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Udono, Ken, and n/a. "Modelling Seawater Desalination With Waste Incineration Energy Using Dynamic Systems Approach." Griffith University. School of Information and Communication Technology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070110.164750.

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Water shortage issues have been growing concerns in many cities around the world in recent years, especially in Eastern cities of Australia, which is the driest continent on the earth. The aim of this PhD thesis is a development of a model to study the use of waste incineration energy supplemented by alternative energy to power seawater desalination. It is to aid the freshwater supply of a drought stricken city in Eastern Australia. My work contributes to a development of efficient model in a simpler understandable way to reduce efforts required for modelling complex multi domain problems. This research is motivated by the successive severe drought conditions that affected many Australian cities in the past few years, compounded with an additional strain from a fast growing population. While we dump our waste into the Australian landscape, in more densely populated cities in Europe and Asia, the waste is incinerated to obtain thermal energy for various purposes. The waste is used as an energy source while at the same time reducing the amount of space needed for landfill. Seawater desalination has been uccessfully practiced for quite some time particularly in the Middle Eastern countries. To deal with increasing water shortage crisis, many cities around the world have opted or are considering seawater desalination to supplement their freshwater supply. The combination of both - waste incineration and seawater desalination - has rarely been studied. This is a twofold problem that requires modelling the problem of water demand and supply together with waste incineration to find a sustainable solution. This is a complex task. The effort needed for this can be reduced by using a modelling approach that is more efficient than the traditionally used statistical approaches. In this thesis, I present a comprehensive model developed using a dynamic system approach combined with artificial neural networks. It simulates water demand and supply as well as the possible amount of the desalinated water that can be produced using the energy from clean city waste incineration. This is done while taking in various influential factors including population growth and irregular weather patterns. This research comprises a literature review on seawater desalination and waste incineration, the establishment of water demand and supply dynamics of Gold Coast City as my case study and identifying any modelling difficulties that need to be overcome. This is followed by the development of a comprehensive model and its components, model calibration and simulation experiments. It was found that with the energy of waste incineration, up to 60% of the freshwater demand could be fulfilled by seawater desalination in a sustainable way.

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Philipsson, Ellen. "Emissions Trading for Waste Incineration Plants with Energy Recovery in Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166429.

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Emission trading is a tool for achieving the European commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The aim is to create an effective European emissions trading market with the least possible negative impact on economic development and employment within the Union. Waste incineration plants in Sweden were added into this systemin2013andthe general situation has been a non-functioning market with a surplus of allowances where the emission cap was not tight enough to drive a significant reduction in emissions. For the upcoming trading period starting 2021 the cost for emission allowances is expected to increase due to the reformation, and the challenge is to allocate the cost for allowances in a fair and sustainable manner. The aim of this thesis is to present options on how to allocate the cost for emission allowances related to waste incineration plants with energy recovery in Sweden. The aim is further to understand how the cost allocation can result in a decrease of CO2emissions and thereby a lower climate impact. The initial idea for the research topic was proposed by the case study company and further developed in conjunction with the author, supervisor and examiner. The research is based on a case study of Tekniska Verken AB, an energy recovery company in Sweden. A case study approach was chosen as the research questions focuses on investigating a contemporary phenomenon within a real-life context. Data collection consisted of a literature review, semi-structured interviews and field visits, where the interviews were the main source of data for this research. The overall understanding is that the cost for emission allowances should be allocated further up the waste supply chain, all the way to product producers. By allocating the cost to waste providers by increased waste incineration treatment-price, the cost is pushed one step upstream. In this case, differentiating the waste providers by divide them into categories(such as municipal waste for example)and allocate the cost for emission allowances based on the performance of each category is a realistic and feasible solution aiming upstream. The cost can be allocated differently among waste providers depending on which category the waste derives from or on an overall level, tentatively using radiocarbon method. The radiocarbon method is considered reliable and practical to use compared to other options. Adopting polluters pay principle identifies the polluters and by allocating the cost for emitting carbon towards them plants an incentive to improve sorting and to decrease the share of fossil content. This can eventually contribute to a lower impact.

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Udono, Ken. "Modelling Seawater Desalination With Waste Incineration Energy Using Dynamic Systems Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365604.

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Water shortage issues have been growing concerns in many cities around the world in recent years, especially in Eastern cities of Australia, which is the driest continent on the earth. The aim of this PhD thesis is a development of a model to study the use of waste incineration energy supplemented by alternative energy to power seawater desalination. It is to aid the freshwater supply of a drought stricken city in Eastern Australia. My work contributes to a development of efficient model in a simpler understandable way to reduce efforts required for modelling complex multi domain problems. This research is motivated by the successive severe drought conditions that affected many Australian cities in the past few years, compounded with an additional strain from a fast growing population. While we dump our waste into the Australian landscape, in more densely populated cities in Europe and Asia, the waste is incinerated to obtain thermal energy for various purposes. The waste is used as an energy source while at the same time reducing the amount of space needed for landfill. Seawater desalination has been uccessfully practiced for quite some time particularly in the Middle Eastern countries. To deal with increasing water shortage crisis, many cities around the world have opted or are considering seawater desalination to supplement their freshwater supply. The combination of both - waste incineration and seawater desalination - has rarely been studied. This is a twofold problem that requires modelling the problem of water demand and supply together with waste incineration to find a sustainable solution. This is a complex task. The effort needed for this can be reduced by using a modelling approach that is more efficient than the traditionally used statistical approaches. In this thesis, I present a comprehensive model developed using a dynamic system approach combined with artificial neural networks. It simulates water demand and supply as well as the possible amount of the desalinated water that can be produced using the energy from clean city waste incineration. This is done while taking in various influential factors including population growth and irregular weather patterns. This research comprises a literature review on seawater desalination and waste incineration, the establishment of water demand and supply dynamics of Gold Coast City as my case study and identifying any modelling difficulties that need to be overcome. This is followed by the development of a comprehensive model and its components, model calibration and simulation experiments. It was found that with the energy of waste incineration, up to 60% of the freshwater demand could be fulfilled by seawater desalination in a sustainable way.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Information and Communication Technology
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Holmgren, Kristina. "A System Perspective on District Heating and Waste Incineration." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7992.

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Linde, Adam. "Emission reduction in waste incineration : A comparison of three applicable measures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Byggteknik och byggd miljö, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431492.

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Utilization of waste as fuel for heat and power production is commonplace in Sweden, and the fossil emissions from the incineration of waste is primarily derived from the share of plastics in the fuel. Reducing the share of fossil material in the fuel should therefore lead to diminished local emissions. Alternatively, district heating with waste incineration have potential for implementation of CCS technology, that have the possibility to create negative emissions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of emission reduction and cost efficiency for three different measures that can be applied for waste incineration: sorting of waste, requirement specification and implementation of CCS technology. This was made with the case of Stockholm Exergi, a district heating actor in the Stockholm region with a desire to achieve emission reduction sufficient to offset additional emissions from a new waste incineration facility in development. The measures were compared by constructing distinct scenarios where the emissions and costs of the scenarios could be found in comparison to a reference case where no measures had been applied. For this, modelling of the properties of the waste streams used as fuel was necessary. The results showed that the capacity for sorting is not sufficient to achieve the desired levels of emission reduction on its own, while it is a cost-efficient measure. Requirement specification together with sorting can reduce the emissions to desired levels, but the required reduction of plastics in the fuel is significant. The additional quantities of waste required to produce energy at the same level as before limiting the shares of plastic results in an income from gate fees that mitigate the potential decrease in value of the gate fees brought on by requirement specification. Implementation of CCS technology would create significant negative emissions and yield overall net negative emissions for the studied facilities, but the cost of the technology would create a dependency of external incentives to keep it profitable.

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Subasinghe, Gayan. "Prefeasibility Study for a Waste-to-EnergyApplication in Gauteng Province, South Africa." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127914.

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Waste-to-Energy concept becomes increasingly popular from the perspectives of the waste management and alternative energy. South Africa, which is a country heavily dependent on the fossil fuel, can explore the opportunities of Waste-to-Energy in order to deal with increasing amount of waste generated while reducing what is deposited at non-engineered landfills, thereby increase the renewable energy share. This prefeasibility study attempts to identify Waste-to-Energy potentials in Gauteng provinceso as to develop a Waste-to-Energy facility under the new renewable Independent Power Producer procurement programme of South Africa. The analysis identifies abundant Wasteto-Energy incineration and landfill gas opportunities linked with municipal solid waste in twomunicipalities. The prefeasibility study further evaluates environmental, socio-economic aspects of Waste-to-Energy initiative. The financial viability of a Waste-to-Energy incineration facility with the Feed-in-Tariff proposed by the government of South Africa isalso detailed analysed.

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Siriwardhana, Siriwardhana Jathunge Dharshana Samantha. "Introducing of Small Scale Waste to Energy Incineration Plantfor Hotel; Heritance Ahungalla in Ahungalla, Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232335.

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The disposal of Solid Waste has become one of the major environmental issues in SriLanka. Solid waste is often cited as a key cause contributing to environmental degradation.Rapid industrialization and unplanned urbanization has made Asian cities a victim of unmanageablesolid waste. Most of Urban Cities of Sri Lanka, are facing the same problemand still no proper solution has been introduced by the governing parties other than opendumping, which is again generating a huge problem among people, who are living aroundthe area. Balaptiya, where is in down south of Sri Lanka, is one of the urban cities of SriLanka and their daily waste generation is around 5500 kg, which is collected by BalapitiyaLocal Authority and sent to the open dump site at Heenatiya. This city is very popular fortourism as it is in between very famous tourism cities of Bentota and Hikkaduwa. Therecan be seen so many hotels around the city. Among them, Hotel Heritance Ahungalla,which is one of the five star’s hotels in Sri Lanka, locates within Balapitiya Local Authority.Their waste generation is about 600 kg per day.This study is mainly focusing on introducing small scale solid waste incinerator for Municipalsolid waste collected within Balapitiya Local Authority and Hotel Heritance Ahungalle.Hotel Heritance Ahungalla locates down south of the country and is facilitating 152 standardrooms for their guests. The daily hot water requirement is 30 m3, which is currentlysupplying by an oil fired boiler, which monthly running cost is exceeding LKR 1.2 million,for the room usage as well as cloths drying purposes. The waste heat generated by the proposedincinerator is planned to be used to generate saturated steam, while keeping the oilfired boiler in standby condition. Ultimately, this will save the money spending for the fuelfor the oil fired boiler.In this study, the capacity of incineration plant was optimized to 335kg/hr, which is containingof about 837.5 kW of gross energy, by calculating of available solid waste amountfrom the hotel as well as local authority and adding percentage increment forecasting of future.Accordingly, the size of the furnace was calculated. Finally, burning of this solidwaste will help to produce 3.7 tons/hr of saturated steam, which will meet the hotel dailysteam requirement.
Avyttringen av fast avfall har blivit en av de stora miljöfrågorna i Sri Lanka. Fast avfall är oftanämnt som en viktig orsak som bidrar till miljöförstöring. Snabb industrialisering och oplaneradurbanisering har gjort de asiatiska städerna offer för oorganiserat fast avfall. De flesta städer i SriLanka står inför samma problem och fortfarande har ingen riktig lösning införts av de andraregeringspartierna än öppen dumpning, vilket återigen genererar ett stort problem bland människorsom bor runt området. Balaptiya, som ligger i söder om Sri Lanka, är en av städerna i Sri Lanka ochderas dagliga avfallsproduktion är cirka 5500 kg, som samlas in av Balapitiya Local Authority ochskickas till den öppna dumpningsplatsen i Heenatiya. Den här staden är väldigt populär förturismen eftersom den ligger mellan de mycket kända turismstäderna Bentota och Hikkaduwa. Detfinns många hotell runt staden. Bland dem ligger Hotel Heritance Ahungalla, som är ett av defemstjärniga hotellen i Sri Lanka, lokaliserat inom Balapitiya Local Authority. Derasavfallsgeneration är ca 600 kg per dag.Denna studie fokuserar huvudsakligen på att introducera en småskalig förbränningsanläggning förkommunalt fast avfall som har samlats inom Balapitiya Local Authority och Hotel HeritanceAhungalle. Hotel Heritance Ahungalla är lokaliserat söder om landsbygden och har 152 rum. Detdagliga varmvattenbehovet är 30 m3, som för närvarande levereras med hjälp av en oljeeldad panna,vars månadsrörelsekostnad överstiger 1,2 miljoner LKR, för rumsanvändning och torkduk.Avfallsvärmen som genereras av den föreslagna förbränningsanordningen är planerad att användasför att generera mättad ånga, samtidigt som den oljeeldade pannan hålls i standby-läge. I slutändankommer detta att spara pengar, bränsleförbrukningen i den oljeeldade pannan minskar.I denna studie optimerades förbränningsanläggningens kapacitet till 335 kg/h, vilket innehöll cirka837,5 kW bruttoenergi, genom att beräkna tillgänglig mängd avfall från hotellet och kommunen,och lägga till procentuell prognostisering av framtida avfallsmängd. Därefter beräknades storlekenpå ugnen. Förbränning av detta fasta avfall kommer att bidra till att producera 3,7 ton/timmemättad ånga, vilket kommer att uppfylla hotellets dagliga ångkrav.

