect the steel quality.Idag läggs en stor del av restprodukter från pappers och massaindustrin på deponi, vilket innebär såväl ekonomiska som miljömässiga nackdelar. Den här rapporten undersöker möjligheterna att använda dessa restprodukter som slaggskummare och bränsle i de olika ugnarna inom metallindustrin. Restprodukterna innehåller värdefulla ämnen, framförallt kol. Därför finns det ett ökat intresse för att hitta möjliga användningsområden för restprodukterna inom metallindustrin. Denna återanvändning skulle bidra till energibevarande eftersom fossila bränslen kan ersättas. I den här rapporten undersöks två restmaterial, blandat biologiskt slam och fiberavfall. Experimenten utfördes med dessa restprodukter pressade samman med ett basmaterial och cement till en brikett. Kraven som undersöks är styrka för både transport och användning i ugnarna samt förmågan att skumma en slagg. Resultaten för briketternas styrka var tvetydiga, inga av briketterna innehållande restprodukter satisfierade det uppsatta kriteriet. Styrkan är troligtvis för låg för att transport ska vara möjlig. Ingen skumning skedde under experimentet, men endast ett experiment genomfördes. Därför behöver ytterligare experiment genomföras innan några slutsatser kan dras. Men briketterna tros kunna ersätta koks och kol där styrkan inte är viktig. Men det är osäkert om briketterna påverkar stålkvaliteten.
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Shemi, Akpojotor. "Flexographic deinking with electric field technology by destabilization and flotation." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24666.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Hsieh, Jeffery; Committee Member: Breedveld, Victor; Committee Member: Empie, Jeff; Committee Member: Forney, Larry; Committee Member: Singh, Preet
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MELDONIAN, NELSON L. "Alguns aspectos do lixo urbano no estado de Sao Paulo e consideracoes sobre a reciclagen do aluminio e do papel." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10708.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06179.pdf: 13115772 bytes, checksum: 834101d8b8c603aa60f77d9ec56dea40 (MD5)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP
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Welt, Thomas. "Enzymatic deinking effectiveness and mechanisms." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7067.
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John, Donald. "Assessment of Waste Management Practices in Cyprus : The case of Nudging at Cyprus University of Technology." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413493.
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Waste management issues are prevalent in many parts of the world. Member states of the European Union (EU) are expected to follow the guidelines of the Waste Framework Directive set by the EU. The directive includes targets intended to facilitate waste management practices such as recycling and landfilling. Unfortunately, several countries in the Mediterranean regions are failing to meet these targets, one such country being Cyprus. The country is the third largest generator of municipal waste in the EU and majority of the country’s waste (approx. 80%) are landfilled, while just 19% are recycled. Cyprus has failed to meet the target for recycling 50% of the municipal waste by 2020. Much of the problems can be attributed to the fact that the country lacks good infrastructures such as recycling facilities and services for separate processing of recyclables and biodegradables. Cyprus University of Technology,situated in the city of Limassol, is a leading university in country that values environmental protection and sustainability and has won several awards for depicting their commitment towards sustainable development. Owing to their good environmental record, a study was conducted at this university in the form of a waste audit and nudging experiment along with a complimentary questionnaire. Nudging is a concept in behavioural science which proposes positive reinforcement through the form of indirect suggestions as a strategy to influence decisions and behaviours of individuals or groups. Nudging was undertaken through the intervention of an informative sign at the recycle bins. The waste audit was separated into two periods, control (without nudging) and intervention (with nudging). Later, a questionnaire was distributed to students to understand their attitudes and behaviours towards recycling and the nudging experiment. This research is analysed using a mixed method approach whereby data is collected and analysed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. A secondary data analysis was also utilised for recommending possible solutions to improving waste management problems in Cyprus based on recycling initiatives in other countries, particularly from the Mediterranean region. The research found that there has been an increase in the rate of recycling since nudging was introduced. The questionnaire results also implied that there is a general concern among students for recycling and that much more has to be done by the university to help with waste separation and recycling. The secondary analysis of literature also reveals Cyprus has a long way to go, but proper waste management can be achieved through the government’s prioritisation of environmental protection and improvement of waste management infrastructures. Although the findings in this research has been successful, it could have been further investigated if the waste audit period had been extended and more responses were acquired to the questionnaire. Additionally, conducting interviews of certain individuals could have provided more insight into the waste management challenges in the future.
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Panek, Joel C. "Fragmentation of brittle polymeric toner line caused by swelling of paper substrate during immersion in water." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5808.
