Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Waste governance'

The aim of this thesis was to study governance aspects of informal electronic waste recycling and to provide better knowledge of the business in terms of structure, stakeholders, governance aspects and social impacts. The thesis consists of a cover essay and two papers appended at the end of the thesis. The cover essay summarizes the papers and puts them in context. The objective of Paper I is to study the business of informal electronic waste recycling in Pakistan and highlight its governance issues. Paper II assesses the social impacts of this business using UNEP-SETAC Guidelines. The thesis examines these specific questions: Q1) What is the current situation of informal e-waste recycling in Pakistan? Q2) Who are the important stakeholders and what are their roles in this business? Q3) What are the governance issues enabling this informal business? Q4) What are the social impacts for individuals and society arising from this business? Paper I presents the international and local e-waste flows, business structure, the stakeholders involved and the existing governance issues of the business. It shows weak enforcement of legislation, the complexities emerging with numerous stakeholders, the profitability of informal recycling, little concern for the health damaging exposure for workers from poorest and most vulnerable people in society, and the lack of awareness of the hazards involved results in several governance issues. The paper also highlights how this business lacks characteristics of good governance, which makes it a challenge to control this business. Paper II assesses the social impacts of informal e-waste recycling in Pakistan using UNEP/SETAC guidelines for conducting a Social Lifecycle Analysis (SLCA). It showed that this business has positive impacts relating to societal issues and individual/family economics, and in the economic development of Pakistan but otherwise most impacts were negative. The findings of Paper II fill an important data gap and can be integrated with data on other stages of ICT product lifecycle to produce a full SLCA of such products.
Syftet med denna avhandling var att studera styrningsaspekter informella återvinning elektroniskt avfall och för att ge bättre kunskap om verksamheten i fråga om struktur, intressenter, styrningsaspekter och sociala konsekvenser. Avhandlingen består av en täck uppsats och två tidningar bifogade i slutet av uppsatsen. Locket uppsats samman tidningarna och sätter dem i sitt sammanhang. Syftet med papper I är att studera verksamheten i informella återvinning elektroniskt avfall i Pakistan och belysa dess styrningsfrågor. Papper II bedömer de sociala konsekvenserna av denna verksamhet med hjälp av UNEP-SETAC riktlinjer. Avhandlingen undersöker dessa specifika frågor: Q1) Vad är den nuvarande situationen för informella återvinnings e-avfall i Pakistan? Q2) Vilka är de viktigaste intressenterna och vilka är deras roller i den här branschen? Q3) Vilka styrningsfrågor som möjliggör denna informella företag? Q4) Vilka är de sociala konsekvenserna för enskilda och samhället som följer av detta företag? Papper I presenterar internationella och lokala e-avfallsflöden, företagsstruktur, de inblandade aktörerna och de befintliga styrningsfrågor i verksamheten. Det visar en svag tillämpning av lagstiftningen, komplexiteten växande med många intressenter, lönsamheten för informella återvinning, lite oro för hälsan skadliga exponering för arbetstagare från de fattigaste och mest utsatta människorna i samhället, och bristen på medvetenhet om de risker inblandade resultaten i flera styrningsfrågor. Papperet belyser också hur denna verksamhet saknar egenskaper för god förvaltning, vilket gör det till en utmaning att styra denna verksamhet. Papper II bedömer de sociala konsekvenserna av informella återvinnings e-avfall i Pakistan använder UNEP / SETAC riktlinjer för att genomföra en social livscykelanalys (SLCA). Det visade sig att denna verksamhet har positiva effekter avseende samhällsfrågor och individ / familj ekonomi, och i den ekonomiska utvecklingen i Pakistan men annars de flesta effekterna var negativa. Resultaten av pappers II fyller ett viktigt tomrum uppgifter och kan integreras med uppgifter om andra stadier av IKT produktlivscykeln för att producera en full SLCA av sådana produkter.

QC 20150525

The nature of e-waste, which is environmentally disastrous but economically precious, calls for close policy attention at all levels of society, and between state and non-state actors. This thesis investigates the roles of state and non-state actors in e-waste governance in Malaysia. This is undertaken through analysis of e-waste governance, particularly focusing on the locally generated industrial and household e-waste, from the perspective of multiple actors, levels and modes of governance. From the perspective of multiple actors governance, this thesis recognises three main actors of e-waste governance in Malaysia – the state actor, and two types of non-state actors – the Private Sector Actors and the Civil Society Organisations. Although it appears theoretically simple to classify actors of governance into one of these categories, in practice the line separating these two categories is blurry. From the multiple modes perspective, empirical evidence from this research has shown that state and non-state actors are involved in four modes of governance – the hierarchical, persuasion, self-governance and co-governance mode; with the roles of state actors being more prominent in the hierarchical modes, while the roles of non-state actors are more significant in the persuasion, self-governance and co-governance modes. State and non-state actors are jointly involved in one variant of co-governance which is the public-private partnership (PPP). Although the inclusion of non-state actors in governance is usually on ‘acutely constrained terms’ (Murdoch and Abram 1998: 49), they may influence the process of decision making. From the perspective of multi level governance, it is apparent that power and authority in e-waste governance transcend beyond the boundary of sovereign states with the introduction of supra-national legislation such as the Basel Convention, WEEE directive and RoHS directive. This has direct implication on Malaysia as she is a party to Basel Convention, and produces electrical and electronic equipment for global market.

This paper analyses the solid waste management (SWM) process in Nairobi, Kenya and studies the roles and actions of the actors involved in this process, putting emphasis on the role of informal actors and their relationship with the city authorities. Based on semistructured interviews and participant observation conducted on the field in Nairobi, Kenya, the results of this paper suggest that the role of informal waste collectors in the Kibera settlement is essential. In most parts of Kibera, the municipal SWM seems to be non-existent. Thus the collection and transport is often carried out by informal waste collector groups. Furthermore, the relationship between informal actors and authorities is highly complex and ambivalent. The local authorities claim to have acknowledged the important role of the informal actors; however the latter are more or less neglected by the NCC in the overall solid waste management sector.

Despite the many models of American federalism in the literature, the principal model of American federalism is one of relationships between two distinct sovereigns - the federal and state governments. Yet, a third sovereign exists, the many Alaska Native and American Indian tribes in this nation. Tribes are sovereigns, having their own governance structures, and are dealt with on a government-to-government relationship by the United States. At the nexus or intersection where federalism and tribal governance meet, numerous relationships often occur between these sovereigns and other entities, some of which may be cooperative or conflicting in scope. Under the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, the issue of solid waste management in what is known as Indian country is used as a lens to examine the multiple relationships among these multiple sovereigns. Interviews were conducted with forty-five key informants from tribes, tribal organizations, federal/state/local agencies, and universities. Specific information about tribal solid waste management programs was obtained from thirty-five tribes, tribal organizations and other sources. Analysis of the research data revealed three patterns of relationships that emerged: (1) uncooperative, (2) cooperative formal, and (3) cooperative informal. These patterns of relationships point to tribal sovereignty as an embedded theme for solid waste management by Indian tribes because of its emphasis on the rights and responsibilities of their members to participate in decisions affecting the community as a whole. Finally, the study advocates better relationships among all sovereigns not only in solid waste management but also for public policy in general.
Ph. D.