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Al, Hamrani Emad, and Nils Grönberg. "Sustainable flue-gas quench : For waste incineration plants within a water-energy-environment nexus perspective." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36707.

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The function of a flue-gas quench is to remove additional contaminants from flue-gas and to reduce the wastewater from a waste incineration plant. The aim of this degree project is to find how the system is affected by using a quench and what factors limits the performance. This is done by modelling and simulating a waste incineration plant in Aspen Plus. Data and plant schematics were obtained by a study visit to Mälarenergi Plant 6 situated in Västerås, Sweden, which were used as model input and for model validation. The results have shown that the amount of wastewater can be reduced by more than half compared to a plant without a quench. The heat produced in the condenser, when discharging water to the boiler, would be lowered by up to 20%. For systems with a quench present when more water was discharged to the boiler both the heat production and the pollutant capturing became better. However, the system has limits regarding the amount that could be recirculated, in the form of temperature limits in different parts of the system. In addition, if the heat load is low there is an insufficient amount of wastewater generated in the condenser to run the quench. In that situation, clean (fresh) water needs to be used instead. Using clean water is unwanted since the plant will then consume more resources while still producing less heat than a plant without a quench would.

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Hsu, Emma. "A Dirty Renewable: How Trash Incineration Became Classified as Renewable Energy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2020. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/218.

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Burning trash should not be considered “renewable energy.” However, the federal government and as many as twenty-three states classify waste-to-energy recovery (WTE), or the incineration of garbage, as a renewable energy source that is eligible for a host of financial incentives. This paper discusses how WTE qualifies as an energy source that can be included in a state’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), or regulations that require energy producers to source a specific percentage of energy production from renewable energy sources, claiming the same benefits as cleaner, more sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. Upon evaluating incentives and programs for which WTE is eligible, I will argue that WTE is neither an environmentally nor economically viable energy solution. By analyzing WTE policy in the state of Maryland, I examine how RPSs contribute to the longevity of this unsustainable practice, calling for an elimination of WTE from RPS policy and federal incentive programs.

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Tawatsin, Anuda. "Environmental assessment of waste to energy processes, specifically incineration and anaerobic digestion, using life cycle assessment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366530/.

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Municipal solid waste is an issue every community in the world has to be concerned with. Without any management, municipal solid waste poses environmental and health risks to the community such as from water and air pollution. In selecting methods to deal with the waste, environmental impacts considerations are important to reduce these risks. Environmentally sustainable waste management processes should also decrease greenhouse gases contributing to global warming and climate change. Waste to energy (WtE) processes lessens and replaces the use of fossil fuels reducing greenhouse gases. The research aims to assess the environmental impacts and energy recovery of WtE processes, specifically incineration or energy recovery facilities (ERF) and anaerobic digestion (AD) to select suitable options or any combinations thereof as part of an integrated waste management system for different locations and conditions by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. WRATE (Waste and Resources Assessment Tool for the Environment) an LCA model is used to assess scenarios designed systematically with different combinations of incineration/ERF and AD. The study also varies other factors such as different recycling schemes and recycling rate, household waste composition and population density to determine the suitable combinations for different local conditions. Results for both UK and Thailand confirm the need to reduce disposal of waste into landfills. The scenario with Incineration/ERF for heat recovery and a post collection recycling scheme and the combination scenario with Incineration/ERF for heat recovery and Anaerobic Digestion for vehicle fuel a post collection recycling scheme lead the ranking for most energy recovery and less environmental impacts. The parameter exerting the greatest influence on LCIA of these set of scenarios is WtE technology. Second is recycling scheme with recycling rate as a subset. Third is energy recovery type. Population density also affects the outcome slightly by the magnitude of the values.

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Torstensson, Johan, and Jon Gezelius. "Waste-to-Energy in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia : A Pre-feasibility study on suitable Waste-to-Energy techniques in the Kutai Kartanegara region." Thesis, Energi och teknik, SLU, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-269607.

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The thesis outlined in this report is a pre-feasibility study of the potential to use waste-to-energy technology in the region Kutai Kartanegara, Borneo, Indonesia. The project is a collaboration between the Kutai Kartanegara government, Uppsala University, the Swedish University of Agricultural sciences and the technology consulttancy Sweco. The current waste management system in Kutai Kartanegara consists of landfills in the cities and open burnings and dumping in the lesser developed sub-districts. This is a growing problem both environmentally and logistically. The electrification in the sub-districts is sometimes as low as 17 % and access to electricity is often limited to a couple of hours per day. The current electricity production in the region is mainly from fossil fuels. Data was collected during a two month long field study in Tenggarong, the capital of Kutai Kartanegara. From the collected data, various waste-to-energy systems and collection areas were simulated in Matlab. Results from the simulations show that a system using both a waste incineration and biogas plant would be the best solution for the region. The chosen system is designed to handle a total of 250,000 tons of waste annually, collected from Tenggarong and neighbouring districts. The system will provide between 155 and 200 GWh electricity and between 207 and 314 GWh of excess heat energy annually. Some of this is used in a district heating system with an absorption-cooling machine. The system investment cost is around 42.5 MUSD and it is expected to generate an annual profit of 16 MUSD. The recommended solution will decrease the emissions of CO2-equivalents compared to the current waste system and fossil electricity production with 50%. The results in the study clearly show that there are both economic and environmental potential for waste-to-energy technologies in the region. But the waste management and infrastructure has to be improved to be able to utilize these technologies. By implementing waste-to-energy technologies, the supplied waste can be seen as a resource instead of a problem. This would give incentives for further actions and investments regarding waste management.

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Nordström, Emma, and Evelina Enochsson. "The Possibility of Energy Recovery from Waste Material in Arges County, Romania." Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17768.

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Waste disposal is a global problem contributing to the ongoing climate change by large emissions of greenhouse gases. By using waste material as a resource instead of landfilling, the greenhouse gas emissions from landfills are reduced. Waste material can be used for waste incineration with energy recovery, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel.

Arges County in Romania has severe problems with its waste material, mainly sewage sludge and waste from households and industries. As a consequence of the Romanian EU accession in 2007, Arges County is obliged to close its landfills for waste in a near future. A reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plant and an improved management of the sewage sludge residue are necessary in order to comply with EU standards. The requirements from the EU regarding waste disposal together with the existence of a district heating network in the residence city Pitesti, makes it interesting to investigate energy recovery from waste material in Arges County.

Therefore, the goal of the study is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from co-incineration of the waste material, sewage sludge and waste generated in Arges County. In order to reach this goal, the composition and quantities of the waste material is investigated. A suitable technology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed, based on the data of the waste material as well as on established WTE technologies and their costs. It is assumed that the WTE plant will be implemented in 2020 and that all the generated waste will be incinerated. Furthermore, an environmental analysis is carried out, which presents the reductions of greenhouse gas emissions with the proposed WTE plant in comparison with the present system; including the management of waste and sludge and the district heating production, which is based on fossil fuels.

The result shows that the waste material in Arges County has a calorific value of 7.5 MJ per kg, which is suitable for co-incineration of waste and sludge. The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 130 MW, annually recovering 620 and 330 GWh of heat and electric power respectively. The investment cost of the WTE plant is estimated to 226 million euro with a payback time of 8 years. The environmental analysis shows that the proposed system in comparison with the present system will decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 88 percent.

A WTE plant appears to be a sound investment in Arges County and would sharply reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the county. However, some obstacles exist. Waste management is a new field in Romania and currently there are no WTE plants. Furthermore, the data used in this study concerning the quantity and composition of the waste, is uncertain and further studies are necessary before a WTE plant can be established.

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Sundin, Camilla. "Evaluation of Overall Environmental Impacts of Alternatives for Emission Control Systems applied for Waste to Energy Process." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220713.

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Vattenfall operates a cogeneration plant where household and industrial waste is incinerated to generate electricity and district heating. The waste incineration generates flue gases, and the energy in the hot flue gases is recovered by condensation. Both flue gases and the flue gas condensate are treated by emission control systems before being released into nature. The emission control system is planned to be updated with better technologies currently applied in Sweden. In this study, a comparison of the overall environmental impact of the current emission control system and the new system for emission control is performed. Vattenfall will perform a comparative life cycle assessment, LCA, of the two emission control systems. A part of the LCA is an inventory analysis. In this study, data required for the inventory analysis will be collected and quantified. The parameters considered are emissions to air and water, consumption of chemicals, produced solid residue, and water utilization. The objectives with the planned upgrade of the emission control system, which are evaluated in this study, are to obtain a cleaner condensate stream that can be reused in the system, to reach a higher tolerance of sulphur content in the fuel, and to reach a better reduction of emissions, for future stricter regulation. From the perspective of this study, the new system for emission control system seems to be the choice for emission control system with the least environmental impact. The results show that the reasons for upgrading the emission control system are met with the new system. The condensate is significantly cleaner with the new alternative emission control system than in the current one, the total amount of emissions decreases by 99,98 w%. The significantly smaller amount of emissions results in a condensate flow that can be reused in the system, which could save a considerable amount of raw water each year. The SO2 emissions are reduced by 99,5 w%, which show that a higher sulphur content in the fuel could be tolerated with the new emission control system. Furthermore, the total amount of emission content in the flue gas decreases with 61,9 w% with the new emission control system. The emission parameters that are deemed likely to be more strictly regulated in coming regulations, NOx and Hg, are both significantly reduced with the new emission control system. On the other hand, both the consumption of chemicals and the production of solid residue increases in the new emission control system, compared to the current one. These aspects are important drawbacks with the new system, and the environmental impact of these aspects needs to be further investigated in the planned LCA.
Vattenfall driver ett kraftvärmeverk där avfall från hushåll och industrier förbränns för att generera el och fjärrvärme. Avfallsförbränningen genererar rökgaser, och energin i rökgaserna utvinns genom kondensering. Rökgaserna och kondensatet renas från föroreningar innan de släpps ut i naturen. Systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening ska uppdateras till nyare tekniker. I det här arbetet jämförs den totala miljöpåverkan av det nuvarande och det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening. Vattenfall kommer i framtiden att utföra en jämförande livscykelanalys av de två rökgas- och kondensatreningssystemen. En del i en livscykelanalys är en inventeringsanalys. Syftet med det här arbetet är att samla in och kvantifiera den data som behövs för inventeringsanalysen. Parametrarna som tas med i inventeringsanalysen är utsläpp till luft och vatten, kemikalieförbrukning, restprodukter samt vattenförbrukning. Målen med uppdateringen av rökgas- och kondensatreningssystemen är att erhålla ett renare kondensat som kan återanvändas i systemet, att kunna elda bränsle med en högre halt svavel och fortfarande hålla utsläppen under utsläppsgränserna, samt att få en bättre rening av föroreningar för att kunna möta framtida utsläppskrav. Målet med detta arbete är att utvärdera hur väl dessa aspekter möts i det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening. Utifrån de aspekter som utvärderats i denna studie verkar det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening ha en mindre miljöpåverkan än det nuvarande. Resultaten visar att alla målen med att uppdatera rökgas- och kondensatreningssystemet nås med det nya systemet. Kondensatet blir signifikant renare med det nya systemet jämfört med det nuvarande, den totala mängden föroreningar i kondensatet minskar med 99,98 vikts%. Det innebär att kondensatet kan återanvändas i systemet, och en betydande mängd råvatten kan sparas varje år. Utsläppen av SO2 minskar med 99,5 vikts%, vilket visar att en högre svavelhalt i bränslet skulle kunna tolereras. Vidare minskar den totala mängden föroreningar i rökgaserna med 61,9 vikts%. De föroreningsparametrar som bedöms bli mer strikt reglerade inom en snar framtid, NOx och Hg, reduceras signifikant med det nya systemet för rökgas- och kondensatrening. Däremot ökar både kemikalieförbrukningen och mängden producerad restprodukt. Ökningarna är betydande nackdelar för det nya systemet, och miljöpåverkan av detta bör undersökas vidare i den planerade livscykelanalysen.