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El-dabbagh, Fadi. "Novel technique and facility for thermal treatment of solid residues." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84238.
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De-inking sludge generated from pulp and paper industry is considered hazardous since it may contain heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, and Pb. Hence, the de-inking sludge needs to be treated before being disposed of. Sludge combustion is a proven disposal technology, which generates fly ash containing a portion of the heavy metals that may leach out under uncontrolled conditions. The aim of this thesis is to implement a new multi-zone temperature combustion technique (Low-High-Low temperature combustion, LHL) to help contain and immobilize the heavy metals within fly ash particles. During the LHL, the waste will be initially fed into a low-temperature zone (<1100 K) and then subjected to the high-temperature treatment (~1480 K) that will be followed by another low-temperature zone (~1100 K).This dissertation describes the detailed design and construction of a novel pilot-scale combustion facility, called the Multi-Mode Combustion Facility (MCF), used as a multidisciplinary research tool for investigating the thermal remediation of contaminated solid residues. The MCF is capable of operating in two different modes: Fluidized-Bed combustion mode (FBC) and Single burner furnace mode (SBF). However, this project focuses on the FBC mode (minimum fluidization velocity of 0.42 m/s and bed temperature of 1073 K).
This research compares the combustion characteristics of de-inking sludge obtained in the LHL and in the conventional combustion techniques. The following properties of particulates were studied: morphological evolution of solid particles, structural porosity, metals interactions with fly ash particles, and leachability.
The LHL's final supermicron spherical fly ash went through a molten phase with submicron particles attached to the fly ash particles surfaces. Thus, reducing its porosity to 19%. However, the amorphous final fly ash obtained in the conventional technique reveals 32% porosity. It was found that the physical characteristics of the final LHL's fly ash are the main cause for the reduced heavy metals leachability rates of 0.18, 0.046, and 0.92% for Cd, Cr, and Pb, respectively. The conventional technique had 53.28, 16.79, and 5.20% of Cd, Cr, and Pb respectively, leaching out due to the high porosity percentages. In conclusion, the LHL technique allows for controlling the heavy metals emission from FBCs, while using a waste to energy approach and maintaining environmentally acceptable gas emission levels.
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Vilímek, Pavel. "Řešení odpadového hospodářství se zaměřením na recyklovatelný odpad." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217909.
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Work with behind-go recycling waste with project on foundation firm applied in this branch. Next then by suggesting arrangement on recycling electric cable, development prises and processing price list.
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Nordvall, Hans-Olof. "Studies on market analysis of forest-based products /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5621-5.pdf.
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Креховецька, Вікторія Мирославівна, and Viktoriia Krekhovetska. "Оптимізація виробничого процесу автоматизованої переробки макулатури." Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя, Факультет прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії, Кафедра автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29661.
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Робота виконана на кафедрі автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв факультету прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України.
Захист відбудеться «23» грудня 2019р.о 8.00год. на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №43 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана ПулюяКреховецька В.М. Оптимізація виробничого процесу автоматизації переробки макулатури. 151 – «Автоматизація та комп’ютерно-інтегровані технології» – Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя. – Тернопіль, 2019. Здійснено розробку та оптимізацію автоматизованої системи керування технологічним процесом переробки макулатури.
Krekhovetska VM Optimization of the production process for the automation of waste recycling. 151 - "Automation and Computer-Integrated Technologies" - Ternopil Ivan Pulyuy National Technical University. - Ternopil, 2019. The automated process control system for waste recycling has been developed and optimized.