Globally, there is increasing awareness of the importance of applying circular economy principles to the management of organic waste streams through resource recovery. In the urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa which are going to host a significant part of population growth over the next three decades, this is especially relevant. Circular economy approaches for sanitation and waste management can provide incentives to improve infrastructure and consequently contribute resources for water, energy and food that power urban livelihoods. This thesis is situated at the intersection of the circular economy on one hand and sanitation and waste management systems on the other. It aims to contribute to knowledge about the circular economy by investigating the potential contribution of resource-oriented urban sanitation and waste management towards the implementation of a circular economy in sub-Saharan Africa and the opportunities and challenges thereof. In pursuit of the above aim, the thesis employs a mixed methods approach and is operationalized in two case study locations: Kampala (Uganda) and Naivasha (Kenya). The findings reveal the quantities of resource recovery products like biogas, compost and black soldier fly larvae that can be obtained from the organic waste streams collected in a large city, demonstrate the viability of valorizing dried faecal sludge as a solid fuel for industrial applications, and identify the factors that facilitate or impede the governance capacity to implement circular economy approaches to the management of organic waste streams in urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The methods used for quantifying the potential for valorizing organic waste streams and for assessing governance capacity demonstrate approaches that could be applied in other urban contexts with interest in implementing circular economy principles. The discussion highlights some key implications of these findings for sanitation and waste management practices, arguing that it is time for a shift in sub-Saharan Africa from designing sanitation and waste management systems for disposal to designing them for resource recovery.
Globalt ökar medvetenheten om vikten av att tillämpa principer för cirkulär ekonomi för att hantera organiska avfallsströmmar genom resursåtervinning. I de urbana områdena i Subssahariska Afrika är detta särskilt relevant, då dessa förväntas stå för en betydande del av befolkningsökningen under de kommande tre decennierna. En mer cirkulärekonomi för sanitet och avfallshantering kan ge incitament för att förbättra infrastrukturen och därmed bidra med resurser till produktion av vatten, energi och mat som driver städernas försörjning. Denna licentiatuppsats befinner sig i skärningspunkten mellan cirkulär ekonomi å ena sidan och sanitets- och avfallshanteringssystem å andra sidan. Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om cirkulär ekonomi genom att undersöka potentialen för resursorienterad stadssanitet och avfallshantering att bidra till genomförandet av cirkulär ekonomi i Subsahariska Afrika, samt dess möjligheter och utmaningar. För att uppnå ovanstående syfte används flera olika metoder och genomförs i två fallstudiestäder: Kampala i Uganda respektive Naivasha i Kenya. Resultaten visar på de mängder av resursåtervinningsprodukter som biogas, kompost och svarta soldatflugelarver som kan erhållas från organiska avfallsströmmar som samlas in i en stor stad. Dessutom visar resultaten livskraftigheten för att valorisera torkat avföringsslam som ett fast bränsle för industriella tillämpningar. Slutligen identifierar resultaten faktorer som underlättar eller hindrar styrningskapaciteten för att genomföra cirkulär ekonomi-strategier för hantering av organiska avfallsströmmar i stadsområden i Subsahariska Afrika. Metoderna som används för att kvantifiera potentialen att valorisera organiska avfallsströmmar och  att utvärdera styrningskapacitet är metoder som kan tillämpas i andra urbana sammanhang där det finns intresse för att genomföra cirkulära ekonomiska principer. Diskussionen belyser några viktiga konsekvenser av dessa fynd för sanitets- och avfallshanteringspraxis och argumenterar för att det är dags för en övergång i SSA från att utforma sanitets- och avfallshanteringssystem för bortskaffande till att utforma dem för resursåtervinning.