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Lino, Fatima Aparecida de Morais 1958. "Proposta de aproveitamento do potencial energético do resíduo sólido urbano e do esgoto doméstico com minimização dos impactos ambientais : Proposal to profit the energy potential of urban solid waste and domestic sewage and minimize their ambient impacts." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265934.

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Orientador: Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Com o aumento da população mundial, nas últimas décadas, a geração de resíduo sólido e de esgoto doméstico tem aumentado. No Brasil, são gerados diariamente acima de 250 mil toneladas de resíduo sólido urbano e cerca de 28 milhões de metros cúbicos de esgoto, mas coletá-los e tratá-los tem sido um dos maiores desafios para os administradores municipais. Tanto o resíduo sólido quanto o esgoto doméstico sem tratamento impactam o ambiente e, consequentemente, a saúde pública. Este trabalho propõe técnicas de tratamento de RSU e ED com recuperação de energia e minimização dos impactos ambientais, com base na reciclagem, biodigestão e incineração, aplicadas ao Brasil e em seis municípios de regiões distintas. Os resultados mostram que a reciclagem de 10% do potencial de reciclável coletado no país pode render R$ 110 milhões/mês, ganhos de 256.9 mil GJ / dia de energia e emissão evitada de cerca de 5,8 MtCO2/ano. Na incineração de resíduo sólido, a energia elétrica resultante equivale ao consumo de 16,5 milhões de residências com emissões de cerca de 12,9 MtCO2/ ano. A incineração do lodo de esgoto resulta em energia elétrica equivalente ao consumo de 1,3 milhão de residências e emissões de 0,875 MtCO2 / ano. Além de recuperar água para reuso correspondente à metade do volume de esgoto gerado diariamente. Pelos resultados, conclui-se que municípios grandes geradores de RSU e de ED podem obter melhor aproveitamento energético e econômico com os sistemas de tratamento propostos enquanto municípios pequenos, a sugestão é que se agrupem para tratar o resíduo de forma comunitária visando à redução dos custos e aproveitamento dos benefícios
Abstract: During the last decades the world population increased and as a consequence the production of urban solid waste and domestic sewage also increased. The daily production of urban solid waste in Brazil is about 250 thousand tons while the domestic sewage is about 28 million cubic meters, whose collection and treatment turned to be one of the big challenges for the public administration. Intuitionally, this work proposes techniques for treating the urban solid waste and domestic sewage minimizing the ambient impacts and producing energy by recycling, biodigestion and incineration which were used for Brazil and six municipalities in distinct regions. The results show that recycling only 10% of the available recyclables can provide a monthly sum of R$ 110 million, daily energy economy of 257 mil GJ and avoid the emission of about 5.8 MtCO2/year. The incineration of the urban solid waste can generate electricity enough for 16.5 million residences and emitting 12.9 MtCO2 / year. The incineration of sewage sludge can generate electricity enough for 1.3 million houses and emits 0.875 MtCO2 / year. The recuperated water for reuse is about 50% of the daily consumed water. From the results it is possible to conclude that big municipalities can benefit from the innumerous energy, financial and ambient advantages by adequately treating their RSU and domestic sewage. It is recommendation that small municipalities can join together to use common installations to reduce costs and share benefits
Doutorado
Termica e Fluidos
Doutora em Engenharia Mecânica

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Johansson, Tobias, and Theo Målsten. "Wasted Biogas : Economic analysis of biogas recovery adjoined to existing incineration facility in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279672.

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Biogas is of growing interest in Sweden, and a public inquiry suggested the government to set a goal of producing 10 TWh biogas in 2030 although only 2 TWh biogas was produced in Sweden in 2018 (Regeringskansliet, 2019) (Klackenberg, 2019). To achieve this optimistic goal and to meet the increased demand of biogas, new biogas production facilities needs to be built. The purpose of this report is to investigate the economic feasibility for the development of a biogas recovery process adjoined to an incineration facility in Sweden. The report first gives an overview of the largest incineration facilities in Sweden. The largest quantity of food waste was estimated in Gothenburg to be 56´744 WRQ SeU \eaU. For the economic feasibility, a conceptual facility was constructed with 169´000 ton residual waste per year of which 45´000 ton was food waste. A biogas process model was built in Excel where the biogas potential was calculated using characteristics for food waste. The annual production of liquid biogas was estimated to 43´970 MWK. The economic evaluation was based on the conceptual facility. In the baseline scenario the incomes for the process was the value of liquid biogas, 25,6 MSEK per year, a Gate-fee synergy of 5 MSEK per year and a Tax deduction synergy of 1 MSEK per year. The investment cost was estimated to 211,6 MSEK and the Operation & Maintenance cost was estimated to 6,3 MSEK per year. This resulted in an NPV of 69,5 MSEK and an IRR of 10,3% for the project, indicating a profitable investment. Three different scenarios were considered, apart from the baseline scenario, where the first excluded all synergies with the incineration facility, which generated an NPV of 2,3 MSEK. The second scenario only considered the minimal gate-fee synergy which gave an NPV of 37,8 MSEK. Finally, the third scenario where all synergies were included, and an additional investment grant was introduced gave the project an NPV of 111,8 MSEK. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted which showed that the input of food waste treated, weighted average cost of capital and potential grants had the biggest impact on the financial results. None of the results from the sensitivity analysis showed a negative NPV.
Intresset för biogas växer i Sverige och i en statlig utredning föreslogs regeringen att sätta upp ett mål att producera 10 TWh biogas 2030 (Regeringskansliet, 2019). Detta kan jämföras med 2018 då endast 2 TWh producerades (Klackenberg, 2019). För att uppnå detta optimistiska mål och för att möta den ökade efterfrågan på biogas behöver nya produktionsanläggningar byggas. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka de ekonomiska möjligheterna för utvecklingen av en biogasanläggning angränsad till en förbränningsanläggning i Sverige. Rapporten ger först en översikt över de största förbränningsanläggningarna som behandlar hushållsavfall i Sverige. Det uppskattades att den största mängden matavfall som går till förbränning i Sverige är i Göteborg där 56´744 ton matavfall förbränns per år. För att bestämma de ekonomiska förutsättningarna konstruerades en konceptuell anläggning som behandlar 169´000 ton restavfall per år varav 45 000 ton består av matavfall. En biogasprocess modellerades i Excel där den potentiella biogasen beräknades baserat på matavfallets karaktäristik. Slutligen uppskattades den årliga produktionen av flytande biogas till 43´970 MWh. Den ekonomiska utvärderingen baserades på den konceptuella anläggningen. I grund-scenariot bestod inkomsterna för av den flytande biogasen som motsvarade 25,6 MSEK per år, en ´gatefee´-synergi på 5 MSEK per år och en ´skatteavdrags´-synergi motsvarande 1 MSEK per år. Investeringskostnaden uppskattades till 211,6 MSEK och Operation & Maintenancekostnaderna uppskattades till 6,3 MSEK. Detta gav projektet ett nettonuvärde på 69,5 MSEK och en internränta på 10,3% vilket indikerar en lönsam investering. Vidare undersöktes även tre olika scenarier, utöver grund-scenariot, där det första utesluter alla synergier vilket gav ett nettonuvärde på 2,3 MSEK. Det andra scenariot beaktade endast den minimala ´gate-fee´-synergin vilket gav ett nettonuvärde på 37,8 MSEK. Det tredje scenariot inkluderade alla synergier samt ett investeringsbidrag vilket resulterade i ett nettonuvärde på 111,8 MSEK. En känslighetsanalys genomfördes också som visade att tillförseln av behandlat matavfall, kapitalkostnaden och potentiella investeringsbidrag hade den största påverkan på de finansiella resultaten. Inget av resultaten från känslighetsanalysen visade ett negativt nettonuvärde.

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Hassling, Andreas, and Simon Flink. "SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF A WASTE-FIRED CFB BOILER : Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression modeling (PLS-R)." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-34979.

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Heat and electricity production along with waste management are two modern day challenges for society. One of the possible solution to both of them is the incineration of household waste to produce heat and electricity. Incineration is a waste-to-energy treatment process, which can reduce the need for landfills and save the use of more valuable fuels, thereby conserving natural resources. This report/paper investigates the performance and emissions of a municipal solid waste (MSW) fueled industrial boiler by performing a system identification analysis using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R) modeling. The boiler is located in Västerås, Sweden and has a maximum capacity of 167MW. It produces heat and electricity for the city of Västerås and is operated by Mälarenergi AB. A dataset containing 148 different boilers variables, measured with a one hour interval over 2 years, was used for the system identification analysis. The dataset was visually inspected to remove obvious outliers before beginning the analysis using a multivariate data analysis software called The Unscrambler X (Version 10.3, CAMO Software, Norway). Correlations found using PCA was taken in account during the PLSR modelling where models were created for one response each. Some variables had an unexpected impact on the models while others were fully logical regarding combustion theory. Results found during the system analysis process are regarded as reliable. Any errors may be due to outlier data points and model inadequacies.

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Rodopoulou, Viktoria. "CO2 savings of selling food surplus in plastic trays compared to incineration and anaerobic digestion in Sweden. : With an application at KTH Royal Institute of Technology." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-241697.