Вступ 1. Аналітична частина 1.1. Аналіз стану питання за літературними та іншими джерелами 6 1.2. Актуальність виконання роботи 9 1.3. Методи вирішення поставленої задачі 10 1.4. Висновки та постановка задач на дипломну роботу магістра 13 2. Технологічна частина 2.1. Характеристика виробу та його призначення 15 2.1.1. Аналіз умов роботи виробу, матеріалу та його властивостей 15 2.1.2. Аналіз конструктивних особливостей виробу та технологічних особливостей його виготовлення 16 2.1.2.1. Процес виготовлення пакувального паперу та картону 17 2.1.2.2. Газетні та звичайні друкарські та письмові папери 18 2.1.2.3. Гігієнічний папір і вторинний папір 20 2.1.3. Аналіз технічних умов на виготовлення виробу 23 2.2. Розробка технологічного процесу виготовлення виробу 24 3. Конструкторська частина 3.1. Аналіз вихідних даних на проектування, базового варіанту виробничої системи і розробка технічного завдання на проектування 27 3.2. Обґрунтування вибору функціональної схеми автоматизації 28 3.3. Обґрунтування вибору, опис та розрахунок технічних засобів автоматизації: 3.3.1. Підбір серійного обладнання, уточнення компоновки автоматизованої системи та розрахунок її технічних характеристик на основі паспортних даних серійного обладнання 30 3.3.2. Обґрунтування необхідності проектування, вимог і технічних показників нестандартного обладнання, що входить в автоматизовану систему 32 3.3.3. Вибір та опис принципових схем нестандартного обладнання 32 3.4. Розробка системи керування автоматизованою системою 36 3.4.1. Обґрунтування вибору варіанту схеми керування автоматизованою системою 37 3.4.2. Обґрунтування вибору програмованих логічних контролерів (ПЛК) для системи керування 38 3.5. Розробка мережі передачі даних автоматизованої системи 39 3..2. Проектування логічної топології мережі 41 4. Науково-дослідна частина 4.1. Характеристика об’єкту або предмету дослідження 43 4.2. Програма і методика теоретичних та експериментальних досліджень 45 4.3. Обробка результатів досліджень 51 4.4. Аналіз і узагальнення отриманої інформації 53 4.5. Наукові і практичні висновки, пропозиції щодо використання результатів виконаних досліджень 55 4.6. Розрахунок та моделювання системи автоматичного регулювання 55 5. Спеціальна частина 5.1. Обґрунтування програмного забезпечення для керування лінією розволокнення макулатури 59 5.2. Розробка керуючої програми на мові структурного тексту 60 5.3. Обґрунтування вибору програмного забезпечення для програмованого логічного контролера 62 6. Обгрунтування економічної ефективності 6.1. Технічні характеристики транспортера сортування макулатури 64 6.2. Визначення трудомісткості і обсягу робіт конструкторської підготовки виробництва 65 6.3. Визначення трудомісткості і обсягу робіт технологічної підготовки виробництва 67 6.4. Складання сіткового графіка технічної підготовки виробництва 67 6.5. Визначення економічної ефективності 70 7. Охорона праці та безпека в надзвичайних ситуаціях 7.1. Стандарти безпеки 78 7.2. Стандарти зберігання макулатури 80 7.3. Оцінка безпеки машин переробки паперу 81 7.4. Ефективна оцінка виробничих ліній 83 7.5. Значення автоматизації виробничих процесів в питаннях охорони праці 85 8. Екологія 8.1. Огляд введеної сировина та енергії, а також вивантаженої продукції 86 8.2. Відходи від переробки макулатури 89 8.2.1. Споживання води під час переробки паперу 90 8.2.2. Використання хімічних добавок при переробці відходів 92 8.2.3. Використання палива та енергії при переробці макулатури 96 8.2.4. Викиди у воду при переробці макулатури 100 8.2.5. Викиди в твердих відходів при переробці макулатури 102 8.2.6. Викиди в атмосферу при переробці макулатури 106 8.2.7. Шум від переробки паперових відходів 108 Висновки 109 Бібліографія 110 Додатки 112
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Seifi, Sahar. "Conception d'éco-liants et/ou éco-matériaux à partir de cendres volantes papetières et laitier moulu." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC287/document.