QC 20200513

UrbanCircle: Urban Waste into Circular Economy Benefits

This doctoral research focuses on groundwater degradation in Lagos, Nigeria. Groundwater is a critically important natural resource in Lagos that is presently troubled by pollution that emanates from solid waste and wastewater. The city generates 10,000 metric tons of waste and 350 million gallons of wastewater daily, all of which are improperly managed and are heavily polluting its groundwater. This direct environmental pollution is aggravated by indirect problems of over-urbanization, and legal and institutional shortcomings. Over-urbanization in Lagos has resulted into a monumental population of 21 million people in the tiny city, which generates the enormous quantities of solid waste and wastewater. The population places a tremendous burden on the city’s water resources, forcing residents to revert to groundwater which is suffering the plight of pollution, and hence the concern of this research. The pollution problem is worsened by civic apathy to environmental matters, and unresolved by a nascent water sector whose evolving governance structures do not adequately address the multi-dimensional pollution problem. In the final analysis, the absence of holistic and comprehensive groundwater legislation that addresses all these problems challenges the sustainability of this vital resource. The research adopts a cross-disciplinary approach by combining several methodologies: historical legal analysis, important insights from scientific studies and from sociological studies that rationalize the demographical movement to Lagos which is at the root of the pollution problem; field work investigation to confirm the fact, source, and extent of polluted groundwater; and a comparative approach by examining the European Union’s legal framework for managing groundwater and waste in order to extract sustainable practices for adoption in Lagos. It concludes with a range of recommendations for incorporation into a legal framework that will help to improve the sustainability of the groundwater resource. The study contributes to knowledge by attempting to close a vacuum, which is the paucity of studies that investigate underlying social factors that trigger groundwater pollution, and also by providing broad and holistic recommendations for law reform. It addresses the role of law in remediating the pollution, managing the effects of over-urbanization and overpopulation on groundwater, strengthening institutions, and eliminating legal inadequacies.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Research on governance in the public domain relates to the complexity of the discussions on the evolution of public administration and its reforms in recent decades. It captures the opening of the entire cycle of public policies, coordinated by the State, for the greater involvement of other actors. It adds political elements to the analysis of the field of public administration, overcoming the emphasis on managerial and financial aspects of the New Public Management and hierarchical aspects of bureaucracy. Public Governance is configured as a theory in construction, influenced by different conceptions of rationality - economic, sociological and political - causing an uncertain terrain without a single narrative full of different meanings. In this sense, requires theoretical and empirical research aimed delimitation and constitution. This work aims to contribute to this field from the survey attributes that make up the Public Governance and through empirical study on the evidence of these attributes to the development of the National Solid Waste Policy. Lack of management of municipal solid waste is among the environmental problems of Brazilian society, about 2,906 counties intended their waste to landfills. For the policy is actually implemented the participation of different levels of public administration with the business sector and other segments of society should be developed. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the existing structure and describe how to present the attributes of public governance in the service of the National Solid Waste Policy in Catalão (GO). Among the attributes that you want to check are: formation of networks for co-production of public good (A1); pluricentric coordination with the State as enabler and facilitator (A2); argumentative deliberative democracy fomented by spaces and arenas to promote participation (A3); institutionalization of participatory decision-making arrangements (A4); and responsiveness monitored by mechanisms for transparency, accountability and social control (A5). For the research were collected primary and secondary data with representatives of organizations involved in the service of politics. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 6 representatives actors of government and the private sector. Secondary data were obtained through websites and documents drawn up in the regular dynamics of these organizations. These data were analyzed according to their content from the categorization technique (Bardin, 1977). Among the results were identified the following organizations involved in the management of municipal solid waste in Catalão: SEMMAC, third parties contracted to carry out the urban cleaning services, COOTRACAT, UFG / RC and COMDEMA. Based on the responsibility and resource sharing between them it was possible to verify that the existing structure cannot be considered a network and not an inter-set, being located between them, according to classifications proposed by Van Come and Walker (1979). In addition, it found that the government of Catalan, by fostering the creation of a governing board, was responsible for sharing responsibilities with other non-state actors, allowing a space to display the differences on the deliberations arising from environmental policies. On the institutionalization of arrangements, laws were lifted, contracts, agreements and plans that influence the management of municipal solid waste in Catalan in the 2001-2015 period and it was noticed that it has been continuously enhanced, which allows certain stability and balance existing arrangements. Moreover, it was considered the existence of mechanisms of transparency and accountability, as the Transparency Portal. This mechanism, along with the council, enables control to be performed by the company on the level of responsiveness that bureaucrats are having to meet the environmental policies in the municipality. Based on these results, it can be said that the care of the National Policy on Solid Waste in Catalan is permeated by the attributes of Public Governance
A pesquisa sobre governança no domínio público se relaciona com a complexidade das discussões sobre a evolução da Administração Pública e suas reformas nas últimas décadas. Ela captura a abertura de todo o ciclo de políticas públicas, coordenado pelo Estado, para uma maior participação de outros atores. Ela acrescenta elementos políticos à análise do campo da Administração Pública, superando a ênfase nos aspectos gerenciais e financeiros da New Public Management e nos aspectos hierárquicos da burocracia. A Governança Pública se configura como uma teoria em construção, influenciada por concepções distintas de racionalidade – econômicas, sociológicas e políticas - ocasionando um terreno incerto, sem uma narrativa única e cheia de significados diversos. Nesse sentido, necessita de pesquisas teórico-empíricas visando sua delimitação e constituição. Este trabalho objetiva contribuir para esse campo a partir do levantamento de atributos que constituem a Governança Pública e por meio de estudo empírico sobre a evidência desses atributos perante o desenvolvimento da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. A falta de gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos se encontra entre os problemas ambientais da sociedade brasileira, cerca de 2.906 municípios destinam seus resíduos para lixões. Para que a política seja de fato implementada a participação das diferentes esferas do poder público com o setor empresarial e com os demais segmentos da sociedade deve ser desenvolvida. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar a estrutura existente e descrever como se apresentam os atributos da governança pública no atendimento da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos no município de Catalão (GO). Entre os atributos que se pretende verificar se encontram: formação de redes para a coprodução do bem público (A1); coordenação pluricêntrica, tendo o Estado como ativador e mediador (A2); democracia deliberativa argumentativa fomentada por meio de espaços e arenas que promovam a participação (A3); institucionalização de arranjos deliberativos participativos (A4); e responsividade monitorada por mecanismos que permitam a transparência, prestação de contas e controle social (A5). Para a realização da pesquisa foram coletados dados primários e secundários com os representantes das organizações envolvidas no atendimento da política. Os dados primários foram coletados por meio de 6 entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores representantes do poder público e da iniciativa privada. Os dados secundários foram obtidos por meio de websites e documentos elaborados na dinâmica regular dessas organizações. Esses dados foram analisados conforme seu conteúdo a partir da técnica de categorização (BARDIN, 1977). Entre os resultados encontrados foram identificadas as seguintes organizações envolvidas com a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos em Catalão: SEMMAC, empresas terceiras contratadas para realizar os serviços de limpeza urbana, COOTRACAT, UFG/RC e COMDEMA. Com base no compartilhamento de responsabilidade e recursos entre elas foi possível verificar que a estrutura existente não pode ser considerada uma rede e nem um conjunto interorganizacional, se localizando entre elas, conforme classificações propostas por Van de Vem e Walker (1979). Além disso, foi possível verificar que o poder público de Catalão, ao fomentar a criação de um conselho deliberativo, foi responsável pelo compartilhamento de responsabilidades com outros atores não estatais, permitindo um espaço para exposição das divergências sobre as deliberações oriundas de políticas ambientais. Sobre a institucionalização dos arranjos, foram levantadas leis, contratos, convênios e planos que influenciam a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos em Catalão no período de 2001-2015 e percebeu-se que a mesma vem sendo continuamente reforçada, o que permite certa estabilidade e equilíbrio aos arranjos existentes. Além disso, foi considerada a existência de mecanismos de transparência e prestação de contas, como o Portal da Transparência. Este mecanismo, juntamente com o conselho, possibilita que seja realizado controle por parte da sociedade sobre o nível de responsividade que os burocratas estão tendo com o atendimento das políticas ambientais no município. Com base nesses resultados, pode-se afirmar que o atendimento da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos em Catalão se encontra permeada pelos atributos da Governança Pública.

Si les installations de stockage de déchets non dangereux (ISDND) constituent des équipements indispensables à la filière de traitement des déchets à l’échelle nationale, leur insertion territoriale ne va pas de soi à l’échelle locale. Dans un contexte où la pénurie d’exutoire est déjà constatée dans certains départements, il importe que l'on s'interroge sur les variables et les enjeux des conflits qui entourent ce type d’équipements généralement « rejeté ». Partant du principe qu’ils peuvent s’avérer constructifs si bien appréhendés, il s’agit tout d’abord d’expliciter leur nature complexe en posant un cadre de compréhension pluridisciplinaire : le dispositif de gouvernance des ISDND. L’originalité de l’analyse vient du choix de l’entrée pour la recherche : celle de la légitimité. Omniprésente, la légitimité constitue un fil conducteur incontournable au sein des conflits où elle est tantôt accordée, tantôt contestée ou reconstruite. Pourtant, cette question est encore trop rarement abordée de front alors qu’elle est à même d’expliquer la systématisation des conflits au travers de l’expression des « troubles » que subissent les légitimités des acteurs concernés, entre crise et émergence. Pour saisir ces troubles, l’analyse de discours se révèle pertinente tant elle rend visible les jeux de légitimation qui traversent les situations conflictuelles. Il importe pour cela de redonner aux discours une place centrale en tant qu’ingrédients actifs du conflit et non pas seulement en tant que simples reflets des situations conflictuelles. En outre, cette recherche a pu démontrer que les mécanismes de reconnaissance qui sous-tendent la légitimité permettent de faire basculer les rapports de forces vers des rapports plus apaisés, propices à l’exercice de délibération. En effet, ces derniers sont plus à mêmes de permettre une évolution des attitudes des acteurs, d’un engagement dans le conflit vers un engagement dans la construction de projets collectifs légitimes. De ce fait, si les conflits observés expriment un besoin de changement, ils fournissent aussi des opportunités d’évolution. Enfin, même si la complexité des cas observés implique toujours une analyse fine au cas par cas, la gouvernance éclairée ici proposée a le mérite de tracer une voie possible de changement souhaité par bon nombre d’acteurs concernés. Le travail d’analyse amenant à la définition de cette gouvernance éclairée permet ainsi de porter un regard différent sur les conflits qui entourent la gouvernance des ISDND et ouvre de nombreuses perspectives de recherche
If sanitary landfills are indispensable to waste management at the national level, their territorial integration is not so obvious at the local level. In a context of landfill shortage, already observed in some territories, it is important to question the variables and issues of conflicts which arise around this type of rejected equipment. Assuming they can be constructive if well apprehended, it is necessary firstly to clarify their complex nature by drawing a multidisciplinary framework: the landfills governance device. The originality of the analysis comes from the choice of focusing on the issue of legitimacy. Omnipresent, the legitimacy is an essential thread in conflicts where it is sometimes granted, sometimes contested or rebuilt. Yet, this issue is still too rarely tackled directly, even though it is able to explain the conflicts systematization through the expression of the “disturbances” experienced by the stakeholder’s legitimacies, between crisis and emergence. To capture those disturbances, the discourses analysis proves itself relevant as it reveals the legitimation processes that come across conflictual situations. Furthermore, this research has shown that the recognition mechanisms that underlie the legitimacy process allow a sliding from tense relations towards pacified relations, more favorable to the deliberation exercise. Indeed, they are able to allow changes in stakeholder’s attitudes, from a commitment into the conflict to a commitment in building legitimate collective projects. Thus, if the observed conflicts express a need for change, they also provide development opportunities. Finally, although the complexity of the observed cases always implies a detailed analysis on a case by case basis, the “enlightened governance” suggested here has the merit of drawing a possible path towards changes expressed by many stakeholders. The research led on the definition of this “enlightened governance” enables a different perspective on the conflicts surrounding the landfill governance and opens many research perspectives