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Food waste has become a global environmental concern in recent years with food waste prevention being the optimal solution. In Sweden, initiatives to reduce food waste, focus on re-using methods like selling or donating food. The purpose of this study is to analyze the environmental savings, in terms of CO2 eq. savings, of re-using food compared to incineration and anaerobic digestion in Sweden. The study aims to map out the processes of the food waste management system and investigate the parameters that effect the performance of each method using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The research is conducted by using a case study, “Save food at KTH” which is an initiative at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, to reduce food waste through a mobile application for sharing information on the available edible food waste around campus and options to purchase it through the app. The results showed that re-using food waste has more CO2 savings compared to the other two energy recovery methods. Avoided emissions from food production when food waste is sold, were the most important factors that framed this result. However, the types of foods are also critical on the choice of food waste management method when the focus is on the CO2 emissions of the system. Foods with high water content or plant-based protein sources can be energy efficient in anaerobic digestion processes as well. In this case, selling food waste can be used as a complementary method.
Livsmedelsavfall har under senare år fått ett ökat intresse ur miljösynpunkt med förhindrande av livsmedelsavfall som den optimala lösningen för denna fråga. I Sverige är termiska behandlingsmetoder och biologiska processer för behandling av livsmedelsavfall de vanligaste metoderna för hantering av livsmedelsavfall. Båda metoderna producerar energi som kan användas för fjärrvärme, el och biobränsle för fordon. Å andra sidan, producerar dessa metoder utsläpp av växthusgaser (GHG) och många studier har erkänt deras miljöpåverkan och har jämfört dessa metoder för att identifiera alternativet med minst miljökostnad. Alternativet att sälja överbliven mat i plastlådor har potential att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från livsmedelsavfallshanteringssystemet genom cirkulär ekonomi. Emellertid måste utsläppen av växthusgaser från de specifika livsmedelstypen samt effekten av plastlådors egenskaper och deras inverkan på plastlådors totala växthusgasutsläpp undersökas för att säkerställa effektiviteten av den försäljning av överbliven mat. Syftet med denna studie är att genomföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) om livsmedelsavfallshanteringsmetoder i Sverige för att identifiera metoden som har mest koldioxidbesparingar. Studiens mål är att kartlägga processerna i matavfallssystemet och undersöka de parametrar som påverkar prestandan för varje metod. Projektet innehåller en jämförande bedömning av klimatpåverkan (CF) av en värmebehandlingsmetod, förbränning med energiåtervinning, en biologisk metod som är anaerob uppslutning med biogasproduktion och en förebyggande metod som säljer överbliven mat i en plastlådor. En LCA utfördes för tre avfallshanteringsscenarier med två måltider (köttbaserad och vegan) som exempel när de behandlades som enskilda avfallsströmmar. Den största potentialen för att minska koldioxidutsläppen är att "sälja en måltid i ett 85% r-pet " scenario. Den undvikna köttproduktionen från att sälja matavfall kombinerat med den stora mängden återvunnet innehåll i plastlådor ger betydande koldioxidbesparingar och når den högsta nivån på avfallshierarkin som är förebyggande. Å andra sidan har förbränningen av en vegansk måltid med energiåtervinning den lägsta CO2-besparingen jämfört med de andra metoderna på grund av högvattenhalten i måltiden vilket gör den till en icke-effektiv energiomvandlare när den förbränns för att producera energi. Matavfallshanteringsmetoder bör därför fokusera på livsmedelsprodukterna och deras lämplighet för varje metod. Resultaten från denna jämförelse kommer att användas av en forskargrupp vid KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm, Sverige, i SEED avdelningen. Gruppen bygger för närvarande en mobilapplikation för att dela / sälja matavfall runt KTH campus med ett samarbete från restaurangerna på campus.

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Nordi, Guilherme Henrique. "Avaliação técnico-econômica de usinas WTE (Waste-to-Energy) baseadas em ciclos de potência a vapor." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2015.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. Reynaldo Palácios Bereche
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2015.
O Brasil possui crescente taxa de geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Tal resíduo é, em sua grande parte, alocado em aterros sanitários sendo que boa parte tem destinação inadequada. Em 2008, o governo brasileiro instituiu a política nacional de resíduos sólidos, que indica que somente o resíduo sem viabilidade econômica deve ser alocado em aterros sanitários sendo que aterros controlados e lixões devem ser fechados. Entre as diversas opções de tratamentos disponíveis, a incineração com aproveitamento energético se apresenta como uma opção a ser estudada uma vez que o país possui uma alta demanda de energia. Sendo assim, esse trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das tecnologias e do potencial de geração de energia elétrica a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos em ciclos de potência a vapor. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro estudos: (I) Estudo das correlações para determinação do poder calorífico; (II) Análise da influência da composição dos resíduos; (III) Análise técnico-econômica da planta; (IV) Análise econômica. O estudo (I) consistiu na comparação de diversas correlações e composições de RSU de forma a avaliar a melhor opção para o cálculo do PCI do combustível. O estudo comparou a resposta das correlações em relação aos valores experimentais e mostrou que os erros encontrados não são maiores do que o esperado pela variação da composição devido à mudança dos hábitos da população. Os estudos (II) e (III) levaram em conta a separação de materiais e alterações na configuração dos ciclos a vapor. O estudo (II) revelou que a separação da matéria orgânica é benéfica à incineração enquanto a remoção de plásticos é nociva do ponto de vista do aproveitamento energético. O estudo (III) revelou que existe um potencial de ganho considerável no aumento da eficiência desses ciclos. Por fim, o estudo (IV) mostrou que, para o Brasil, esta tecnologia ainda possui custo elevado e para viabilização, deveria ser buscado um aumento da eficiência com o aumento da escala de plantas desse tipo, além de fomentos econômicos na forma de financiamentos e redução de impostos. Como conclusão do trabalho foi possível observar o custo elevado da tecnologia e o potencial desta para o futuro. Esse potencial pode ser atingido com planejamento e conscientização da população para que, com o fim da vida dos aterros, essa tecnologia possa ser implementada com custo que viabilize este tratamento.
Brazil has an increasing rate of waste generation where such waste is, for the most part, allocated in landfills. In 2008, the Brazilian government established a national solid waste policy that states that only the economically unviable waste must be placed in landfills, while the controlled landfills and dumps should be closed. Among the available treatments, incineration with energy recovery is presented as an option to be studied once the country has a high energy demand. Therefore, this study aims to study the technologies and the potential for electricity from municipal solid waste incineration in steam cycles. This work was divided into four studies: (i) Study of correlations; (II) Analysis of the influence of the composition; (III) technical and economic analysis of the plant and (IV) economic analysis. The study (I) consists in comparing different correlations and compositions to assess the best choice for calculating the fuel¿s lower heating value. The study¿s goal was to shown the correlations with less difference compared to experimental data and showed that the errors found are not higher than expected by varying the composition due to changing population's habits. Studies (II) and (III) take into account the separation of materials and configuration changes in steam cycles. The study (II) revealed that the separation of the organic matter is beneficial to incineration while removing plastics is harmful. The study (III) revealed that there is considerable upside potential in increasing the efficiency of these cycles. Finally, the study (IV) revealed that, in Brazil, this technology still has high cost and, to make this technology viable, would be important to have higher efficiency and bigger plant scale along with economic stimulation to this technology. As conclusion, was possible to observe the high cost of technology and the potential in the future. This potential can be achieved with planning and public awareness so that, with the end of life of landfills, this technology can be implemented at a cost that enables this technology.

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Pavan, Margareth de Cassia Oliveira. "Geração de energia a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos: avaliação e diretrizes para tecnologias potencialmente aplicáveis no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-10102011-120843/.

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O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) tornou-se uma tarefa que demanda ações diferenciadas e articuladas, em função da quantidade e diversidade dos mesmos. O grande desafio está em encontrar soluções ambientalmente seguras, socialmente adequadas e economicamente eficientes para equacionar este problema. Todavia, se corretamente gerenciados, estes resíduos podem ser aproveitados do ponto de vista energético. Estimativas realizadas neste estudo apontam para um potencial de geração de energia a partir de resíduos urbanos, para o Brasil, da ordem de 16 GW (utilizando o processo de incineração) ou 5,8 GW (pela digestão anaeróbia em aterros). Outros benefícios da recuperação energética dos resíduos também podem ser destacados tais como: (a) benefícios estratégicos, uma vez que essa ação pode contribuir como fonte alternativa de energia; (b) benefícios ambientais, pois colabora com organização dos aterros e a mitigação de gases de efeito estufa; (c) benefícios sócio-econômicos, devido ao desenvolvimento de tecnologia nacional com o uso de equipamento e insumos nacionais e, sobretudo, (d) emprego de mão-de-obra qualificada e não qualificada nas várias etapas do processo de recuperação energética. O presente trabalho faz uma análise das tecnologias potencialmente aplicáveis no Brasil, para recuperação energética a partir RSU, e propõe uma série de diretrizes para esse aproveitamento, levando em consideração as especificidades da realidade brasileira.
The management of solid waste (MSW) has become a challenge that demands articulated and non-conventional actions because of the quantity and diversity of such wastes. Finding environmentally friendly, socially adequate and economically efficient solutions to overcome this issue is the challenge to be faced. Nevertheless, if properly managed, these wastes can be recovered from the standpoint of energy. Estimates presented in this work highlight a potential power generation from urban waste, in Brazil, around 16 GW (using incineration process) or 5.8 GW (by anaerobic digestion in landfills). Several other advantages of recovering energy from waste could also be rolled as follows: (a) strategic benefits, since it may contribute as an alternative energy source and increase energy supply; (b) environmental benefits, once it contributes to improve waste management and to the mitigation of greenhouse gases; (c) social-economic benefits, due to the development of a Brazilian technology taking advantage of national equipment and materials, and most important, (d) employment of skilled and unskilled labor in the various stages of the energy recovery process. This thesis analyzes though the technologies potentially applicable in Brazil for energy recovery from MSW, and proposes guidelines for such use taking into account the specificities of the Brazilian reality.

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Bojor, Olire Innocent. "Evaluation of an alternative organic waste disposal system in Chevron-Escravos : a case study / O.I. Bojor." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2586.

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Martins, Benedito Luiz. "Gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos: análise documental e estudo comparativo entre aterro sanitário e incineração para geração de energia." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152554.

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O exponencial crescimento populacional e a crescente urbanização, agravado pelo desenvolvimento econômico da sociedade, tem como resultado o crescimento da geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos e também a necessidade cada vez maior de energia. As formas de destinação e disposição de resíduos impactam negativamente o meio ambiente. No entanto, os resíduos podem ser utilizados para recuperação de energia, a qual pode ser adicionada à matriz do país. A realização da gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos, com base na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, apresenta também condições para o Brasil atuar de forma responsável e com mais sustentabilidade, através de uso de instrumentos como a logística reversa e a responsabilidade compartilhada, o que pode permitir a composição gradual da hierarquia da boa gestão dos resíduos sólidos: não gerar, reusar, reciclar, destinar e dispor. O objetivo desta tese é realizar um estudo sobre um projeto regional com 39 municípios para análise comparativa para destinação dos rejeitos dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em um incinerador e disposição em um aterro sanitário com captação do biogás, considerando a possibilidade de recuperação energética em ambos os sistemas. Em complemento objetiva-se a elaboração de uma análise documental sobre o tema resíduos sólidos com abordagem de critérios que possam ser comparados entre os dois sistemas, especificamente: emissão de gases de efeito estufa, ocupação de área física de terra, impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e hierarquia dos sistemas na gestão de resíduos sólidos. Para realização deste estudo foram adotadas as seguintes metodologias: análise documental sobre os resíduos sólidos; caracterização gravimétrica das frações de resíduos sólidos produzidas na região; cálculo de captação do biogás com recuperação energética utilizando a equação elabora pelo IPCC - International Panel on Climate Change, com distribuição triangular da produção do metano gerado ao longo dos anos pela degradação lenta e rápida dos resíduos; e recuperação de energia em sistema de incineração adotando-se o valor de 500 kWh por tonelada de resíduo sólido incinerada. Assumiu-se o período de 15 anos de disposição de resíduos sólidos em aterro sanitário, mas com captação do biogás no período de 30 anos, e funcionamento do sistema de incineração pelo período de 30 anos, como forma de comparação da recuperação energética em igual período entre ambos os sistemas. Os resultados mostraram que ambos os sistemas podem produzir energia, mas o sistema de incineração tem eficiência maior em 3,2 vezes. O sistema de aterro sanitário ocupa área física de terra 18 vezes maior e emite gases de efeito estufa 2,9 vezes mais que o sistema de incineração. Ambos os sistemas causam impactos ambientais negativos, e na análise da hierarquia para a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos a destinação de resíduos sólidos em incinerador é estabelecida como a penúltima opção, enquanto que a disposição em aterro sanitário é a última opção. A conclusão do estudo é que a incineração leva vantagem sobre o aterro sanitário na gestão de resíduos sólidos, porque gera mais energia elétrica, emite menos gases de efeito estufa, utiliza menos área física de terra e, por ser um sistema fechado e estanque apresenta melhores condições para mitigação dos impactos ambientais negativos.
The exponential population growth and increasing urbanization, aggravated by the economic development of society, results in the growth of urban solid waste generation and also the increasing need for energy. The destination and disposal of solid waste cause negative impacts in the environment. However, solid waste can be used for energy recovery, which can be added to the country matrix. The implementation of integrated solid waste management, based on the National Solid Waste Policy, also presents conditions for Brazil to act in a responsible and more sustainable way, through the use of instruments such as reverse logistics and shared responsibility, which may allow the gradual composition of the hierarchy of ideal solid waste management: not generate, reuse, recycle, destine and dispose. The objective of this thesis is to realize a study on a regional project with 39 municipalities for comparative analysis for the destination of waste from urban solid waste in an incinerator and disposal in a landfill with biogas capture, considering the possibility of energy recovery in both systems. In addition, the objective of this paper is to elaborate a documentary analysis on the subject of solid waste, with approach to criteria that can be compared between the two systems, specifically: greenhouse gas emissions, occupation of the physical area of land, negative impacts on the environment and hierarchy of systems in solid waste management. In order to carry out this study, the following methodologies were adopted: documentary analysis on solid waste; gravimetric characterization of solid waste fractions produced in the region; calculation of biogas capture with energy recovery using the equation elaborated by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with a triangular distribution of the methane production generated over the years by the slow and rapid degradation of the wastes; and energy recovery in the incineration system, adopting the value of 500 kWh per ton of solid waste incinerated. It was adopted the period of 15 years for disposal of solid waste in landfill, but with biogas collection over a period of 30 years, and operation of the incineration system for a period of 30 years was used as a way of comparing the energy recovery in the same period between both systems. The results showed that both systems can produce energy, but the incineration system has a higher efficiency by 3,2 times. The landfill system occupies an area of land that is 18 times larger and emits greenhouse gases 2,9 times more than the incineration system. Both systems cause negative environmental impacts, and in the analysis of the hierarchy for the management of municipal solid waste the destination of solid waste in incinerator is established as the penultimate option, while landfill disposal is the last option. The conclusion of the study is that incineration takes advantage of the landfill in solid waste management because it generates more electricity, emits less greenhouse gases, uses less physical land area and, because it is a closed system, it has better conditions to mitigate negative environmental impacts.