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L'objet des travaux réalisés dans cette thèse concerne la mise en oeuvre d'un éco-liant à base de co-produits industriels : une cendre volante papetière et un laitier moulu, pour la fabrication de mortiers secs. Cet éco-liant a été élaboré pour remplacer partiellement le ciment comme constituant de matériaux traditionnels d'une part, et recycler en grande quantité l'un des deux déchets industriels, la cendre volante papetière tout en intégrant les notions d'économie circulaire et d'éco-conception d'autre part. La littérature fait état de nombreux travaux sur les différents types de cendres et de laitiers mettant en avant les caractéristiques, la minéralogie, la réactivité de ces cendres volantes papetières et des laitiers moulus. Ces deux coproduits avec environ 20% de SiO2 et 50% de CaO (% pondéraux), ont une composition chimique très proche de celle d'un ciment et développent des propriétés pouzzolaniques qui peuvent suppléer celles du ciment. Leur valorisation comme matériau liant est alors envisageable. Une complète connaissance des propriétés physico-chimiques, structurelles et minéralogiques de la cendre volante papetière et du laitier moulu a conduit à une étude exploratoire de formulations. Des mélanges à partir de 72% de cendres volantes papetières et de 28% de laitier moulu ont été étudiés en se référantà la formulation de base d'un mortier pour en optimiser la teneur en eau et le niveau d'énergie de compactage. Un matériel spécifique pour compacter les éprouvettes prismatiques de dimensions 4x4x16cm3 de mortier a été utilisé. L'effet de l'ajout de trois types d'activateurs i.e. chlorure de calciumCaCl2, métasilicate de sodium Na2O3Si et carbonate de sodium Na2CO3, et d'une faible quantité deciment i.e. 5% et 10% a été analysé mettant en relation la résistance mécanique et la microstructure desmélanges. Deux formulations optimales ont fait l'objet d'analyses relatives à la minéralogie, auxrésistances mécaniques à 2, 7 et 28 jours de cure, à la microstructure avec des images MEB,distributions des pores et à la durabilité. Compte-tenu des résultats satisfaisants obtenus, une approcheà l'échelle semi-industrielle de fabrication de blocs 15x15x15 cm3 à partir des deux formulationsretenues a été menée et discutée. Les premiers résultats montrent un grand intérêt pour la fabricationde pavés et de produits dérivés pour l'aménagement de zones piétonnes ou à circulation réduiteThe aim of this thesis is the development of an eco-binder based on industrial co-products : a wastepapery ash and a ground granulated blast-furnace slag, for the manufacture of dry mortars. On the one hand,this eco-binder was developed to replace partially cement as a constituent of traditional materials, andon the other hand to recycle in large quantities one of these two industrial wastes ; wastepaper fly ashwith considering all the notions of circular economy and eco-design. From literature, there are numerousand relevant research works on the different types of ash and slag, highlighting the characteristics, themineralogy, the reactivity of the wastepaper fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slags in details.These two co-products with about 20 wt.% SiO2 and 50 wt.% CaO have a chemical composition veryclose to that of a cement and develop pozzolanic properties that can replace those of cement. Theirvalorization as a binder material is then possible. A complete knowledge of the physicochemical, structuraland mineralogical properties of wastepaper fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag led to anexploratory study of formulations for dry mortars. The mixtures containing 72 wt.% of wastepaper fly ashand 28 wt.% of ground granulated blast-furnace slag were investigated with reference to the formulationof a standard mortar to optimize the water content and compaction energy level. A specific equipment forcompacting prismatic specimens with dimensions 4x4x16 cm3 was used. The effect of adding three types ofactivators i.e. calcium chloride CaCl2, sodium metasilicate Na2O3Si and sodium carbonate Na2CO3, anda small amount of cement i.e. 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% was analyzed. The relation between mechanical strengthand the microstructure of the mixtures has been detailed and discussed. Two optimal formulations wereimplemented and, mineralogy, mechanical strength at 2, 7 and 28 days of curing, microstructure withSEM images, pore distributions and durability have been considered and analyzed. Taking into accountthe satisfactory results obtained, a semi-industrial approach to manufacture 15x15x15 cm3 blocks fromthe two selected formulations was conducted and discussed. The first results show a great interest in themanufacture of blocks of pavement and derived products for the construction of pedestrian or reducedtraffic areas
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Promboon, Warot. "Modelling and simulation of paper recycling processes." 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/36866937.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-108).
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Hsueh, Ying-Chih, and 薛穎智. "Study on Recycling of Waste Paper Pulp Sludge." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62271783278644987875.
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博士國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
105
The study is based on using limekiln green clay and pulp sludge to fire lightweight aggregate. The lightweight aggregates used by the civil engineering market are sintered at a high temperature, about 1200 . In times of high energy prices and regulation of carbon dioxide emissions, lightweight aggregate products of the high-temperature process in sales marketing are not readily accepted. This study developed a sintered-type Waste Paper Pulp Sludge lightweight aggregate. In order to reduce energy consumption, substitution of some reservoir sediment clay in Waste Paper Pulp Sludge substitutes is to be expected. The study used two types of Waste Paper Pulp Sludge (green clay paper sludge and paper pulp sludge). The sintering temperature was reduced effectively as the green clay paper sludge was substituted for some of the reservoir sediment clay, and the optimum substitute ranges of green clay paper sludge were 20% ∼ 30%. The optimum substitute ranges of the paper pulp sludge were 10% ∼ 30%. Test results show that the properties of aggregates have a particle density of 0.66 ∼ 1.55 g/cm3, a water absorption of 3% ∼ 30%, and a loss on ignition of 6% ∼ 43%. The loss on ignition of aggregate became greater with the increase in Waste Paper Pulp Sludge content. This means that the calorific value provided by the Waste Paper Pulp Sludge will increase as Waste Paper Pulp Sludge content increases. Waste Paper Pulp Sludge can therefore be considered a good material to provide heat energy for sintering lightweight aggregate.