This essay examines sanitation workers who work with solid waste management and analyses their ability to create a sustainable livelihood based on livelihood assets and strategies. The study was undertaken in Babati, Tanzania and a qualitative method was applied, consisting of interviews and observations. The main findings were that sanitation workers employed four livelihood strategies, however, only two of these were sustainable and contributed towards a positive livelihood outcome. Multiple stresses were identified, such as low wages, inability to save money, unsafe work conditions, exposure to bacteria and other contaminants and no access to social services. Shocks were identified as work-related injuries resulting in extended time off work, wages being paid out late and sudden illness. This made the sanitation workers terms of employment in Babati almost equivalent to that of waste workers and waste pickers in the informal sector, despite being employed by the local government authorities. As a result, the workers were not able to attain a sustainable livelihood and the livelihood outcome appear to be a vicious cycle of debt and vulnerability. A key characteristic for this study is its examination of Tanzania’s political context and institutional framework as important factors that affect the sanitation workers’ resource base and strategies as well as their exposure to vulnerabilities.

Les déchets ménagers sont devenus un problème crucial qui inquiète de plus en plus municipalité et population à Conakry. Car l’actuel mode de gestion des déchets est marqué par d’importants dysfonctionnements. Le taux de collecte qui était de 70 % en 1997 atteint à peine aujourd’hui les 20 % alors que la quantité de déchets produits continue d’augmenter (600 t en 1997 à plus 1500 t en 2015). Le caractère inopérant des structures de collecte et d’évacuation des déchets ménagers favorise l’implantation des dépotoirs sauvages incontrôlés partout dans la ville. Les immondices non ramassés, les eaux usées non canalisées, les voiries dégradées sont devenus le cauchemar des habitants. Suite à cette insalubrité croissante, Conakry affiche l’image d’une ville prise en otage par des "montagnes d’immondices". Ces derniers sont devenus le reflet d’une configuration socio-spatiale duale avec l’existence d’une sorte de « ségrégation » dans le service de pré-collecte et d’élimination des déchets. Au moment où les principaux axes, les centres administratifs, commerciaux et les quartiers riches bénéficient d’un service minimum de collecte, les quartiers populaires et pauvres où pourtant les densités élevées de populations conduisent à la production d’importantes quantités de déchets sont totalement ignorés. On assiste ainsi, à travers la gestion des déchets à deux villes dans la même cité : une ville moderne avec plus ou moins de collecte et l’autre, délaissée avec des quartiers insalubres. Devant ces disparités, les autorités ont développé et expérimenté des outils et essaient de trouver des stratégies de gestion optimale. Malheureusement, les outils mis en œuvre ont montré leurs limites, car ils se sont révélés inefficaces. Notre thèse essaie d’analyser les raisons de ces échecs de gestion dans un contexte de ségrégation socio-spatiale et de construire une perspective de gestion qui prend en compte le traitement et la valorisation en vue de l’amélioration de la situation environnementale et sanitaire du pays. Les données qui ont permis d’aboutir à ces résultats proviennent d’une recherche documentaire menée en France et en Guinée, d’un travail de géolocalisation des emplacements des déchets ménagers, d’entretiens auprès des acteurs institutionnels et non institutionnels, et d’enquêtes auprès des ménages de la ville
Household wastes have become a crucial problem which worries more and more municipality and population in Conakry. Because the current way of managing of waste is marked by important dysfunctions. The rate of collection which of 70% was in 1997 reached hardly today the 20% whereas the quantity of waste produced keeps on increasing, (600 T in 1997 to more 1500 T in 2015). The inoperative character of the structures of collection and evacuation of household wastes promote the establishment of the uncontrolled wild dumps everywhere in the city. The rubbish not collected, the sewage not channelled, the degraded roadway systems have become the nightmare of the inhabitants. Following this increasing insalubrity, Conakry displays the image of a city taken hostage by “mountains of rubbish”. The latter has become the reflection of a dual socio-spatial configuration with the existence of a kind of “segregation” in the service of pre-collection and waste disposal. At the time when the main axes, the administrative centres, shopping precinct and the rich districts profit from a minimum service of collection, the popular quarters and the poor where however the high densities of populations lead to the production of important quantities of waste are completely ignored. One attends thus through waste management two cities in the same city: a modern city with more or less of collection and the other, forsaken with unhealthy districts. In front of these disparities, the authorities developed and tried out tools and try to find strategies of optimal management. Unfortunately, the tools implemented showed their limits, because they appeared ineffective. Our thesis tries to analyse the reasons of these failures of management in a context of socio-space segregation and to build a prospect for management which takes into account the treatment and valorisation for the improvement of the environmental and medical situation of the country. The data which made it possible to lead to these results come from a document retrieval undertaken in France and Guinea, of a work of geolocation of the sites of household wastes, talks near the institutional and no institutional actors, and investigations near the households of the city

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Klaus Frey
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2016.
Trata-se de pesquisa sobre o Consórcio Intermunicipal de Saneamento Básico da Região do Circuito das Águas (CISBRA), em que se aborda a governança na gestão de resíduos sólidos. Na presente dissertação objetiva-se analisar o CISBRA sob a perspectiva da governança multinível, enfatizando a cooperação intermunicipal no âmbito do consórcio e os estímulos provenientes dos entes federal e estadual para a gestão consorciada de resíduos sólidos, identificar e analisar as contribuições das instâncias de participação presentes no consórcio e identificar a influência das Políticas Nacional e Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos na gestão regional dos resíduos sólidos por meio do CISBRA. A pesquisa, portanto, busca saber em que medida a adoção de consórcios públicos pode contribuir para a melhoria na coordenação de políticas de resíduos sólidos entre os municípios e entre os entes federados, e quais as implicações e potencialidades da inclusão da perspectiva do cidadão e da sociedade civil na governança multinível de resíduos sólidos viabilizada por consórcios públicos. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados nesta pesquisa compreenderam pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores relevantes para o caso empírico. Os resultados indicam que os municípios reconhecem o CISBRA como instituição regional de resíduos sólidos, contudo, deve-se atentar para os problemas decorrentes das diferenças de capacidades entre os municípios e necessidade de maior integração com a sociedade.
This research is about the Intermunicipal Consortium of Basic Sanitation of the Water Circuit Region (CISBRA) in the State of São Paulo and addresses specifically the governance of solid waste management by means of the consortium. The dissertation aims to analyze the CISBRA from the perspective of multilevel governance, emphasizing inter-municipal cooperation as promoted by the consortium and the stimuli from federal and state entities to the formation and implementation of solid waste management consortium. Particularly, it identifies and analyzes the contributions of participatory arrangements present in the consortium and identifies the influence of the National and State Solid Waste Policies in management of solid waste by CISBRA. The research therefore seeks to know to what extent the adoption of public consortia can contribute to improving the coordination of solid waste policies among municipalities and between federated entities, and what are the implications and potentials for the inclusion of the citizen and civil society perspective in multilevel governance of solid waste made possible by public consortia. The results indicate that the municipalities recognize CISBRA as a regional solid waste institution, however, attention must be paid to the problems arising from differences in capacities between municipalities and the need for greater integration with society.