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Uz, Zaman Atiq. "Technical Development of Waste Sector in Sweden: Survey and LifeCycle Environmental Assessment of Emerging Technologies." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-46334.

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Waste can be considered as an urban burden or as a valuable resource depending on how it ismanaged. Different waste treatment technologies are available at present to manage municipal solidwaste (MSW). Various actors are involved to develop waste treatment technology for certain area.The aim of this study is to analyze the driving forces in technical development in waste sector inSweden. The study is also done to identify emerging waste management technology in Sweden.Moreover, a comparative study of existing and emerging technologies is done by Life CycleAssessment (LCA) model. An extensive literature review and pilot questionnaire survey among thewaste management professionals’ is done for the study. LCA model is developed by SimaProsoftware CML2 baseline method is used for identifying environmental burden from the wastetechnologies.Dry composting, Pyrolysis-Gasification (P-G), Plasma-Arc are identified as potential emergingtechnologies for waste management system in Sweden. Technical developments of thesetechnologies are influenced by indigenous people’s behavior, waste characteristics, regulations, healthor environmental impact and global climate change. Comparative LCA model of P-G andIncineration shows that, P-G is a favorable waste treatment technology than Incineration for MSW,especially in acidification, global warming and aquatic eco-toxicity impact categories.

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Löfgren, Helena. "NOx-reducering vid avfallsförbränning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158644.

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Avfallsförbränning kan användas för att minska volymen hos avfallet, destruera farligt avfall och utvinna energi för el- och värmeproduktion. Umeå Energis kraftvärmeverk Dåva 1 förbränner hushålls- och verksamhetsavfall. Vid förbränningen bildas bland annat kväveoxider (NOx) vars utsläpp regleras dels av Förordning SFS 2013:253 om förbränning av avfall och dels av Lagen (1990:613) om miljöavgift på utsläpp av kväveoxider (NOx) vid energiproduktion (kväveoxidavgiften). Dåva 1 använder selektiv icke-katalytisk rening (SNCR) med ammoniakinsprutning för att rena rökgaserna från NOx. En del av ammoniaken förblir oreagerad (ammoniakslip) och bidrar troligen till korrosion på den kallare lågtrycksekonomisern nedströms rökgaskanalen. Umeå Energi vill minska sina utsläpp av NOx utan att öka risken för ammoniakrelaterad korrosion av lågtrycksekonomisern. I det här arbetet undersöktes om och hur NOx-bildningen kunde minskas och om det befintliga SNCR-systemet kunde optimeras. Vidare gjordes en utredning om användningen av selektiv katalytisk rening (SCR) på svenska avfallsförbränningsanläggningar samt om och var i Dåva 1 SCR skulle vara fördelaktig att installera. Effektiviteten hos SNCR-systemet testades genom att i perioder stänga av ammoniakdoseringen och logga rökgasinnehållet. Det visade sig vara mycket effektivt (80 %) om det kördes vid rätt temperaturintervall. Men det framkom också att temperaturgränserna för vilken tdoseringsnivå som används troligen kan behöva korrigeras för förbättringar i effektiviteten vid andra temperaturer. Det skulle kunna minska både NOx-utsläpp och ammoniakanvändningen. Användningen av SCR vid svenska avfallsanläggningar undersöktes genom intervjuer. Det visade sig vara bara fem anläggningar och där alla hade placerat katalysatorn i rengasposition, alltså efter elfilter och våt rening. Rökgasinnehållet vid tre olika positioner i Dåva 1 undersöktes för att se om det fanns höga halter av SO2, HCl och stoft, vilka i kombination med ammoniak kan skapa beläggningar som minskar effektiviteten hos en katalysator. Alla positioner låg efter slangfiltren och hade därmed låg stofthalt. Position A låg mellan slangfilter och högtryckseko1 hade den varmaste positionen (205℃) och position B efter ekopaketen (145℃). Position C var efter alla reningssteg i rengaspostion och svalaste positionen (65℃). Variationen hos temperaturerna för de olika positionerna medför en stor skillnad i behovet av att återvärma rökgaserna. Den säkraste positionen, med lägst innehåll av stoft, HCl och SO2 var rengaspositionen, men den krävde istället mest uppvärmning av rökgaserna. Med tanke på att SNCR-systemet visade sig ha förbättringspotential, borde det effektiviseras innan man överväger att installera ett SCR system.
Waste incineration is used to reduce the volume of waste, destruction of hazardous waste and to extract energy in combined heat and power plants (CHP). Umeå Energi’s CHP Dåva 1 incinerates municipal solid waste (MSW) and other hazardous waste. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed in the combustion process. The emission of NOx is regulated in Sweden’s regulation SFS 2013:253 and law 1990:613. Dåva 1 uses selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) with ammonia as flue gas treatment, to reduce NOx in the flue gas. Some of the ammonia in the process remains unreacted (ammonia slip) and it probably contributes to corrosion in the colder economizer. Umeå Energi wants to reduce the NOx emissions without increasing the ammonia related corrosion of the economizer. In the present study, the possibility to reduce NOx formation by SNCR optimization was evaluated. Furthermore an investigation on the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) in waste incineration plants in Sweden, and whether it is beneficent to install in Dåva 1, was included. The current efficiency of the SNCR system was tested by switching of the ammonia in short periods of time and measuring and logging the flue gas composition. The efficiency (80 %) proved to be very high if operated at the optimal temperature. ButHowever, the test also showed that the temperature limits for the injection levels could be optimized for improved efficiency. Improved efficiency at all temperatures could reduce both NOx emission and ammonia use. The use of SCR in Swedish waste incineration plants was investigated through interviews. It was found that only five plants are equipped with SCR and they were placed in the clean gas position – after electrostatic precipitatorelectric filter and wet scrubber treatment. The contents of the flue gas was examined monitored at three positions at Dåva 1. The content of SO2, HCl and dust were measured, which in combination with ammonia can cause coating with reduces the efficiency of the catalyst. All three positions were located after the textile filters and had low contents of dust. Position A was located between the textile fabric filters and the economizers and was the hottest position with 205℃. Position B was located after the economizers and had the temperature of 145℃. Position C had the cleanest and thereby the safest position for a catalyst, due to its location after all the flue gas treatments, but the temperature was only 65℃ and requires most re-heating of the flue gas. Since the SNCR system proved to have potential to be more efficient, it should be optimized before considering an investment in a SCR system.

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Karolina, Bengtsdotter. "Interaktioner mellan svavel, klor och kvicksilver vid avfallsförbränning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-148911.

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Kvicksilver har länge varit ett populärt ämne i flertalet olika produkter på grund utav dess unika egenskaper. Detta har lett till en stor mängd av ämnet går att finna i olika produkter som förbränns i avfallsförbränning. Ämnet är dock väldigt farligt för djur och människor och därav är det av hög prioritet att utsläppen till luft minimeras. Att oxidera kvicksilver från dess elementära form Hg0 till Hg2+ anses vara av största vikt på grund utav att den senare är i högre graden enklare att rena från rökgaserna. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att se om kvicksilver förekommer i högre halt som Hg0 istället för Hg2+ i rökgaserna vid ändrade förhållanden av klor och svavel. Där den förstnämnda är olöslig i vatten och därav svårfångad i dagens reningssystem. Den kan dessutom existera i luft en längre tid och anses vara ett av de mer miljöfarliga ämnena i världen. Examensarbetet har gjorts tillsamman med Umeå Energi AB. För att nå en slutsats har en omfattande litteraturstudie gjorts om ämnet samt mätningar av kvicksilver i rökgaserna från avfallsförbränningsanläggningen Dåva 1 utanför Umeå. Mätningarna utfördes med och utan tillsats av extra svavel i form av bildäck. Analys har även utförts av innehållet i aska ifrån partikelfiltret samt överhettaren för att få en överblick huruvida dess innehåll kan ha gjort någon påverkan. Mätningarna påvisade att svavel gjorde en påtaglig påverkan på mängden kvicksilver. Vid tillsats av svavel så gavs det indikatorer på att halten av Hg0 ökade. Den mest troliga anledningen till detta tros vara den ökade mängden SO3 som uppmättes i rökgaserna vid det tillfälle då extra svavel var tillsatt. Den ökande mängden kan sedan ha absorberats av de aktiverade kolet som tillsätts innan rökgasreningen, som annars skulle ha absorberat Hg0. Detta är inget slutgiltigt resultat och vidare undersökning är att rekommendera. En annan möjlig teori är att tillsatts av svavel ökar mängden Na2SO4 i filtret. Vilket kan leda till minskad NaCl i filtret som kanske är effektivare vid oxidation av Hg0 än HCl. Mätningarna gav även antydan om att nuvarande reningssystem fungerar bra även vid ökade halter kvicksilver i rågasen. Ökning av kvicksilver i rökgaserna som tros ha orsakats av svaveltillsatsen gav ingen ökning av kvicksilverutsläpp i luft.
For a long time, mercury has been a very popular to use in different kinds of products due to its unique properties. Which has led to a lot of different things containing mercury ends up in waste plants to be incinerated. Mercury are also considered to be one of the most dangerous substances and therefore emissions needs to be kept at minimum. Oxidizing mercury from its form Hg0 to Hg2+ is considered to be extremely important due to the later are easier to remove from the flue gas. The main objective with this thesis was to investigate if mercury would exist more in its elementary form Hg0 than its oxidized state Hg2+ in the flue gas when the ratio between sulfur and chlorine was changed. The former is insoluble in water and therefore difficult to remove from the flue gas with today’s cleaning facility’s. It is also considered one of the more dangerous substances in the world. The project was done in collaboration with Umeå Energi AB. The method that was used to explore this was measuring the mercury content of the flue gas from the waste fired boiler Dåva 1 outside Umeå. The measurement was done with and without extra sulfur added to the fuel in the form of car tires. An additional analysis was done on the ash from the fabricfilter and from the superheater to see if there was something there to give some clarity on why there would be any change in the amount of mercury. The measurement did indeed indicate that sulfur increases the amount of mercury in the flue gas. The main theory to why this has occurred was the increased amount of SO3, which could be found in the flue gas when extra sulphur was added. SO3 is then absorbed by the activated carbon that is added to the flue gas that should have absorbed Hg0 instead. However, this result is not conclusive and further studies needs to be done. Another possible theory to why this has occurred could be that the increase of sulfur could lead to more Na2SO4 in the particle filter. Which could have led to a decrease of NaCl in the filter that could perhaps be a more efficient oxidizing agent of Hg0 than HCl. Another thing that has been revealed is that the cleaning systems that is used today is capable of cleaning mercury from the flue gas even though the added sulfur caused an increase in the amount.