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Chiang, Hwe-wen, and 鄭惠文. "Waste-paper Recycling,Cross-broader pollution and Agricultural Competitiveness." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70581993781504588033.
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Wattimena, Reza Bastari Imran, and 雷查. "RECYCLING FUND & SUBSIDY FEES OPTIMIZATION OF ASEPTIC PAPER PACKAGING WASTE RECYCLING VALUE CHAIN SYSTEM." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87998221507210272225.
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碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
105
Extended Producer Responsibility in Indonesia has been contained in Law No. 8 of 2012, however this system has not been implemented, because some stakeholders disagree with the amount of funds to be paid, the basis for determining the amount of funds to be paid, and the duration of the payment. In addition, the payment system or institution that manages the collected funds has not yet been established. Despite many constraints, EPR has begun to be implemented directly by some companies. There are some studies that provide EPR as curtailing the consumption of new products and encouraging recycling and disposal of end-of-life (EOL) products , and some provide approaches to the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility, while some studies using system dynamics model to promote material efficiency in products through increased recycling rates. This study provides a dynamic system simulation to show the relationship between the entities involved in waste management system and is expected to address the problems occurring in the implementation of EPR in Indonesia. The management of aseptic paper packaging waste for dairy products in West Java, was used as a case study due to the number of these products circulating in the region. Simulation of the system using Vensim PLE x32, will provide results influenced by all the-integrated-and-dynamic entities, so that decision-making related to the application of EPR can be more precise, well-planned and sustainable. We found that , by proposing some scenarios related to EPR funds, the capacity of the recycler could become the reference of the amount of EPR funds to be paid by the company, on the other hand the scavengers or collectors can be empowered so that the triple bottom line (TBL) concept can be achieved. In the end, “win-win” solutions to meet the stakeholders expectations will be generated, where the rates (Collecting Rate and Recycling Rate) will increase while EPR Fund will decrease.
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Gillella, Pradeep Kumar Reddy. "Mechatronic design of a waste paper sorting system for efficient recycling." 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08212007-100023/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Belcher, Teresa Ann. "Organic waste recycling by ACT households : a survey of communication and community education needs." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147902.
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Pauck, W. J. "Neural network modelling and prediction of the flotation deinking behaviour of complex recycled paper mixes." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8465.
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In the absence of any significant legislation, paper recycling in South Africa has grown
to a respectable recovery rate of 43% in 2008, driven mainly by the major paper
manufacturers. Recently introduced legislation will further boost the recovery rate of
recycled paper. Domestic household waste represents the major remaining source of
recycled paper. This source will introduce greater variability into the paper streams
entering the recycling mills, which will result in greater process variability and operating
difficulties. This process variability manifests itself as lower average brightness or
increased bleaching costs. Deinking plants will require new techniques to adapt to the
increasingly uncertain composition of incoming recycled paper streams. As a
developing country, South Africa is still showing growth in the publication paper and
hygiene paper markets, for which recycled fibre is an important source of raw material.
General deinking conditions pertaining to the South African tissue and newsprint
deinking industry were obtained through field surveys of the local industry and
assessment of the current and future requirements for deinking of differing quality
materials.
A large number of operating parameters ranging from waste mixes, process variables
and process chemical additions, typically affect the recycled paper deinking process.
In this study, typical newsprint and fine paper deinking processes were investigated
using the techniques of experimental design to determine the relative effects of
process chemical additions, pH, pulping and flotation times, pulping and flotation
consistencies and pulping and flotation temperatures on the final deinked pulp
properties.
Samples of recycled newsprint, magazines and fine papers were pulped and deinked
by flotation in the laboratory. Handsheets were formed and the brightness, residual ink
concentration and the yield were measured. It was determined that the type of
recycled paper had the greatest influence on final brightness, followed by bleaching
conditions, flotation cell residence time and flotation consistency. The residual ink
concentration and yield were largely determined by residence time and consistency in
the flotation cell.