A ampliação horizontal das áreas urbanizadas dos municípios leva à formação de um tecido urbano contínuo, definido como conurbação. Essa condição tende a reduzir as possibilidades para o tratamento e disposição final de resíduos sólidos em áreas localizadas a menores distâncias dos centros geradores. Tal condição implica, entre outras questões, maiores custos para as administrações municipais. A necessidade da gestão intermunicipal para os resíduos gerados nos municípios torna-se o grande desafio, em função do sítio físico de cada municipalidade e as restrições ambientais e físicas que eventualmente possuam. Algumas experiências de gestão metropolitana existentes nas grandes cidades em redor do mundo tiveram por escopo o enfrentamento dessas questões de forma compartilhada. No caso das comunas localizadas na região francesa de Ile-de-France, a gestão do tratamento e da disposição final de resíduos está a cargo de uma agência intercomunal de tratamento de resíduos domiciliares, o Syctom, desde o início da década de 1980. Em Toronto, no Canadá, a gestão metropolitana da Metro Toronto, uma instância intermunicipal criada em 1953, possibilitou o tratamento e disposição final dos seis municípios integrantes da região metropolitana de Toronto desde então. Todavia, uma alteração no ano de 1997, decorrente de lei aprovada na província de Ontário, com a unificação de sete municipalidades, denominada amalgamation, ao mesmo tempo em que propunha uma redução dos custos, com o redimensionamento das máquinas administrativas, não levou em conta a vontade dos moradores dos antigos municípios em manter a configuração político administrativa anterior à fusão. Paradoxos entre a visão dos moradores sobre a importância dos governos locais, as questões econômicas envolvendo o financiamento de estruturas administrativas mais amplas, os desafios para a gestão de serviços de vários municípios e as formas pelas quais os estados nacionais atuam na apresentação de soluções, serão os temas aqui abordados.
The horizontal magnifying of urbanised areas of the cities leads on formation of continuous urban fabric, defined as conurbation. This condition tends to reduce possibilities for treatment and final disposal of solid waste in located areas not so far from the generating centers. Such condition implies, among others questions, higher costs for municipal administrations. Needs of intermunicipal management for waste generated in the cities becomes the great challenge, in function of physical space of each municipality and environmental and physical restrictions that eventually those municipalities have. Some experiences of metropolitan management in the great cities around the world have had for target facing these questions carried out as shared through partnerships. In the case of the communes located in the French region of Ile-de-France, the management of treatment and final disposal of waste is in charge of a intercomunal agency of treatment of household waste, the Syctom, since the beginning of 1980s. In Toronto, Canada, the management metropolitan of Metro Toronto, an intermunicipal instance established in 1953, since then made possible treatment and final disposal of six municipalities of metropolitan region of Toronto. However, an alteration in 1997, decurrent of law approved by Ontario province, with the unification of seven municipalities, called amalgamation, at the same time where it considered a reduction of the costs, with the resizing of the administrative structures, did not take in account the will of the inhabitants of the old cities to keeping the previous amalgamation administrative configuration. Paradoxes among the vision of the inhabitants on the economic importance of local governments, questions involving the financing of wider administrative structures, the challenges for services management of several cities and the forms for which national states act in the presentation of solutions, will be here pointed subjects.

Purpose: This research analyses the trust building and collective-action functions of Wasta in Jordanian business. Design/methodology/approach: This research analyses the collective-action function of Wasta in Jordanian business. By demonstrating the role of informal institutions and personal trust in economic cooperation, Wasta will be approached as a mechanism contributing to personal trust and reducing transaction costs. Wasta as a concept is introduced, and the historical development, its various functions and ethical ambiguity are discussed. Based on the review of Wasta-literature, a three-dimensional model of Wasta is presented. By connecting Wasta to the insights of new institutional economics and transaction cost economics a new perspective on Wasta as a potentially beneficial institution is provided. The trust-building function of Wasta is explored in detail by empirical analysis. The empirical section of this research is based on 28 interviews mostly conducted in Jordan. The sample consisted of two groups of respondentsone with 17 and the other with 11 interviewees. It analyses the role of personal trust in Jordanian business relations and identifies patterns of trust-building based on Wasta in business situations in which personal trust is required. Considering the important role of triadic governance as emerging in the interviews and the ethically ambiguous perception of Wasta in the current literature, a model based on game theory is developed to distinguish between harmful and beneficial categories of Wasta. Findings: The interviews revealed that personal trust between business partners is considered vital for the success of a business-relationship, anticipating a perceived ineffectiveness of formal institutions. The cornerstone of personal trust-building is structural embeddedness set up through middlepersons and the availability of traditional mediation mechanisms. Two phases of a trust creation process have been identified. In the first stage individual trustworthiness is explored through third parties prior to entering into cooperation and joint ventures. Trust emergence in the second stage is based on the availability of an intervening middleperson (Waseet), providing normative pressure and mediation in case of a dispute. Both stages are connected as middlepersons establishing new business relations face some moral obligation in the event of opportunistic behaviour or defection of the trustee, to whom references have been given. Intercession and mediation as dimensions of Wasta are interrelated and embedded in a cultural narrative of indigenous Arab traditions serving as antecedents of trust. Besides the structural function of network closure and an intervening third party, the processes of mediation and intercession as a culturally embedded habitus serve as social capital in situations in which personal trust is required. Based on the interviews a conceptualisation of Wasta and a typology of trust in Jordanian business relations are provided. Considering the ethically ambiguous connotations of Wasta in public and scientific discourse, it will be argued that it is not Wasta as such that leads to harmful results but structural conditions depriving actors of the options of voice and exit. These findings provide new knowledge and put this analysis at the forefront of academic research in this field.

Ce travail doctoral porte sur l'étude de la gouvernance de la filière des déchets des équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE), filière régie par le principe de responsabilité élargie du producteur (REP). La REP est une stratégie de gestion environnementale mise en place pour faire face aux enjeux environnementaux, sanitaires et économiques qu'engendre la production croissante de DEEE. Nous envisageons la REP comme une stratégie de changement vers un système plus conforme aux principes du développement durable. Cette transition est notamment possible si le régime de gestion des DEEE s'envisage en tant que régime de ressources. En tant que système de règles et de normes socialement construites, la REP est également une institution. A ce titre, elle présente des similarités avec les institutions de gestion des ressources communes, notamment l'importance de la gouvernance. Dans notre cas d'étude, la gouvernance possède deux niveaux qui incarnent le caractère temporel du développement durable : un niveau opérationnel, concernée par une gestion quotidienne, et un niveau stratégique dédié à une vision de plus long terme
This doctoral research focuses on the study of the governance of the electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) stream, a sector governed by the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR is an environmental management strategy in place to deal with environmental, health and economic issues created by the growing production of WEEE. We envisage EPR as a strategy for change towards a system that is more consistent with the principles of sustainable development. This transition is notably possible if the WEEE management regime is considered as a resource regime. As a system of rules and socially constructed set of norms, the EPR is also an institution. As such, it has similarities with the institutions of common resources management, including the importance of governance. In our case study, governance has two levels that embody the temporal character of sustainable development: an operational level, involved in daily management, and strategic level dedicated to a more long term vision