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Kopecký, Václav. "Význam dodávky tepla ze zařízení energetického využití odpadů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400865.

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This thesis is focused on identifying main factors influencing economical rentability of energy generated using incineration of municipal waste. Research was conducted focusing on municipal waste management, waste-to-energy possibilities and the issue of district heating systems, which are important considering the economy of waste-to-energy plants. Main limiting factors were identified using mathematic models adjusted for specific geographic locations.

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Johansson, Anton, and Axel Jonasson. "Rökgasrening för småskalig avfallsförbränning i länder under utveckling : En kartläggning över föroreningar i rökgaser, deras uppkomst och hur de kan reduceras." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143273.

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Företaget Againity AB har planer på att driftsätta avfallsförbränningsanläggningar i områden av världen där avfallsförbränning inte är särskilt vanlig. Againity står därför inför utmaningen att rena rökgaserna till godkända nivåer. För att göra detta krävs först och främst en kartläggning över förbränningstekniker, föroreningsemissioner och de olika utsläppskrav som finns. Vidare utvärderas vilka rökgasreningstekniker som är bäst lämpade för avfallsförbränningsanläggningar i de områden som Againity vill vara verksamt i. Genom att förbränna avfall i en förbränningsanläggning finns förutsättningar att rent förbränningstekniskt minska utsläppen av föroreningar. I en eldstad där förbränningen sker i kontrollerade former kan en önskad temperatur uppnås med hjälp av optimal lufttillförsel. Med kombinationen av en temperatur kring 800 – 1100 ºC och en uppehållstid på minst 2 sekunder kan fullständig förbränning av bränslet uppnås och utsläppen av miljöbelastande ämnen kan reduceras kraftigt. Föroreningar har undersökts baserat på de lagstiftningar som finns för utsläppsbegränsningar. En av dessa är svaveldioxid, som bidrar till försurning av vatten och mark. En annan är dioxiner, som genom biomagnifikation är skadliga för människor och djur. För att uppnå maximal reduktion av föroreningar används kombinationer av olika rökgasreningstekniker. Stoftbundna partiklar kan avskiljas ur rökgaserna med hjälp av olika slags filter, medan sura gaser måste reagera med ett annat ämne för att kunna fångas upp eller avskiljas på annat sätt. Kväveoxider avskiljs inte på samma sätt som de tidigare nämnda föroreningarna, utan reduceras istället med en reaktant som bildar en harmlös gas. Tack vare att data finns angående avfallsfraktioner, har teoretiska halter av vissa ämnen i rökgaserna beräknats. Företaget Testos mätningar vid avfallsförbränningsanläggningar har använts för andra föroreningar. Efter jämförelse med utsläppskrav för olika regioner har rekommendationer av lämpliga röksgasreningstekniker presenterats. Dessa förslag på rökgasreningsanläggningar har tagits fram ur ett miljö- och ekonomiperspektiv. Vi har kommit fram till att fullständig förbränning är en grundläggande princip som verksamhetsutövare behöver lägga stort fokus på. Gemensamt för alla våra anläggningsförslag har varit det elektrostatiska filtret, som vi tycker bör implementeras vid alla förbränningsanläggningar. Vi rekommenderar också andra reningstekniker som skrubber och SNCR, men dessa metoder bör sättas i relation till den miljömässiga kravbild, de ekonomiska resurser som finns och infrastrukturens funktionalitet.
The company Againity AB has plans to apply waste incineration systems in regions where waste management is a major issue. To manage this Againity must take flue gas treatment in consideration. As flue gas treatment isn’t their area of expertise, a disquisition of combustion techniques, pollution and emission standards will be necessary. Henceforth can an evaluation of which flue gas treatment techniques that would be suitable for waste incineration plants in the regions where the plants are intended to be. By incinerate waste in an incineration plant there is good conditions to obtain a less polluted flue gas just by using good combustion techniques. In a plant where you can control the combustion, a certain desired temperature can be achieved by injecting the right amount of air. The combination of a temperature around 800 – 1100 °C and a residence time of at least two seconds, result in complete combustion of the waste and emissions of environmental pollutants will be reduced. Based on emission standards, certain pollutants have been evaluated. One of those pollutants is sulphur dioxide, which contribute to acidification of earth and water. Another relevant pollutant is dioxins, which is harmful for humans and animals due to its capability of biomagnification. To acquire as clean flue gas as possible several flue gas treatment techniques should be applied in combination. By using filters in general, dust and particles bound in dust can be separated from the flue gas. As for acidic gases, these must react with another substance first to be separated. Nitrogen oxides however cannot be separated from the flue gas as the recently mentioned pollutants can, they can only be reduced by reacting with a reducing agent to form harmless gases. Thanks to available data concerning waste fractions, theoretical values of some pollutants in flue gases has been calculated. Emission measurements at waste incineration plants made by the company Testo, has been used for other pollutants. Calculated and measured values has been compared to the emission standards of Vietnam and the European Union and depending on the outcome of the comparison, suggestions of flue-gas techniques has been presented. Different suggestions of flue-gas systems have been presented depending of economic resources and to what extent the emissions should be reduced. Our conclusion is that complete combustion is a fundamental factor that operators must focus on. Electrostatic precipitator is a flue-gas technique that all our suggestions have in common and is a technique that we strongly recommend. We also recommend other flue-gas techniques such as scrubber and SNCR, but these methods are not always necessary. Planning of advanced flue-gas treatment needs consideration of the environmental requirements, the economic resources available and the functionality of the infrastructure.

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Leite, Clauber Barão. "TRATAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS COM APROVEITAMENTO ENERGÉTICO: AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA ENTRE AS TECNOLOGIAS DE DIGESTÃO ANAERÓBIA E INCINERAÇÃO." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-28032017-134502/.

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Duas questões da sociedade do século XXI podem ser destacadas: a grande geração de resíduos; a carência por sistemas de tratamento adequado desses resíduos; e a crescente demanda por energia. A busca por alternativas para lidar com essas questões vem mobilizando os setores público e privado no sentido de explorar soluções ainda não praticadas na maior parte do mundo em desenvolvimento. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), instituída pela Lei nº 12.305/2010, estabeleceu um novo paradigma na gestão de resíduos sólidos no Brasil. Entre as mudanças apresentadas, uma das mais relevantes é a exclusividade de destinação de apenas rejeitos aos aterros sanitários, sendo os rejeitos entendidos como os resíduos que não mais apresentam possibilidade de tratamento. O cumprimento dessa lei irá requerer o estudo de alternativas de tratamento de resíduos gerados na fase anterior à sua disposição final. Entre as soluções possíveis está o seu aproveitamento energético, também previsto na PNRS. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação busca analisar duas tecnologias de tratamento de resíduos digestão anaeróbia e incineração e verificar suas respectivas viabilidades econômicas, tendo como objeto o cenário brasileiro, com foco especial no estado de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, respeitando-se as diretrizes da PNRS, entre os métodos de tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos analisadas, a digestão anaeróbia se mostrou mais viável do que a incineração para as regiões estudadas. Tais resultados tomaram como pressuposto que a PNRS é uma lei que deverá ser cumprida e exigida tal como se apresenta, e seu cumprimento implicará numa mudança significativa do modo como é feita a gestão de resíduos sólidos no país. Adicionalmente, as análises realizadas apontaram que, além dos aspectos econômicos, aspectos ambientais, sociais e culturais também são de fundamental importância na tomada de decisão por uma opção tecnológica adequada dos RSU.
Three issues of the XXI century society can be pointed out: The increasing volume of waste generation, the lack of adequate waste treatment systems and the increasing demand of energy. The search for alternatives to deal with these issues is calling the attention of both public and private agents who are engaged in exploring solutions not yet in place in most part of developing countries. The National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS), established by the Law # 12,305/2010, set a new paradigm for the solid waste management in Brazil. Amongst the proposed changes, one of the most relevance is the destination of the so-called \"rejects\" to landfill, in which \"rejects\" stands for the residues that can no longer be processed. To abide by this law will require the analysis of alternatives for treating the residues prior to their final disposal. Amongst the possible solutions, there is the utilization of residues to generate electric energy. In this context, this master\'s thesis examines the two of the most used technologies in the developed world anaerobic digestion and incineration and evaluation their economic feasibility in the Brazilian scenario, particularly in the State of São Paulo. The analysis took as an assumption that the PNRS is a law that shall be enforced as it was stated, and that its compliance will require in a significant change in the way the solid waste management is done within the country. For the regions analyzed, our results showed that, under the PNRS requirements, the anaerobic digestion appeared to be more feasible than the incineration technology. Additionally, our work also indicates that, beyond the economic aspects, other issues such as environmental, social and cultural ones are fundamental for the decision making regarding the best technology applied in urban solid waste process.

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Venhoda, Tomáš. "Simulace technologií pro termické zpracování odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230620.

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This thesis mainly deals with the thermal treatment of waste - hazardous waste incineration and energy recovery municipal waste incinerators - their descriptions and analysis of legislative conditions. The flue gas cleaning system energy production in different operating modes is assessed by energy and mass balances. Computational models are developed for this purpose. On this basis, productions of energy from thermal treatment of hazardous and communal waste were compared.

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Hejde, Alexander, and Peter Kylén. "10 kamp i fjärrvärme : Hur ett befintligt fjärrvärmesystem kan bli mer effektivt." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4811.

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Fjärrvärmen utgör idag ungefär 12 % (48 TWh) av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Starka argument att använda fjärrvärme för att tillgodose bostäders och lokalers värmebehov är möjligheten att använda olika bränslen av skiftande pris och kvalitet, den goda verkningsgraden en centraliserad värmeanläggning erhåller samt fördelen med att kombinera produktionen av el och värme.

Halmstad energi och miljö (HEM), förser Halmstad och närområdet med fjärrvärme och total mängd producerad energi uppgick 2009 till 596 GWh. Avfall och biobränsle utgör den största produktionsandelen men även industriell spillvärme samt mindre mängder olja och naturgas används för att framställa värme.

Konkurrenssituationen för fjärrvärme är på många orter i det närmsta monopolistisk där en stor aktör äger hela marknaden. Det är viktigt att förbättra fjärrvärmesystemet för att i framtiden behålla dess konkurrenskraft. Följande rapport utreder och beskriver åtgärder för att göra ett redan befintligt fjärrvärmesystem mer effektivt.

Utifrån möten med personal på HEM har tio punkter presenterats, vilka utvärderar olika delmoment i Halmstads fjärrvärmesystem. Utifrån dessa punkter presenteras en ”kvalitetsstämpel” vilken beskriver hur väl HEM:s fjärrvärmesystem fungerar inom respektive delområde.

Slutsatsen av rapporten visar att förbättringspotential ur en energieffektiv synvinkel är möjlig men att de ekonomiska fördelarna är få.