The laboratory data generated was used to train artificial neural networks which
described the laboratory data as a multi-dimensional mathematical model. It was found
that regressions of approximately 0.95, 0.84 and 0.72 were obtained for brightness,
residual ink concentration and yield respectively.
Actual process data from three different deinking plants manufacturing seven different
grades of recycled pulp was gathered. The data was aligned to the laboratory
conditions to take into account the different process layouts and efficiencies and to
compensate for the differences between laboratory and plant performance. This data
was used to validate the neural networks and select the models which best described
the overall deinking performances across all of the plants. It was found that the
brightness and residual ink concentration could be predicted in a commercial operation
with correlations in excess of 0.9. Lower correlations of ca. 0.5 were obtained for yield.
It is intended to use the data and models to develop a predictive model to facilitate the
management and optimization of a commercial flotation deinking processes with
respect to waste input and process conditions.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.
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Pauck, W. J. "The role of sodium silicate in newsprint deinking." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4103.
Full textAbstract:
Mondi Ltd. operates a deinking plant at its Merebank mill. The plant recycles 85 000
tons per annum of flat news and magazine to produce a furnish for its newsprint
papermachines. A review of the relevant pulping and flotation chemistry literature
revealed that the role played by sodium silicate appears to be multi-faceted and in
some dispute. Sodium silicate has an undisputed role in pH buffering, hydrogen
peroxide stabilisation and the prevention of fibre yellowing. However, its role in
deinking is said to be that of an ink collector or alternatively an ink dispersant. The
mill's own experience has shown that the sodium silicate plays a vital role in the
deinking process.
Sodium silicate's ability to disperse ink, both alone and in the presence of calcium ions
and fatty acid soaps, was investigated using a model ink system. A representative
newsprint ink base was dispersed in the laboratory under conditions similar to those
encountered in a deinking pulper. The resultant dispersions were studied using
turbidity and particle size analysis. The morphology of the ink particles was determined
using a scanning electron microscope. Sodium silicate proved to be a poor disperser of
ink particles, but nevertheless appeared to greatly influence the dispersing properties
of the soap in the presence of calcium ions.
The nature of the interactions between sodium silicate, calcium ions and the collector
soap were studied in an attempt to elucidate the role of sodium silicate. A model
system consisting of the sodium salt of collector soap, calcium ions and sodium silicate
was studied under the conditions that prevail in a typical newsprint deinking pulper. It
was found that the soap and the sodium silicate compete for the calcium ions, and
sodium silicate showed a measurable chelating e:ffect on calcium ions. Thus,
increasing levels of sodium silicate lead to an increase in the concentration of sodium
soap in solution. It was hypothesised that this effect would lead to better dispersion of
ink particles and improved deinking performance.
This chelating effect was evaluated in laboratory deinking studies. Samples of
newsprint were pulped in a 251 Lamort laboratory pulper under a variety of conditions,
viz. with fresh water, with an excess of soap, with an excess of calcium, with and
without sodium silicate. The pulps were floated in a 201 flotation cell. The brightness and colour of the unfloated and floated pulps were measured. The level of the final
brightness after flotation was taken as a measure of deinking efficiency.
The highest final brightness was achieved when there was an excess of sodium soap
and a low Ca hardness in the pulper. Softening the water used in pulping without
adding excess sodium soap did not significantly improve pulp brightness. The lowest
final brightness occurred in the presence of an excess of calcium in the pulper. Calcium
in the pulper in the presence of sodium silicate did not result in a significantly lower
final brightness.
The results support the hypothesis that sodium silicate sequesters the soluble calcium
in a pulping system, thereby increasing the sodium soap concentration and the
resultant deinking performance. Apart from sodium silicate's chief role as a peroxide
stabiliser, the sequestering action on calcium appears to be its main mechanism of
action in a deinking system.
An appreciation of this role will facilitate the optimisation of deinking systems with
respect to calcium hardness and silicate concentration. To this end it was
recommended that the Merebank deinking plant should evaluate the use of water with
a low calcium ion concentration and the addition of some soap into the pulper to
improve their deinking plant performance.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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SOVOVÁ, Jana. "Optimalizace systému řízení reverzní logistiky odpadů." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-375999.
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In this thesis we discusses the problem of waste management, which means the gathering, concentration, collection, purchase, sorting, transport, storage, treatment, recovery and disposal of waste, of course. This work actually focuses on the management of waste paper. This issue was also deals with waste management the reverse logistics.
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Wood, Connell. "Examination of the potential for reuse of chromated copper arsenate wood waste by nitric acid pulping." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/69311.