Orientador: Elson Luciano Silva Pires
Banca: Silvia Selingardi Sampaio
Banca: Pedro Roberto Jacobi
Banca: Claudio Antônio Di Mauro
Banca: Luciana Aparecida Iotti Ziglio
Resumo: Diante do agravamento dos problemas ambientais, a reciclagem tem se apresentado como uma das principais questões no âmbito das discussões socioambientais, sendo notada, ainda, uma evidenciação do aspecto econômico da atividade recicladora, em detrimento dos aspectos ambientais e sociais, o que tem conduzido ao desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva da reciclagem no Brasil. O entendimento é de que se trata de uma atividade econômica promissora, que surge como um mercado novo e em desenvolvimento, incentivado pela própria Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de analisar a cadeia produtiva da reciclagem como reflexo da condução de políticas públicas adotadas para o desenvolvimento do setor no território nacional, no anseio de explicitar as reais capacidades de ação e execução de tais políticas, de forma transparente e coletiva, pelo caminho da governança, em seu processo de construção complexa. Ademais, buscou-se analisar a estruturação/organização da cadeia produtiva da reciclagem, atentando-se, principalmente, para as particularidades da indústria recicladora no Brasil, bem como identificar os diversos atores envolvidos intrinsecamente nessa atividade econômica, suas estratégias organizacionais, formas de atuação e funções, buscando definir a composição e atuação do Estado, dos membros da sociedade civil e dos empresários, a partir de uma tipologia capaz de demonstrar o caráter público, privado ou tripartite da governança. Para o desenvolv... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Faced with the aggravation of environmental problems, recycling has been presented as one of the main issues in the socio - environmental discussions, and it is also noticed an evidence of the economic aspect of the recycling activity, to the detriment of environmental and social aspects, which has led to the development of the recycling chain in Brazil. The understanding is th at this is a promising economic activity, which emerges as a new and developing market, encouraged by the National Policy on Solid Waste. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the productive chain of recycling as a reflection of the conduction of public policies adopted for the development of the sector in the national territory, in the desire to make explicit the real capacity of action and execution of such policies, in a transparent way and collective, by way of governance, in its complex construction process. In addition, we sought to analyze the structuring/organization of the recycling chain, taking into account, mainly, the particularities of the recycling industry in Brazil, as well as to identify the various actors involved in this economic activity intrinsically, their organizational strategies, forms of action and functions, seeking to define the composition and performance of the State, members of civil society and entrepreneurs, based on a typology capable of demonstrating the character public, private or tripartite governance. For the development of the proposed objectives ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Quarante ans de politiques publiques d'environnement ont profondément modifié la gestion de l'eau et des déchets. Beaucoup de choses ont changé : le référentiel gestionnaire n'est plus le même, la législation s'est renforcée, les enjeux territoriaux se sont recomposés, les modalités et l'échelle d'intervention publique ont été remodelées... En un mot, l'action publique territoriale s'est recomposée. Progressivement, les acteurs territoriaux ont inventé de nouvelles formes d'organisation, eu égard aux conditions et aux problématiques spécifiques de leurs territoires. Quelle(s) forme(s) ces recompositions peuvent-elles prendre ? Et selon quelle(s) trajectoire(s) ? Existe-t-il des invariants ? Qui pilote ces dynamiques territoriales et quelle place occupent les collectivités ? L'objectif de la thèse est de mettre en lumière l'existence d'une variété de formes d'organisation territoriale dédiées à la gestion de l'eau potable et des déchets municipaux, à partir d'une entrée " services publics ". Par le biais de monographies départementales, la thèse met à l'épreuve de la réalité du terrain les résultats d'une importante revue de littérature. Cela permet ainsi de mettre en exergue la force des coalitions d'acteurs et le jeu structurant entre Conseils Généraux et pôles urbains dans ces trajectoires de recomposition, ou encore l'existence d'un phénomène d'hybridation des modes de régulation influençant les trajectoires départementales. Enfin, en croisant la littérature spécifique à l'action publique et la grille d'analyse développée, la thèse propose de contribuer au lexique analytique de ce domaine d'étude.

Le présent mémoire a pour objet les formes, les caractéristiques et les défis de la gouvernance des déchets électroniques. L’auteure explore les impactes socioéconomiques et environnementales de divers types d’instruments conçus pour mitiger les risques à la santé humaine et à l’environnement que présentent les produits électroniques en fin de vie, notamment: les traités multilatéraux qui visent à prohiber le transfert des déchets hasardeux au pays en développement, les législations régionales, nationales et provinciales mettant en vigueur des systèmes de recyclage obligatoire des déchets électroniques, ainsi que d’autres initiatives, publics et privées, basées sur le principe de la responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP). L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre comment les acteurs impliqués dans le commerce de l’équipement électronique peuvent modeler les systèmes de production, d’usage et du traitement fin de vie des technologies contemporaines pour que ces dernières puissent continuer à faire élever les standards de vie et à avancer le développement des communautés humaines, en respectant simultanément le principe international de l’équité globale, l’environnement naturel et la qualité de vie des générations futures.
This thesis addresses the forms, characteristics and challenges of electronic waste governance. The author explores the socio-economic and environmental impacts of a diverse range of instruments that have been developed to mitigate the human health and environmental risks presented by end-of-life electronic equipment, namely: multilateral treaties restricting e-waste trade flows into developing countries, regional, national and provincial legislations imposing mandatory recycling systems for e-waste, as well as other public and private initiatives based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). The objective of this study is to understand how stakeholders implicated in the electronic equipment sector can model the systems of production, use, and discard of electronics, so that the latter may continue to raise living standards and propel human development while simultaneously respecting the international principle of global equity, the natural environment and the quality of life of future generations.

碩士
國立成功大學
法律學系
104
Human society entered the industrial modernization(simple modernization, first modernization), for thinking about the basis of simple line and scientific rationality, and economic development as the goal. We fully develop high technology for the development of industrialization and civilization, combined with experts and technocrats to make decisions. Not only produced side effects (boomerang effect), but ignored scientific uncertainty and may cause social, ethical, cultural and the other kinds of risks. And human beings would pay an unacceptable price because of their actions. We live in risk society, we must be forced to introspect and change our social system, and review the past scientific decision-making. We make science and technology policy of the decision to return to society and human community to reflexive modernization(second modernization). Low-level radioactive waste are produced by-products ,because human for enjoying modern life to develop high technology. It very difficult to find their final disposal facility site. In the past the government cheated aboriginals to place low-level radioactive waste on Lanyu, suffered protest from aboriginals. Taiwan Power Company is committed to expel low-level radioactive waste from Lanyu, but unable to find a suitable location. For Solve this dilemma, Legislature make Act on Sites for Establishment of Low Level Radioactive Waste Final Disposal Facility. In response to our society into the reflexive modernization thus derived risk management, this research through literature and the overall risk governance of domestic and international risk governance paradigm ,summed up risk communication, Transparency, public participation, open, pluralistic assessment and environmental justice, etc, five risk governance indicators. This research further discuss five risk governance indicators on the legitimacy of the law from a legal point of view. Thus, the availability reached a conclusion that the Government is doing low-level radioactive waste site selection decision-making and the formulation of the rule of law, five indicators may be risk governance indicators as normative focus.At the same time, in order to understand the announcement by the Ministry of Economy as a potential site for the views of residents in Daren, Taitung five indicators of risk management as well as the village may be set to low-level radioactive waste final disposal facility reaction sites, the voices, the field visits habitation. The above conclusions provide a reference of act on sites for establishment of low level radioactive waste final disposal facility for the amendment.