District heating constitutes about 12 % (48 TWh) of the total energy usage in Sweden. Arguments for utilize district heating to provide housings and premises with heat are the possibility to use different kinds of fuels with various prices and quality, the good efficiency a centralized heating plant gives and the benefits of produce electricity and heat at the same time.

The energy company HEM supplies Halmstad and surrounding area with district heating and the produced amount of energy 2009 was 596 GWh. Waste and bio fuels constitutes the largest part of produced energy but also industrial lost heat and small amounts of oil and natural gas are used to produce heat.

The competitive situation for district heating is in many places close to monopolistic because only one major participant owns the market. It is important to improve a district heating system to maintain it’s ability to be competitive in the future. The following report investigates and describes interventions to make an already existing district heating system more efficient.

From meetings with personnel, ten items has been presented evaluating different elements in the district heating system of Halmstad. These elements also give a view of how well HEM:s district heating system works in different areas.

The conclusion of this report shows that the potential of a more energy efficient system is possible but the economical benefits are few.

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Korytár, Zbyněk. "Návrh spalovny odpadu s parní turbinou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230307.

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The aim of this thesis is the design of municipal waste incinerator using the generated steam for power generation and distribution of heat. At the beginning is engaged in development of waste issues and the current state of waste management. The next section describes the options of waste treatment and possible solutions to the current state of waste issues. The concept of waste incineration plants: For waste incineration is used line for burning 100,000 tons of municipal waste per year.Combustion takes place in a grate boiler. Its advantage is the versatility and flexibility to waste. Electricity generation is dealt with condensing turbine with controlled consumption. The flue gas cleaning is designed to semi-wet method. The final stage involves the calculation of the balance, the calculation of electric energyand basic economic evaluation.

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Šíma, Kamil. "Energetické využití komunálního odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229193.

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The topic of the diplome thesis is draft of the waste-to-energy plant for municipal waste with cogeneration of heat. Basic specification of project: Waste-to-Energy plant is facilitated by two rotary kilns of type operating in parallel. Further flue gas leaving the post-combustor enters a multicyclone unit to separate substatial portion of fly-ash. Heat of flue gas at the temperature of 1000°C generates superheated steam in a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). Dry sorption process is appllied for flue gas treatment. Specifically sodium bi-carbonate is used for it. Products of reactions and remnants of dust are separated by a baghouse. Superheated steam, generated by two HRSG, presents the inlet stream of a condensing steam turbine with steam extraction. The diploma thesis contains calculation of major devices and basic economical and financial statement of project.

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Procházka, Jaroslav. "Energetické využití komunálního odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229473.

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Master’s thesis deal with the design of waste to energy plant of municipal waste. The design of technology is to build the component parts of plant and basic calculation of individual apparatus. Overall technology concists of pretreatment of municipal waste, which is then stored in the bunker. Pretreatment municipal waste is fed into the counterflow rotary kiln. Flue Gates from the kilns are routed through multicyklony in the heat recovery steam generators (HRSG). The multicyklon separates the pollutants. The HRSG generates steam required properties from the feedwater from the heat kontent of gas. Superheated steam is driven to the condensing turbine with extract steam for distrikt rating and for power generation. The flue gas from the HRSG are passed through purification section, in which are separand pollutants the dry method purification. The left heat content of flue gas is used in heat exchanger with twist tube for preheating feed water for the HRSG. The flue gas are fed to the stack.

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Bravený, Adam. "Udržitelnost systémů odpadového hospodářství." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231047.

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The thesis proposes a new approach to assess sustainability of waste management systems. In the first part current mixed municipal waste (MSW) management system of the Czech republic is reviewed and promising MSW treatment techniques are introduced. In the second part a summary of literature on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to assess sustainability of MSW systems is provided. A new sustainability assessment model is proposed by implementing LCA to a current tool called NERUDA used to optimize waste management costing. It is demonstrated how to connect these two concepts in order to aquire a powerful tool for sustainability assessment.

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Маценко, Олександр Михайлович, Александр Михайлович Маценко, Oleksandr Mykhailovych Matsenko, Євгеній Вікторович Хилько, Евгений Викторович Хилько, and Yevhenii Viktorovych Khilko. "Досвід країн ЄС в управлінні екологічно безпечною переробкою вторинних ресурсів." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80639.

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Klimek, Petr. "Hodnocení efektivity využití odpadů k výrobě energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229120.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of using municipal waste to produce energy. On the basis of legislation applicable in the EU methodology is summarized evaluation of the facility as an energy recovery of waste. In the thesis is also created a consecution to determine decisive coefficients of legislatively-based criteria. The consecution is applied to the case study. Thesis serves as the basis for a software application.

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Frýba, Lukáš. "Analýza alternativ odstraňování PCDD/F při spalování odpadů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229471.

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The thesis is focused on analyzing the current status of the technology used for cleaning flue gas from persistent organic pollutants, especially PCDD/F. For the three most commonly used methods of solution operational and energy efficiency comparison was made, where achievable energy export and the impact of the change in working conditions on the efficiency indicators of energy production and use of the energy was evaluated. In conditions we considered an alternative machine-technological solutions used for the final disposal of persistent organic pollutants resulting from the waste combustion in terms of additional operating costs and energy efficiency.

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Szegedi, Peter. "Výroba tepla a elektrické energie ve spalovně směsného komunálního odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230117.

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This diploma thesis deals with a design of steam boiler used to incineration of mixed municipal waste. Based on the specified fuel and the required output parameters of the steam from a steam boiler is calculated stoichiometry of incineration, thermal losses and overall boiler efficiency. Other chapters of thesis are focused on construction and thermal calculation of boiler moves. Finally, this thesis is to check heat balance of the boiler.

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Krejčí, Tomáš. "Středotonážní spalovna odpadů - systém čištění spalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231797.

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Analysis of the regional energy supply, shows that suitable alternative may be a combination of primary energy sources with the municipal solid waste to energy plant. Starting from the fact that the regional thermal energy needs are characterized by smaller power demand, but relatively significant seasonal fluctuations in heat supply. These factors limit the processing performance of the considered waste to energy plant that could be included in the system of regional energy supply. The aim of the thesis was to propose adequate treatment capacity for regional waste to energy plant and explore alternative solutions in off-gas cleaning for exhaust gases generated during incineration of MSW. The balance sheets of two alternative solutions off gas cleaning are part of the thesis, both in terms of material and energy consumption. Presented evaluation of economic demands alternative arrangement of off gas cleaning includes operating costs and the impact on earnings from energy production.

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Reich, Jens. "Optimierung des Elutionsverhaltens von Aschen aus der Sonderabfallverbrennung - Optimisation of the leaching behaviour from hazardous waste incineration ashes." Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2001. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-05252001-095712/.

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From hazardous waste incineration (HWI) in rotary kilns ashes are generated as solid residues. In this thesis the effect of limestone addition to HWI-ashes was examined for the elution behaviour of heavy metals after a temperature treatment. Experimental results were compared to theoretic modelling. After treatment at 1200°C, the typical temperature for hazardous waste incineration, a minimum of heavy metal leaching from HWI-ashes was found at CaO-contents between 15 and 20%. On the one hand, lower melting temperatures of the ashes were measured after limestone addition. The melting process may lead to immobilisation of heavy metals in glassy phases of the ash. On the other hand, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations prove the decrease of the solubility of heavy metals as for example zinc, lead and chromium due to a changed chemical speciation. In future a HWI-ash optimised with regard to heavy metal leaching could be disposed off to lower landfilling costs, so that the incineration costs of hazardous waste in rotary kilns may also decrease.

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40

Lúčanský, Igor. "Planning and Valuation of Investment Project - MSW Incinerator in Banska Bystrica." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205670.

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The Master Thesis outlines planning and valuation of solid waste incinerator with energy recovery. The focus of due diligence, made before valuation, is on the assessment of the input data in regard to current and future market situation. The beginning of the thesis explains the valuation process with methods used later on. The two subsequent parts describe respectively current market situation and define data for valuation process made in Excel sheet attached. Before concluding the outcomes are compared with other possibilities with changes in financing structure.

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41

Hodonský, Lukáš. "Parní turbína pro spalovnu odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378512.

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The thesis deals with the design of the steam turbine for a waste incinerator. First, the concept and design of the machine is discussed. Following part is the steam turbine thermodynamics calculation, which is the main part of the thesis. My work also contains calculation of axial force and a simplified calculation of the gearbox. The design sections of individual modules and drawing of a disposition of a steam turbine are made on the based of the calculation.

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42

Heiderich, Nadja Nara Lima. "Modelagem matemática para a localização ótima de usinas de incineração com recuperação energética de resíduos sólidos domiciliaries: uma aplicação para Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista e Litoral Norte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-08022012-094724/.

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A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo propor uma estrutura de modelagem matemática para a localização ótima de unidades de tratamento térmico de resíduos com recuperação energética. Para tal, o ferramental utilizado foi o método de programação inteira mista, sendo a modelagem desenvolvida aplicada para a Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista e Litoral Norte. Foi considerada como premissa básica que o processo de incineração seria operado pelo poder público; todos os municípios geradores de Resíduos Sólidos Domiciliares foram considerados como potenciais localidades para a instalação da unidade de tratamento térmico de resíduos; todos os aterros sanitários que atendiam os Municípios estudados foram considerados para a recepção das escórias e cinzas provenientes do processo de incineração. Foram especificados quatro cenários para tal análise, que abordaram competitividade em relação ao uso de aterros sanitários e a presença de eficiência na coleta seletiva dos Municípios. Os resultados apontaram para que a unidade de tratamento térmico de resíduos se localize no entorno dos Municípios de Santos, Praia Grande e São Vicente. Mesmo com a opção do uso de aterros sanitários, a implantação da unidade de tratamento térmico de resíduos se apresentou como uma alternativa mais favorável, tendo sido levados em conta, na modelagem proposta, aspectos tanto ambientais como econômicos.
This study aimed to propose a mathematical modeling framework for optimal location of units of the thermal treatment of waste with energy recovery. To this end, the tool used was the method of mixed integer programming, and the developed modeling applied to the Santos Metropolitan Region and North Coast. It was considered as the basic premise that the incineration process would be operated by the Government; all municipalities solid waste generators were considered as potential locations for the installation of the unit thermal treatment of waste, all landfills that serve municipalities studied were considered for receipt of slag and ash from the incineration process. Four scenarios were specified for this analysis that addressed competitiveness in relation to the use of landfills and the presence of selective collection efficiency in the municipalities. Results showed that the unit of thermal treatment of waste should be located in the vicinity of the cities of Santos, São Vicente and Praia Grande. Even with the option of using landfill, the deployment of the unit of thermal treatment of waste is presented as an alternative more favorable, having been taken into account in the proposed model, both environmental and economic aspects.

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David, Sylvain. "Capacités des réacteurs hybrides au plomb pour la production d'énergie et l'incinération avec multirecyclage des combustibles : évolution des paramètres physiques : radiotoxicités induites." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10042.

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Le concept des reacteurs sous-critiques pilotes par accelerateur (reacteurs hybrides), relance au debut des annees 90 par c. Rubbia et c. D. Bowman, permet d'ouvrir des voies nouvelles quant a la gestion des dechets nucleaires, qu'il s'agisse des dechets actuels ou de la production d'energie plus propre basee sur l'utilisation du cycle du thorium. Dans un premier temps, ce travail concerne l'etude des caracteristiques de la multiplication neutronique dans un cur de reacteur sous-critique et met en evidence les differences fondamentales existant avec les systemes critiques et les avantages qui en decoulent. Cette etude est liee aux series de mesures realisees a cadarache (experiences muse) dont les premiers resultats sont presentes. La sous-criticite d'un reacteur hybride rend ce systeme tres flexible, et permet d'envisager differentes utilisations, comme la production d'energie ou l'incineration de dechets. La deuxieme partie de ce travail concerne donc l'etude par simulation monte carlo, des capacites des systemes hybrides a spectre rapide et refroidis au plomb, a produire de l'energie en utilisant differents cycles de combustible (uranium et thorium), tout en assurant la regeneration de la matiere fissile et le maintien de la reactivite sans intervention exterieure. Nous envisageons differents types de multirecyclage du combustible. Les resultats permettent de quantifier les avantages lies a l'utilisation de la filiere thorium, en terme de reduction de radiotoxicite notamment. L'etude des phases transitoires necessaires pour aboutir a cette filiere a partir des combustibles actuels (plutonium issu des reacteurs thermiques et uranium enrichi) propose une gestion efficace des actinides produits par les reacteurs actuels en tant que matiere fissile d'appoint. Enfin, l'incineration des actinides en fin de cycle (scenario d'arret de la filiere) est envisagee et permet de decrire les avantages des systemes hybrides refroidis au plomb pour la reduction de la radiotoxicite d'un inventaire en fin de cycle.