Full textAbstract:
Treated timber is a widely used construction material, as it is resistant to insect and fungal attack. The most commonly used timber treatment solution worldwide is copper chromium arsenate (CCA) pressure treated wood (APVMA 2005a). Environmental and health issues have been raised over CCA wood, with major particular concern raised on the possibilities of arsenic in the wood potentially leaching out. The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) have limited its usage to minimise human contact with CCA structures (APVMA 2005a). In South Australia, CCA applications increased dramatically with the expansion of the winery industry where CCA treated timber posts were widely used for vineyard trellises. Due to the mechanical method by which most grapes are harvested, roughly 2% of all posts are broken and require disposal annually (SAEPA 2008). The Environmental Protection Agency of South Australia (EPASA) have placed restrictions on CCA disposal from vineyards (SAEPA 2004) and waste CCA stock is either stockpiled or sent to specially lined landfills incurring an estimated cost penalty of over $AU 200 per tonne¹ . Clearly, improved CCA treatment technologies must be developed to reduce (or eliminate) the cost of CCA disposal and to the footprint of land filled waste. CCA timber disposal techniques currently being researched are focussed primarily on thermal and biological routes. Thermal techniques are problematic due to volatilization of the arsenic in the product, whilst biological removal techniques are very slow. Chemical remediation is an alternative and attractive disposal technique of interest using various acids to extract copper, chromium and arsenic. Nitric acid has been shown to be particularly effective (Honda, Kanjo et al. 1991), although research has been limited. Nitric acid is also used in one method of paper pulp production, and as such, there is the potential for a combined CCA extraction and paper pulp process. This has the attraction of turning a waste in a value added product. The kinetics of copper, chromium and arsenic dissolution in nitric acid has been examined in this thesis. A key finding of the work identifies the size of CCA wood particles as the dominant factor affecting the extraction rate, whilst temperature and acid concentration only provide a minor effect. The extraction rate for all elements from CCA wood using nitric acid generally follow 2nd order kinetics. Concurrently, a study examining wood chips of various ages taken from vineyards was performed using chip sizes typical required for paper production. It was found that despite significant variations in the concentration profile of CCA in posts, a general model based on the fraction of each element could be created for posts of all ages. Over an 8 hour period, 65-80% of chromium, 50-70% of copper and 75-90% of arsenic was extracted from all posts. Given the excellent extraction observed under relatively simple nitric acid extraction, further studies on the applicability of nitric pulping for CCA remediation are recommended. Minimizing chip size subject to fibre size constraints in paper production is key to improved removal and additional means for enhancing chip surface area are identified. Other stages present in paper pulping process may solublize additional CCA and these warrant further investigation. A basic economic estimation was undertaken, where it was found that creating paper pulp from CCA wood could be economically feasible, but will require further research to determine the expected costs and revenues involved. The nature of the CCA wood waste was investigated. The expectation was that CCA posts would contain relatively consistent concentration profiles for copper, chromium and arsenic. However, it was observed that the concentrations were quite varied. Further, several posts produced during the wine boom in South Australia were very poorly treated with very poor penetration of the preservatives into the posts. This could result in a reduced lifetime for the posts, and potentially higher arsenic leaching than expected. It is also recommended that the frequency of these poorly treated posts be determined, as three of the six posts examined from this period were potentially poorly treated, implying it may be significant and unexpected problem. In addition, a study should be initiated to determine if these poorly treated posts are leaching higher levels of arsenic, by both a study of the surrounding soil and a simulated rainfall leaching experiment. Based on the concern that more arsenic leached from pieces of CCA post left in deionised water than expected, an experiment on posts of various ages revealed that over a 100 day period, 1.5-3g of elemental arsenic could leach from a submerged CCA treated post. There is a serious concern that with CCA posts being landfilled, they will be exposed to water contact over the wet months, resulting in high arsenic leaching. It is theorised that this high arsenic leaching is due to insufficient chromium in the CCA solution. Previous studies have recommended higher chromium to arsenic ratios than are currently employed in Australia. Further studies on the extent to which this leaching can occur in landfill are recommended.
¹ Personal communication with John Blumson, Zero Waste South Australia, 22/7/08.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2011
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Mueller, Adria Whitney. "A value chain analysis of cardboard collection in inner city Durban, South Africa." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2932.
Full text
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Zhao, L. Lisa. "Evaluation of the performance of corrugated shipping containers : virgin versus recycled boards." Thesis, 1993. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/18233/.