Due to the general unawareness of the existence and significance of the informal recycling sector in the global north, leading to a great deal of exclusion and stigmatization, this thesis seeks to investigate waste governance in Vancouver and the level of participation of the informal recycling sector in municipal waste management. It also documents the critical role of grassroots innovations in promoting participatory governance and the challenges faced in the process. Results show that the informal recycling sector (binners) play a significant role in municipal waste management, and that there exists some level of participation in decision-making on waste management issues. Results also indicate that exclusion of binners in certain decision-making processes such as the City’s recycling bylaw led to challenges such as reduced access to recyclable materials, which threatens binners’ day-to-day activity and survival. Furthermore, the current level of participation of binners can be linked to the influence of a grassroots innovation called the Binners’ Project, which has at its core, empowerment and capacity building of its members. Challenges faced by this organization as well as binners, in general, are also documented. This thesis concludes with recommendations to promote transformative participatory waste governance and highlights strategies to ensure the sustenance of binners’ livelihoods.
Graduate

In order to address the growing waste concerns facing South Africa, the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) published the National Waste Management Strategy in 2012. The ultimate aim of the strategy is to effect the realisation of the objectives of the National Environmental Management Waste Act (NEMWA). The NEMWA is a sector environmental law based on the waste management hierarchy and its provisions apply to waste management activities in all three government spheres amongst others. The NWMS provides for eight distinct goals with accompanying targets to be met by 2016. Some of these goals and targets speak directly to the solid waste management mandate of local government. Concerns about the capacity of municipalities to see the execution of this mandate however, raise questions about the likelihood of some NWMS goals and targets being met by 2016. The North West Province serves as a case in point where recent reports by the office of the Auditor General have highlighted significant non-compliance in local government with the provisions of the existing waste law and policy framework of South Africa. It appears form these reports that a number of performance gaps and capacity constraints exist as far as it concerns municipal solid waste management. Against this back ground the study questions the governance strategies necessary within the municipalities of the North West Province to: a) address the existing performance gaps and capacity constraints and b) progressively move towards meeting the NWMS goals and targets as far as it concerns solid waste management. The study will explore the objectives, goals and targets of the NWMS against the background of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) and NEMWA, with a specific focus on solid waste management. The study will further review the documented performance gaps and capacity constraints as a far as it concerns solid waste management in municipalities in the North West province, specifically.
M. Environmental Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

博士
國立臺北大學
不動產與城鄉環境學系
106
This study focused on partnership governance; carried out an analysis (based on industrial attributes) of organizational, relationship, and environmental performance at the inter-organizational and intra-organizational levels; and incorporated trust and commitment mechanisms to explain the industrial waste management industry's organization governance processes and perform an empirical analysis. A survey in the form of a questionnaire was conducted among legitimate private and public waste treatment and disposal organizations in the six special municipalities of Taiwan. A total of 1,000 questionnaires were distributed, and 550 questionnaires were ultimately returned. Among those, an effective sample of 539 questionnaires was collected, for an effective recovery rate of 98%. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis. The study explored the perspective of inter-organizational partnership cooperation by combining the concepts of transaction costs and resource dependence and by using organizational performance as the evaluation criteria. The empirical results indicated that an increase in transaction costs may easily impede the maintenance of partnerships, and that enterprises which are less dependent on resources (reflecting their ample resources) enjoy lower transaction costs. When resource sources were unstable, partnerships did not last long. Flexibility in relationship trust can reduce the "rigidization" of institutional trust and facilitate the acquisition of organizational resources, as well as the distribution of power. The "rigidization" of institutional trust can sometimes hinder communication in a partnership. A closer partnership can help the partners in question to meet their objectives and raise their organizational performance. The study also looked at formal control and relational control at the intra-organizational level by concurrently considering the influence of trust and commitment on partnerships and using relationship performance as the evaluation criteria. It can sometimes be difficult to articulate the objectives and expectations that partners share, and in the event of increased uncertainty, the relationship commitment between partners will begin to waver. Relational governance is flexible and has the ability to correct a rigid partnership governed by formal control, thus allowing the partners in question to achieve their shared objectives and strengthen their relationship commitment. Relationship trust can alleviate the "rigidization" arising from institutional trust. With institutional trust, a partnership is more secure when legal regulations and norms are more clearly defined. However, the inability to make timely corrections during business operations can make it more difficult for partners to fulfill their relationship commitments. When a partnership becomes unequal, it is more likely that the partners' relationship commitment will not be upheld, which reduces relationship performance. When partners are satisfied with their cooperation, they can not only meet their objectives but also reduce costs effectively, which raises their willingness to cooperate again and improves their relationship performance. With regard to the role of external stakeholders in corporate renewal and innovation, the study incorporated relationship trust and analyzed environmental performance. The empirical results indicated that a lot of time and funding is required for renewal and innovation, and that enterprises will evaluate their own conditions and invest accordingly in various innovative products. This is often carried out in a manner inconsistent with the demands of external stakeholders and thus affects the trust relationship that the two sides share. Furthermore, the willingness to engage in renewal and innovation is more easily influenced by the external environment; hence, the execution of operational performance must be dynamic and different modes of operation must be used for different industry types. When environmental management performance leads to lower production costs and contributes to environmental sustainability, it will drive renewal and innovation and bring about good environmental performance. Partnership governance can be utilized to understand the operational state of organizations at the inter-organizational and intra-organizational levels. Moreover, it possesses good explanatory power when applied to performance analyses. For the industrial waste management industry, resource acquisition and allocation, the flexibility of formal control and renewal and innovation capabilities all play important roles in organization governance. They not only influence inter-organizational transactional behavior and determine the level of trust and commitment in partnerships, but are also crucial to the industry's sustainability and performance.

In Shivaji Nagar, if you are 39 years old you are most likely dead. Some in this neighborhood say it is far worse if you are alive. Yet, seemingly paradoxically, the residents of this neighborhood do not want to leave it. Located between one of Asia’s largest garbage dumps and Mumbai’s largest abattoir, this Deonar neighborhood is popularly known as “Bombay’s gas chamber.” This dissertation examines the social worlds of the residents of Shivaji Nagar by asking how an apparently odious, and potentially toxic place that appears to foreclose all possibilities other than failure, waste and death becomes an object of attachment for its residents.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
107
The waste pollution has increased with modernization and development in rural China, where there was no proper system of garbage management. The Chinese government had been attempting to solve this problem and developed some successful model to cope with garbage problem in rural China. One of them is the model of Longcun Village in Sichuan Province, which managed the domestic waste with limited financial and technical resources by improving villagers’ environmental awareness to initiatively participate in garbage classification and supervision. In addition, the village contracted out the collection and transportation services to private villagers through specific open bidding institution. This thesis tries to explain why the model of Longcun Village is successful and state several hypotheses based on related theories. The thesis adopts collective action theory, informal institution theory, public service contract-out and principal-agent theory, and collaborative governance theory to analyze the relations between independent variables and dependent variables in the model. I conducted a field study by interviewing 12 officials and villagers in Danleng County and Longcun Village with semi-structured in-depth interview method. Our research demonstrates five hypotheses for the model’s success, which include: Political entrepreneurship, informal institutions based on social network, and selective incentives may cause the collective action; the amount of information with social network and accountability with social network can resolve the principal-agent problem of adverse selection and moral hazard.