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Li, Hong-Yi, and 李宏鎰. "A Study on Waste to Energy Performance for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g7vd64.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
101
As economic developments and advance of the living standard, waste management becomes an important topic for environmental protection. So far, garbage disposal methods are mainly landfill, incineration, and resource recycle. In Taiwan, incineration is the main direction for current waste management policy due to not large enough geography area for constructing more sanitary landfills. In the meantime, transformation of Taiwan life style diverse disposals; hence, landfill method in Taiwan is foreseen its limitations. In order to operate profitably as well as comply government policy, Municipal Waste Incinerations (MWI) require sufficient disposals and co-generation power plant to maintain profitable operations. The purpose of this research is to analyze 24 incinerators between 2003 to 2012 and identify average value of electricity-generated inefficiency. The result implies that electricity-generated inefficiency for Taiwan incinerators decrease average 22.8% through time-being, which means the improvements of electricity production during this decade. The study also determines 0.113 as the minimum inefficiency value presented by Kaohsiung County Renwu Incineration plant, that implies higher efficiency. Additionally, the study also found that northern private-owned plants operate more efficiently than public-owned plants. Besides to Kaohsiung County Renwu incineration plant, a public-owned plants, Yilan County Letzer refuse incineration plant, New Taipei City Hsintien refuse incineration plant, and Chiayi City refuse incineration plant are relatively identified as higher efficiency private-owned plants. To comply with environmental protection policy, waste incinerators now require more general wastes to fulfill capacity and achieve certain profits. However, general wastes cause unstable effects for incinerators and operational difficulties, which is foreseen to damage incinerators as well as increase the maintenance costs. Suggest public-owned incinerators to recruit management professionals to increase operational efficiency and prevent financial deficits.

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Kang, Wen-Lin, and 康雯琳. "Operational Performance of a BOT Incineration Plant: A Case Study of Yong Kang Municipal Waste-to-energy Incineration Plant." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86775595822052200702.

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碩士
崑山科技大學
環境工程研究所
98
At present in Taiwan, the main principal of waste treatment is “major for incineration, minor for landfill”, which is also dependent on the integrated regional planning as well as urban development. Until 2010, there are 24 incineration plants, including 5 by “public owner public operation” and others by “public owner private operation”. The policy of “public owner private operation” concerns governmental finances and human power. This study first collected related literature, including laws and policies of environmental protection and others. Two case-study plants, one for “public owner private operation”, another for “public owner public operation”, are selected to compare with their differences. Discussion of the performance is focused on the indicators of cost-benefit analysis, human-power efficiency, service efficiency, goal-achievement rate, energy recovery, and annual operation of incineration. The results show all the indicators of “public owner private operation” are better than those of “public owner public operation”. This can benefit the government for reducing financial loading.

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Černý, David. "Právní úprava skládkování odpadů." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347602.

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Abstract AJ The goal of this thesis is to thoroughly chart the problem of waste management in Czech Republic and the European Union and to outline legal and economic situation in waste treatment and in its alternatives. This thesis deals with different types of landfills, their technical aspects and methods of depositing waste. The thesis also tries to point out material and energetic use of waste before landfilling. Recycling is considered to be important because it decreases the amount of waste stored in landfills. Composting and anaerobic digestion are the other methods of disposal. The thesis also describes the possibilities of usage of the landfill gasses with the help of cogeneration units. The thesis refers to current level of waste landfilling in the Czech Republic and in other countries of the European Union. Key words: waste management, landfilling, landfills, waste sorting, material recovery from waste, recycling, composting, energy recovery from waste, incineration,

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47

Gomes, Sónia Maria Abelha. "Sistemas de gestão de resíduos urbanos: incineração e sustentabilidade: caso de estudo." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/9037.

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Este relatório de estágio para o mestrado em Cidadania Ambiental e Participação (MCAP) pretende refletir sobre o tratamento térmico de resíduos urbanos-incineração em Portugal e na Suíça, abordando os parâmetros de rentabilidade e eficiência energética, fundamentando que este processo de tratamento de resíduos apresenta-se como viável e alternativo tanto no painel energético como no tratamento e eliminação de resíduos. Os resíduos urbanos formalizaram-se uma prioridade das políticas a partir da segunda metade do séc. XX, associados à crescente degradação do ambiente e saúde humana e vistos como recursos face à depleção dos recursos naturais. O aumento dos resíduos per capita está diretamente relacionado com o consumismo e procura de qualidade de vida das sociedades modernas e urge uma combinação de estratégias e sistemas integrados que permitam a correta reutilização, reciclagem e deposição dos mesmos. Desde a publicação de normas europeias que proíbem a deposição de resíduos orgânicos em aterros e limitam a deposição de vários tipos de resíduos e a indisponibilidade de novos espaços para este fim, torna-se necessário alternativas que permitam a eliminação de resíduos ao mesmo tempo que garantam condições de salubridade pública e ambiental. Surge assim, a incineração dos resíduos urbanos com produção de energia elétrica como alternativa. Neste contexto este relatório tem como objetivo a caraterização dos SGR em Portugal e Suíça, mais direcionado para os sistemas com valorização energética por incineração e a avaliação da potencialidade energética em unidades de incineração. Procedeu-se ao acompanhamento, em estágio, de um projeto numa unidade de incineração na Suíça, que previa a instalação de um economizador externo, equipamentos que permitem aumentar o rendimento energético, e a possível aplicação desta metodologia às duas unidades de incineração em Portugal Continental. A avaliação para a instalação de um economizador externo, inclui cálculos termodinâmicos que determinam a viabilidade do projeto e os impactes que o sistema terá, e avaliações no local para determinar espaço físico para a estrutura. Realizaram-se visitas às incineradoras e reuniões com os responsáveis em Portugal, para perceber o funcionamento destas e proceder à recolha de dados. No final não foi possível realizar de forma exaustiva o estudo devido à falta de informações mais detalhadas e pormenorizadas. Contudo é possível concluir que, do sistema analisado na Suíça poderá ser colocado em prática nas incineradoras em Portugal, onde se pode diversificar a produção das incineradoras para a utilização do vapor e a produção de energia elétrica, diversificando os rendimentos obtidos.
This research, for Master in Environmental Citizenship and Participation (MCAP) studies the relationship between waste-to-energy (WtE) as a form of municipal solid waste treatment in Portugal and Switzerland and its energetic efficiency and potential in attempt to defend this type of disposable is a viable alternative as well preferable to other forms of disposable pathways such as landfill, as well as a energy source. Municipal solid waste has become a Government priority since the half 20th Century, associated to environmental problems and contamination and seen as resource to respond to natural resources depletion. The increase of waste per capita is directly linked both to consumption and better quality of life of modern societies and demands a combination of strategies and managements systems that allows and priorities the reuse of goods and recycling and a profitable way of disposal. Ever since european framework on landfill prohibit the disposal of organic waste as well limited other types of waste has become necessary to find new ways to address the problem of disposal that assures the public health and environmental safety. Therefor WtE immerges as a viable and efficient alternative both as a disposal and electrical energy production. In this context, this research addresses the different municipal waste management systems in Portugal and Switzerland, directed to energy recovery systems, thermal waste treatment and evaluates the potential electrical energy production in WtE facilities in both countries. To do so, a project was accompanied by the author, to a WtE facility in Switzerland, in which an external economizer was installed to increase it the energy potential and the possibility to apply the same methodology in both portuguese WtE. This study is based on thermodynamic calculations, to determent the impacts that this equipment will have in the system as a whole and evaluate if there is a potential waste that could be capture and eventually use in the process, and based on evaluation in place to determent if, in fact, there is enough space to apply and built this structure. Both WtE in Portugal were visit and interviews took place with chef’s departments, to understand the process and collect data that would allow to stablish the potential. Dude to a lack of detail and specific information, it wasn´t possible to make a more exhaustive study. However, is was possible to conclude that the system in Switzerland can be applied in Portugal, were production can be diversified, steam and electrical energy, diversifying incomes as well.

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Shih-Tsung, Hsu. "Heat Transfer Analysis of A Stirling Engine Using Incinerator Waste Energy." 2002. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0022-1409200710323114.

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Hsu, Shih-Tsung, and 許世宗. "Heat Transfer Analysis of A Stirling Engine Using Incinerator Waste Energy." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yh4a2x.

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碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
90
A free-piston Stirling engine integrated with a linear alternator and an incinerator is able to effectively recover the waste energy and generate electrical power. In this study, a cycle-averaged heat transfer model is employed to investigate the performance of a free-piston Stirling engine installed on an incinerator. With the input of source and sink temperatures and realistic heat transfer coefficients, the efficiency and the optimal power output are estimated, and the effects induced by internal and external irreversibilities are also evaluated. Results of this study provide valuable information for engineers and designers to recover energy from small-scale incinerators.

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Lan, Der-Jang, and 藍得彰. "Ⅰ.Characterization and Removal of Radionuclide 60Co from the Sediment Using Microwave Energy Ⅱ.A Study for Determination of Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel and Chromium in Fly Ash and Bottom Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerator by Microwave Digestion with." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89166396648334244933.

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碩士
淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
87
Ⅰ. Characterization and Removal of Radionuclide 60Co from the Sediment Using Microwave Energy The goals of this study are to characterize the radionuclides 60Co absorbed on soil and to remove this metal from contaminated soil by microwave treatment. This study is concentrated on the application of microwave oven for chemical extraction of radionuclide 60Co in soil. The various experimental condition (microwave power, organic reagents, chelating agent, extraction time, and extraction sequences) were explored and optimized to improve the removing efficiency. The results showed that the removal of 60Co was 42.76% after microwave treatment with ammonium oxalate solution. However, the microwave removing efficiency of 60Co with ammonium oxalate solution twice were improved and increased to 72.37%. The microwave treatment has advantages of simple operation, decrease processing time and low cost equipment required. Ⅱ.A Study for Determination of Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel and Chromium in Fly Ash and Bottom Ash from Municipal Waste Incinerator by Microwave Digestion with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry The traditional techniques for sample preparation such as alkaline fusion and aqua regia dissolution will take many hours to digest the ash samples. In contrast, the samples digested by microwave energy are fast due to the increased heating that occurs from the microwave interaction with the reagents and samples. Therefore, microwave digestion procedures are becoming more popular as they considerably reduce the amount of time spent preparing the sample for the spectrometric analysis. This study was based on modified USEPA Method 3052 and the operating conditions as microwave power, the type and the concentration of acids, the numbers of digestion and digestion time were explored and optimized to digest the ashes from municipal waste incineration completely. The conditions of microwave digesting methods were as following: 0.2g sample was weighed into a vessel and added with 3mL HNO3, 1mL each of HCl and HF. The microwave digestion system was programmed as that of Method 3052. After completion of the microwave program and cooling to room temperature, 10mL of H3BO3 was added to the vessel. The system was programmed again as the same parameters. The results were in good agreement with certified reference material (BCR No. 176), and successfully applied to the determination of copper, lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium in fly ash and bottom ash from municipal waste incineration.

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