Full textAbstract:
The compression strength and creep responses of corrugated fibreboard boxes after
exposure to high and cyclic relative humidity conditions were studied and compared
between boxes made from virgin and recycled liners and mediums which had the same ring
crush values. The effect of moisture absorption rate by materials on the creep rate was
investigated also.
The results revealed that exposure to the high and cyclic relative humidity conditions
used in this study caused significant reduction in compression strength for both box types.
The cyclic condition was more detrimental. Recycled boxes experienced greater losses in
compression strength than virgin boxes. Significant differences in final compression strength
also existed between virgin and recycled boxes for three different humidities. The final
compression strength was not only related to moisture content, but also related to the
moisture content history of the boxes.
It was found that there were significant differences in creep rate and survival time
between virgin and recycled boxes. The cyclic conditions did not cause either a higher creep
rate nor an earlier failure for either box type within the testing range.
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Milstein, Shelley Reinette. "Participatory action research project to improve sustainability at an international school in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1534.
Full textAbstract:
Participatory Action Research (PAR) was carried out to improve educational practices and environmental sustainability in an International School in Vietnam by undertaking two cycles of PAR to determine how the school community could use paper on a more sustainable basis. The methodology included sorting paper and encouraging the reuse of paper. Practices related to computer printing, report writing and newsletter production were also investigated. Changes in the school community, in terms of accepting responsibility and demonstrating changed attitudes and behaviours, were measured.
The school community demonstrated greater awareness, increased responsibility and more action competence. Critical awareness of unsustainable practices increased. Individuals were able to effect change, but it is recommended that such actions should be institutionalised for such changes to be sustainable. Limitations and recommendations emphasise the need for continuing PAR to implement sustainability.Educational Studies
M. Ed. (Environmental Education)
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Kesieme, Uchenna K. "Mine waste water treatment and acid recovery using membrane distillation and solvent extraction." Thesis, 2015. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/29810/.
Full textAbstract:
Waste waters produced and disposed of at modern mine sites are problematic because they
contain hazardous substances (e.g. heavy metals, metalloids, acids, process chemicals), and
therefore require treatment before disposing to the environment. Three different kinds of mine
waters are identified depending on their chemical composition and pH. They are acidic mine
waters, alkaline mine waters and neutral mine waters. Acidic mine waters are of interest
because they have greater environmental hazards compared to others. Other acidic waste
solutions also considered are waste streams from mineral processing plants and smelter sites.
The current approaches to manage acidic waste solutions includes, neutralization, flocculation,
filtration and bioremediation. However, acid and water recovery using current technologies has
not proven to be viable as most of these processes fail to produce sufficient volume and quality
of water whereas others do not provide the selectivity necessary to create valuable product
streams suitable for recycle or re-use. In these processes, the by-product sludge can itself
become a disposal problem. Therefore a novel approach to acid and water recovery are needed
to improve the sustainability of the mining industry.
The objective of this study is to explore the possibility for the novel combination of two
technologies, membrane distillation (MD) and solvent extraction (SX) for water and acid
recovery. The focus is the testing on acid and water recovery from industry spent acid streams
and acidic mine wastes solutions and also modelling of the economic opportunities for MD to
understand its cost sensitivities, in particular in the context of a carbon tax benchmarked against
its more well-known application in seawater desalination.
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Mokoena, Kgauta Sylvester. "A policy analysis of cleaner technology : a case study of Mondi Limited." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4781.
Full textAbstract:
The pollution problems resulting from industrial production activities result in the deterioration of our natural environment. That is why something needs to be done in order to preserve our environment. Conservation alone is not enough. Development is needed. Waste minimisation through applying Cleaner Technologies can help the country in the reduction of waste production and improve industry's environmental management processes. This study was based on an investigation into the adoption of Cleaner Technology. The study argues that elements of Cleaner Technology and the application of tools and strategies to practice Cleaner Technology are very useful for any industry. The costs of Cleaner Technology to companies cannot be compared with the benefits they can get from adopting Cleaner Technology. Mondi Limited concentrates on the product element of Cleaner Technology. It applies the recycling and re-use strategies in or~er to achieve product modification and input substitution. The organisation and knowledge elements are very strong and supportive to the technique element that is used at the Mondi Paper Mill. These three
elements contribute to the increased efficiency, improved quality of intended products and waste minimisation through re-use and recycling.
The question emerges about what government can or should do in return to companies like Mondi since they contribute towards the sustainability of our natural resources.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.