Sustainable development and the Triple Bottom Line integrated sustainability concept focus on the choices between the imperatives of economic efficiency, social development and environmental sustainability. Corporate governance is being imposed by stakeholders and corporate social responsibility is indicated as being the most important socio-environmental demand being made on contemporary leaders. The influence of idealism and realism on, and the reasons for failure of, solid waste reduction projects in terms of sustainability is the foundation of the theories postulated in this research. It is the objective of this research to identify the motivational factors, with special reference to developing countries, of social capital, including management processes leadership and people management, that will augment solid waste reduction projects that are lethargic at starting, or deteriorating, to achieve sustainability. The methodology is to review the literature available to identify the augmenting (motivational) factors, and use analytical philosophical and empirical research to test formulated constructs using hypotheses. The criterion for the research sample is to obtain the opinions of environmental specialists in South Africa using a questionnaire. The technique employed is multivariate data analysis to identify the type of interdependent relationships, including cluster and multidimensional scaling analyses. Hypothesis testing, in this research, leads to the conclusion that additional motivational factors are needed to support the economic imperatives to make the process sustainable. `Reality' is statistically significantly different to `idealistic'. The inference is that for solid waste reduction projects to succeed leaders from government and the private sector are required, through the use of legislation and taking into consideration the value of waste, to instil economic incentives. According to this research, personal values and belief systems have little to contribute to the process of sustainability. The outcome of this research provides a strategy-benchmarking-model that leaders can use to target and prioritise their efforts in respect of achieving success with waste projects. The contribution it makes to the knowledge base of the subject and responsible leadership is contained in its summation of the augmenting factors required, their relative importance, and the lessening of the complexity of approach to these projects.
Graduate School of Business Leadership
D.B.L.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
107
This paper focuses on the effectiveness of the illegal electronic waste transboundary. The article first points out a paradox in the Basel Convention, that is while having a very good condition of the rate of ratification by its participants with a large number of sovereign states, the Basel Convention that deal with the issue of transboundary movement of E-wastes is in itself insufficient and ineffective. In other words, the illegal E-waste transboundary movement was still existed and no obvious improvement had been made. Why is an international multilateral institution with a large number of countries participating in it being rarely implemented seriously by its participating countries, and the expected governance effects of such institution can’t be well implemented by most sovereign states? Through the crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA), this essay demonstrates that participating countries may not strictly enforce their domestic regulations relative to their obligation under the Basel Convention even their congresses ratified the Convention. In this sense, the illegal E-Waste transboundary movement (outflow or inflow) can’t be effectively managed. In light of this situation, this essay argues that, for a better governance of E-waste, the way to show the effectiveness of the Basel Convention is mainly based on the rules enforced strictly by countries importing E-Waste. However, it is worth noting that the consideration of a stricter domestic enforcement by those importing countries having economic profits may not be purely to protect the domestic environment; instead, the truth behind the sense might be related to the increase of the number of illegal immigrants. The cases of China and Malaysia show this aspect that people usually ignore.

This study uses the double-bounded willingness to pay (WTP) bid elicitation format to test whether the institution providing improved solid waste management (SWM) services in the Matsapha peri-urban area of Swaziland significantly influences households WTP. Matsapha was purposely selected on account of its well-documented human health and environmental impacts of poor SWM, arising from the lack of a proper SWM system. The WTP for improved SWM by households was thus elicited and compared when the service provider was an independent public agency (the Matsapha Town Council), a traditional community development agency (the Kwaluseni Inkhundla), and a private contractor. Purposive and simple random sampling methods were used to collect survey data from 180 households, using structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Overall, households display a high level of knowledge about the risks associated with poorly managed household solid waste, and have attitudes and perceptions that are receptive to a policy that improves the current status of SWM. Mean WTP for improved SWM was highest when the service provider was the Matsapha Town Council (mean E47.71, with upper bound (UB) E56.29 and lower bound (LB) E13.33), followed by the private contractor (mean E43.71, with UB E42.50 and LB E11.67), and finally, the Kwaluseni Inkhundla (mean E36.49, with UB E50.83 and LB E12.14). Additional analysis showed that the mean WTP did not statistically differ when the SWM service was provided by the Matsapha Town Council or the private contractor (t = 1.52, p = 0.1331), which was unexpected, given that the latter is generally viewed as more efficient and cost effective. Mean WTP was, however, significantly higher when the service provider was the Matsapha Town Council, in comparison with the Kwaluseni Inkhundla (t = 4.28, p = 0.0001). Finally, the mean WTP was significantly higher when the service provider was the private contractor, in comparison with the Kwaluseni Inkhundla (t = 2.90, p = 0.0053). This allows us to conclude that the institution providing improved SWM services significantly influences households WTP, and that households rank the Matsapha Town Council as the most-preferred service provider. The study further established that in areas where SWM services are currently provided at a fee, households have a WTP for improved services that is much higher than current charges. For example, in areas where private collectors currently provide SWM services, households pay a monthly charge of E30.00, while our analysis shows they have a mean WTP of E43.71. The study additionally showed that in areas where no SWM services are currently provided, households would be willing to pay a positive monthly fee, if such services were to be provided. This allows us to conclude that the provision or improvement of SWM practices in the Matsapha peri-urban area of Swaziland, at a fee, would result in a Pareto improvement. Ordered Probit models, differentiated by SWM service provider as defined above, were used to determine the factors that influence households WTP for SWM services. The results, overall, show that households WTP significantly increases with the following variables: income, gender (e.g. WTP for females was significantly higher than for males), number of rental units in a compound, marital status (e.g. WTP for married people was significantly higher than for the singles) and number of tenants in a compound. On the other hand, WTP was found to significantly decrease with age, household size, attitude and perceptions of respondents. Following from the above, the study recommends that the Matsapha Town Council should consider improving the quality of SWM practices in areas where they are currently provided at a fee, and also consider providing such services in areas where they are not currently provided at a fee. Our analysis suggests that the Matsapha Town Council could levy a monthly fee that ranges between E13.33 and E56.29 per household. The actual value of the monthly fee should, however, be determined through a stakeholder engagement process.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
tm2016
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc
Unrestricted

Orientation: Over the years, the increase in executive remuneration in both the private sector and state-owned entities (SOEs) has been the subject of intense discussions. The poor performance of some SOEs with highly remunerated executives begs the question whether chief executive officers (CEOs) in South African SOEs deserve the high levels of remuneration they receive. Research purpose: The main purpose of the study was to determine whether there is a relationship between CEOs’ remuneration and company performance in South Africa’s Schedule 2 SOEs. Motivation for the study: A greater understanding of the relationship between CEO remuneration and organisational performance would expand knowledge when developing optimal CEO remuneration systems to ensure sustainability of SOEs in the South African context. If a relationship exists, it could justify the high remuneration received by CEOs. Research design, approach, and method: This quantitative, longitudinal study, conducted over a nine-year period, collected secondary data from the annual reports of 18 Schedule 2 SOEs. The primary statistical techniques used in the study included were OLS multiple regression analysis and correlational analysis on a pooled dataset. Main findings/results: The primary finding was that there is a relationship between CEO remuneration and company performance (mainly an inverse relationship), with no consistent trend between the constructs. Turnover appears to be an important component, as it was the most stable measure of company performance during the study period. The results indicate that the CEOs’ remuneration continued to increase, even when the SOEs were performing poorly. Practical managerial implications: Since the study focused on the relationship between CEOs’ remuneration and company performance, it may aid policymakers in forming new rules and regulations that would help improve the country’s economic performance while attracting international investors. Contribution/value-add: The study provides new knowledge to the limited research available on SOEs in South Africa. Further, this research focused on three different components of CEOs’ remuneration, thereby shedding more light on the relationship between their remuneration and company performance.
Business Management
PhD (Management Studies)